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PrismaCarcere |
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1499 documenti: | i dati | immigrazione-racial profiling | attuarialism... carceral geography | privatizzazione | | monitoraggio elettronico | Varie | |
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Esistono all'interno di ogni società istituzioni di carattere residuale, ancor meno utili ai fini della conservazione del sistema di quanto non lo sia l'appendice per l'uomo, ma che sopravvivono perché ormai dotate quasi di una vita istituzionale propria, che consente di superare la schiacciante evidenza della loro scarsa funzionalità sociale... Le carceri nel tardo Novecento sono degli ottimi esempi. (Lawrence Stone, Viaggio nella storia, 1981)
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Roberto Bartoli
# La gloriosa dissoluzione del mito populista “certezza della pena come certezza del carcere”
https://sistemapenale.it/ 22 aprile 2024
Antigone
# Nodo alla gola. XX Rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione
https://www.antigone.it/ 22 aprile 2024
|
Justice
and Home Affairs Committee |
|
Zhen Zeng |
|
Human
Rights Watch |
|
Magistratura Democratica |
|
Dipartimento per la Giustizia minorile e di comunità |
| Ministry of Justice # Justice in Numbers pocketbook https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ 27 October 2023 |
|
Cour des
comptes |
|
FRA -
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |
| Ministero dell'Interno -
Servizio analisi criminale # Criminalità minorile in Italia 2010-2022 Roma, ottobre 2023 |
|
Dipartimento per la Giustizia minorile e di comunità |
|
Garante nazionale dei
diritti delle persone private della libertà personale |
| Ministère de la Justice -
Direction de l’Administration Pénitentiaire # Statistique des établissements et des personnes écrouées en France https://www.justice.gouv.fr/ Mise à jour le 30 août 2023 |
|
Garante
Nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale
- Ricerca e analisi di Emanuele Cappelli e Giovanni Suriano |
|
US Department of Justice |
|
Alexandra
Thompson, Susannah N. Tapp |
| Ministry of Justice # Justice in Numbers pocketbook https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ 24 August 2023 |
| Ministry of Justice # Proven reoffending statistics quarterly bulletin, July to September 2021 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ 27 july 2023 |
| Giulia Melani - Grazia
Zuffa # L'istituzione da superare. Rapporto di ricerca sulle case di lavoro in Italia https://www.societadellaragione.it/ 24 luglio 2023 |
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M. F. Aebi, E. Cocco, L.
Molnar |
|
Joe Russo,
Samuel Peterson, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Dulani Woods, Brian A.
Jackson |
| Penal Reform International # Global Prison Trends 2023 www.penalrefprm.org/ June 2023 |
|
Grazia Zuffa, Franco
Corleone, Stefano Anastasia, Leonardo Fiorentini, Marco Perduca,
Maurizio Cianchella (eds) |
|
Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà
personale www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 15 giugno 2023 |
|
Francesco
Gianfrotta |
|
Jean
Casella and Alexandra Rivera, Solitary Watch - Jack Beck, Scott
Paltrowitz, and Jessica Sandoval, Unlock the Box |
| Contrôleure
générale des
lieux de
privation de
liberté # Rapport d’activité 2022. Dossier de presse https://www.cglpl.fr/ 11 mai 2023 |
|
Ministry of Justice |
|
Matthew R.
Durose, Leonardo Antenangeli |
| Larissa Caldeira, Barbara
A. Sharp - Department of Corrections Washington State # Evaluating the Efficacy of Thinking for a Change (T4C) in Reducing Recidivism https://doc.wa.gov/ April 2023 |
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Camera
Penale di Roma |
|
Human
Rights Watch |
|
Garante
nazionale dei diritti delle persone private
della libertà personale |
|
Gian Luigi
Gatta |
| Mia Bird, Viet Nguyen,
Ryken Grattet # Recidivism Outcomes Under a Shifting Continuum of Control American Journal of Criminal Justice (2023) 48:808–829 |
| FIDH International
Federation for Human Rights # Thailand Annual Prison Report 2023 https://www.fidh.org/ March 2023 |
|
Roberto
Cornelli |
|
Antigone |
| Ministry of Justice # Prison population projections: 2022 to 2027 https://www.gov.uk/ 23 february 2023 |
| Julia
Burchett, Anne Weymbergh, Marta Ramat # Prison and detention conditions in the EU https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, February 2023 |
| Gabrielle Beaudry, Rongqin
Yu, Owen Miller, Lewis Prescott-Mayling, Thomas R. Fanshawe, Seena
Fazel # Prediction of violent reoffending in people released from prison in England: External validation study of a risk assessment tool (OxRec) Journal of Criminal Justice, 86, 2023 |
| Dan A. Black, Jeffrey
Grogger, Tom Kirchmaier, and Koen Sanders # Criminal Charges, Risk Assessment, and Violent Recidivism in Cases of Domestic Abuse University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper No. 2023-11, January 2023 |
|
Emily D.
Buehler |
| Camera
Deputati - Senato della Repubblica # Relazione del Ministro sull’amministrazione della giustizia per l’anno 2022 www.giustizia.it/ 18 - 19 gennaio 2023 |
| Garante
Nazionale dei diritti delle persone private
della liobertà personale (Emanuele Cappelli,
Davide Lucia, Tiziana Fortuna, Giovanni Suriano,
Nadia Cersosimo). # Per un’analisi dei suicidi negli Istituti penitenziari https://www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 5 gennaio 2023 |
|
Ann Carson |
|
Zhen Zeng |
| Monica
Cristina Gallo, Cecilia Blengino # Giovani dentro e fuori. Un'indagine per conoscere la popolazione giovanile nella Casa Circondariale di Torino Università degli Studi di Torino, dicembre 2022 |
| Cesare
Burdese # Dare umanità e dignità all’ambiente fisico del carcere. Per superare una violazione sistematica della Costituzione Torino 12 Dicembre 2022 |
|
European Commission |
|
Roberto Cornelli |
|
Garante Nazionale dei
diritti delle persone private della libertà
personale |
|
Magistratura Democratica |
|
|
Amy
D. Lauger, Michael B. Field |
|
Helen Fair, Roy Walmsley |
|
Transcrime - Ernesto U. Savona, Marco
Dugato, Edoardo Villa - Direzione Centrale della Polizia
Criminale del Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza,
Ministero dell’Interno - Dipartimento per la Giustizia
Minorile e di Comunità Ministero della Giustizia |
|
Alexandra Thompson, Susannah N. Tapp |
|
Charles E.
Loeffler, Daniel S. Nagin |
|
Mauro Palma |
|
Pennsylvania Department of Corrections |
| Department of
Justice # More then 374,000 persons held in State and Federal Prisons tested positive for covid-19 in 2020-21 https://bjs.ojp.gov/ august 25, 2022 |
|
ACLU - Jennifer Turner et al. |
| Connor
Brooks, Sean E. Goodison, # Federal Deaths in Custody and During Arrest, 2020 – Statistical Tables https://bjs.ojp.gov/ July 2022 |
| House of Commons
Justice Committee # Women in Prison. First Report of Session 2022–23 https://committees.parliament.uk/ 26 July 2022 |
| Prison Reform
Trust # Prison: the facts. Bromley Briefings Summer 2022 https://prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ July 2022 |
|
Camera dei Deputati Roma, 10 giugno 2022 |
|
Associazione Antigone |
|
Jennifer L. Truman,
Ph.D., and Rachel E. Morgan, |
|
Stefano Anastasia, Franco
Corleone, Leonardo Fiorentini, Marco
Perduca, Grazia Zuffa (a cura di) |
| Seena Fazel, Matthias
Burghart, Thomas Fanshawe, Sharon Danielle Gil, John Monahan,
Rongqin Yu # The predictive performance of criminal risk assessment tools used at sentencing: Systematic review of validation studies Journal of Criminal Justice, 81, 2022 |
| Penal Reform International
- Thailand Institute of Justice # Global Prison Trends 2022 https://cdn.penalreform.org/ may 2022 |
| The
Sentencing Project # Incarcerated Women and Girls www.sentencingproject.org/ may 2022 |
|
Giovanni Fiandaca |
| Marco T. C. Stam, Hilde T.
Wermink, Arjan A. J. Blokland, Jim Been # The effects of imprisonment length on recidivism: a judge stringency instrumental variable approach Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1 may 2023 |
| Ministère
de la Justice # Statistique des établissements des personnes écrouées en France http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1er mai 2022 |
Richard
Rosenfeld, Amanda
Grigg (eds)
#
The Limits
of Recidivism:
Measuring Success
After Prison
National Academies
of Sciences, April
2022
| Shawn Bushway, Irineo
Cabreros, Jessica Welburn Paige,
Daniel Schwam, Jeffrey B. Wenger # Barred from employment: More than half of unemployed men in their 30s had a criminal history of arrest https://www.science.org/ 2022 |
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Ministero della Giustizia |
| Antigone # Il carcere visto da dentro. XVIII Rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione https://www.antigone.it/ 28 Aprile 2022 In media vi è una percentuale pari a 2,37 reati per detenuto. Al 31 dicembre 2008 il numero di reati per detenuto era più basso di 1,97. Dunque diminuiscono i reati in generale, diminuiscono i detenuti in termini assoluti ma aumenta il numero medio di reati per persona. Al 31 dicembre 2021, dei detenuti presenti nelle carceri italiane, solo il 38% era alla prima carcerazione. Il restante 62% in carcere c’era già stato almeno un’altra volta. Il 18% c’era già stato in precedenza 5 o più volte. Tassi di recidiva dunque alti, su cui sarebbe utile che il ministero raccogliesse dati certi. |
| Commissione
parlamentare di inchiesta sul femminicidio,
nonché su ogni forma di violenza di genere # La vittimizzazione secondaria delle donne che subiscono violenza e dei loro figli nei procedimenti che disciplinano l’affidamento e la responsabilità genitoriale www.senato.it/l 20 aprile 2022 |
|
European Committee for the Prevention
of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment
or Punishment (CPT) 102. The Committee considers that, for every prison, there should be an absolute upper limit for the number of prisoners (“numerus clausus”), in order to guarantee the minimum standard in terms of living space, namely 6m² per person in single cells and 4m² per person in multiple-occupancy cells (excluding the sanitary annexe). Thus, whenever a prison has reached that limit, appropriate steps must be taken by the relevant authorities to ensure that a person, who has been newly remanded in custody or sentenced to imprisonment, is offered acceptable conditions of detention (including in terms of living space). |
| Marcelo F. Aebi, Edoardo Cocco, Lorena Molnar,
Mélanie M. Tiago # Space I - 2021 - Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics # Key Findings Council of Europe & University of Lausanne, 6 april 2022 |
|
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Health The study estimates there were 127,282 incarcerated in 2021 in state prisons for sex offenses involving children, at an average annual cost of $34,191, for a total of $4.4 billion in spending at the state level. At the federal level, the study estimates there were 12,850 inmates incarcerated in federal prisons for child sex offenses in 2021, at an annual average cost per inmate of $39,521, a total of $508 million in spending. For the estimated 4,321 inmates with child victims in high-security sex offender civil commitment facilities, the study estimates an annual average cost per inmate of $139,489, a total of $538 million in annual spending after adjusting for individual cost fluctuations. |
| Rich
Kluckow, Zhen Zeng # Correctional Populations in the United States, 2020 – Statistical Tables https://bjs.ojp.gov/ March 2022 At yearend 2020, an estimated 5,500,600 persons were under the supervision of adult correctional systems in the United States, 11% fewer than at the same time the previous year. This was the first time since 1996 that the total correctional population dropped to less than 5.6 million. About 1 in 47 adult U.S. residents (2.1%) were under some form of correctional supervision at the end of 2020, a decrease from 1 in 40 (2.5%) at the end of 2019. |
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Pietro Buffa # 3/3 La necessità di una riforma strutturale
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| Luigi
Pagano, Claudia Pecorella # Osservazioni a margine della Relazione finale della Commissione Ruotolo https://sistemapenale.it/ 15 febbraio 2022 |
|
Rachel E. Morgan, Jennifer L.
Truman |
| Rachel E.
Morgan, Alexandra Thompson # The Nation’s Two Crime Measures, 2011–2020 https://bjs.ojp.gov/ February 2022 During the 10-year period from 2011 to 2020, the NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) rate of violent crime (including rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault) declined from 22.6 to 16.4 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. The rate increased from 2015 to 2018, then declined from 2018 to 2020. From 2011 to 2020, the NCVS rate of violent crime reported to police decreased from 11.1 to 6.6 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older, a decline of 40%... |
| Ignazio
Juan Patrone (Comitato scientifico della
Associazione Antigone) # Delocalizzare i penitenziari e deportarvi i detenuti. La soluzione in salsa danese al sovraffollamento carcerario www.questionegiustizia.it/ 3 febbraio 2022 |
|
Ministry
of Justice |
|
Steven
Sprick Schuster, Ben Stickle |
| # Pietro Curzio, Relazione sull'amministrazione della giustiza nell'anno 2021, Roma 21 gennaio 2022, www.cortedicassazione.it/ | # Sintesi # Giovanni Salvi, Intervento nell’Assemblea generale della Corte sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2021, Roma 21 gennaio 2022, www.cortedicassazione.it/ | # Sintesi # Giuseppe Ondei - Relazione Sull’amministrazione della giustizia nel Distretto della Corte di Appello di Milano, https://www.corteappello.milano.it/ 22 gennaio 2022 | # Discorso |
| Relazione
della ministra della giustizia Marta Cartabia
sull'amministrazione della giustizia # Inaugurazione Anno Giudiziario 2022 - Comunicazione al Senato della Repubblica e alla Camera dei Deputati www.giustizia.it/ 19 gennaio 2022 |
| Edmondo
Bruti Liberati # Carcere da riformare: bisogna renderlo più umano Il Dubbio, 18 gennaio 2022 |
|
Gian Luigi Gatta* |
|
E. Ann Carson |
|
Todd D. Minton, Zhen Zeng |
|
Danielle Kaeble |
| Lauren G.
Beatty, Tracy L. Snell # Profle of Prison Inmates, 2016 https://bjs.ojp.gov/ December 2021 |
|
#
Commissione per
l’innovazione del sistema penitenziario
(Presidente Prof. Marco Ruotolo) - Relazione finale |
Insee Références
# Sécurité
et société
https://www.insee.fr/ 09.12.2021
|
Kira Schacht |
|
France - Ministère de la Justice |
| National Institute of
Justice - NIJ # Desistance From Crime. Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice https://www.ojp.gov/ November 2021 |
| Commissione
Parlamentare di Inchiesta sul Femminicidio, nonché
su ogni forma di violenza di genere # Relazione su "La risposta giudiziaria ai femminicidi in Italia. Analisi delle indagini e delle sentenze. Il biennio 2017.2018" Approvata il 18 novembre 2021 - https://sistemapenale.it/ 25nov21 |
|
Kristofer Bret
Bucklen |
|
Damon M.
Petrich, Travis C. Pratt, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Francis T. Cullen |
| Leonardo Antenangeli,
Matthew R. Durose # Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 24 States in 2008: A 10-Year Follow-Up Period (2008–2018) https://bjs.ojp.gov/ September 2021 |
| Barbara
Oudekerk, Danielle Kaeble, # Probation and Parole in the United States, 2019 https://bjs.ojp.gov/ July 2021 The number of adults on probation or parole in the United States decreased from 4,399,000 at year-end 2018 to 4,357,700 at year- end 2019. This 0.9% decline was solely driven by a reduction in probationers, who made up the majority (80%) of the community supervision population. During this period, the number of probationers fell from 3,540,000 to 3,492,900 (down 1.3%), while the number of parolees remained relatively steady, increasing slightly from 878,000 to 878,900 (up 0.1%). Among all adults in the U.S., about 1 in 59 were under some form of community supervision at year-end 2019. |
Elisabet
Moles-López, Fanny T. Añaños,
#
Factors of Prison
Recidivism in Women: A Socioeducational and Sustainable Development
Analysis.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 582
Frédérique Cornuau,
Marianne Juillard
#
Mesurer
et comprendre les
déterminants de la récidive
des sortants de prison
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/
Infostat Justice, juil 2021
|
Antigone. Per i diritti e
le garanzie nel sistema penale |
| Matthew
R. Durose and Leonardo Antenangeli # Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012: A 5-Year Follow-Up Period (2012–2017) https://bjs.ojp.gov/ July 2021 Among state prisoners released in 2012 across 34 states, 62% were arrested within 3 years, and 71% were arrested within 5 years. Among prisoners released in 2012 across 21 states with available data on persons returned to prison, 39% had either a parole or probation violation or an arrest for a new offense within 3 years that led to imprisonment, and 46% had a parole or probation violation or an arrest within 5 years that led to imprisonment. |
|
Antigone |
| UNODC # Nearly twelve million people imprisoned globally nearly one-third unsentenced with prisons overcrowded in half of all countries www.unodc.org/ July 2021 At the end of 2019, an estimated 11.7 million persons were detained in prisons across the world. This is a population comparable in size to entire nations such as Bolivia, Burundi, Belgium, or Tunisia. • Since 2000, the population held in prison has increased by more than 25%. • Most persons detained in prison globally are men (93%) but - over the last 20 years – the number of women in prisons has increased at a faster pace (33% increase) than men (25% increase).... |
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Coordinamento Nazionale dei Magistrati di Sorveglianza - Conams # Comunicato sui fatti del carcere di Santa Maria Capua Vetere Roma, 5 luglio 2021 ... riafferma l'altissimo valore non negoziabile della dignità di ogni persona umana e dell'nviolabilità dei corpi dei detenuti consacrata negli istituti millenari posti a fondamento dello Stato di diritto e della civiltà umana e giuridica... |
| Senato
della Repubblica - Commissione
parlamentare di inchiesta sul
femminicidio, nonché su ogni forma di
violenza di genere # Rapporto sulla violenza di genere e domestica nella realtà giudiziaria. Analisi delle indagini condotte presso le procure della Repubblica, i tribunali ordinari, i tribunali di sorveglianza, il Consiglio superiore della magistratura, la Scuola superiore della magistratura, il Consiglio nazionale forense e gli ordini degli psicologi www.senato.it/ Presentata il 23 giugno 2021 |
|
Garante nazionale dei diritti
delle persone private della libertà
personale. Meccanismo nazionale di
prevenzione della tortura e dei
trattamenti o pene, crudeli, inumani o
degradanti
#
Relazione
al Parlamento 2021 - Parte 1 (Pag.
1-216)
#
Mappe
e Dati |
| Jacob
Kang-Brown, Chase Montagnet, Jasmine Heiss # People in Jail and Prison in Spring 2021 https://www.vera.org/ June 2021 The total number of people incarcerated in state and federal prisons and local jails in the United States dropped 14 percent from around 2.1 million in 2019 to 1.8 million by June 2020, declining a further 2 percent by March 2021. This represents a 23 percent decline from a peak of 2.3 million people in 2008. The incarceration rate in the United States, including state and federal prisons and local jails, was 537 people behind bars per 100,000 residents in early 2021. This is down from a peak of 760 per 100,000 in 2008 |
| Garante
nazionale delle persone detenute # Scheda sulla Relazione al Parlamento 2021 Roma, 7 giugno 2021 |
| Laura
M. Maruschak, Jennifer Bronson, Mariel
Alper # Indicators of Mental Health Problems Reported by Prisoners: Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016 https://bjs.ojp.gov/ June 2021 |
|
Emily D. Buehler |
|
Ministère de la Justice |
|
European Committee for the
Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment |
|
Marcelo F. Aebi, Edoardo
Cocco, Lorena Molnar, Mélanie M. Tiago https://wp.unil.ch/ |
| Ministero
della Giustizia # Misure cautelari personali e riparazione per ingiusta detenzione. Dati 2020 - Relazione al Parlamento ex L, 16 aprile 2015, n. 47 Aggiornamento Aprile 2021 |
|
Dipartimento per la Giustizia
minorile e di comunità |
|
Nicola Carr ... Building on the concept of ‘recovery capital’, Best et al. identify that ‘justice capital’, which includes the resources of institutions available to support effective rehabilitation, reintegration, and desistance, can be a useful way to think about the way in which criminal justice institutions and practices can be oriented towards supporting desistance. Importantly, they also explore how negative forms of capital including the absence of procedural fairness and poor treatment and conditions, can diminish any attempts to support desistance... |
| Lois
M. Davis, John Linton # What Corrections Officials Need to Know to Partner with Colleges to Implement College Programs in Prisons www.rand.org/ 2021 Incarcerated adults who participate in a correctional education program while in prison had a 13% point reduction in their risk of recidivating after being released from prison. Those who participate in in-prison college programs are roughly half as likely to recidivate... For every dollar invested in prison education programs, taxpayers save, on average, between $4 and $5 in three-year reincarceration costs... |
| # Aebi, M. F., & Tiago, M. M. (2021). SPACE I - 2020 – Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Prison populations. Strasbourg: Council of Europe (updated 8 march 2021) |
| Antigone # Oltre il virus. XVII Rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione www.antigone.it/ 12 marzo 2021 |
|
Tommaso Miele | Corte dei
Conti - Sezione giurisdizionale per la
Regione Lazio |
|
Isabella Merzagora |
|
Giovanni Fiandaca L'emergenza sanitaria da rischio contagio-Covid, ha riacceso i riflettori sui persistenti problemi e sulle persistenti esigenze inevase del pianeta carcere: il concreto rischio di contagi diffusi a tutt'oggi deriva, infatti, dal riemerso sovraffollamento, dalle tipiche condizioni di vita carceraria e dalla stessa conformazione strutturale di alcune vecchie prigioni con spazi molto angusti, nonché dalla situazione igienica non sempre a norma, che impediscono un sufficiente distanziamento sociale e l'adozione di tutti gli altri dispositivi di prevenzione più facilmente accessibili alle persone in libertà... |
| Garante
nazionale dei diritti delle persone
private della libertà personale # Rapporto tematico sulle sezioni di Alta Sicurezza 2 (AS2) www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 1 febbraio 2021 Il Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale (Garante nazionale) ha visitato, nella sua composizione collegiale, tutte quelle Sezioni del sotto-circuito di Alta sicurezza 2 (As2) che sono attualmente caratterizzate dalla diversità delle categorie delle persone ristrette, relativamente al contesto del reato commesso. In particolare, nelle sezioni oggetto di visita sono compresenti persone detenute per reati commessi nel contesto delle azioni armate degli anni Settanta e Ottanta, persone detenute perché imputate o condannate per reati inquadrabili nel complessivo fenomeno del terrorismo internazionale legato a integralismo religioso e persone prevalentemente imputate e in alcuni casi condannate per recenti azioni di antagonismo politico anche di tipo anarchico. |
| Jacob
Kang-Brown, Chase Montagnet, Jasmine Heiss # People in Jail and Prison in 2020 https://www.vera.org/ january 2020 The United States saw an unprecedented drop in total incarceration between 2019 and 2020. Triggered by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and pressure from advocates to reduce incarceration, local jails drove the initial decline, although prisons also made reductions. From summer to fall 2020, prison populations declined further, but jails began to refill, showing the fragility of decarceration. Jails in rural counties saw the biggest initial drops, but still incarcerate people at double the rate of urban and suburban areas. The number of people incarcerated in state and federal prisons and local jails in the United States dropped from around 2.1 million in 2019 to 1.8 million by mid-2020—a 14 percent decrease. |
|
Anita Tun |
| Joe
Mullah, Safya Khan-Ruf (eds) # State of Hate. Far-Right Extremism in Europe www.hopenothate.org.uk/ 16 february 2021 2020 saw a dramatic increase in the number of people engaging with conspiracy theories during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Across Europe we’ve witnessed the birth of a number of conspiracy theory-driven protest groups that have taken to the streets, driven by a strongly anti-elite, anti-lockdown and anti- vaccine agenda. Responsibility for the spread of conspiracy theories partially lies with digital platforms and social media, which has helped false information of all kinds spread faster and more aggressively... |
| Istat # Autori e vittime di omicidio | Anni 2018-2019 www.istat.it/ 5 febbraio 2021 Omicidi in calo. Crescono quelli in famiglia: vittime soprattutto donne, uomini gli autori. Nel 2019 gli omicidi sono 315 (345 nel 2018): 204 uomini e 111 donne. Il 19,7% (di cui 17,6% maschi e 23,4% femmine) è composto da vittime straniere. Gli omicidi sono in calo fin dagli anni Novanta, soprattutto quelli dovuti alla criminalità organizzata (29 nel 2019, il 9,2% del totale). In ambito familiare o affettivo aumentano invece le vittime: 150 nel 2019 (47,5% del totale); 93 vittime sono donne (l’83,8% del totale degli omicidi femminili) Nei procedimenti giudiziari crescono gli imputati per omicidio in “contesti relazionali” (246 nel 2010, 271 nel 2018). |
| Istat # Delitti, imputati e vittime dei reati. Lacriminalità in Italia, attraverso una lettura integrata delle fonti sulla giustizia. Riedizione con dati aggiornati www.istat.it/ 22 gennaio 2021 Il volume analizza la criminalità in Italia secondo una prospettiva multifonte che, grazie all’utilizzo a fini statistici di diverse fonti amministrative di polizia e di giustizia penale, consente una lettura integrata e fortemente articolata di un fenomeno caratterizzato da grande complessità. Tra i molti fenomeni criminosi, l’attenzione è qui posta maggiormente sui reati contro il patrimonio, sui reati informatici, su alcuni reati violenti e soprattutto sui soggetti che li compiono e le loro vittime. Le analisi approfondiscono gli aspetti territoriali e l’evoluzione nel tempo dei fenomeni, alla ricerca di connotazioni rilevanti, con un focus sulle caratteristiche socio-demografiche dei soggetti coinvolti, ma anche degli esiti giudiziari. Arricchiscono il volume due focus privilegiati, uno sui minorenni entrati nel percorso giudiziario penale, l’atro sui procedimenti e le condanne legate agli ecoreati. |
|
Glauco Giostra |
|
Riccardo De Vito
[Presidente di Magistratura democratica] |
|
Sandra Berardi |
| Associazione
Avvocato di strada ODV # Fine pena: la strada. Misure alternative e persone senza dimora www.avvocatodistrada.it/ Novembre 2020 Di fatto, l’assenza di un’abitazione è di ostacolo sia nella fase pre-processuale per la scelta e l’applicazione delle misure cautelari, sia nella fase esecutiva della sanzione per trascorrere il periodo della pena al di fuori delle mura carcerarie... La relazione tra carcere e strada emerge anche per quanto riguarda i cosiddetti reati di povertà. È stato evidenziato, infatti, come non solo a livello italiano, ma anche internazionale, si stia diffondendo la criminalizzazione di condotte tipiche di persone che vivono in strada (come ad esempio dormire in un luogo pubblico o chiedere l’elemosina), attraverso l’uso di leggi e pratiche atte a limitare le loro attività e i loro movimenti. L’effetto finale è un trattamento altamente discriminatorio e ingiustificatamente punitivo verso le persone senza dimora. |
| Marcelo
F. Aebi and Mélanie M. Tiago # Prisons and Prisoners in Europe in Pandemic Times: An evaluation of the medium-term impact of the COVID-19 on prison populations https://wp.unil.ch/ Strasbourg and Lausanne: 10 November 2020 In sum, the general trend observed in Europe is the following: The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by an overall decrease of European prison populations during the period of the lockdowns; that trend was stopped and, in several countries, reversed after the end of the lockdowns. The European trend can be explained combining three factors: • A decrease in the activities of the criminal justice system... • The release of inmates as a preventive measure to reduce the spread of COVID-19... • The lockdowns produced a crime drop... |
| E.
Ann Carson # Prisoners in 2019 https://www.bjs.gov/ October 2020 At year-end 2019, an estimated 1,430,800 prisoners were under state or federal jurisdiction, a decrease of 2% from the 1,464,400 prisoners in 2018 and 11% from the peak of 1,615,500 prisoners in 2009. About 88% of all prisoners were under state jurisdiction and 12% were under BOP jurisdiction in 2019, with state prisoners accounting for 86% of the decline in the total prison population from 2018. By yearend 2019, the total prison population declined for the sixth consecutive year, and the federal prison population declined for the seventh consecutive year... |
|
cepej |
| Marcelo
F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago, Yuji Z.
Hashimoto # Space Project: 2020 Update - 10th PC-CP Plenary Meeting, 13-14 October 2020 https://rm.coe.int/ Strasbourg, 13 October 2020 |
| Reuters # Dying Inside. The Data Behind Jail Deaths in America www.reuters.com/ October 2020 The U.S. government collects detailed data on who’s dying in which jails around the country – but won’t let anyone see it. So, Reuters conducted its own tally of fatalities in America’s biggest jails, pinpointing where suicide, botched healthcare and bad jailkeeping are claiming lives in a system with scant oversight |
| Rachel
E. Morgan, Jennifer L. Truman # Criminal Victimization, 2019 www.bjs.gov/ September 2020 After rising from 1.1 million in 2015 to 1.4 million in 2018, the number of persons who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault dropped to 1.2 million in 2019. This is the first statistically significant decrease in the number of persons who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault since 2015, and it corresponds with a decline in the number of victims of rape or sexual assault from 2018 to 2019. |
|
Kelly Servick [Traduzione di
Andrea Sparacino] I focolai negli istituti di pena evidenziano le disuguaglianze rispetto all'incidenza del virus. Tra gli afroamericani il tasso d'incarcerazione è più alto rispetto a quello tra i bianchi, e lo stesso vale per la durata delle condanne. Inoltre i detenuti presentano un tasso più elevato di malattie pregresse, un aspetto che li rende più esposti alle forme gravi di covid-19. Un altro elemento rilevante è il fatto che la salute dei detenuti è legata a quella della comunità che circonda i penitenziari. Il virus può entrare nelle strutture tramite i dipendenti (almeno 23mila persone che lavorano nelle carceri sono risultate positive) o essere portato dalle persone detenute per brevi periodi o trasferite da una struttura all'altra. |
Denis
Yukhnenko, Achim Wolf,
Nigel Blackwood, Seena
Fazel
#
Recidivism rates in
individuals receiving
community sentences: A
systematic review
PLoS ONE september
2019
| Lanfranco
Caminiti # Francia. La pandemia in carcere ha scoperchiato il velo: sistema crudele e malato Il Dubbio, 10 settembre 2020 All'inizio del 2020, 35 penitenziari sono stati considerati dalla giustizia francese come luoghi in cui le persone sono esposte a condizioni non dignitose... un terzo del "parco prigioni" è oggi considerato fatiscente... La Francia è stata condannata 18 volte dalla Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo, per le condizioni di detenzione che violano l'articolo 3 della Convenzione europea dei diritti dell'uomo (Cedu) che vieta la tortura e un trattamento disumano o degradante, e è stata "sollecitata" a adottare misure strutturali per porre fine al sovraffollamento delle carceri... # Ministère de la justice – DAP | Mesure de l'incarceration - 1er juillet 2020 |
|
Ministero dell'Interno |
|
Andrea Pugiotto |
|
Ministry of Justice |
| Antigone # Il carcere alla prova della fase 2. Salute, tecnologia, spazi, vita interna www.antigone.it/ 10 agosto 2020 |
|
Daniela Vigoni |
|
Nicholas Chan | NSW Bureau of
Crime Statistics and Research |
| Cpt
Comitato europeo per la prevenzione della
tortura e delle pene o trattamenti inumani o
degradanti # Follow-up relativo alla situazione delle persone private della libertà personale nell’ambito dell’attuale pandemia di COVID-191 Strasbourg, 9 luglio 2020 |
| Nasrul
Ismail, Andrew Forrester # The state of English prisons and the urgent need for reform https://www.thelancet.com/ July 2020 The CPT report, and documented 63 328 incidents of self-harm in 2019—a record number—and a total that amounts to an increase of 63% since 2012... Incidents of assault increased by 53%... Episodes of prisoner on staff violenceincreased by 70%... The CPT recommended investing in smaller prisons, but the UK government resisted, instead planning further space to accommodate an additional 20 000 prisoners.5 Creating new space by building additional prisons will increase the prison population further, and such an approach is unlikely to improve prisoners’ health and wellbeing... # CPT, Report to the United Kingdom Government on the visit to the United Kingdom carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 13 to 23 May 2019, 30 april 2020 # Executive Summary |
| Pietro Buffa # Carcere e pandemia https://dirittopenaleuomo.org/ 1 luglio 2020 Nel frattempo il carcere, come gli ospizi, sono luoghi ove la strategia esterna delbdistanziamento non potrà essere mai applicata perché la nostra modernità democratica, via via, li ha già distanziati dalla società stessa e li affolla di scarti sociali frutto dell’incapacità di prendersi cura veramente dei problemi essenziali. Contenitori di disagio affrontato con l’allontanamento oggi saliti all’onor delle cronache per gli effetti che il virus ha avuto nelle R.S.A. e che potenzialmente poteva generare anche negli istituti di pena. |
|
Marco Musumeci, Francesco Marelli |
| Garante
Nazionale dei diritti delle persone detenute o
private della libertà personale # Relazione al Parlamento 2020 http://www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ Roma 26 giugno 2020 |
|
Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago |
|
Simone Lonati, Carlo Melzi d'Eril |
| Antigone # Il carcere al tempo del Coronavirus. XVI Rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione www.antigone.it/ 22 maggio 2020 |
|
#
UNODC, WHO, UNAIDS and
OHCHR joint statement on COVID-19 in prisons
and other closed settings We, the leaders of global health, human rights and development institutions, come together to urgently draw the attention of political leaders to the heightened vulnerability of prisoners and other people deprived of liberty to the COVID-19 pandemic, and urge them to take all appropriate public health measures in respect of this vulnerable population that is part of our communities. |
| J.J.
Prescott, Benjamin Pyle, Sonja B. Starr # Understanding Violent-Crime Recidivism Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 95, Issue 4, 2020 This Article attempts to provide a better understanding of violent-crime recidivism to encourage policymakers to engage with the idea of releasing earlier many individuals who are serving sentences for violent crimes. Our synthesis of the recidivism literature and our new empirical analysis suggest that this population, especially individuals with prior homicide convictions who are older at release, are unlikely to reoffend, although they are somewhat more likely to commit new violent crimes relative to those released after serving time for nonviolent offenses. |
|
Garante delle persone sottoposte a
misure restrittive della libertà personale della
Regione Campania |
|
Talha Burki ... Iran announced the release of 85000 prisoners in March. France and Italy have reduced their prison populations by 10000 and 6000, respectively. Chile has let out 1300 low-risk offenders, and states across the USA are releasing varying numbers of prisoners. “There is absolutely no doubt that this crisis calls for reducing overcrowding and finding alternatives to prison for people in particular categories, definitely those in pretrial detention for non-violent offences”, Broner told The Lancet. |
| EUROPOL # Beyond the pandemic. How COVID-19 will shape the serious and organised crime landscape in the EU www.europol.europa.eu/ 30 April 2020 Europol expects the impact of the current crisis on serious and organised crime and terrorism to unfold in three phases, equivalent to the shortterm/immediate outlook, a mid-term and long-term perspective.... Drug markets are resilient and adaptable... The trafficking of cannabis, cocaine, and heroin has continued throughout the pandemic, albeit at lower levels than before. After the withdrawal of lockdown and quarantine measures across the EU, it is expected that regular supply will resume at pre-pandemic levels with little or no id- or long-term impact. |
|
Sarah Figgatt |
|
Guido Travaini, Palmina Caruso,
Isabella Merzagora |
|
Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di
comunità |
|
E. Ann Carson |
|
Penal Reform International |
| The
Editorial Board # No One Deserves to Die of Covid-19 in Jail. But more than 100 inmates already have. www.nytimes.com/ April 23, 2020 |
| Marcelo F.
Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago # Prisons and Prisoners in Europe 2019: Key Findings of the SPACE I report http://wp.unil.ch/ April 2020 |
| Council of
Europe - Commissioner for Human Rights # COVID-19 pandemic: urgent steps are needed to protect the rights of prisoners in Europe www.coe.int/ Strasbourg 06/04/2020 |
|
#
Il Garante Nazionale nei giorni
dell'emergenza Covid-19 |
|
European Prison Observatory |
|
Congressional Research Service |
|
Zhen Zeng |
| Inter-Agency
Standing Committee (IASC) | OHCHR | WHO # COVID-19: Focus on Persons Deprived of Their Liberty 27 March 2020 |
| Michelle
Bachelet # Urgent action needed to prevent COVID-19 “rampaging through places of detention” www.ohchr.org/ Geneva, 25 March 2020 |
| Alessandro
Albano, Francesco Picozzi # L'importanza delle risorse inutilizzate: per un sistema penitenziario antifragile BioLaw Journal 3/2020 |
|
Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago |
| Associazione
Nazionale Magistrati # L'ANM sulla situazione delle carceri www.associazionemagistrati.it/ 24 marzo 2020 |
|
Associazione
Italiana dei Professori di Diritto Penale
(AIPDP) # Magistratura Democratica, Non aspettare, www.magistraturademocratica.it/ 23 marzo 2020 # Unione delle Camere Penali Italiane, Emergenza carcere: basta mistificazioni! www.camerepenali.it/ 20 marzo 2020 |
|
Comitato europeo per la prevenzione della tortura e delle pene o trattamenti inumani o degradanti (CPT) CPT/Inf(2020)13, pubblicato il 20 marzo 2020 |
|
E. Ann Carson, Mary P. Cowhig |
|
E. Ann Carson, Mary P. Cowhig |
|
# Relazione sull'amministrazione della Giustizia nell'anno 2019 del Primo Presidente Giovanni Mammone |
|
Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità # Adulti in area penale esterna. Analisi statistica dei dati15 gennaio 2020 Roma, 22 gennaio 2020 |
|
Vincenzo Giglio |
| Denis
Yukhnenko, Shivpriya Sridhar, Seena Fazel # A systematic review of criminal recidivism rates worldwide: 3-year update Open Research 2020 Released prisoners are at higher risk of criminal recidivism than those serving non-custodial sentences... Although most of these recidivism events are non-violent (property crimes, violation of post-release conditions, etc.), released prisoners also have an elevated risk of violent recidivism, which are much more impactful because of high associated physical and psychological morbidity |
|
Erica L. Smith, Jessica Stroop |
|
European Union Agency for Fundamental
Rights |
|
Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di
comunità |
|
Antoine Dulin |
| Manfred
Nowak # United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty https://www.ohchr.org/ November 2019 For All Invisible and Forgotten Children Deprived of Liberty... More than 7 million children are suffering in various types of child-specific institutions, immigration detention centres, police custody, prisons and other places of detention. |
|
République Française - Ministère de la
justice
# Statistique
des établissements des personnes écrouées en
France - situation au 1er octobre 2019 |
| Dipartimento
Giustizia minorile e di comunità # Adulti in area penale esterna. Analisi statistica dei dati 15 ottobre 2019 Roma, 25 ottobre 2019 |
|
The European Prison Observatory |
| Cecelia M. Klingele # Measuring Change: From Rates of Recidivism to Markers of Desistance Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Fall 2019 |
| The
Sentencing Project # U.S. Prison Population Trends: Massive Buildup and Modest Decline www.sentencingproject.org/ September 2019 By yearend 2017, 1.4 million people were imprisoned in the United States, a decline of 7% since the prison population reached its peak level in 2009. This follows a nearly 700% growth in the prison population between 1972 and 2009... Alaska (39% decline since 2006)• New Jersey (38% decline since 1999)• Vermont (35% decline since 2009)• Connecticut (33% decline since 2007)• New York (32% decline since 1999)... If states and the federal government maintain this pace of decarceration, it will take 72 years—until 2091—to cut the U.S. prison population in half. |
|
Philippe Bensimon |
|
Dipartimento per la giustizia minorile e di comunità #
Adulti in area
penale esterna - Aggiornamento al 15
settembre 2019 |
|
Ministero dell'Interno |
|
The Prison Reform Trust |
|
David J Harding, Jeffrey D
Morenoff, Anh P Nguyen, Shawn D Bushway,
Ingrid A Binswanger |
|
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime |
|
Ministère de la Justice |
|
Forum Nazionale Giovani |
|
Antigone |
|
Dipartimento per la giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Adulti in
area penale esterna - Aggiornamento al 15
luglio 2019 |
|
Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di
comunità |
|
Mariel Alper, Matthew R. Durose,
# Recidivism
of Sex Ofenders Released from State Prison:
A 9-Year Follow-Up (2005-14) |
|
Marcelo F. Aebi, Yuji Z. Hashimoto,
Mélanie M. Tiago |
|
Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di
comunità |
| Ministero
della Giustizia. Direzione Generale di
Statistica e Analisi Tribunali e uffici di sorveglianza per adulti # Provvedimenti di concessione di misure 2013-2017 # Provvedimenti di revoca delle misure concesse 2013-2017 Ministero della Giustizia, maggio 2019 |
| Associazione
Antigone # Il carcere secondo la Costituzione. XV rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione Roma, 16 maggio 2019 |
| Jennifer
Bronson, E. Ann Carson # Prisoners in 2017 www.bjs.gov/ April 2019 The United States prison population declined from 1,508,129 at the end of 2016 to 1,489,363 at the end of 2017, a decrease of 1.2%. During the same period, the number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of federal correctional authorities decreased by 6,100 (down 3%), and the number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities fell by 12,600 (down 1%). Te imprisonment rate for sentenced prisoners was the lowest since 1997, at 440 prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages and 568 per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older |
| CPT -
European Committee for the Prevention of
Tortureand Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment # 28th General Report of the CPT - 1 January - 31 December 2018 Council of Europe, April 2019 |
| Dipartimento
Giustizia minorile e di comunità # Adulti in area penale esterna. Analisi statistica dei dati www.giustizia.it/ Roma, 1 aprile 2019 |
| Marcelo
F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago # Prisons and Prisoners in Europe 2018: Key Findings of the SPACE I report Université de Lausanne - Council of Europe |
|
Garante nazionale dei diritti delle
persone detenute o private della libertà
personale |
|
Shadd Maruna, Ruth Mann |
| Bailey
Gray, Doug Smith, Allison Franklin # Return To Nowhere. The Revolving Door Between Incarceration and Homelessness Texas Criminal Justice Coalition, February 2019 Homelessness and justice system involvement are inextricably linked: People experiencing homelessness are 11 times more likely to face incarceration when compared to the general population, and formerly incarcerated individuals are almost 10 times more likely to be homeless than the general public. In fact, the rate of homelessness among adult state and federal prison inmates is four to six times the annual rate of homelessness in the general population. |
|
Ministry of Justice |
|
Mariel Alper, Lauren Glaze |
|
Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di
comunità |
|
Garante nazionale dei diritti delle
persone detenute o private della libertà
personale |
|
Rachel E. Morgan, Jennifer L. Truman |
| Giovanni
Mastrobuoni, Daniele Terlizzese # Leave the Door Open? Prison Conditions and Recidivism www.carloalberto.org/ December 2018 |
| Kristina
Lugo, Roger Przybylski # Estimating the Financial Costs of Crime Victimization. Final Report Justice Research and Statistics Association - December 2018 Despite reductions in U.S. crime rates in recent decades, crime victimization continues to be a pressing problem with enormous societal costs. Currently available national estimates of victimization costs are in the hundreds of billions of dollars each year – equivalent to between 2 percent and 6 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product. Understanding the costs of victimization and the components that comprise them can help policymakers and practitioners use resources more efficiently. |
| Partito
Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale Transpartito # Dossier carcere Roma, 7 Dicembre 2018 |
| Marcelo
F. Aebi, Léa Berger-Kolopp, Christine Burkhardt,
Mélanie M. Tiago # Prisons in Europe, 2005-2015 vol. 1 # vol. II https://wp.unil.ch/ Lausanne, 30 June 2018 – Updated on 29 November 2018 |
|
Danielle Kaeble |
|
Shelley
S. Hyland |
|
Emilio Dolcini |
|
Donatella
Stasio |
|
Dipartimento
Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP |
| #
Projet
de loi de programmation 2019-2022
et de réforme pour la justice :
une réforme qui ne convainc pas
www.federationaddiction.fr/ Oct 2018 |
|
Ministry of Justice 83,005 prisoners in England and Wales as at 30 September 2018. The total prison population has decreased by 3%, compared with the same point in the previous year. 261,196 offenders on probation as at 30 June 2018. The number of offenders on probation at the end of June 2018 was stable (less than 1% decrease) compared to the same point in the previous year... |
| United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime -
UNODC # Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders www.unodc.org/ Vienna, 2018 At the level of the individual, recidivism is prevented when an offender desists from crime. “Desistance” refers to the process by which, with or without external intervention, offenders cease to engage in criminal conduct and maintain crime-free lives. A number of factors are associated with desistance from crime, such as the acquisition of new skills, full-time employment or significant life partnership. Changes in family and employment circumstances are key factors in accounting for desistance. However, while it seems plausible that desistance becomes less likely when problematic social circumstances increase, the causal relationship between these factors and the absence of criminal behaviour are difficult to specify... |
| France # Le Plan Pénitentiaire. Présentation justice.gouv.fr/ Conseil des ministres du 12 septembre 2018 |
|
Lorena Allam,
Calla Wahlquist and Nick Evershed |
|
Illinois
Sentencing Policy Advisory Council
(SPAC) |
|
Ministry of
Justice |
| Matthew
Heeks, Sasha Reed, Mariam Tafsiri,
Stuart Prince # The economic and social costs of crime. Second edition https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ Research Report 99, July 2018 The total costs of crime in England and Wales in the 2015/16 are estimated to be approximately £50bn for crimes against individuals and £9bn for crimes against businesses. Violent crimes make up the largest proportion of the total costs of individual crime – almost three quarters – but only one third of the number of crimes. This is mainly due to the higher physical and emotional costs to the victims of violent offences. These costs are particularly high for crimes that are more likely to result in emotional injuries, such as rape and violence with injury. The offence with the highest estimated unit cost is homicide (£ 3.2m). Rape (£39,360) has the highest estimated unit cost of non-fatal offences... |
|
Georgina Sturge |
|
Jacques
Bigot et François-Noël Buffet
(Sénateurs) Près de la moitié des peines principales prononcées en 2016 par les juridictions judiciaires étaient des peines d’emprisonnement : 287 511 peines d’emprisonnement pour 582 142 peines prononcées. Outre 203 300 peines d’amende, seulement 63 362 peines « alternatives » ou de substitution ont été prononcées à titre principal... La place centrale accordée à l’emprisonnement apparaît paradoxale au regard de la saturation de la chaine pénale et carcérale qui conduit à aménagerde nombreuses peines d’emprisonnement ferme et donc à ne pas les exécuter sous la forme prononcée par les juridictions ; cette déconnexion croissante, et illisible, entre le prononcé et l’exécution des peines d’emprisonnement avait déjà été dénoncée en 2017 par le rapport de la mission d’information de votre commission sur le redressement de la justice « Cinq ans pour sauver la justice ! ». |
|
Censis -
FederSicurezza Sul mercato della sicurezza... Lasciare troppo spazio alla libera iniziativa dei cittadini significherebbe, da un lato, incrementare le distanze sociali tra chi si può permettere i sistemi di difesa e chi no, e, dall’altro, andare incontro a pericolose derive giustizialiste della “sicurezza fai da te”... |
|
U.S.
Department of Justice - Office
of Justice Programs - Bureau of
Justice Statistics |
| ISTAT # La percezione della sicurezza, Anni 2015-2016 www.istat.it/ 22 giugno 2018 |
|
Penal
Reform International |
| Cristina Rodríguez Yagüe # Un análisis de las estrategias contra la sobrepoblación penitenciaria en España a la luz de los estándares europeos Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología, 20.05.2018 La tasa de encarcelamiento en nueve años pasa de estar en 114 internos por 100.000 habitantes a 173. Claramente es el año 2009 el que supone una inflexión, pues a partir de entonces comienza un descenso de la población penitenciaria en centros españoles pero siempre sin recuperar los niveles de comienzos de siglo. Lógicamente esa tasa de encarcelamiento repercute en la tasa de sobreocupación , que ha llegado a alcanzar niveles alarmantes en estos años. Actualmente veremos que, gracias a una importante política de creación de nuevos centros penitenciarios, la densidad de la población ha disminuido hasta situarse, por regla general, en unos parámetros aceptables |
|
United
Nations - Commission on Crime
Prevention and Criminal Justice |
| Elias Nosrati, Michael
Ash, Michael Marmot, Martin
McKee, Lawrence P King # The association between income and life expectancy revisited: deindustrialization, incarceration and the widening health gap International Journal of Epidemiology, 2018, 720–730 In the USA between 2001 and 2014, deindustrialization and incarceration subtracted roughly 2.5 years from the lifespan of the poor, pointing to their role as major health determinants. Future research must remain conscious of the upstream determinants and the political economy of public health. If public policy responses to growing health inequalities are to be effective, they must consider strengthening industrial policy and ending hyper-incarceration. |
|
Donatella Stasio |
|
Mariel Alper,
Matthew R. Durose, Joshua Markman |
|
The
Council of Economic Advisers |
|
HM
Chief Inspector of Prisons for
England and Wales |
|
Jaeok Kim, Preeti
Chauhan, Olive Lu, Meredith Patten |
| Direction
de l'Administration Pénitentiaire -
Bureau des statistiques et des études
(SDME - Me5) # Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France. Situation au 1er mai 2018 www.justice.gouv.fr |
|
Danielle Kaeble,
Mary Cowhig |
|
Mark Brown, Stuart
Ross |
|
Aurélie Stoll, Manon
Jendly |
|
Office of the Prime
Minister’s Chief Science Advisor |
| Jeffrey
A. Butts, Vincent Schiraldi # Recidivism Reconsidered: Preserving the Community Justice Mission of Community Corrections www.hks.harvard.edu/ March 2018 Despite promising research on the potential for desistance-focused approaches to improve outcomes, community corrections agencies continue to rely on recidivism as the primary measure of their effectiveness... Our purpose in this discussion is not to end the use of recidivism as a justice system measure but to illustrate its limits and to encourage the development and use of more suitable measures — namely, positive outcomes related to the complex process of criminal desistance. |
|
Council of Europe
Annual Penal Statistics #
Marcelo
F Aebi, Julien Chopin, SPACE II
2016, Persons Serving
Non-Custodial Sanctions and
Measures in 2016, rev. 12.03.2018 |
| Robin
S. Engel, Robert E. Worden, Nicholas
Corsaro, Hannah D. McManus, Danielle
Reynolds, Hannah Cochran, Gabrielle T.
Isaza, Jennifer Calnon Cherkauskas |
IACP/UC Center for Research and Policy # Deconstructing the Power to Arrest: Lessons from Research www.theiacp.org/ March 15, 2018 It is a seemingly simple proposition that it is better for police to divert very low-risk offenders from the justice system, in which their involvement may have criminogenic effects, and to divert those with behavioral health and/or criminogenic needs away from the justice system and to ward supports and services that can better address their needs. It is not at all simple , however, to make that proposition a reality. Alternatives to arrest can take many different forms, not all of which are equally acceptable to street-level personnel. Well-founded diversion decisions require information thatofficers in the field typically lack and cannot easily acquire... |
|
John F. Pfaff |
|
Zhen Zeng |
|
Charles Falconer #
British
justice is in flames. The MoJ’s
fiddling is criminal. From prisons
to probation and legal aid, the
entire system is on the verge of
collapse – and poor people bear
the brunt. Act now, lord
chancellor |
|
Human Rights Watch The statistics on how overrepresented people with disabilities are in prison—and especially how overrepresented certain groups of people with disabilities are—call into question the fairness and effectiveness of Australia’s justice system. People with disabilities, particularly a cognitive or psychosocial disability, are overrepresented in the criminal justice system in Australia—comprising around 18 percent of the country’s population, but almost 50 percent of people entering prison. |
|
John Gramlich |
|
Ministry of Justice |
|
Direction de
l'Administration Pénitentiaire -
Bureau des statistiques et des
études (SDME - Me5) |
|
Amanda
Y. Agan, Michael D. Makowsky |
|
E. Ann Carson |
|
Ames
Grawert, James Cullen The overall crime rate in the 30 largest cities in 2017 is estimated to decline slightly from the previous year, falling by 2.7 percent. If this trend holds, crime rates will remain near historic lows. The violent crime rate will also decrease slightly, by 1.1 percent, essentially remaining stable. Violent crime remains near the bottom of the nation’s 30-year downward trend. The 2017 murder rate in the 30 largest cities is estimated to decline by 5.6 percent. Large decreases this year in Chicago and Detroit, as well as small decreases in other cities, contributed to this decline. |
|
European
Union Agency for Law Enforcement
Cooperation (Europol) |
|
Eurostat |
|
#
Dipartimento
dell'Amministrazione
Penitenziaria, Inaugurazione Anno
Giudiziario 2018 |
| ACLU
New Jersey # A Vision to End Mass Incarceration in New Jersey www.issuelab.org/ December 2017 The United States and New Jersey face a mass incarceration crisis. Although New Jersey has seen a recent decline in its incarcerated population, close to 35,000 people are still housed in its prisons and jails. In fact, despite the recent decline, the size of New Jersey's prison population increased by 278 percent between 1975 and 2015.hetey |
|
Florence De Bruyn,
Annie Kensey |
|
Observatoire
de la Récidive et de la Désistance |
|
Rachel E. Morgan,
Grace Kena |
| William
H. Pryor, Jr., Rachel E. Barkow,
Charles R. Breyer, Danny C. Reeves,
Zachary C. Bolitho, J. Patricia Wilson
Smoot, Kenneth P. Cohen, Glenn R.
Schmit, Kim Steven Hunt, Kim Steven
Hunt, Billy Easley II, # The Effects of Aging on Recidivism Among Federal Offenders www.ussc.gov/ United States Sentencing Commission; December 2017 Older offenders were substantially less likely than younger offenders to recidivate following release. Over an eight-year follow-up period, 13.4 percent of offenders age 65 or older at the time of release were rearrested compared to 67.6 percent of offenders younger than age 21 at the time of release. The pattern was consistent across age groupings, and recidivism measured by rearrest, reconviction, and reincarceration declined as age increased. |
|
Andrew Bushnel |
| Jessica
Jacobson, Catherine Heard, Helen Fair
| ICPR # Prison. Evidence of its use and over-use from around the world 2017 Institute for Criminal Policy Research Whether you would end up in prison is also affected by who you are. For example, Roma people make up around 40% of Hungary’s prison population, despite representing only 6% of the national population; and Indigenous people in Australia represent 27% of adult prisoners while making up around 2% of all adult Australians. Across the board, poor and marginalised communities are overrepresented in prisons. |
|
Dipartimento
Giustizia minorile e di comunità |
|
Cédric Mathiot |
| Observatoire
de la récidive et de la désistance # Rapport Annuel 2017 www.justice.gouv.fr / 2017 La récidive et la désistance: notions distinctes, notions complexes. Celui qui récidive peut être sorti de la délinquance. Celui qui ne récidive pas peut ne pas être sorti de la délinquance. Contrairement à la récidive, la désistance (plus récente en France qu’à l’étranger) se définit d’une manière plus dynamique et processuelle. Une personne considérée comme récidiviste (du fait qu’elle soit condamnée à nouveau pour une infraction commise quelques mois auparavant) peut être sortie de la délinquance dans le sens où elle est maintenant « passée à autre chose », notamment en s’engageant dans une vie familiale ou dans un travail. A l’inverse, une personne considérée comme non-récidiviste n’est pas nécessairement sortie de la délinquance : elle peut continuer les activités délinquantes (et devenir plus performante) sans se faire arrêter par la police. |
|
HM Inspectorate of
Probation for England and Wales |
| David
J. Harding, Jeffrey D. Morenoff, Anh
P. Nguyen, Shawn D. Bushway # Short- and long-term effects of imprisonment on future felony convictions and prison admissions http://www.pnas.org/ PNAS | October 17, 2017 | vol. 114 |no. 42 ... Being sentenced to prison rather than probation increases the probability of imprisonment in the first 3 years after release from prison by 18 percentage points among nonwhites and 19 percentage points among whites. Further results show that such effects are driven primarily by imprisonment for technical violations of community supervision rather than new felony convictions. This suggests that more stringent postprison parole supervision (relative to probation supervision) increases imprisonment through the detection and punishment of low-level offending or violation behavior... |
|
Prison Reform Trust |
|
PEW Charitable
Trusts |
|
Michela Finizio, # Ecco la mappa dei reati: 284 denunce ogni ora. Nel 2016 si conferma il calo generale dei delitti (7,4%), ilsole24ore.it/ 9 ottobre 2017 Maurizio Fiasco, # Alt al mercato speculativo della paura, ilsole24ore.it/ 9 ottobre 2017 |
|
Parlamento europeo
| 2014-2019 |
|
DAP Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria # Circolare
sull'organizzazione del circuito
detentivo speciale previsto
dall'art. 41 bis O.P. |
|
Federico Olivo |
|
Giacomo Di Gennaro,
Riccardo Marselli (a cura di) |
| David
Roodman # The impacts of incarceration on crime Open Philanthropy Project, September 2017 My best estimate is that the best estimate of the impact of additional incarceration on crime in the United States today is zero. Incarceration can be thought of as affecting crime before, during, and after: before incarceration, in that stiffer sentences may deter offending; during, in that people inside prison cannot physically commit crime outside; and after, in that having been incarcerated may shift one’s chance of reoffending. The first is here called “deterrence,” the second “incapacitation,” and the third “aftereffects.” In short, incarceration’s “before” effect is mild or zero while the “after” cancels out the “during”. |
|
Giorgio Alleva www.istat.it/ Roma,
27 settembre 2017 |
| United
States Government Accountability
Office (GAO) # Costs of Crime. Experts Report Challenges Estimating Costs and Suggest Improvements to Better Inform Policy Decisions www.gao.gov/ September 2017 |
|
Laura Jaitman (ed) |
|
Dipartimento
Giustizia minorile e di comunità |
|
Ronald D’Amico,
Christian Geckeler, Hui Kim |
|
Ames C. Grawert,
James Cullen | Brennan Center for
Justice |
|
ISTAT |
|
European Committee
for the Prevention of Torture and
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment (CPT) |
| Maartje
van der Woude, Vanessa Barker, Joanne
van der Leun # Crimmigration in Europe European Journal of Criminology 2017, Vol. 14(1) Links between crime, security, migration and integration are far from new, but since the ‘asylum crisis’ of the 1990s they have become more established, resulting in a series of policy and legislative reforms targeting migrants in member states. These developments, which are now rapidly accelerating, seem to fit into the broader trend for which scholars have coined the term crimmigration, the growing merger of crime control and immigration control... |
|
Gianpiero Dalla
Zuanna, Alessandra Minello |
|
Prison Reform
Trust |
|
Roy
Walmsley | WPB | ICPR |
| Parliamentary Ombudsman # Women in Prison. A thematic report about the conditions for female prisoners in Norway https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/ 2017 More than 200 women are held in Norwegian prisons at any time. This makes up 5.2 per cent of all inmates, which is somewhat above the average proportion of women in the total prison population in Europe. Globally, the number of women in prison has increased considerably over the past ten years, while it has remained relatively stable in Norway. |
| Direction de
l'Administration Pénitentiaire # Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1er août 2017 |
| Senato
della Repubblica - Ufficio Valutazione
Impatto # Oltre le sbarre La questione carceraria e 10 anni di politiche di contrasto al sovraffollamento cronico www.senato.it/ Luglio 2017 |
|
Associazione
Antigone |
|
Colson Center for
Christian Worldview, the Ethics and
Religious Liberty Commission, the
National Association of
Evangelicals, and Prison Fellowship |
|
Don Stemen |
|
European Committee
for the Prevention of Torture and
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment (CPT) |
|
Frieder Dünkel |
|
David Crowe |
|
The Sentencing
Project |
| Corrective
Services, Australia # Persons in Corrective Services http://www.abs.gov.au/ |
|
Giulia Mentasti, Quanto ai tipi di reato per i quali sono state pronunciate le condanne, al primo posto si collocano i reati connessi alle sostanze stupefacenti (18,7%), seguiti a breve distanza da furto (16,2%), omicidio (13,2%) e rapina (12,6%). Tra le informazioni più rilevanti, si segnalano: la durata media delle detenzioni, stabilizzata, come l’anno precedente, intorno ai sette mesi; il tasso medio di mortalità, che nel corso del 2014 è stato di 27 deceduti ogni 10.000 detenuti (un punto inferiore rispetto al precedente anno); tra le cause di morte, il suicidio è tuttora ampiamente presente, pur se in attenuazione rispetto al passato, con un tasso di 7,2 suicidi ogni 10.000 detenuti... |
|
Chris Mai, Ram
Subramanian |
|
Penal
Reform International |
| Ashley
Nellis | The Sentencing Project # Still Life. America’s Increasing Use of Life and Long-Term Sentences www.sentencingproject.org/ May 2017 The number of people serving life sentences in U.S. prisons is at an all-time high. Nearly 162,000 people are serving a life sentence – one of every nine people in prison. An additional 44,311 individuals are serving “virtual life” sentences of 50 years or more. Incorporating this category of life sentence, the total population serving a life or virtual life sentence reached 206,268 in 2016. This represents 13.9 percent of the prison population, or one of every seven people behind bars. |
|
Associazione
Antigone |
|
Direction de
l'Administration Pénitentiaire |
|
Le Monde - Editorial |
| Par M. Philippe Bas,
Président-rapporteur, Mme Esther
Benbassa, MM. Jacques Bigot,
François-Noël Buffet, Mme Cécile
Cukierman, MM. Jacques Mezard et
François Zocchetto, Sénateurs # Cinq ans pour sauver la justice! Rapport d'Information Fait au nom de la commission des lois constitutionnelles, de législation, du suffrage universel, du Règlement et d’administration générale par la mission d’information sur le redressement de la justice https://www.senat.fr/ 4 avril 2017 |
| European
Committee for the Prevention of
Torture and Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment # 26th General Report of the CPT. 1 January - 31 December 2016 Council of Europe, April 2017 |
|
Senato della
Repubblic a |
|
Zoé
Lauwereys |
| Miikka Vuorela # The historical criminal statistics of Finland 1842–2015 – a systematic comparison to Sweden International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, March 2017 The purpose of the study is to illustrate the availability and significance of the long criminal justice time series in the Nordic countries and describe the long-term trends in crime and crime control in Finland and Sweden. As such, the article attempts to provide an overview of the Finnish criminality and control policy during the past 200 years. Due to the nature of the research questions, the following analysis will be a macro-level introduction to the trends in crime and criminal policy and their existing explanations. The article forms a part of a larger project aiming to the collection of available criminal justice statistics in the Nordic countries (excluding Iceland)... |
| Laurette Cretin, Odile
Timbart, Maël Löwenbrück # Une approche individualisée de la multi condamnation Infostat Justice, n. 151, Mars 2017 Sur l’ensemble des personnes condamnées entre 2005 et 2014, 58 % ne présentent qu’une seule condamnation (mono condamnés) alors que 42 % en affichent plusieurs (multi condamnés). Parmi ces multi condamnés, les trois quarts ont deux, trois ou quatre condamnations (respectivement 43 %, 20 % et 12 %)... |
|
Le
Contrôleur général des lieux de
privation de liberté | Adeline
Hazan |
|
Garante Nazionale
dei diritti delle persone detenute o
private della libertà personale |
| Mark
Motivans # Federal Justice Statistics, 2013 -Statistical Tables Bureau of Justice Statistics, March 2017 |
|
Peter Wagner,
Bernadette Rabuy |
|
Julie Reitano -
Canadian Centre for Justice
Statistics In 2015/2016, there were on average 120,568 adult offenders on a given day, in either custody or in a community program among the 11 reporting provinces and territories for which both custody and community data were available. This represents a rate of 438 offenders per 100,000 adult population, a decrease of 3% from the previous year and a decline of 16% compared to 2011/2012. In contrast, the number of adults charged with a crime by police in Canada increased 3% between 2014 and 2015. However, between 2011 and 2015, there was a 1% decline in the number of adults charged. A large majority of adults (80%) under correctional supervision in the provinces and territories in 2015/2016 were under community supervision such as probation and conditional sentences. The remaining 20% were in custody. |
|
Aaron Chalfin,
Justin McCrary |
|
David Cole |
| Office for National
Statistics # Focus on violent crime and sexual offences, England and Wales: year ending Mar 2016. www.ons.gov.uk/ Release 9 February 2017 Females were victims in 53% of violence against the person offences and 90% of rape offences recorded by the police. Over a third (35%) of violence against the person offences against females were suspected to be committed by an intimate partner, compared with 10% of violent offences against males. Of violence against the person offences recorded by the police, 16% were identified as alcohol-related, as were 9% of sexual offences. |
| Council
of Europe # Europe’s prison population falls, but there is no progress in tackling overcrowding, says annual Council of Europe survey Press release - DC031(2017) # SPACE I: report # SPACE II: report |
| Demos
& Pi e Osservatorio di Pavia per
Fondazione Unipolis # L’Europa sospesa tra inquietudine e speranza. Il decennio dell’incertezza globale. Rapporto sulla sicurezza e l’insicurezza sociale in Italia e in Europa. Significati, immagini e realtà. Percezione, rappresentazione sociale e mediatica della sicurezza www.demos.it/ Febbraio 2017 |
|
Massimo De Pascalis Anche se sono state introdotte procedure per monitorare e garantire la fruibilità dello spazio minimo tollerabile determinato dalla Cedu, non possiamo non riconoscere che le politiche penitenziarie messe in campo stanno riproducendo gli stessi effetti che nella storia penitenziaria sono seguiti ad ogni indulto: al repentino abbassamento della popolazione detenuta segue un costante e progressivo aumento che ripropone sempre le stesse criticità di Sistema. Sovraffollamento, promiscuità, violazione dei diritti umani, precarie condizioni igienico sanitarie degli istituti, conflittualità diffuse... |
|
Dan Bilefsky |
|
Roberto Cornelli,
Oriana Binik, Massimiliano Dova,
Annalisa Zamburlini |
| Rosa
Raffaelli | European Parliament -
Civil Liberties # Prison conditions in the Member States: selected European standards and best practices www.europarl.europa.eu/ January 2017 In 2014, prisons across the EU were holding over half a million inmates, including both convicted persons, serving their final sentence, and persons accused of a crime. Living conditions in prisons are regulated by numerous laws and guidelines: from constitutional provisions to national criminal and penitentiary laws and international law principles. Relevant human rights provisions include, in particular, those protecting the right to personal liberty and clarifying the grounds on which it may be restricted (for instance Art. 5, ECHR; Art. 6, EU Charter of Fundamental Rights), and those prohibiting torture and other forms of inhumane and degrading treatment or punishment (Art. 3, ECHR; Art. 4, EU Charter). |
| Fabio
Bartolomeo, Magda Bianco (eds) |
Ministero della Giustizia -
ItaliaDecide # La performance del sistema giudiziaria italiano. Un confronto con i principali sistemi giudiziari europei www.italiadecide.it/ gennaio 2017 |
|
Giovanni Canzio - Primo Presidente Corte Suprema di Cassazione # Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2016 Roma, 26 gennaio 2017 Pasquale Ciccolo - Procuratore generale della Corte suprema di cassazione, # Intervento nell’Assemblea generale della Corte sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2016, Roma, 26 gennaio 2017 Marina Anna Tavassi Presidente della Corte di Appello di Milano, # Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nel Distretto della Corte di Appello di Milano, Assemblea Generale – Milano, 28 gennaio 2017 |
|
Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria #
Relazione
del Ministero
sull’amministrazione della
giustizia anno 2016.
Inaugurazione dell’Anno
Giudiziario 2017 Ministero della
Giustizia - Dipartimento per la
giustizia minorile e di comunità |
|
Observatoire
International des Prisons O.I.P. –
Section Belge Le 7 août 2015, les détenus étaient 10.946. En 2014, on comptait 11.769 détenus, et en 2013, 11.732 détenus. La diminution de la population carcérale (qui n’est pas constante) nous parait s’expliquer essentiellemen par l’ouverture d’un hôpital pour internés (partenariat public/privé, environ 200 places) mais surtout par l’augmentation toujours constante des personnes placées sous surveillance électronique. Ils étaient 1.887 en moyenne par jour en 2015, pour 1.071 en 2013 ou encore 1.807 en 2014 (142 en 2001!). Le 7 mars 2016, le nombre de détenus en prison étaient de 11062. Il était de 10250 en octobre 2016... |
| Ministère
de l'Intérieur # Insécurité et délinquance en 2016: premier bilan statistique www.interieur.gouv.fr/ Janvier 2017 |
| Eileen
Baldry, Sophie Russell # The Booming Industry continued: Australian Prisons. A 2017 update www.disabilityjustice.edu.au/ 17 january 2017 There were 38,845 full time inmates (sentenced and unsentenced) in prisons in Australia on census date 30th June 2016, a rise of 6% over the previous year (ABS 2016). The most useful method of representing and comparing the number of prisoners over time is the rate per 100,000 of the adult population. Using this representation, the rate was 208 prisoners per 100,000 in 2015 (388 per 100,000 males and 33 per 100,000 females), an increase from 30 June 2004 when it was 159 per 100,000... |
|
François-Xavier
Gomez |
|
Rachel Kleinfeld |
| European
Court of Human Rights # Annual Report. 2016 Provisional version www.echr.coe.int/ 2017 |
|
E. Ann Carson,
Elizabeth Anderson |
|
Jeremy Travis,
Preeti Chauhan, Ervin M. Balazon,
Shannon Tomascak, Celina Cuevas,
Olive Lu, Quinn O. Hood, Todd
Warner, Adam G. Fera |
|
James Austin,
Lauren-Brooke Eisen, James Cullen,
Jonathan Frank, Inimai Chettiar |
Brennan Center for Justice |
|
Danielle Kaeble,
Lauren Glaze |
| Jamiles
Lartey # Quarter of inmates could have been spared prison without risk, study says www.theguardian.com/ Sun 11 Dec 2016 Study of 1.5 million prisoners finds that drug treatment, community service, probation or fines would have served as more effective sentences for many... A quarter of the US prison population, about 364,000 inmates, could have been spared imprisonment without meaningfully threatening public safety or increasing crime, according to a new study. |
|
The Sentencing
Project |
|
Matthew Friedman,
Ames Grawert, James Cullen | Brenna
Center for Justice Crime: The overall crime rate in 2016 is projected to remain the same as in 2015, rising by 1.3 percent. Twelve cities are expected to see drops in crime. These decreases are offset by Chicago (rising 9.1 percent) and Charlotte (17.5 percent). Nationally, crime remains at an all-time low. • Violence: The violent crime rate is projected to rise slightly, by 5.5 percent, with half the increase driven by Los Angeles (up 13.3 percent†) and Chicago (up 16.2 percent†). Even so, violent crime remains near the bottom of the nation’s 30-year downward trend. • Murder: The murder rate is projected to rise by 13.1 percent this year, with nearly half of this increase attributable to Chicago alone (234 of 496 murders)... |
|
Australian Bureau
of Statistics |
|
Benjamin Monnery |
|
The Commonwealth of
Massachusetts
Wendy Sawyer
#
Punishing
Poverty: The high cost of
probation fees in Massachusetts,
www.prisonpolicy.org/ December 8,
2016 |
| James
Austin, Gregory D. Squires # The ‘Startling’ Link Between Low Interest Rates and Low Crime https://thecrimereport.org/ December 6, 2016 When interest rates go up, crime goes up. When interest rates go down, crime goes down... Crime rates are linked to social and economic pressures and structures. That is, they reflect and reinforce various social phenomena that are not subject simply to the choices that individuals make. Access to well-paying jobs, decent and affordable housing, adequate education, public transportation, healthy food, guaranteed health care, smaller and planned families are all factors that reduce stress. Interest rates constitute one of the best predictors of crime rates. |
|
Raffaella
Sette |
|
Daniel P. Mears, Joshua C. Cochran,
William D. Bales, Avinash S. Bhat |
| Rebecca
Stone # Desistance and Identity Repair: Redemption Narratives as Resistance to Stigma Brit. J. Criminol., 56, 956-975, 2016 Recent research has examined the role of the narrative construction of identity in desistance from criminal offending and substance use. The narrative identity theory of desistance was developed with a population of male offenders. The present analysis explores the applicability of the theory to a sample of substance-using pregnant women and mothers, a highly stigmatized and increasingly criminalized group. The analysis of in-depth interview data reveals that desisting women constructed narrative identities that emphasized their moral agency and resisted the stigmatizing discourse surrounding substance-using mothers. The results support the narrative identity theory of desistance by demonstrating its applicability to a population for which the theory was not specifically designed and have implications for future research on identity theories of desistance as well as offender supervision practices. |
|
Todd D. Minton, Zhen Zeng |
|
Danielle Kaeble and Thomas P.
Bonczar |
| Illinois
State Commission on Criminal Justice and
Sentencing Reform # Final Report (parts I & II) www.icjia.state.il.us/ December 2016 While criminal punishment generally has a broad deterrent effect, research does not support the assumption that increasing prison sentences is an effective or efficient way to increase deterrence, particularly if sentences are already lengthy.27 Research also suggests that high rates of incarceration can weaken deterrence by making the experience of incarceration more common. This is particularly problematic for communities that experience both high levels of crime and incarceration. The risk to public safety is that when potential offenders see prison as a normal experience, the threat of incarceration has less power to deter |
|
Dipartimento Politiche Antidroga |
|
John Attard |
| Ministry
of Justice # Prison Safety and Reform www.gov.uk/government/publications/ November 2016 Almost everyone we lock up will one day be released back into our communities. However, once released too many prisoners will go on to reoffend. Currently, almost half of all prisoners are reconvicted within a year of release. The cost of reoffending by former prisoners is estimated to be up to £15 billion a year. n 2010 the National Audit Office estimated the cost to the economy of re-offending of those released from custody to be between £9 billion to £13.5 billion. We have subsequently uprated this figure to up to £15 billion to reflect 2016 prices... |
|
Istat |
|
OSSIF - Associazione Bancaria
Italiana ABI Sulla base dei dati operativi del Dipartimento di Pubblica Sicurezza del Ministero dell’Interno, le rapine denunciate in Italia nel corso del 2015 sono state 34.9571, pari ad un decremento del 10,9% rispetto al 2014. Il dato conferma il calo dei reati che già aveva caratterizzato lo scorso anno (-10,3% rispetto al 2013)... |
| Associazione
Openpolis # Dentro o fuori. Il sistema penitenziario italiano tra vita in carcere e reinserimento sociale www.openpolis.it/ N. 9 novembre 2016 |
| Senato
della Repubblica - Commissione straordinaria per
la tutela e la promozione dei diritti umani # Audizione del Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone detenute o private della libertà personale www.senato.it/ Resoconto sommario n. 105 del 08/11/2016 Mauro PALMA tra le criticità da segnala i trasferimenti dei detenuti poiché spesso non viene meno la continuità dei percorsi e dell'osservazione della persona detenuta... Emilia ROSSI, segnala gli aspetti sanitari, quelli del lavoro e le attività di socializzazione... che anche la gestione dei malati psichiatrici nelle carceri rappresenta una forte criticità poiché, ad esempio, i protocolli con le ASL non sempre vengono applicati. |
| Dipartimento
dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria # Eventi critici negli Istituti Penitenziari - Anno 2015 www.giustizia.it/ novembre 2016 |
|
Giovanni Torrente |
|
Jennifer L. Truman, Rachel E. Morgan |
|
Nicolas Bocquet Au 1er août 2016... 68 819 incarcérés pour un total de condamnées de 80 023 (11 204 non détenus : en surveillance électronique ou en placements extérieurs). Trop souvent pointée du doigt pour la surpopulation de ses prisons, en mars un rapport du Conseil de l’Europe plaçait la France en 7e position des pires pays européens. Les chiffres sont alarmants puisque que la moyenne de densité nationale est de 117,6% (différence entre la capacité et le nombre de détenus), soit 10 312 détenus en trop. Les données nous indiquent même, très officiellement, que les maisons d’arrêts françaises proposent 1 515 matelas au sol (soit une progression de 56% par rapport à 2015). La question se pose alors, où dorment les 8 797 détenus restants ? |
|
Il Ministro della Giustizia # Atto d'indirizzo politico-istituzionale per l'anno 2017 www.giustizia.it/ 28 settembre 2016 | on line 13 ottobre 2016 |
|
Andrea Baiguera Altieri In buona sostanza, è controproducente creare o tentare di creare una società criminologicamente asettica, nella quale sia eliminata ogni minima forma di infrazione. L’ ossessione della repressione penale non tiene conto delle componenti etiche ed antropologiche delle devianze, che spesso non sono reati veri e propri, bensì gesti esasperati di rabbia, dolore e disperazione culturale ed interiore. |
| Philippe
Robert # Les paradoxes de la récidive http://journals.openedition.org/ Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines, 2016 Toutes les études s’accordent pour constater que la fréquence et la rapidité de la récidive s’effondrent après 25-30 ans. Quand on parle de “carrière” délinquante, on imagine facilement qu’elle dure toute la vie. C’est, en fait, rare. Stephen Farrall parle d’une des rares certitudes de la recherche : statistiquement, la délinquance se concentre de manière disproportionnée sur deux décennies de la vie, entre dix et trente ans, avec un sommet vers la fin de la première. Est-ce à dire que l’adulte fait devient plus capable d’échapper à la perspicacité des institutions pénales ou que la délinquance concerne surtout une brève période de l’existence ? Seul le recours à des données extra-pénales – comme des enquêtes déclaratives de délinquance autoreportée – pourrait trancher entre ces deux acceptions. |
| Observatoire
international des prisons # Construction de prisons: droit dans le mur https://oip.org/ Conférence de presse 20/09/2016 |
|
Ministero dell'Interno |
|
Ministère de la Justice - Direction de
l'Administration Pénitentiaire |
| Illinois
Sentencing Policy Advisory Council # Illinois Results First. A Cost-Benefit Tool for Illinois Criminal Justice Policymakers www.icjia.state.il.us/ Summer 2016 Programs that reduce the risk that individuals released from prison will commit additional crimes create measureable outcomes in terms of less victimization, lower government costs, and other economic benefits. The critical question for policymakers is: Do the benefits of a program outweigh the costs? |
| California
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation # 2015 Outcome Evaluation Report. An Examination of Offenders Released in Fiscal Year 2010-11 http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/ August 2016 Between July 1, 2010 and June 30, 2011 (Fiscal Year 2010-11), 95,690 offenders were released from a California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) adult institution and tracked for three years following the date of their release. The three-year return to prison rate for the 95,690 offenders who comprise the Fiscal Year 2010-11 release cohort is 44.6 percent, which is a 9.7 percentage point decrease from the Fiscal Year 2009-10 rate of 54.3 percent. Fiscal Year 2010-11 marks the fifth consecutive year the three-year return-to-prison rate has declined and is the most substantial decrease to-date |
| Department
of Corrections and Rehabilitation State of
California # Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight July 31, 2016 www.cdcr.ca.gov/ August 1, 2016 |
|
Ministry of Justice - Offender Management
Statistics Bulletin, England and Wales www.gov.uk/ 28 July 2016 |
|
Prison Reform Trust |
|
Best, David, Irving, James and
Abertson, Katherine Desistance has been defined as a process involving 'the long term abstinence from criminal behaviour among those for whom offending had become a pattern of behaviour'. Desistance originated as a central component of life-course and criminal career criminology... Pathways out of offending, through attachment to stable employment, romantic, family relationships and the associated social status afforded to those persons transitioning from offending generated a new approach based on the mediating effects of informal social controls, social processes and social bonds... |
|
U.S. Department of Education, Policy
and Program Studies Service |
|
James Austin, Lauren-Brooke Eisen,
James Cullen, Jonathan Frank |
| Andrew
Coyle, Catherine Heard, Helen Fair # Current trends and practices in the use of imprisonment International Review of the Red Cross (2016), 98 (3), 761–781. Today, there are well over 10 million prisoners worldwide, of whom around half are in the United States, China, Russia and Brazil. The number is likely to be closer to 11 million, given that the World Prison Brief (a) holds no prisoner statistics for Eritrea, North Korea or Somalia, because of the difficulty of accessing data on these States, and (b) holds no data on some States’ remand or pretrial detainees – most significantly China’s – as these data are not published. This estimated 10 to 11 million does not include people detained in police or other administrative detention where there has been no formal decision to chargeor prosecute. |
|
Antigone |
| Adam Taylor # The Netherlands has a strange problem: Empty prisons The Washington Post, July 8, 2016 |
|
Grahame Allen, Noel Dempsey |
| European
Commission for the Efficiency of Justice |
Cepej # European judicial systems Efficiency and quality of justice www.coe.int/ CEPEJ Studies No. 23 Edition 2016 (2014 data) |
| European
Committee on Crime Problems (CDPC) |
Directorate General Human Rights and Rule of
Law # White paper on prison overcrowding. www.coe.int/ Strasbourg, 30 June 2016 |
|
Joshua A. Markman, Matthew R.
Durose, Ramona R. Rantala, Andrew D. Tiedt |
|
Washington State Institute for Public
Policy
# Adult Criminal Justice, may 2015 # What Works and What Does Not? Benefit-Cost Findings from WSIPP, February 2015 |
|
Washington State Institute for Public
Policy |
|
U.S. Department of Justice - Office of
Justice Programs - Bureau of Justice Statistics |
|
Osservatorio europeo delle droghe e
delle tossicodipendenze (EMCDDA) |
| Franco
Corleone, Stefano Anastasia, Leonardo Fiorentini (a
cura di) # 7° Libro Bianco sulla legge sulle droghe. Dopo UNGASS 2016. Un anno di cambiamento nel mondo. Proposte per superare lo stallo in Italia, in Parlamento e nel Paese # ... in pillole La società della ragione - Forum Droghe - Antigone - CNCA | Collaborazione: CGIL, Comunità di San Benedetto al Porto, Gruppo Abele, Itaca, ITARDD, LegaCoopSociali, LILA, Associazione Luca Coscioni | Prima edizione - Giugno 2016 |
| Marzio Barbagli # Sempre meno omicidi in Italia www.lavoce.info/ 24giugno 2016 .... Il tasso più basso di sempre... Il numero di omicidi commessi nel nostro paese scende costantemente da 24 anni. Un cambiamento importante che dovrebbe rimettere in discussione idee molto diffuse sulla violenza nella società italiana, l’influenza della lunga crisi economica e il divario Nord-Sud. L’affermazione dello Stato |
|
Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di
comunità | Maria Stefania Totaro, Viviana Condrò,
Monica Nolfo, Irene Pergolini |
|
E. Ann Carson, William J. Sabol |
|
Fair Trials Within the European Union, there are over 120,000 people being detained in pre-trial detention. That’s more than 1 in 5 people held in prison that haven’t yet been found guilty of any crime... |
|
Ministero della Giustizia #
Allegato A: La
prescrizione nei distretti |
|
European Committee for the Prevention of
Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment CPT |
|
Comité interministériel de prévention de la
délinquance |
|
Jason Furman |
| Sandeep
Gopalan, Mirko Bagaric # Progressive Alternatives to Imprisonment in an Increasingly Punitive (and Self-Defeating) Society Seattle University Law Review, vol. 40:57, 2016 |
|
Bureau of Justice Statistics | Zhen Zeng, Margaret Noonan, E. Ann Carson, Ingrid Binswanger, Patrick Blatchford, Hope Smiley-McDonald, Chris Ellis # Assessing Inmate Cause of Death: Deaths in Custody Reporting Program and National Death Index www.bjs.gov/ April 2016 The Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP) is an annual Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) data collection. The DCRP collects national, state, and incident-level data on persons who died while in the physical custody of the 50 state departments of corrections or the approximately 2,800 local adult jail jurisdictions nationwide. The DCRP began in 2000 under the Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-297), and it is the only national statistical collection to obtain comprehensive information about deaths in adult correctional facilities. BJS uses DCRP data to track national trends in the number and causes (or manners) of deaths occurring in state prison or local jail custody. |
| Stefano
Cinotti, Beatrice Lippi, Salvatore Nasca, Susanna
Rollino # La messa alla prova in Toscana: analisi statistica dalla sua emanazione ad oggi Uepe Toscana - Aprile 2016 |
|
Antigone - Per i diritti e le garanzie nel
sistema penale |
|
Senato della Repubblica - Commissione
straordinaria per la tutela e la promozione dei
diritti umani |
|
Texas Department of Criminal Justice |
|
Executive Office of the President of the
United States To weigh the relative crime-reducing benefits of different policies, CEA conducted a “back-of-the-envelope” cost-benefit analysis of three policies: increasing the prison population, expanding the police force, and raising the minimum wage... In assessing each of these policy changes we bound the policy’s impact on crime drawing on estimates from leading studies. For the social cost of crime, we use a central estimate from the literature of $33,000 per crime, which subsumes the varying costs of different types of crime but facilitates straightforward and transparent calculations. |
| Julio César
Magàn Zevallos # Overcrowding in the Peruvian prison system International Review of the Red Cross (2016), 98 (3), 851–858. The prison population grew by almost 30,000 people in less than five years, a 60.9% increase. In other words, during this period the Peruvian prison system has had to accommodate 6,000 additional inmates each year. Although prison capacity has also increased over the same period, it has not expanded at the same rate as the prison population; the percentage difference amounts to 128%, according to data from the Unit of Statistics at the Peruvian National Penitentiary Institute (Instituto Nacional Penitenciario, INPE).1 Just to maintain overcrowding at a stable level, the prison service would have to build a new 500-bed prison every month. |
|
Emilio Dolcini |
| Martine
Herzog-Evans # Law as an extrinsic responsivity factor: What’s just is what works! European Journal of Probation, Vol. 8(3), 2016 |
|
United States Sentencing Commission | Patti
B. Saris, Charles R. Breyer, Dabney L. Friedrich,
Rachel E. Barkow, William H. Pryor, Michelle
Morales, J. Patricia Wilson Smoot, Kenneth P. Cohen,
Glenn R. Schmit |
|
Mia Bird, Sonya Tafoya, Ryken Grattet, Viet
Nguyen |
| Frieder Dünkel # The Rise and Fall of Prison Population Rates in Europe European Society of Criminology, Nesletter, 2016/2 ... And there is a great deal of uncertainty about future developments: the refugee problem could lead to a new wave of incarceration and the moderate crime policy development in some countries, such as Germany, could be reversed by terrorist acts and influence the penal climate... |
|
Direzione Nazionale Antimafia e
Antiterrorismo |
|
Andrea Orlando # Comunicazioni del guardasigilli sull’amministrazione della giustizia - www.giustizia.it/ Roma, Camera dei Deputati - mercoledì 20 gennaio 2016 |
|
DAP Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria # Situazione al 31 dicembre 2015 www.giustizia.it/ Statistiche Detenuti presenti e capienza regolamentare degli istituti penitenziari per regione di detenzione - Detenuti presenti per posizione giuridica - Detenuti per classi di età - Tipologia di reato - Detenuti presenti e capienza regolamentare degli istituti penitenziari - Detenuti presenti condannati per pena inflitta e per pena residua - Misure alternative, lavoro di pubblica utilità, misure di sicurezza, sanzioni messa alla prova - Permessi premio concessi ai detenuti - Detenuti presenti stranieri per area geografica - Detenuti presenti per titolo di studio - Detenuti presenti per numero di figli - Detenuti presenti per regione di nascita - Detenuti presenti per regione di residenza |
|
Kamala D. Harris | Attorney General
California Department of JustiCe |
|
Istat |
|
Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago,
Christine Burkhardt |
| Grazia Parisi,
Gennaro Santoro, Alessio Scandurra # La custodia cautelare: analisi delle misure alternative e del processo decisionale dell’autorità giudiziaria in Italia Dicembre 2015 |
|
Robert E. Fay, Mamadou Diallo |
|
Margaret Noonan, Ingrid A. Binswanger,
Patrick J. Blatchford, Hope Smiley-McDonald, Chris
Ellis |
| European
Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) # Living space per prisoner in prison establishments: CPT standards Strasbourg, 15 December 2015 The CPT’s basic minimum standard for personal living space in prison establishments is: | 6m² of living space for a single-occupancy cell + sanitary facility | 4m² of living space per prisoner in a multiple-occupancy cell + fully-partitioned sanitary facility | at least 2m between the walls of the cell | at least 2.5m between the floor and the ceiling of the cell |
| William D. Bales,
Catie Clark, Samuel Scaggs, David Ensley, Philip Coltharp,
Alexa Singer, Thomas G. Blomberg # An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Prison Work Release Programs on Post-Release Recidivism and Employment www.ncjrs.gov/ December 1, 2015 The Florida Department of Corrections (FDC) reports that 27% or nearly 1 in 3 inmates released from a Florida prison returns to custody within three years of release. The state of Florida spends an average of 2.1 billion dollars per year on corrections costs (FDC, 2013a). With a large number of inmates being rearrested after release from prison and the additional burden of high correctional costs, it is important to identify options that both reduce recidivism and lower correctional budget expenditures. |
|
Todd
D. Minton, Scott Ginder, Susan M. Brumbaugh, Hope
Smiley-McDonald, Harley Rohloff | Bureau of Justice
Statistics From 1999 to 2013, the number of inmates in local jails increased by 21%, from 605,943 to 731,570. During this period, the growth in the jail population was not steady, as the jail confined population peaked in 2008 at 785,533 then declined to its 2013 level. |
|
Ministère
de la Justice | Direction de l'Administration
Pénitentiaire |
|
House
of Commons Justice Committee |
| Scott Graves # Corrections Spending Through the State Budget Since 2007-08: Still High Despite Recent Reforms California Budget & Policy Center, November 2015 California has substantially reduced the numbers of incarcerated adults and parolees from their peak levels in 2007. The number of adults incarcerated in state prisons or other facilities, which stood at 173,312 in mid-2007, fell to 128,900 by mid-2015, a nearly 26 percent reduction. The number of adults on parole – people who are under the supervision of state parole agents following release from prison – registered an even steeper decline, falling from 126,330 in mid-2007 to 45,473 in mid- 2015, a drop of 64 percent. |
|
Danielle Kaeble, Laura M.
Maruschak, Thomas P. Bonczar | Bureau
of Justice Statistics |
|
Shelley Hyland, Ph.D.,
Lynn Langton, Ph.D., Elizabeth Davis
| Bureau of
Justice Statistics |
| The
Sentencing Project # Fewer Prisoners, Less Crime: A Tale of Three States http://sentencingproject.org/ November 2015 Although the pace of criminal justice reform has accelerated at both the federal and state levels in the past decade, current initiatives have had only a modest effect on the size of the prison population. But over this period, three states – New York, New Jersey, and California – have achieved prison population reductions in the range of 25%. They have also seen their crime rates generally decline at a faster pace than the national average. |
|
Heather M. Harris |
|
César Muñoz |
|
Sam Taxy, Julie Samuels,
and William Adams | Bureau of Justice
Statistics |
|
Stanford Law School Since the enactment of Proposition 47 on November 14, 2014, the number of people incarcerated in California’s prisons and jails has decreased by approximately 13,000 inmates, helping alleviate crowding conditions in those institutions. Proposition 47 has also reduced the number of jail inmates released from custody early due to overcrowding and should generate over $150 million in state savings this fiscal year. County governments stand to save even more money: over $200 million annually, in aggregate. |
|
Corte dei Conti - Sezione
centrale di controllo sulla gestione
delle Amministrazioni dello Stato Rispetto ai 462,769 ml assegnati nel periodo 2010-2014 appena 52,374 ml (l’11,32 per cento circa) risultano essere stati spesi. La differenza, di 410,395 ml, è stata rimessa... In ordine ai nuovi posti detentivi che avrebbero dovuto essere resi disponibili, si evidenza che i nuovi posti creati con i vari interventi immobiliari dei Commissari sono stati, alla fine del 2014, soltanto n. 4.415, molti di meno (il 37 per cento), dunque, rispetto alle menzionate previsioni corrette di n. 11.934, che dovrebbero raggiungere poi, entro il 2016, con successive ultimazioni di n. 1.768 posti, il totale di n. 6.183 (pari al 51,81 per cento delle suddette previsioni). E’ da ritenere che la messa a disposizione dei residui n. 5.751 posti potrebbe essere assicurata solo a partire dal 2017-2018. |
|
Social News |
|
E. Ann Carson |
| Sandra
Susan Smith # Recidivism, Desistance, and Reentry: A Brief Review of the Literature Department of Sociology | University of California-Berkeley, 2015 Whereas recidivism is the continuation of offending post sanction, desistance is now commonly conceptualized as the causal process by which criminal or deviant behavior stops. Empirically, however, desistance is typically measured as the failure to engage in criminal behavior, or the state of not offending, usually after a three-year period. But because desistance is a process and not a discrete event, it is best measured using longitudinal data that charts a gradual decline in criminal involvement. |
|
Lucia Dalla Pellegrina,
Margherita Saraceno |
|
Marwan Mohammed Toutefois, dans de nombreuses recherches, il est possible de repérer un certain nombre de processus favorables à la désistance. Le premier facteur explicatif étant l’âge. Nous savons qu’hormis les jeunes souffrant de troubles spécifiques, les conduites transgressives s’affirment à la préadolescence, s’intensifientnsuite pour atteindre un pic vers 15-17 ans (selon les territoires nationaux), se maintiennent à un niveau élevé jusqu’au tournant de la vingtaine avant de décroître... Dans nos sociétés salariales, l’occupation d’un emploi stable et satisfaisant est essentielle à la pérennisation de la désistance. Sortir d’une carrière délinquante s’effectue au regard d’un double mouvement, d’une dialectique entre l’usure (pression judiciaire, peines familiales, coûts psychologiques, humains, financiers, etc.) que provoquent de telles conduites et l’ouverture sociale, c’est-à-dire la possibilité de se projeter vers un statut social acceptable. |
|
Magnus Lofstrom, Brandon
Martin |
|
Caroline Touraut, www.justice.gouv.fr/ 14 et 15 décembre 2015 |
|
Oliver Roeder, Lauren-Brooke
Eisen, Julia Bowling (Foreword by
Joseph E. Stiglitz) |
|
Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenzaria
# Misure
alternative alla detenzione - I
Semestre 2015 : 30 giugno 2015 www.giustizia.it/ 4 settembre 2015 |
|
Gustavo Robles, Gabriela
Calderon, Beatriz Magaloni |
|
Lila Kazemian |
| Illinois
Sentencing Policy Advisory Council # Illinois Results First. The High Cost of Recidivism www.icjia.state.il.us/ Summer 2015 If recidivism reduction strategies are successful, the savings generated become available for other uses—including more investment in programs that work within the criminal justice system, social service interventions that reduce the risk of future criminal behavior, and reentry programs for offenders returning to the community—that reduce the number of victimizations going forward. If recidivism is not addressed using research and cost-benefit analysis, the people of Illinois will continue to pay the high cost of maintaining the status quo |
|
Ministero della
Giustizia - Dipartimento per la giustizia
Minorile # La
sospensione del processo e messa alla
prova (art. 28 D.P.R. 448/88) - Anno
2014 |
| Ministère
de la Justice | Direction de
l'Administration Pénitentiaire # Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France www.justice.gouv.fr/ Situation au 1er juillet 2015 |
|
Ministero dell'Interno |
|
Antigone in Carcere
# Venti
proposte... |
|
HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for
England and Wales www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/ Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 14 July 2015 You were more likely to die in prison than five years ago. More prisoners were murdered, killed themselves, self-harmed and were victims of assaults than five years ago. There were more serious assaults and the number of assaults and serious assaults against staff also rose... Most deaths were from natural causes and the increase can, to some extent, be explained by the aging prison population. However, taking into account differences in age and gender, the mortality rate in prison remained significantly higher than that of the general population. |
|
Ministero della Giustizia | Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria 1° Luglio 2015 |
|
Gobierno de España | Ministerio
del Interior |
| Stephen
Farrall, Fergus McNeill # Desistance Research and Criminal Justice Social Work www.cep-probation.org/ 2015 |
|
The Economist |
| Australian Crime Commission # The Costs of Serious and Organised Crime in Australia 2013-14. Methodological Approach www.acic.gov.au/ Commonwealth of Australia 2015 # Infographic... # Chris Dawson... ... includes, in its ‘Costs as a consequence of crime’ section, some elements that would have been considered quite ‘third-order’ impacts in early attempts to measure the costs of crime. Along with ‘traditional’ elements such as property losses and medical and mental health care costs, they include victims’ productivity losses, household services, lost school days, pain and suffering and lost quality of life, victim support services, tort claim expenses and ‘long-term consequences.’ ... |
|
Seena
Fazel, Achim Wolf |
|
Fondazione David
Hume | A cura di Rossana Cima e Luca
Ricolfi e con i contributi di Dario
Di Pierro, Riccardo De Caria,
Caterina Guidoni e Barbara Loera |
|
ISTAT |
| United
States Government Accountability Office # Justice Could Better Measure Progress Addressing Incarceration Challenges www.gao.gov/ June 2015 Department of Justice (DOJ) has implemented three key initiatives to address the federal incarceration challenges of overcrowding, rising costs, and offender recidivism, which includes the return of offenders to prison after release. The Smart on Crime Initiative involves multiple DOJ components and has five key goals, one of which involves prioritizing the prosecution of the most seriouscases... DOJ’s Smart on Crime Initiative, new Clemency Initiative, and BOP’s RSD are positive steps in addressing long-standing federal incarceration challenges, and DOJ has taken some initial steps to measure its efforts in these areas. |
| Prison
Reform Trust # Why focus on reducing women’s imprisonment? http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ 2015 Women in prison are highly likely to be victims as well as offenders. More than half (53%) report having experienced emotional, physical or sexual abuse as a child, compared to 27% of men. A similar proportion report having been victims of domestic violence. Both figures are likely to be an under-estimate. Women can become trapped in a vicious cycle of victimisation and criminal activity. Their situation can be worsened by poverty, substance dependency or poor mental health. Leaving the relationship doesn’t guarantee that domestic violence will stop. The period when a woman is planning or making her exit is often the most dangerous time for her and her children. |
|
European Monitoring Centre for
Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) |
|
Ministero della Giustizia -
Dipartimento per la giustizia Minorile |
|
Prison Reform Trust |
|
Ragnar Kristoffersen |
|
Christian Henrichson, Joshua
Rinaldi, Ruth Delaney | VERA Institute of
Justice |
| J.
Richard Couzens, Tricia A. Bigelow # Proposition 47. “The Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act” www.courts.ca.gov/ May 2016 |
|
Boderick Bennet |
|
Lila Kazemian, Jeremy Travis |
|
Penal Reform International |
|
Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte
- Garante regionale delle persone
sottoposte a misure restrittive della
libertà personale |
|
Jessica Benko |
|
Annie Kensey |
| Roger
Abravanel, Stefano Proverbio, Fabio
Bartolomeo | «Osservatorio per il
monitoraggio degli effetti sull’economia
delle riforme della giustizia» # Misurare la performance dei tribunali www.giustizia.it/ Roma, 26 marzo 2015 |
| Camera
dei Deputati # Relazione sullo svolgimento da parte dei detenuti di attività lavorative o di corsi di formazione professionale per qualifiche richieste da esigenze territoriali (anno 214) Presentata dal Ministro della giustizia, 20 marzo 2015 |
|
Garante delle persone private
della libertà personale | Regione
Emilia-Romagna |
|
Tapio Lappi-Seppälä |
|
Istat Sia per chi è in attesa di una sentenza definitiva sia per i condannati il reato più frequente è la produzione e spaccio di stupefacenti, seguito dalla rapina e dal furto (Tavola 12). Per chi è in custodia cautelare, rispetto a chi è condannato, si collocano più in alto di qualche posizione nella graduatoria l’associazione di stampo mafioso, l’estorsione, e l’associazione per delinquere. Per effetto delle modifiche normative, gli imputati per il reato di produzione e spaccio di stupefacenti in carcere sono diminuiti dal 40,1% del 2011 al 35,9% del 2013. |
| Associazione
Antigone # XI Rapporto Nazionale sulle Condizioni di Detenzione www.osservatorioantigone.it/ 17 marzo 2015 I detenuti presenti al 28 febbraio 2015 sono 53.982. Il 31 dicembre 2014 erano 53.623. I detenuti nelle carceri europee sono 1 milione 737 mila. In calo di circa 100 mila unità rispetto all’anno precedente... Gli ingressi in carcere dalla libertà sono stati 50.217 nel 2014. Ben 92.800 nel 2008 in piena ondata securitaria (era Roberto Maroni il ministro degli Interni). Ovvero in sei anni sono diminuiti di 42.683 unità... |
| Ministero
della Giustizia | Dipartimento
dell’Organizzazione Giudiziaria # Censimento speciale giustizia penale www.giustizia.it/ 14 marzo 2015 a) Relazione di Mario Barbuto (Capo del Dipartimento dell’Organizzazione Giudiziaria); b) Relazione del direttore generale della Direzione Statistiche Fabio Bartolomeo; c) Analisi dei flussi e delle pendenze nel settore penale a dicembre 2014; d) Elenco dei Tribunali italiani in ordine alfabetico con oltre 20 parametri; e) Elenchi speciali dei Tribunali in base agli indici più significativi; f) Elenco delle Corti d’Appello in base a 18 parametri; g) Elenco degli Uffici della Procura della Repubblica in ordine alfabetico con 15 parametri; h) Elenchi speciali delle Procure in base agli indici più significativi |
|
European Commission |
| Ineke
Pruin, Frieder Dünkel # Better in Europe? European responses to young adult offending www.barrowcadbury.org.uk/ March 2015 The age-crime curve can be regarded as a universal phenomenon. Yet it is far from invariant; the age-crime curves tend to peak earlier if we look at police-recorded data compared to data on convictions. The reason for this lies partly in the time which lies between the offence and the conviction, and partly in diversion schemes for first-time offenders which limit the number of younger persons appearing before the courts. Further analyses have shown that age-crime curves vary for different offences, genders or ethnic groups – again, not in their patterns of rise, peak and fall, but with respect to their peak-ages. For example, the age-crime curve for violence tends to peak later than that for property crime. The differences between males and females reveal that the peak is earlier for female than for male suspects or convicts... |
| Brian
A. Jackson, Joe Russo, John S. Hollywood,
Dulani Woods, Richard Silberglitt, George B. Drake, John S. Shaffer, Mikhail Zaydman, Brian G. Chow # Fostering Innovation in Community and Institutional Corrections. Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs for the U.S. Corrections Sector www.ncjrs.gov | www.rand.org | 2015 Meeting all of these goals requires innovation—changes in technologies, policies, training, and practices—to enable better performance. In the ideal case, innovations can help achieve multiple goals simultaneously. For example, recent RAND analysis of the effects of correctional education programs showed that they have the potential to reduce recidivism and that the money spent to carry out the programs was more than compensated by reductions in the number of offenders who would have otherwise returned to prison, saving states and localities significant costs of reincarceration. However, in other cases, innovation requires new technologies or organizational practices, and in an era of tight budgets, the resources necessary to make these innovations possible can be scarce. |
|
Duren Banks, Lance Couzens,
Caroline Blanton, Devon Cribb |
| CEJFE:
Centro de Estudios Jurídicos y Formación
Especializada # Tasa de reincidencia penitenciaria 2014. Área de Investigación y Formación Social y Criminológica www.recercat.cat/ Año 2015 |
|
Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria # Statistiche al 28 febbraio 2015 www.giustizia.it # Statistiche su detenute madri, lavoro e formazione professionale in carcere |
| Ministero
della Giustizia | Dipartimento per la
Giustizia Minorile # Dati Statistici www.giustizia.it/ 28 febbraio 2015 |
|
Unipolis | Osservatorio Europeo
sulla Sicurezza |
|
Timothy Williams Jails across the country have become vast warehouses made up primarily of people too poor to post bail or too ill with mental health or drug problems to adequately care for themselves, according to a report issued Wednesday. |
|
Ram Subramanian, Ruth Delaney,
Stephen Roberts, Nancy Fishman, Peggy
McGarry | Vera Institute of Justice |
| The
Pew Charitable Trusts # Most States Cut Imprisonment and Crime www.pewtrusts.org/ Jan 2015 Over the past five years, the majority of states have reduced their imprisonment rates while experiencing less crime. The relationship between incarceration and crime is complex, but states continue to show that it is possible to reduce both at the same time... |
|
Joan Petersilia, Francis T.
Cullen |
|
Roberta Palmisano www.giustizia.it/ Roma, Gennaio 2015 |
|
European Court of Human Rights |
Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme |
|
Mark Motivans |
|
Zach Weissmueller # Matt Sledge, California Voters Deal Blow To Prisons, Drug War, www.huffingtonpost.com/ 11/05/2014 |
|
The PEW Charitable Trusts |
| Ministère
de la Justice - Direction de
l'administration pénitentiaire # Statistiques trimestrielles de la population prise en charge en milieu ouvert . Mouvements au cours du 4ième trimestre 2014 - Situation au 1er janvier 2015 www.justice.gouv.fr/ 2015 |
|
Andrea Orlando |
|
Bernadette Rabuy, Peter Wagner |
|
Dipartimento Amministrazione
Penitenziaria #
Detenuti
italiani e stranieri presenti e capienze per
istituto - aggiornamento al 31 dicembre 2014 |
| ISTAT -
Dipartimento per la Giustizia Minorile # I giovani nelle strutture minorili della giustizia - Anno 2013 www.istat.it/ 29 dicembre 2014 I minori sono nell’80% dei casi italiani e nell’89% maschi; tuttavia, sia la percentuale di femmine sia quella degli stranieri sul totale è aumentata tra il 2011 e il 2013. Più della metà dei ragazzi in carico ha un’età compresa tra 16 e17 anni (52,8%), il 22,9% ha 14-15 anni con una prevalenza di ragazze straniere, infine il 23,7% ha già compiuto i 18 anni2 (Prospetto 2 e Tavola 3). I 14-17enni presi in carico sono 15.315, pari allo 0,7% del totale della popolazione minorile residente in Italia in questa fascia di età. |
|
Istat |
| Dipartimento
Amministrazione Penitenziaria # Eventi Critici negli Istituti Penitenziari. Anno 2014 Sezione Statistica dell’Ufficio per lo Sviluppo e la Gestione del Sistema Informativo Automatizzato, Statistica ed Automazione di supporto dipartimentale. |
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Lauren E. Glaze, Danielle Kaeble |
| Marcelo
F Aebi, Natalia Delgrande, Yann Marguet # Have community sanctions and measures widened the net of the European criminal justice systems? Punishment & Society, 2015, Vol. 17(5) 575–597 The results show that both the number of persons serving community sanctions and the number of inmates have continuously increased in almost all European countries during the period studied. A comparison with the evolution of crime rates shows that the latter cannot explain such trends and suggests that, instead of being alternatives to imprisonment, community sanctions have contributed to widening the net of the European criminal justice systems. |
| Russell
Smith, Penny Jorna, Josh Sweeney, Georgina
Fuller # Counting the costs of crime in Australia: A 2011 estimate Research and public policy series No. 129. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2014 In 2011, the total costs of crime in Australia were estimated to be $47.5b, or 3.4 percent of national GDP. Between 2001 and 2011, there has been an estimated 49.5 percent increase in total costs, although inflation increased by 33 percent during this period (RBA 2013). In terms of national GDP, the costs of crime have actually decreased by 1.1 percentage points over the deacde. Over the decade between 2001 and 2011, all categories of police-recorded crime declined, except assault, sexual assault and shop theft. Police recorded crime statistics for attempted murder, robbery, burglary and vehicle theft all declined by at least 50 percent between 2001 and 2011. |
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Direction de l'Administration
Pénitentiaire |
|
Ministero della Giustizia Nonostante la riduzione di circa 12.000 detenuti il numero dei soggetti trattati dal sistema penale è rimasto stabile... |
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Chiara Mancuso 1. Premessa. - 2. Variazioni nel calcolo della popolazione penitenziaria inglese in relazione al sistema di misura adottato. - 3. Recenti interventi in materia penitenziaria: la custodia cautelare. - 4. Sentenze custodiali come rimedio residuale del sistema e generalizzato ricorso a misure alternative o sospensive della pena. - 5. Automatica operatività della scarcerazione preventiva come principio generale dell'esecuzione della pena. - 6. Interventi di edilizia penitenziaria e privatizzazione delle carceri. |
| Centro
nazionale per il volontariato | Fondazione
volontariato e partecipazione # La Certezza Del Recupero. I costi del carcere e il valore delle misure alternative http://www.centrovolontariato.net/ Dicembre 2014 |
| Rachel E.
Morgan, Britney J. Mason | Bureau of Justice
Statistics # Crimes Against the Elderly, 2003–2013 http://www.bjs.gov/ november 2014 This report describes crimes against persons age 65 or older, by victim and incident characteristics. Data are from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), and the U.S. Census Bureau. In 2003–13— The rates of nonfatal violent crime (3.6 per 1,000 persons) and property crime (72.3 per 1,000) against elderly persons were lower than those of younger persons. |
|
Patricia O'Brien |
|
Direction de l'Administration
Pénitentiaire |
|
HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England
and Wales At the end of April 2013, the total prison population stood at 84,083 which was 96% of the usable operational capacity of 87,930. On 28 March 2014 the total population had unexpectedly increased above projections to 85,252 which was 99% of the usable operational capacity of 85,972.7 These population pressures had become particularly intense from the autumn of 2013.. |
| European
Institute for Crime Prevention and Control,
affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI) # European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics www.heuni.fi/ 2014 (Fifth edition) |
|
Giovanni Mastrobuoni, Daniele Terlizzese We also find evidence that even for inmates who are not involved in work outside being exposed to prison conditions that emphasize responsibility and guarantee freedom of movement, conditions respectful of human dignity, productive use of time, are effective in reducing recidivism. Policies to that effect seem easier to implement, and are almost surely cost effective. Finally, we do not find robust evidence that peer effects are an important driver of our results. This suggests that scaling up the experience of Bollate, even by weakening somewhat the selection criteria, and adopting similar standards in other prisons, might not risk to undermine the positive results so far observed. |
| Office for
National Statistics # Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending June 2014 www.ons.gov.uk/ 16 October 2014 Latest figures from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) show that, for the offences it covers, there were an estimated 7.1 million incidents of crime against households and resident adults (aged 16 and over) in England and Wales for the year ending June 2014. This represents a 16% decrease compared with the previous year’s survey, and is the lowest estimate since the survey began in 1981. |
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Erinn J. Herberman, Thomas P. Bonczar |
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Margaret E. Noonan, Scott Ginder #
Mortality in Local Jails
and State Prisons, 2000–2012 - Statistical
Tables Margaret E. Noonan, Scott Ginder |
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E. Ann Carson | Bureau of Justice
Statistics |
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Direction de l'Administration
Pénitentiaire | Bureau des études et de la
prospective |
| Florence de
Bruyn, Annie Kensey # Durées de détention plus longues, personnes détenues en plus grand nombre (2007-2013) Cahiers d’études pénitentiaires et criminologiques, septembre 2014, n. 40 |
|
Jennifer L. Truman, Lynn Langton | Bureau
of Justice Statistics |
| Hans-Jörg
Albrecht, Jörg-Martin Jehle (Eds.) # National Reconviction Statistics and Studies in Europe Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014 Recidivism belongs to the main categories of criminology, crime policy and criminal justice. If the target of preventing offenders from reoffending is taken seriously crime policy should be measured by success of certain penal sanctions in terms of relapses. Also institutions that deal directly with crime and offenders need to get basic information on the consequences of their actions; particularly when decisions have to be based on a prognosis they should refer to general knowledge about offender groups at risk of reoffending. All these are reasons why – besides the conventional crime and criminal justice statistics, that don´t allow to follow further offending – representative recidivism studies are needed. |
| Governement
of Western Australia | Office of the Inspector of
Custodial Services # Recidivism rates and the impact of treatment programs www.oics.wa.gov.au/ September 2014 Western Australia has high recidivism rates. On average over the past decade, 40 to 45 per cent of people have returned to prison within two years of being released. Given Western Australia has a prisoner population of approximately 5000, a recidivism rate of 40 per cent equates to approximately 2000 people returning to prison in under two years. It costs, on average, around $120,000 per annum to keep one prisoner in prison. Thus, for every ten prisoners who do not return to prison for just one year, the projected saving in direct costs alone is over $1 million... |
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France - Ministère de la Justice # Les chiffres-clés de la Justice Ministère de la Justice 2014 |
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Prisons and Probation Ombudsman for
England and Wales | Nigel Newcomen We were notified of 256 deaths in 2013–14 (17 of which were not investigated as they were outside our remit). We started 239 investigations, 48 (25%) more than last year.• There were 90 apparently self-inflicted deaths, 64% more than the previous year. • The major increase in self-inflicted deaths was among adult male prisoners. There were 6 self-inflicted deaths of those aged 18–21 years, an increase from 2 deaths last year, but the biggest rise was among 25- to 30-year-olds who accounted for 22 (24%) self-inflicted deaths (an increase from 8 last year). • 130 deaths were from natural causes (7% more than last year) and 9 were classified as ‘other non-natural’. |
|
Regione del Veneto |
| Peter Wagner,
Leah Sakala, Josh Begley # States of Incarceration: The Global Context: World Incarceration Rates If Every U.S. State Were A Country www.prisonpolicy.org/ 2014 |
|
Roy Walmsley |
|
Douglas N. Evans Financial debt associated with legal system involvement is a pressing issue that affects the criminal justice system, offenders, and taxpayers. Mere contact with the criminal justice system often results in fees and fines that increase with progression through the system. Criminal justice fines and fees punish offenders and are designed to generate revenue for legal systems that are operating on limited budgets. However, fines and fees often fail to accomplish this second goal because many offenders are too poor to pay them... |
| Linda Keena,
Chris Simmons # Rethink, Reform, Reenter: An Entrepreneurial Approach to Prison Programming International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2014 This study highlights the need for more cognitive-based educational programming with prerelease inmates. These programs are an important first step in increasing employability. The findings suggest that a substantial number of inmates are willing to approach reentry in new ways. Not only did the participants grasp the concepts, they applied them. The evaluation showed the problem may not be that inmates are unable to find jobs, but illuminates poor preparation of inmates to reenter society. Perceived changes in personal and cognitive development helped these inmates secure gainful employment and they may now have the ambition to move forward from there |
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Todd D. Minton, Daniela Golinelli |
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Jeremy Travis, Bruce Western (eds) After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States more than quadrupled during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The ... |
| FRA Europen
Agency for Fundamental Rights # Violence against women: an EU-wide survey Main results http://fra.europa.eu/ European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014 This report is based on interviews with 42,000 women across the 28 Member States of the European Union (EU). It shows that violence against women, and specifically gender-based violence that disproportionately affects women, is an extensive human rights abuse that the EU cannot afford to overlook... One in 10 women has experienced some form of sexual violence since the age of 15, and one in 20 has been raped. Just over one in five women has experienced physical and/or sexual violence from either a current or previous partner, and just over one in 10 women indicates that they have experienced some form of sexual violence by an adult before they were 15 years old. Yet, as an illustration, only 14 % of women reported their most serious incident of intimate partner violence to the police, and 13 % reported their most serious incident of non-partner violence to the police. |
|
Michael Tonry |
|
Manuel Eisner Over the past decade the idea that Europe experienced a centuries-long decline in homicide, interrupted by recurrent surges and at different speeds in different parts of the continent, became widely acknowledged. So far explanations have relied mostly on anecdotal evidence, usually broadly relying on Norbert Elias’s theory of the “civilizing process.” One major general theory of large-scale fluctuations in homicide rates, selfcontrol theory, offers a wide range of hypotheses that can be tested with rigorous quantitative analyses. A number of macro-level indicators for societal efforts to promote civility, self-discipline, and long-sightedness have been examined and appear to be strongly associated with fluctuations in homicide rates over the past six centuries. |
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Ministero dell'Interno |
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Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire # Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France - situation au 1er août 2014 http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ |
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Gobierno de España | Ministerio del
Interior |
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England and Wales - Ministry of Justice |
|
Todd D. Minton |
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Equipo de
Fallecimientos en Prision - Observatorio de
Carceles Federales - PPN (Argentina) Este documento presenta los resultados de la aplicación del Procedimiento para la Investigación y Documentación de Fallecimientos en Prisión, ante cada muerte de detenidos bajo custodia del SPF registrada, desde el 1º de enero de 2009 hasta el 30 de junio de 2014. |
|
Observatoire national de la délinquance
et des réponses pénales ONDRP |
| Tribunale di
Sorveglianza di Messina # Ordinanza del 16 luglio 2014 Sollevata questione di legittimità costituzionale in merito ai nuovi criteri di accertamento della pericolosità sociale del seminfermo di mente: «non costituisce elemento idoneo a supportare il giudizio di pericolosità sociale la sola mancanza di programmi terapeutici individuali» |
|
Roy Walmsley |
|
Ministére de la Justice |
|
Philip Milburn, Ludovic Jamet |
| Carrie
Pettus-Davis, Matthew W. Epperson # From Mass Incarceration to Smart Decarceration https://csd.wustl.edu/ Center for Social Development, CSD Working Papers No. 14-31, 2014 A prolonged era of mass incarceration has led to staggering rates of imprisonment in the United States, particularly among some of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups. Given the rising social and economic costs of imprisonment and tight public budgets, this trend is beginning to reverse... Smart Decarceration will be proactive, transdisciplinary, and empirically driven. Effective decarceration will be occurring when (1) the incarcerated population in U.S. jails and prisons is substantially decreased; ( 2) e xisting racial and economic disparities in the criminal justice system are redressed; and (3) public safety and public health are maximized... |
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Istat - Cnel |
|
National Reentry Resource Center |
|
Jesenia M. Pizarro, Kristen M. Zgoba,
Sabrina Haugebrook |
| Dipartimento
Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP # Detenuti lavoranti alle dipendenze dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria - Situazione al 30 giugno 2014 - Serie storica semestrale degli anni: 1991 - 2014 www.giustizia.it - www.ristretti.org |
|
Martin Maximino |
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Steven Raphael I explore the labor market prospects of the growing population of former prison inmates in the United States. In particular, I document the specific challenges created by the characteristics of this population and the common hiring and screening practices of U.S. employers. In addition, I discuss various policy efforts to improve the employment prospects and limit the future criminal activity of former prison inmates either through improving the skills and qualifications of these job seekers or through the provision of incentives to employers to hire such individuals. |
| Ministero
della Giustizia - Direzione Generale di Satistica # STALKING. Indagine statistica attraverso la lettura dei fascicoli dei procedimenti definiti con sentenze di primo grado Roma, Giugno 2014 Dall’indagine statistica emerge che il 92% dei processi trae origine da una denuncia della persona offesa, il gran parte delle volte raccolta dall’autorità di PG. In 7 casi su 100 la querela è stata conseguente all’arresto o fermo dell’imputato in flagranza del reato di stalking o di reato connesso... |
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Brigitte Poulailler, Mael Theulière,
Odile Timbart |
|
Council of State Governments Justice
Center |
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Dipartimento Giustizia Minorile |
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#
Prévention
de la recidve et individualisation de la peine_
chiffres clés |
|
Melissa S.
Kearney, Benjamin H. Harris, Elisa Jácome, and Lucie
Parker |
|
Robert
Weisberg |
|
Ministero degli Affari Esteri |
|
Andrea Orlando #
L'Europa ci osserva, ma la mia è una
riforma totale.
Intervista a cura di Eleonora Martini |
|
Antigone
Glauco Giostra |
|
Radicali Italiani | Rita Bernardini,
Laura Arconti, Deborah Cianfanelli |
|
Council of Europe | Unil Université de
Lausanne | Institut de criminologie et de
droit pénal | Marcelo F. Aebi, Natalia Delgrande #
SPACE II:
Persons Serving Non-Custodial Sanctions and
Measures in 2012 - Survey 2012
Matteo De Longis |
|
Rémi Josnin |
|
Matthew
R. Durose, Alexia D. Cooper, Howard N. Snyder About two-thirds (67.8%) of released prisoners were arrested for a new crime within 3 years, and three-quarters (76.6%) were arrested within 5 years. Within 5 years of release, 82.1% of property offenders were arrested for a new crime, compared to 76.9% of drug offenders, 73.6% of public order offenders, and 71.3% of violent offenders. More than a third (36.8%) of all prisoners who were arrested within 5 years of release were arrested within the first 6 months after release, with more than half (56.7%) arrested by the end of the first year... |
|
Se anche ci si volesse disinteressare della condizione inflitta ad uomini e donne, se pure si volesse ignorare il richiamo che viene da giurisdizioni internazionali alle quali abbiamo volontariamente aderito, è impossibile rimuovere un dato: il nostro è un sistema costoso che non produce sicurezza se lo si compara con gli altri sistemi del nostro continente. |
|
B'Tselem - The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories # Statistics on Palestinians in the custody of the Israeli security forces
www.btselem.org/ April 2014
|
|
J. M. Delarue | Contrôleur général des
lieux de privation de liberté |
|
HM Inspectorate of Probattion #
Inspection
of Adult Offending Work. An aggregate report on
the first six inspections: a focus on violent
offending |
|
Ministry
of Justice |
|
Garante
delle persone private della libertà personale |
Regione Emilia-Romagna |
| Annie Kensey # Statistiques pénitentiaires et parc carcéral, entre désencombrement et suroccupation Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines, mars 2014 La tendance générale à l’augmentation du nombre de personnes détenues s’accompagne cependant d’une tendance inverse du nombre des entrées en détention (tableau 3). Cela signifie que l’indicateur de durée moyenne de détention a considérablement augmenté, passant de 8,6 mois en 2007 à 11,5 mois en 2013, soit 3 mois de plus en 6 ans. |
|
Lois
M. Davis, Jennifer L. Steele, Robert Bozick, Malcolm
Williams, Susan Turner, Jeremy N. V. Miles, Jessica
Saunders, Paul S. Steinberg |
|
Lois
M. Davis, Jennifer L. Steele, Robert Bozick, Malcolm
V. Williams, Susan Turner, Jeremy N. V. Miles, Jessica
Saunders, Paul S. Steinberg |
| Open Society
Foundation # Presumption of Guilt: The Global Overuse of Pretrial Detention www.opensocietyfoundations.org/ 2014 The global overuse of pretrial detention is a massive, if largely unnoticed, form of human rights abuse. It directly affects at least 15 million people each year, many of whom will wait months or even years—in conditions worse than those experienced by sentenced prisoners—for their day in court... excessive and arbitrary pretrial detention is not just a human rights violation, but also the nexus of other abuses and ill effects. The overuse of pretrial detention is linked to torture, corruption, and the spread of disease; it stunts economic development and undermines the rule of law... |
| Sabine Cessou # Prisons across Europe: lessons to be learned from UK's neighbours. www.theguardian.com/ 29 april 2014 Prison populations have fallen in the Netherlands, Sweden and Germany but elsewhere it is a mixed picture. The Netherlands has more prison staff than prisoners. Sweden is shutting down jails because prisoner numbers have fallen by 10% in under a decade. In Germany, the decline is even starker: a fall of almost 20% since 2005... |
|
Luca
Rinaldi |
|
Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP # Detenuti presenti - aggiornamento al 31 marzo 2014 www.giustizia.it/ 1 aprile 2014 www.giustizia.it/ 1 aprile 2014 |
|
Senato
- Commissioni 2^ (Giustizia) e 14^ (Politiche
dell'Unione Europea) e II (Giustizia) della Camera dei
Deputati) Stiamo affrontando il problema del sovraffollamento non soltanto per gli effetti che produce e che produrrà la sentenza Torreggiani come sentenza pilota, ma che in realtà deriva da altre condanne (si pensi alla sentenza Sulejmanovic di qualche tempo fa), ma perché ci obbliga l'articolo 27 della nostra Costituzione, che non solo ci impone di ragionare intorno allo spazio da dedicare a ciascun detenuto, come fa la sentenza Torreggiani, ma soprattutto ci induce a ragionare sulla funzione della pena, quella rieducativa e risocializzante. |
| Carolyn W. Deady # Incarceration and Recidivism: Lessons from Abroad www.salve.edu/pellcenter/ March 2014 Over 50% of prisoners in the United States will be back in jail within three years of their release. Looking at recidivism in a sample of other countries, the U.S. rate does not appear exceptional. prisoners in the United States are often incarcerated for a lot longer than in other countries. For instance, burglars in the United States serve an average of 16 months in prison compared with 5 months in Canada and 7 months in England. With an emphasis on punishment rather than rehabilitation, U.S. prisoners are often released with no better skills to cope in society and are offered little support after their release, increasing the chances of reoffending. |
|
Policy
Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional
Affairs - European Parliament | Alessandro Davoli,
Rosa Raffaelli |
| UNODC # Global Study on Homicide 2013. Trends, Contexts, Data www.unodc.org/ March 2014 |
|
Council
of Europe - CPT | European Committee for the
Prevention of Torture and
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment
In a report published today on its last visit to Croatia, the Council of Europe’s anti-torture committee ( CPT) has called on the authorities to improve material conditions in prisons and to reduce overcrowding, notably at the Zagreb County Prison, which was 225% over its 400 bed capacity... |
|
European
Commission for the Efficiency of Justice - Commission
européenne pour l'efficacité de la justice (CEPEJ)
European Commission - Directorate-General for Justice # The EU Justice Scoreboard: A tool to promote effective justice and growth, http://ec.europa.eu/ 2013 |
|
Peter
Wagner, Leah Sakala
# J. F. | Minneapolis, America's prison population | Who, what, where and why, www.economist.com/ Mar 13th 2014 |
|
# Italia: suicidi e decessi dei detenuti: 2000-2014 (9 marzo) www.ristretti.it |
|
Direction
de l'Administration Pénitentiaire | Bureau des études
et de la prospective (PMJ5) |
|
Charlie
Bishop | OxPolicy |
| Paolo Buonanno,
Francesco Drago and Roberto Galbiati # How much should we trust crime statistics? A comparison between EU and US https://spire.sciencespo.fr/ LIEPP Working Paper, February 2014, nº19 Measuring crime is a challenging and crucial task since it is a necessary condition for a correct assessment its determinants and then for the formulation of crime control policies. In a cross-country framework, there are several issues to consider. First, reported crimes underestimate the true (unobserved) number of committed crimes. This fact may be a source of bias in inferential analysis. In particular, measurement error can bias the estimates of the effect of those determinants of criminal activity that are correlated with the extent of under reporting... |
|
Fondazione Leone Moressa # Carceri italiane: 3 su 4 sono sovraffollate www.fondazioneleonemoressa.org/ 21 febbraio 2014 Le carceri sovraffollate in Italia sono 156 su 205 (76%). In molti casi i detenuti ospitati sono più del doppio rispetto alla capienza dell’istituto. Guida questa classifica Modena (con 556 detenuti su 221 posti disponibili), seguita da Busto Arsizio (397 su 167) e dal carcere femminile di Pozzuoli (209 detenute su 89 posti). Di contro, molti istituti italiani ospitano un numero di detenuti molto inferiore rispetto alla propria capienza: la più alta percentuale di “posti liberi” si registra a Gorizia (73%), Arezzo (82%) e Crotone (93%). |
|
España | Ministerio del Interior |
| Giulia Cella # Presa in carico dei soggetti devianti (detenuti, internati, persone sottoposte a misure alternative) e terzo settore Lo stato attuale nel territorio regionale dell’Emilia-Romagna Ufficio del Garante per le persone private della libertà personale della Regione Emilia‐Romagna - Dipartimento di Scienze giuridiche dell’Università di Bologna, Gennaio 2014 C’è chi sostiene che le misure alternative rappresentano forse uno strumento di decarcerizzazione, ma non costituiscono un mezzo attivo di reinserimento sociale perché la loro efficacia sarebbe prevalentemente dipendente dall’entità effettiva del capitale sociale del condannato. Si può anche convenire sul punto, ma questo non toglie validità ad un elemento decisivo: allo stato attuale del nostro sistema penale disponiamo di questa “scatola degli attrezzi”. Le misure alternative costituiscono, oggi, l’unica alternativa alla carcerizzazione che non si traduca, molto semplicemente, nella mera rinuncia dello Stato all’esercizio dello jus puniendi. |
|
Lynne
Lyman When LA Times reporter Paige St. John tweeted that private prison industry leader Corrections Corporation of America's (CCA) stock took a nose dive after the federal judges announced they would give California two additional years to reduce the state prison population to 137 percent of design capacity... |
|
Urban
Institute | Nancy LaVigne, Samuel Bieler, Lindsey
Cramer, Helen Ho, Cybele Kotonias, Deborah Mayer,
David McClure, Laura Pacifici, Erika Parks, Bryce
Peterson, Julie Samuels |
|
DAP Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenzaria #
Quadro
statistico al 31 dicembre 2013 | # Serie storica 1991-2013 - Detenuti presenti - 31 dicembre 2013 ...per posizione giuridica Ingressi dalla libertà Detenuti condannati per pena inflitta ... per pena residua Detenuti italiani e stranieri presenti e capienze per istituto Indice di affollamento, per Istituto Legge 199/2010 Permessi premio Detenuti per area di provenienza Detenuti stranieri presenti - Detenuti per tipologia di reato... per stato civile... per classi di età... per titolo di studio... Detenuti per numero di figli Detenuti per regionedi nascita... per regione di residenza Numero di suicidi, per Istituto Confronto con Dossier “Morire di carcere” - Anno 2013 Numero di tentati suicidi, per Istituto Numero di atti autolesionistici, per Istituto - Anno 2013 |
|
Pierre
V. Tournier |
|
Dipartimento
Amministrazione Penitenziaria Sulla base delle nazionalità di appartenenza dei soggetti si è potuto, inoltre, stimare che circa 13.500 provengono da Paesi tradizionalmente di religione musulmana... Attraverso una verifica più approfondita si è constatato che, dei detenuti di origine musulmana, ben 8.732 sarebbero osservanti, ossia effettuano la preghiera secondo i precetti della propria religione, mentre 4.768 sembrerebbero non interessarsene. Dei detenuti osservanti è risultato che 181 svolgono la funzione di Imam e pertanto conducono la preghiera, 29 si sono posti in evidenza come promotori di iniziative riguardanti l’esercizio del culto e 19 i sono detenuti convertiti all’islam durante la detenzione. |
| Lauren E. Glaze,
Erinn J. Herberman # Correctional Populations in the United States, 2012 Bureau of Justice Statistics December 2013 At yearend 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders, down by about 51,000 offenders during the year (figure 1). The decrease observed during 2012 marked the fourth consecutive year of decline in the correctional population. However, this was the smallest decrease (down 0.7%) since the correctional population first declined in 2009, reversing a three-year trend of increasing rates of decline that started in 2009 and continued through 2011. About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision at yearend 2012, the lowest rate observed since 1997. |
|
Laura
M. Maruschak, Thomas P. Bonczar | Bureau of Justice
Statistics |
|
Erica
L. Smith, Alexia Cooper | U.S. Department of Justice |
Bureau of Justice Statistics |
|
E.
Ann Carson, Daniela Golinelli (BJS Statisticians) |
| Marie Crétenot # From national practices to European guidelines: interesting initiatives in prisons management European Prison Observatory. Detention conditions in the European Union, december 2013 The European Prison Observatory (EPO) was launched in Rome in February 2013 and operates in 8 countries (France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Spain). Through quantitative and qualitative analysis, the EPO monitors and analyses the present conditions of the different national prison systems and the related systems of alternatives to detention in Europe, comparing these conditions to the international norms and standards relevant for the protections of inmates’ fundamental rights, particularly the European Prison Rules (EPR) of the Council of Europe |
|
Fondazione
Giovanni Michelucci | Garante regionale delle persone
sottoposte a misure restrittive |
|
Direction
de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
|
|
Istat I reati più comuni (il condannato che ha commesso più delitti è stato classificato secondo quello per cui la Legge prevede la pena più grave) sono stati anche per il 2011 il furto e i delitti in materia di sostanze stupefacenti (12,6 e 11,1 per cento rispettivamente, percentuali sostanzialmente invariate rispetto al 2010). Per l’80,4 per cento dei condannati la sentenza ha previsto la pena della reclusione (ed eventualmente una sanzione pecuniaria), mentre nel rimanente 19,6 per cento dei casi è stata comminata solo una multa. Tra i condannati per delitto iscritti nell’anno 2011, circa la metà (49.0 per cento) aveva precedenti penali, dato anche questo sostanzialmente invariato rispetto al 2010... |
| Intervita # Quanto Costa il Silenzio? Indagine nazionale sui costi economici e sociali della violenza contro le donne www.intervita.it/ 2013 Sommando il totale dei costi stimati dell’amministrazione della giustizia civile, penale e minorile con quello per la detenzione carceraria, il totale dei costi giudiziari per la violenza contro le donne ammonta a 421,3 milioni di Euro. |
|
Antigone
- Per i diritti e le garanzie nel sistema penale Capienza regolamentare: 47.649 posti. Da tempo Antigone sostiene però che il numero effettivo dei posti disponibili sia decisamente inferiore, intorno ai 37.000, dato ora confermato dalla stessa Ministra Cancellieri: “Questa storia del numero dei posti letto in carcere è tutta vera, avete ragione voi. Sono effettivamente meno”. Sovraffollamento: 134,4%, ovvero in 100 posti sarebbero detenute più di 134 persone. È uno dei valori più alti in Europa, ma se si fa riferimento alla capienza effettiva stimata da Antigone, e confermata dalla Ministra, questa percentuale schizza ad oltre il 173%...
Vladimiro
Polchi |
|
California
Department of Corrections And Rehabilitation California’s Public Safety Realignment Act of 2011 transferred jurisdiction and funding for managing lower-level criminal offenders from the State to the counties. Under Realignment, for example, certain offenders began serving their felony sentences in jail rather than prison. Realignment also changed California’s system of community corrections. |
|
Australian
Bureau of Statistics |
|
Roy Walmsley - International Centre for Prison Studies ICPS # World Prison Population List 10th edition www.prisonstudies.org/
21 november 2013 # World Prison Population List (ninth edition) 19.07.2011 # World Prison Population List (eighth edition) 30.01.2009 # World Prison Population List (7th Edition) 30.01.2007 # World Prison Population List (6th Edition) 30.01.2005
|
|
Joan
Petersilia, Sara Abarbanel, John Butler, Mark Feldman,
Mariam Hinds, Kevin Jason, Corinne Keel, Matt Owens,
Camden Vilkin |
| Roberta Palmisano # Prison overcrowding: the Italian experience www.era.int/ Strasbourg, 14-15 November 2013 |
|
Joël
Creusat |
|
Ministry of Justice # Prison Population Projections 2013 – 2019 England and Wales www.gov.uk/ 7 november 2013 By the end of June 2019, the prison population is projected to be 77,300 in the Scenario 1 projection, 81,800 in the Scenario 2 projection and 86,600 in the Scenario 3 projection. |
|
Christopher
T. Lowenkamp, Marie VanNostrand | Laura and John
Arnold Foundation ljaf |
|
Robert
Weisberg, Lisa T. Quan |
|
Istat #
I condannati con sentenza definitiva nel
periodo 2000-2011 Pene superiori a 10 anni (mediana della distribuzione) per i reati punibili con la reclusione sono state comminate solo nelle sentenze in cui il delitto più grave è l’omicidio volontario o il sequestro di persona a scopo di rapina o estorsione16. La maggior parte dei delitti considerati, invece, ha comportato una reclusione inferiore a un anno. Pene di reclusione mediana tra 1 e 2 anni sono invece più spesso comminate nelle sentenze in cui il delitto più grave è l’impiego di denaro di provenienza illecita, l’usura, il peculato, l’associazione per delinquere, i delitti previsti dalle leggi sull’uso e la detenzione di armi, la corruzione, le violazioni delle leggi in materia di stupefacenti e sostanze psicotrope. Condanne con pene mediane di reclusione più alte, tra 2 e 5 anni, sono state assegnate in anni recenti in sentenze aventi come reato più grave la concussione, la rapina, l’estorsione, il riciclaggio, la violenza sessuale. |
|
Rémi
Josnin En 2004, 500 000 personnes ont fait l’objet d’une condamnation pour un délit ou une contravention « grave », inscrite dans le casier judiciaire. Parmi elles, quatre sur dix ont déjà des antécédents judiciaires au moment de la condamnation de 2004. Entre 2004 et 2011, si l’on exclut les infractions à la circulation routière, qui constituent un cas de récidive fréquent et atypique, 38 % des condamnés ont récidivé. Ce taux de récidive atteint 59 % pour les condamnés présentant des antécédents judiciaires. Environ 40 %des récidivistes retournent devant la Justice pour la même infraction que celle sanctionnée en 2004. |
|
Richard
Orange The Guardian, Monday 11
November 2013 |
|
HM
Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales |
|
Annamaria Cancellieri # Audizione
del guardasigilli Annamaria Cancellieri in
Commissione Giustizia Camera Il reato per il quale è ristretto il maggior numero di detenuti è quello di produzione e spaccio di stupefacenti. Per tali fattispecie sono ristrette ben 23.094 persone (di queste 14.378 sono condannate definitivamente mentre 8.657 sono in custodia cautelare e 59 internate); il secondo reato è la rapina con 9.473 presenze (5.801 sono i definitivi, 3564 i giudicabili e 108 gli internati); il terzo reato è l’omicidio volontario con 9.077 presenze (6.049 sono i definitivi, 2.792 i giudicabili e 236 gli internati); il quarto è l’estorsione con 4.238 presenze (2.180 sono i definitivi mentre 1.982 sono i giudicabili e 76 gli internati); il quinto reato, come detto, è il furto con 3.853 presenze (1.952 sono i definitivi, 1.824 i giudicabili e 77 gli internati); il sesto reato è la violenza sessuale con 2.755 presenze (2.001 sono i definitivi, 709 i giudicabili e 45 gli internati); il settimo è la ricettazione con 2.732 presenze (1.897 sono i definitivi, 809 i giudicabili e 26 gli internati). |
|
ACLU
American Civil Liberties Union of New Mexico |
|
European Commission http://ec.europa.eu/
European Union 2013 |
|
England
and Wales - Ministry of Justice 30 september 2013: Prison population 84,488 | Under sentence 71,113 | The total annual probation caseload (court orders and pre and post release supervision) increased by 39% between 2000 and 2008 to 243,434. Since then the probation caseload has fallen year on year, reaching 224,823 at the end of 2012 |
|
Alan
Travis A sudden rise in the jail population in England and Wales is threatening the stability of the system, prison governors have warned. They say the spike in the number of inmates, to 84,832, has led to some jails reaching their capacity just as the justice secretary, Chris Grayling, has ordered prison closures. Eoin Mclennan-Murray, the president of the Prison Governors Association (PGA), said he was concerned that an increase of 635 extra prisoners had come over the past four weeks, as four prisons had were earmarked for closure. He said the usable capacity of the prison system in England and Wales was 86,058 places, but many spare cells were in young offenders' institutions and women's prisons, and were unsuitable for adult male prisoners. |
| Lauren Galik and
Julian Morris # Smart on Sentencing, Smart on Crime: An Argument for Reforming Louisiana’s Determinate Sentencing Laws https://reason.org/ Reason Foundation, Policy Study 425. October 2013 Nonviolent offenders who pose little or no threat to society are routinely sentenced to exceedingly long terms in prison with no opportunity for parole, probation or suspension of sentence, in most cases as a direct result of the state’s determinate sentencing laws. These prisoners consume disproportionate amounts of Louisiana’s scarce prison resources... The study suggests... reforms that might be described as “smart on sentencing, smart on crime.”... |
|
Emmanuel
Brillet |
|
Prison
Reform Trust On 11 October 2013, the prison population in England and Wales was 84,078. In 1992-93, the average prison population was 44,628. England and Wales has an imprisonment rate of 149 per 100,000 of the population. France has an imprisonment rate of 102 per 100,000 and Germany has a rate of 83 per 100,000. Between 2002 and 2012, the prison population in England and Wales grew by 14,830 or 21%. During this period the number on remand fell by 13%, while those sentenced to immediate custody rose by 28%. 26,386 new prison places were provided between 1997-98 and 2011-12. Prisons are getting larger, with a drive to close small community and open prisons, build larger jails and add additional capacity to existing establishments. There are now 28 prisons in England and Wales holding more than 1,000 men each... |
| Magnus Lofstrom # Incarceration and Crime: Evidence from California’s Realignment Sentencing Reform Public Policy Institute of California, October 2013 We assess the effects of a recent reform in California that caused a sharp and permanent reduction in the state’s incarceration rate. We exploit the large variation across California counties in the effect of this reform on county‐specific prison incarceration rates. We find very little evidence of an effect of the large reduction in incarceration rates on violent crime and evidence of modest effects on property crime, auto theft in particular. These effects are considerably smaller than existing estimates in the literature based on panel data for periods of time when the U.S. incarceration rate was considerably lower. We corroborate theses cross‐county results with a synthetic‐cohort analysis of state crime rates in California. This state‐wide analysis confirms our findings from the county‐level analysis. In conjunction with existing published research, the results from this study support the hypothesis of a crime‐prison effect that diminishes with the scale of incarceration. |
|
Joseph
Murray, Daniel Ricardo de Castro Cerqueira, Tulio Kahn |
|
Valentina Calderone #
Carceri,
i numeri della vergogna |
|
Franck
Johannès |
|
Instituto Nacionalde Estadistica INE | Notas
de prensa |
|
Alessandro
Maculan, Daniela Ronco, Francesca Vianello |
| Institute for
Policy Analysis of Conlict (IPAC) # Prison Problems: Planned and Unplanned Releases of Convicted Extremists in Indonesia IPAC Report No.2, 2 September 2013 |
|
Ted
Goertzel, Ekaterina Shohat, Tulio Kahn, André Zanetic,
and Dmitriy Bogoyavlenskiy |
|
UN
Human Rights | Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights
Amnesty
International
International Centre for Prisons Studies |
|
Ram
Subramanian, Alison Shames |
|
Nigel Newcomen | Prisons
and Probation Ombudsman (PPO) for England and Wales |
| The Howard League
for Penal Reform # Revealed: The true scale of overcrowding in prisons in England and Wales www.howardleague.org/ 2 september 2013 Almost 20,000 prisoners were kept in overcrowded cells last year, figures obtained by the Howard League for Penal Reform reveal today (2 September). New research by the charity illustrates the true scale of prison overcrowding in England and Wales – showing that the problem is far greater than ministers have suggested. The figures show that, during the financial year 2012-13, about 19,140 prisoners on average were forced to share a cell designed for one person. A further 777 prisoners were made to sleep three to a cell, when the cells were designed to accommodate only two. Official government prison population announcements mask the full extent of overcrowding because they do not state how many cells are holding more prisoners than they are designed to. The worst-affected prison in England and Wales was Wandsworth, where on a typical day 835 prisoners were forced to share cells which contain an open toilet. |
|
Direction
de l'Administration Pénitentiaire | Bureau des études
et de la prospective |
|
Stéfan
Lollivier, Christophe Soullez (Sous la direction de) |
| Eurostat | Gert
Bogers, Athina Karvounaraki, Steve Clarke, Cynthia
Tavares # Trafficking in human beings http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ 2013 edition |
| México Evalúa,
Centro de Análisis de Políticas Públicas # La cárcel en México: ¿Para qué? www.mexicoevalua.org/ Agosto 2013 Usamos la cárcel intensiva e irracionalmente. En nuestros códigos, el 95 por ciento de los delitos tiene contemplada la prisión. En los hechos, no existen sanciones alternativas a la cárcel porque no existen los mecanismos ni la infraestructura para hacerlas operables. En nuestro ambiente de opinión tan agraviado por el crimen, insistimos en la cárcel como castigo ejemplar para todo tipo de delitos. Sin embargo, en el caso de delitos menores y no violentos, otros mecanismos de sanciones pudieran ser más efectivos y menos onerosos en términos sociales y económicos. Las cárceles mexicanas en su condición actual son espacios propicios al contagio criminógeno. |
|
Department
of Corrections - New Zealand |
| Dan Roberts,
Karen McVeigh # Eric Holder unveils new reforms aimed at curbing US prison population. Reversing years of tough Washington rhetoric, attorney general calls levels of US incarceration 'ineffective and unsustainable theguardian.com, Monday 12 August 2013 Reversing years of toughening political rhetoric in Washington, attorney general Eric Holder declared that levels of incarceration at federal, state and local levels had become both "ineffective and unsustainable." The Department of Justice will now instruct prosecutors to side-step federal sentencing rules by not recording the amount of drugs found on non-violent dealers not associated with larger gangs or cartels. "Our system is in many ways broken," Holder told the American Bar Association in San Francisco. "As the so-called war on drugs enters its fifth decade we need to ask whether it has been fully effective and usher in a new approach." "Too many Americans go to too many prisons for far too long and for no truly good law enforcement reason," he said, adding later: "We cannot simply prosecute or incarcerate our way to becoming a safer country." |
|
Steve
Clarke |
|
Pierre V. Tournier # Population sous
écrou, population détenue au 1er juillet 2013 :
nouveaux records |
|
House
of Commons Justice Committee |
|
E. Ann Carson and Daniela Golinelli BJS |
| Erica Goode # U.S. Prison Populations Decline, Reflecting New Approach to Crime New York Times | July 25, 2013 The prison population in the United States dropped in 2012 for the third consecutive year, according to federal statistics released on Thursday, in what criminal justice experts said was the biggest decline in the nation’s recent history, signaling a shift away from an almost four-decade policy of mass imprisonment. The number of inmates in state and federal prisons decreased by 1.7 percent, to an estimated 1,571,013 in 2012 from 1,598,783 in 2011, according to figures released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, an arm of the Justice Department. Although the percentage decline appeared small, the fact that it followed decreases in 2011 and 2010 offers persuasive evidence of what some experts say is a “sea change” in America’s approach to criminal punishment. |
|
Vera
Institute of Justice |
|
New Mexico Corrections Department (NMCD) |
|
House
of Commons Justice Committee |
| EU.R.E.S.
Ricerche Economiche e Sociali # L’omicidio volontario in Italia. Rapporto EURES 2013- Sintesi www.eures.it/ luglio 2013 |
|
Ministry of Justice |
|
Ministero della giustizia | Dipartimento dell'amministrazione penitenziaria DAP | Ufficio per lo Sviluppo e la Gestione del Sistema Informativo Automatizzato - Sezione Statistica # Bollettino Penitenziario n. 17 Dati aggiornati al 31 Dicembre 2012 Risorse dell'Amministrazione penitenziaria - Popolazione Detenuta - Reati - Lavoro e corsi professionali - Detenute madri ed asili nido - Benefici concessi alla popolazione detenuta - Eventi critici |
|
| Ufficio per lo Sviluppo e la Gestione del Sistema Informativo Automatizzato - Sezione statistica #
Caratteristiche
socio-lavorative, giuridiche e demografiche della
popolazione detenuta Sesso - Età - Numero di figli - Stato civile - Grado di istruzione - Condizione lavorativa - Ramo di attività - Posizione professionale - Posizione giuridica - Durata della pena - Durata della pena residua - Distribuzione per regione di detenzione e regione di nascita - Distribuzione per regione di detenzione e regione di residenza |
| Ministero della
Giustizia # Corsi Professionali Serie Storica | Anni 1992 - 2013 30 giugno 2013 |
| Istat # I minorenni nelle strutture della giustizia. Anno 2011 2 luglio 2013 Sono 20.157 i minorenni autori di reato presi in carico nell’anno 2011 dagli Uffici di Servizio Sociale per i Minorenni. Nei Centri di prima accoglienza si contano 2.343 ingressi, nelle Comunità 1.926, in Istituti penali per i minorenni 1.246. Le principali aree geografiche da cui provengono i minori stranieri segnalati dall’Autorità Giudiziaria sono la Romania, il Marocco e la Tunisia, anche se con forti differenze di genere... La maggior parte delle ragazze proviene infatti dalla Romania, dalla Croazia, dalla Bosnia Erzegovina e dalla Serbia. I minori assistiti sono nell’83,8% dei casi italiani e nel 90% maschi. Più della metà ha 16-17 anni (51,8%), il 27,2% 18-215 e il 20,6% 14-15 anni. I 14-17enni presi in carico sono 14.600, pari allo 0,6% del totale della popolazione minorile residente in Italia in questa fascia di età. |
|
Department
of Justice Canada |
|
Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP # Caratteristiche socio-lavorative, giuridiche e demografiche detenuti al 30 giugno 2013 www.giustizia.it |
| Prison Reform
Trust # Prison: the facts Bromley Briefings Summer 2013 The prison system as a whole has been overcrowded in every year since 1994. At the end of March 2013, 69 of the 124 prisons in England and Wales were overcrowded. Prison has a poor record for reducing reoffending – 47% of adults are reconvicted within one year of release. For those serving sentences of less than 12 months this increases to 58%. Nearly three quarters (73%) of under 18 year olds are reconvicted within a year of release. 41,875 people entered prison to serve sentences of less than or equal to six months in the year to September 2012. |
|
Gavin
Berman, Aliyah Dar
Gavin
Berman | Library House of Commons The prison population surpassed 80,000 for the first time in December 2006 and 85,000 in spring 2010. The prison population remained around this level until the sharp increase due to the remanding and sentencing of people alleged to have been involved in the riots in England in August 2011. The number of offenders in prison reached its current record high of 88,179 prisoners on 2 December 2011... Around 900 prisoners were being held for public disorder related offences in the immediate aftermath of the disorder... At the end of March 2013 the prison population was 83,769, a decrease of 4.3% on the previous year. The recent month end levels are the lowest recorded since December 2010. |
| The Correctional
Investigator Canada | L’Enquêteur correctionnel Canada # Annual Report of the Office of the Correctional Investigator 2012-2013 www.oci-bec.gc.ca/ june 28, 2013 In the 10 year period between March 2003 and March 2013, the incarcerated population has grown by close to 2,100 inmates, which represents an overall increase of 16.5%. During this period, the Aboriginal incarcerated population increased overall by 46.4%. Federally sentenced Aboriginal women inmates have increased by over 80% in the last 10 years. Visible minority groups (Black, Hispanic, Asian, East Indian and other ethnicities) behind bars increased by almost 75% over this period. As a subgroup, Black inmates have increased every year, growing by nearly 90% over the last 10 years. Meantime, Caucasian inmates actually declined by 3% over this same period. |
|
Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire | Bureau des études, de la prospective et des méthodes # Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France Situation au 1er juin 2013 www.justice.gouv.fr |
| Zakia Belmokhtar,
Abdellatif Benzakri # Les Français et la prison Infostat Justice, n. 122, Juin 2013 La prison est pour les Français un univers inquiétant et sombre : plus d’un sur deux (53 %) pense qu’il lui est possible d’être mis un jour en prison, et plus des deux tiers (66 %) considèrent que les conditions de détention sont mauvaises, à l’exception de la prise en charge médicale des détenus jugée globalement satisfaisante. La prison n’est pas remise en cause dans ses fondements mais pour 71%des Français, elle doit changer, notamment en ce qui concerne les conditions de détention. L’univers carcéral reste méconnu : les caractéristiques de la population des détenus sont mal connues, les droits accordés aux détenus sont sous estimés. Un des effets de la prison les plus décriés porte sur la récidive : pour les trois quarts des Français (77 %), la prison ne permet pas de lutter contre la récidive, et pour deux Français sur trois (64 %), les aménagements de peine sont perçus comme un levier d’action efficace pour éviter la récidive. Les prises de position des Français sur la prison sont très liées à leur connaissance du milieu carcéral : les plus concernés ou les plus informés sont les plus critiques. |
|
INQUEST
Working for truth, justice and accountability INQUEST’s monitoring of deaths in custody in England and Wales over the last 30 years has been central to the identification of emerging trends and patterns, including the sharply upward trend of women’s deaths in prison between 1998 and 2003. INQUEST’s specialist casework, research and evidence based policy work was critical in generating public and parliamentary debate on women’s deaths in prison and directly influenced the Government’s decision to commission Baroness Corston’s review following the deaths of 6 women at Styal prison in a twelve month period... The state’s responsibility for the deaths of the women featured in this report go beyond the prison walls and extend to failures in mental health and substance abuse provision, sentencing policies and a lack of investment in alternatives to custody... |
| Centre for Crime
and Justice Studies # The overuse of pre-trial detention: causes and consequences. Martin Schönteich examines arbitrary and excessive pre-trial imprisonment www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/ cjm no. 92 June 2013 A near universal reason for the excessive use of pre-trial detention is a lack of coherence over how the presumption of innocence should be balanced against the need to protect the public. Even in places with a strong legislative and jurisprudential basis for protecting the presumption of innocence, it is more a principle than a reality. Often, there is little clarity as to what the concept means, or how it should be applied. This is aggravated by imprecise and restrictive laws in many places. Such laws are not produced in a vacuum; public pressure and populist politicians are often responsible for laws which limit the right to pre-trial release. |
|
Todd
D. Minton Despite the overall stability in Indian country jail admissions, the 70 facilities that provided data in both years reported a 10% increase, from 10,463 admissions in June 2011 to 11,474 in June 2012. Specifically, 40 facilities reported either a decline or no change in their admissions, and 30 facilities reported an increase in their admissions. Over half of the increase in admissions came from the Navajo Department of Corrections - Chinle |
|
Patrizio Gonnella #
I numeri di una giustizia al collasso ... dati impietosi che indicano, numeri alla mano, come sia al collasso la nostra giustizia, sia civile che penale... |
| United States
Government Accountability Office GAO | Bureau of Prisons # Improvements Needed in Bureau of Prisons’ Monitoring and Evaluation of Impact of Segregated Housing www.gao.gov/ May 2013 The overall number of inmates in the Bureau of Prisons’ (BOP) three main types of segregated housing units—Special Housing Units (SHU), Special Management Units (SMU), and Administrative Maximum (ADX)—increased at a faster rate than the general inmate population. Inmates may be placed in SHUs for administrative reasons, such as pending transfer to another prison, and for disciplinary reasons, such as violating prison rules; SMUs, a four-phased program in which inmates can progress from more to less restrictive conditions; or ADX, for inmates that require the highest level of security. From fiscal year 2008 through February 2013, the total inmate population in segregated housing units increased approximately 17 percent—from 10,659 to 12,460 inmates. By comparison, the total inmate |
|
Direction
de l’administration pénitentiaire |
|
Todd
D. Minton | U.S. Department of Justice | Office of
Justice Programs | Bureau of Justice Statistics |
|
Tom
Silver Of all the costs of incarceration, the day-to-day expenses are perhaps the most difficult to ignore. By most estimates, the United States spends over $74 billion annually on its prisons. Ten states now spend more on imprisonment than they do on higher education— six times more, in the case of California. JoAnne Page, CEO of the Fortune Society, a New York-based nonprofit that specializes in prisoner reentry and alternatives to incarceration, told the HPR that these costs are increasing “more than anything else … [because] the average length of stay is going up.” Indeed, from 1990 to 2009, the average length of stay for prisoners increased by 2.9 years. As a result of this progression, the prison population is not only growing, but also aging. |
|
Jo
Hawley, Ilona Murphy, Manuel Souto-Otero | GHK |
|
Republic
of South Africa | Mr. Sibusiso Ndebele, Minister of
Correctional Services, Department Correctional
Services |
| Servizio studi
del Senato | Ufficio ricerche sulle questioni
istituzionali, sulla giustizia e sulla cultura # Dati statistici relativi all'amministrazione della giustizia in Italia dossier n. 11 - maggio 2013 Dato il tasso medio nella UE di detenzione per 100.000 abitanti a 127,7..., rispetto a tale media, l'Italia registra un tasso più basso, pari a 112,6. A fronte di un tasso di detenzione relativamente basso, l'Italia registra un tasso di sovraffollamento delle carceri piuttosto alto. Tale circostanza si verifica, secondo il report ISTAT, "a causa sia dei detenuti in attesa di giudizio, che rappresentano il 43,1% nel 2010 contro una media europea del 27,1%, sia del minor utilizzo delle misure alternative al carcere (30,5 soggetti in misura alternativa per 100.000 abitanti contro i 199,2 per 100.000 abitanti della media europea)" |
|
Matteo
Mascia La popolazione detenuta in Italia ha raggiunto cifre senza precedenti, ben superiori alle oltre 61mila presenze del luglio 2006, data dell'ultimo provvedimento di indulto. Al 31/03/2013 la popolazione detenuta è pari a 65.831 unità, 4.800 in più del giugno 2006. Alla dichiarazione dello stato di emergenza per il sovraffollamento carcerario, 13 gennaio 2010, nelle carceri italiane c'erano 64.791 persone, a fronte di una capienza di 44.073, con un tasso di affollamento del 147 per cento (147 detenuti ogni 100 posti). |
|
Ministerio
del Interior | Secretarìa General de Instituciones
Penitenciarias
Acaip Agrupacion de los Cuerpos de la
Administracion de Instituciones Penitenciarias |
| Joan Petersilia,
Jessica Greenlick Snyder # Looking Past The Hype: 10 Questions Everyone Should Ask About California’s Prison Realignment Calif. J. Politics Policy 2013; 5(2): 266–306 California’s Criminal Justice Realignment Act passed in 2011 shifted vast discretion for managing lower-level offenders from the state to the county, allocated over $2 billion in the first 2 years for local programs, and altered sentences for more than 100,000 offenders. Despite the fact that it is the biggest penal experiment in modern history, the state provided no funding to evaluate its overall effect on crime, incarceration, justice agencies, or recidivism. We provide a framework for a comprehensive evaluation by raising 10 essential questions: (1) Have prison populations been reduced and care sufficiently improved to bring prison medical care up to a Constitutional standard? (2) What is the impact on victim rights and safety? (3) Will more offenders participate in treatment programs, and will recidivism be reduced? (4) Will there be equitable sentencing and treatment across counties? (5) What is the impact on jail crowding, conditions, and litigation? (6) What is the impact on police, prosecution, defense, and judges? (7) What is the impact on probation and parole? (8) What is the impact on crime rates and community life? (9) How much will realignment cost? Who pays? (10) Have we increased the number of people under criminal justice supervision? |
|
République
française - CNCDH Commission Nationale Consultative
des Droits de l'Homme Les dix dernières années, nettement marquées par un basculement vers une politique répressive et ce qu’il est désormais commun d’appeler « le tout carcéral », n’ont pas fourni de solutions satisfaisantes en matière de lutte contre la récidive, au point qu’une majorité des acteurs s’accorde à en dénoncer les méfaits. Face à un système carcéral ayant aujourd’hui largement démontré ses limites, la CNCDH invite les pouvoirs publics à envisager un changement de paradigme profond afin de concilier éducation, répression et réinsertion. Au-delà du seul ministère de la Justice, la CNCDH appelle le Gouvernement à envisager une approche intégrée associant notamment les ministères de la famille, de l’éducation nationale et de l’intérieur, eux aussi pleinement concernés par la lutte efficace contre la récidive. |
|
Garante
delle persone sottoposte a misure restrittive della
libertà personale della Toscana La situazione e' ''sostanzialmente identica'' al gennaio 2010 (anno della dichiarazione di 'stato di emergenza nazionale conseguente all'eccessivo sovraffollamento degli istituti penitenziari'): all'epoca in Toscana erano detenute 4.334 persone in 3.233 posti, con un tasso di affollamento del 134 per cento. Oggi quel tasso è del 127,2 per cento ed è condizionato dalla crescita della capienza del sistema penitenziario, in Toscana pari a 331 unità. Ma questa crescita di capienza dipende, secondo Margara, ''da un diverso calcolo degli spazi disponibili'' quindi questi dati del Dipartimento dell'amministrazione penitenziaria non appaiono attendibili. |
|
Council of Europe COE - Marcelo F. Aebi, Natalia Delgrande # Annual Penal Statistics. Space I. Survey 2011 Strasbourg 3 May 2013
# Annual Penal Statistics. Space II. Survey 2011 | Persons Serving Non-Custodial Sanctions and Measures in 2011 - Strasbourg 3 May 2013
# Comunicato stampa 3 maggio 2013. Secondo un rapporto del Consiglio d’Europa, il sovraffollamento delle carceri costituisce un problema per la metà delle amministrazioni penitenziarie europee |
|
Alberto
Barbieri, Cecilia Francini, Novella Mori, Mariarita
Peca, Marie Aude Tavoso, Marco Nel solo perimetro dell’Unione Europea, la rete Migreurop stima la presenza di almeno 420 strutture di trattenimento ufficiali con una capienza totale di 37.000 posti40. E’ molto diffuso inoltre l’utilizzo di luoghi di detenzione che non compaiono nelle liste ufficiali, quali aeroporti, navi mercantili, campi, carceri statali. In alcuni Paesi, quali la Germania e l’Irlanda, le strutture carcerarie vengono spesso utilizzate per la detenzione degli stranieri, mentre in altri, come la Svizzera, la detenzione ha luogo all’interno di sezioni speciali degli istituti penitenziari ordinari. I luoghi di detenzione sono pertanto molto eterogenei sia per caratteristiche che per modalità di funzionamento. Le due tipologie più ricorrenti sono i centri in cui vengono trattenuti gli stranieri al momento dell’ingresso, quando il loro accesso al territorio è condizionato alla verifica dei requisiti di ingresso e soggiorno, e le strutture di detenzione ai fini dell’espulsione o del rimpatrio degli immigrati già presenti sul territorio in condizioni di irregolarità. La maggior parte dei centri svolgono entrambe le funzioni ed in molti casi sono preposti anche all’identificazione |
| MM. Jean-Yves Le
Bouillonnec et Didier Quentin - Députés | Assemblée
Nationale # Rapport d’information relative à la mesure statistique des délinquances et de leurs conséquences www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ Enregistré à la Présidence de l’Assemblée nationale le 24 avril 2013 Les statistiques des délinquances et de leurs conséquences, objet du présent rapport, ont pris une importance considérable dans le débat public. Tour à tour utilisées pour présenter un bilan favorable de l’action des gouvernements ou, au contraire, pour asseoir, à partir de l’état des lieux qu’elles fournissent, une nouvelle politique pénale, elles sont déraisonnablement mises en avant. La valorisation de ces statistiques, tant par les gouvernants que par les médias, est d’autant plus paradoxale que, comme vos rapporteurs entendent vous le démontrer, ces statistiques n’ont qu’une fiabilité très limitée et ne permettent nullement de mesurer finement les délinquances. |
|
ADALAH
– The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel http://adalah.org
| 10 April 2013:1 |
|
U.S.
Department of Justice DOJ | Office of the
Inspector General | Evaluation and Inspections
Division In the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, Congress authorized the Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to request that a federal judge reduce an inmate’s sentence for “extraordinary and compelling” circumstances. Under the statute, the request can be based on either medical or non-medical conditions that could not reasonably have been foreseen by the judge at the time of sentencing. The BOP has issued regulations and a Program Statement entitled “compassionate release” to implement this authority.3 This review assessed the BOP’s compassionate release program, including whether it provides cost savings or other benefits to the BOP. |
| Michelle S.
Phelps # The Paradox of Probation: Community Supervision in the Age of Mass Incarceration Law & Policy, Vol. 35, Nos 1–2, January–April 2013 After four decades of steady growth, U.S. states’ prison populations finally appear to be declining, driven by a range of sentencing and policy reforms. One of the most popular reform suggestions is to expand probation supervision in lieu of incarceration. However, the classic socio-legal literature suggests that expansions of probation instead widen the net of penal control and lead to higher incarceration rates. This article reconsiders probation in the era of mass incarceration, providing the first comprehensive evaluation of the role of probation in the build-up of the criminal justice system. The results suggest that probation was not the primary driver of mass incarceration in most states, nor is it likely to be a simple panacea to mass incarceration. Rather, probation serves both capacities, acting as an alternative and as a net-widener, to varying degrees across time and place. Moving beyond the question of diversion versus net widening, this article presents a new theoretical model of the probation- rison link that examines the mechanisms underlying this dynamic. Using regression models and case studies, I analyze how states can modify the relationship between probation and imprisonment by changing sentencing outcomes and the practices of probation supervision. When combined with other key efforts, reforms to probation can be part of the movement to reverse mass incarceration. |
|
Fondazione di ricerca Istituto Carlo Cattaneo # Un'anomalia italiana: il sovraffollamento carcerario Analisi e testo a cura di Asher Colombo - twitter: @ashercolombo | 29 marzo 2013 Le
carceri italiane sono più affollate oggi che prima
dell’indulto del 2006, e lo sono più che le |
|
Benjamin
Monnery |
|
Mike
Males, Lizzie Buchen |
| Margo Schlanger # Plata v. Brown and Realignment: Jails, Prisons, Courts, and Politics Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 48, 2013 Informed by court documents,11 state reports and policy papers,12 and interviews,13 I trace the litigation and policy that led to and that have followed the Supreme Court’s ruling affirming the Plata/Coleman population order. The result illustrates the complex interplay of institutional reform litigation and political outcomes and processes. |
| Sbu Ndebele -
South Africa # SA has highest prison population in Africa Mail&Guardian - Africa's Best Read http://mg.co.za/ 11 Feb 2013 South Africa has the highest prison population in Africa, says Correctional Services Minister Sbu Ndebele. We are currently ranked ninth in the world in terms of prison population, with approximately 160.000 inmates, he said in a speech prepared for delivery. |
|
Office
fédéral de la statistique | Suisse |
|
Bear
Witness Project Bear Witness will be a vehicle for mass participation. Way too many people accept mass incarceration as a collection of policies that combat crime and that are administered in a “color blind” way. Forging a massive movement of determined resistance to this injustice has to include as a key part jolting society awake to the ugly reality of this injustice and moving them to change how they view it. Just like the Freedom Riders and other activists of the 1960’s changed the way people viewed "Jim Crow" segregation in the South. |
|
Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania | Department of Corrections |
|
The
Pew Charitable Trusts After nearly four decades of explosive growth, the U.S. prison population declined for two years in a row, according to the Justice Department. Inmate counts fell in about half the states in each year from 2009-10 and 2010-11. Over the past five years, the imprisonment rate fell in 29 states. |
|
Lois
M. Davis, Robert Bozick, Jennifer L. Steele, Jessica
Saunders, Jeremy N. V. Miles | RAND Corporation |
|
Ministero
della Giustizia - Dipartimento per la giustizia
minorile Elaborazione su dati del sistema SISM del 28 marzo 2013 La maggior parte dei minori autori di reato è in carico agli USSM nell’ambito di misure all’esterno; la detenzione, infatti, assume per i minorenni carattere di residualità, per lasciare spazio a percorsi e risposte alternativi, sempre a carattere penale. Negli ultimi anni si sta assistendo ad una sempre maggiore applicazione del collocamento in comunità, non solo quale misura cautelare, ma anche nell’ambito di altri provvedimenti giudiziari, per la sua capacità di contemperare le esigenze educative con quelle contenitive di controllo. L’utenza dei Servizi minorili è prevalentemente maschile; le ragazze sono soprattutto di nazionalità straniera e provengono dall’area dell’ex Jugoslavia e dalla Romania. La criminalità minorile è connotata dalla prevalenza dei reati contro il patrimonio e, in particolare, dei reati di furto e rapina. Frequenti sono anche le violazioni delle disposizioni in materia di sostanze stupefacenti, mentre tra i reati contro la persona prevalgono le lesioni personali volontarie. |
|
House
of Commons - Justice Committee We strongly welcome the substantial decrease since 2006/07 in the number of young people entering the criminal justice system for the first time, and commend local partnerships for their successful efforts to bring this figure down. Justice agencies play a crucial role in preventing youth crime by diverting young people away from formal criminal justice processes, which, when done well, means they are less likely to go on to serious and prolonged offending. We are particularly encouraged that many youth offending teams and police forces are using a restorative approach to resolving minor offending. |
|
Allen
Frances, M.D. Amanda Pustilnik State psychiatry is a mouse in the manger of an elephant, a barnacle on a Leviathan. The coercive giant that straddles our country and that feeds its maw with people who have serious mental illnesses is not state psychiatry. It is our vast prison system, which coercively confines hundreds of thousands of nonviolent, severely mentally ill people who have wound up there for want of adequate treatment.... Five times more people with severe mental illnesses are confined in penal institutions than are treated (or confined) in all psychiatric facilities combined in any given year. In a typical year, according to the Department of Justice, over 300,000 people with severe mental illnesses are incarcerated in state and federal jails and prisons. Yet for the same period, only about 40,000–60,000 people with such conditions reside in public psychiatric hospitals. This current total psychiatric hospital population is also only about ten percent of what it was at its height over a half-century ago, in or around 1957. BJS 2006 |
| Laurent
Mucchielli, # «Un procédé marketing, et pas scientifique» l'Humanité, le 26 Février 2013 On ne peut pas tracer de courbe de la délinquance de 1950 à nos jours à partir de la statistique de police. D’une part, la population était beaucoup moins nombreuse il y a soixante ans. D’autre part, les actes de délinquance enregistrés reposent sur le Code pénal. Or, le texte a été modifié des centaines de fois depuis 1950... |
|
Laurence
Leturmy Quinze ans (1998-2013), neuf lois qui marquent singulièrement l’évolution des dispositions relatives à l’exécution des peines applicables aux récidivistes. Parmi elles, deux, celles du 12 décembre 2005 et du 24 novembre 2009, se distinguent en ce qu’elles visent les condamnés dans une situation de récidive légale avérée. Toutes les autres, 17 juin 1998, 10 août 2007, 25 février 2008, 10 mars 2010, 14 mars 2011, 10 août 2011 et 27 mars 2012 s’intéressent à certains condamnés en raison des risques de récidive que leur dangerosité fait redoute. |
|
Rapport du jury de consensus remis au Premier ministre - Conférence de consensus #
Pour une
nouvelle politique publique de prévention de la
récidive. Principes d’action et méthodes |
|
Lila
Kazemian Il y a deux catégories générales de facteurs de risque liés au comportement délinquant. Les facteurs dynamiques, qu’Andrews et Bonta (2006) qualifient de « besoins criminogènes », sont malléables et peuvent, en principe, être modifiés (par exemple, les caractéristiques cognitives, les valeurs, les comportements, etc.). À l’inverse, les facteurs statiques ne peuvent pas être modifiés; ils incluent des variables tels que l’âge, les antécédents criminels, et les facteurs de risque durant l’enfance. La méta-analyse de Gendreau, Little et Goggin (1996) suggère qu’il est important de tenir compte de ces deux catégories de facteurs dans l’étude de la récidive. Gendreau et al (1996) rapportent que les deux prédicteurs les plus saillants de la récidive sont les antécédents criminels et les besoins criminogènes. L’influence respective de ces facteurs sera discutée ci-dessous. |
|
Nicole
Maestracci | Propos recueillis par Franck Johannès On sait avec certitude que les peines exécutées en milieu ouvert favorisent moins la récidive que les peines de prison. Et ce, dans tous les cas de figures : on objecte souvent que les détenus qui purgent leur peine à l'extérieur sont précisément ceux qui offrent des gages de réinsertion plus importants et qu'ils ont ainsi moins de risques de récidiver. C'est vrai, et des chercheurs ont essayé de neutraliser ces biais de sélection. Il s'avère que, dans tous les cas, les mesures alternatives protègent mieux de la récidive que la prison. Autre point de consensus, le risque de récidive est 1,6 fois plus grand pour les personnes qui sortent de prison, en fin de peine, sans suivi, plutôt qu'en libération conditionnelle. C'est une donnée indiscutable, dont on n'a pas tiré les conséquences, puisque la libération conditionnelle ne concerne qu'un sortant de prison sur dix. |
|
Sonya Faure |
|
Ministére
de la Justice | Odile Timbart |
| Département
fédéral de justice et police DFJP | Office fédéral de la
justice OFJ | Unité Exécution des peines et mesures # Pratique de l’exécution des peines: Les collaborateurs sous la loupe https://www.bj.admin.ch/ Informations sur l’exécution des peines et mesures 1/2013 |
|
Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire | Bureau des études, de la prospective et des méthodes # Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France Situation
au 1er février 2013 www.justice.gouv.fr
Le Monde.fr #
Février
2013 : chiffres clefs de la population carcérale |
|
France
| Conférence de consensusPrincipes d’action et
méthodes Rapport
du jury de consensus remis au Premier ministre
Pierre V. Tournier Une détention «utile», c’est avant tout une détention dont les conditions vont permettre de respecter, à tout moment, la dignité de la personne détenue, et ce en conformité avec l’article 3 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme interdisant les traitements inhumains et dégradants. C’est une détention qui est en cohérente avec le sens que lui a assigné le législateur, dans le cadre de l’article 1er de la loi pénitentiaire (24 novembre 2009), reprenant une formulation du Conseil de l’Europe: «Permettre à la personne détenue de mener une vie responsable et prévenir la commission de nouvelles infractions». Comment atteindre un tel objectif de responsabilisation dans des établissements pénitentiaires surpeuplés?
Ministère de la Justice |
|
England
and Wales - Ministry of Justice Between June 1993 and June 2012 the prison population in England and Wales increased by 41,800 prisoners to over 86,000. Almost all of this increase (98%) took place within two segments of the population - those sentenced to immediate custody* (85% of the increase) and those recalled to prison for breaking the conditions of their release (13% of the increase). |
|
England and Wales - Ministry of Justice The prison population at 31 December 2012 was 83,757, a decrease of 2,415 (3 per cent) compared to 31 December 2011 when the total population was 86,172... Within the adult sentenced population, the numbers serving longer determinate sentences of 4 years or more continued to rise (up 5 per cent from 23,361 to 24,462), while those serving shorter sentences fell. The number of prisoners serving indeterminate sentences (either a life sentence or an Indeterminate Sentence for Public Protection – an IPP) fell by two per cent to 13,577... The annual total probation caseload (court orders and pre and post release supervision) increased by 39 per cent between 2000 and 2008 to 243,434, before falling slightly to 234,528 in 2011. |
|
England / Wales | Ministry of Justice # Population and Capacity Briefing for Friday 25/01/2013 http://www.justice.gov.uk/ |
| Ministry of
Justice # Story of the Prison Population: 1993 – 2012. England and Wales www.gov.uk/ January 2013 Between June 1993 and June 2012 the prison population in England and Wales increased by 41,800 prisoners to over 86,000. Almost all of this increase (98%) took place within two segments of the population - those sentenced to immediate custody* (85% of the increase) and those recalled to prison for breaking the conditions of their release (13% of the increase)... • Since 1999, sentenced offenders have been spending longer in prison, which has also contributed to the increase in the prison population. There has been an increase of 1.4 months in the average time served in custody since 1999 for offenders serving determinate sentences. • This reflects longer determinate sentences handed down by the courts, which increased by 2.1 months between 2000 and 2004, and by 2 months between 2007 and 2011... |
|
Prison
Service Journal Mary Bosworth, Blerina Kellezi, Developing a Measure of the Quality of Life
in Detention | Hon
Judi Moylan, Desperation,
Displacement and Detention: Australia’s Treatment of
Asylum Seekers Past |
|
Francesco
Cascini |
|
Turkey - CEZA VE TEVKİFEVLERİ GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ İSTATİSTİĞİ # Statistics General Directorate of Prisons and Detention Houses www.cte.adalet.gov.tr 28.02.2013 Total 126.393 || Official capacity of prison system 142,906 (28.1.2013). Prison population rate (per 100,000 of national population) 167, based on an estimated national population of 75.89 million at end of February 2013.
# ICPS Turkish prison |
|
Portugal - Direcção-Geral dos Serviços Prisionais
Direção-Geral
dos Serviços Prisionais
# Prison Statistics Portugal - 2011
# ICPS - 2010 |
|
Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP # Presenze - Ingressi - Eventi critici - Bilancio Dati del 18 marzo 2013
31 dicembre 2012 |
| Mexico - Órgano
Administrativo Desconcentrado Prevencion y Readaptacion
Social # Estadisticas del Sistema Penitenciartio Nacional www.ssp.gob.mx - Enero 2013 |
|
Thomas
H. Cohen From 1995 to 2010, the percentage of federal defendants who were detained pretrial increased from 59% to 76%... Federal defendants detained for the duration of a case increased from 42% in 1995 to 64% in 2010. Between 1995 and 2010, the number of defendants detained pretrial increased by 184% Growth in the number of pretrial detentions were driven by immigration caseloads, which increased by 664% between 1995 and 2010. |
|
Russian Legal Information
Agency RAPSI |
|
Japan’s prisons #
Eastern porridge.Even
Japanese criminals are orderly and well-behaved Japan incarcerates its citizens at a far lower rate than most developed countries: 55 per 100,000 people compared with 149 in Britain and 716 in America. The country’s justice ministry can also point to low rates of recidivism. Yet increasingly the nation’s 188 prisons and detention centres come in for harsh criticism, particularly over their obsession with draconian rules and secrecy (on February 21st the government unexpectedly announced it had hanged three men for murder), and their widespread use of solitary confinement. |
| M. Dominique
Raimbourg, M. Sébastien Huyghe # Mission d’information sur les moyens de lutte contre la surpopulation carcérale www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ 23 janvier 2013 Les thèmes de l’inflation carcérale et de la surpopulation des établissements pénitentiaires font, depuis de nombreuses années, partie intégrante des débats sur la prison... la surpopulation des établissements pénitentiaires est le produit, à un instant donné, du déséquilibre entre le nombre de personnes détenues et le nombre de places opérationnelles du parc carcéral. De manière concrète, elle se traduit par un taux moyen d’occupation des établissements pénitentiaires supérieur à 100 %... La surpopulation carcérale n’est ni une situation nouvelle, ni un phénomène exclusivement français. À l’occasion de son audition par la mission, M. Lorenzo Salazar, président du Comité européen pour les problèmes criminels du Conseil de l’Europe, a par exemple rappelé que le taux d’occupation moyen des établissements pénitentiaires italiens s’élevait, en octobre 2012, à 145 %. Au 1er septembre 2010, celui de la Belgique atteignait 125 %. Plus généralement, le phénomène concerne, à un degré certes variable, de nombreux pays européens. |
|
Christine
Lazerges – Commission nationale consultative des
droits de l'Homme Depuis 2005, les lois sur la prévention et la répression de la récidive se sont succédé à un rythme infernal. Ces lois ont constitué une fuite en avant, au nom de la dangerosité. Elles n’ont pu influer de manière décisive sur la récidive. L’une des raisons centrales de cet échec est l’insuffisante connaissance des causes de la récidive. Les données existantes sont par ailleurs très peu et très mal diffusées, et les personnes qui ont directement pour rôle de prévenir la récidive n’en disposent que rarement. L’initiative de la conférence de consensus est un effort de mise en commun des connaissances qu’il convient de saluer. Il conviendrait de soutenir la recherche scientifique sur le sujet, et de permettre une meilleure diffusion des savoirs. Cependant, il est nécessaire de garder à l’esprit que la prédiction d’un comportement futur est impossible, et que la suppression complète de toute forme de récidive est illusoire... |
|
Statistisches Bundesamt - Rechtspflege |
|
Amnesty International # Prison Statistics Iraq ICPS |
|
James
Austin, Eric Cadora, Todd R. Clear, Kara Dansky,
Judith Greene, Vanita Gupta, Marc Mauer, Nicole
Porter, Susan Tucker, Malcolm C. Young |
|
Human
Rights in Ukraine - Information website of the Kharkiv
Human Rights Protection Group
|
|
Thailand | Thai Prison Statistics # Latest statistics about prisons in Thailand: Prison Population 2012- feb.2013 www.thaiprisonlife.com - ICPS Prison population 1 Feb 2013: 219,466 men & 37,857 women = 257,323 . The 144 prisons in Thailand only have a capacity for 105,748 prisoners based on regulations that each inmate has 2.25 square metres of space in a cell. |
| Luiz G.A. Alves,
Haroldo V. Ribeiro, Renio S. Mendes # Scaling laws in the dynamics of crime growth rate Physica A 392 (2013) 2672–2679 The increasing number of crimes in areas with large concentrations of people have made cities one of the main sources of violence. Understanding characteristics of how crime rate expands and its relations with the cities size goes beyond an academic question, being a central issue for contemporary society. Here, we characterize and analyze quantitative aspects of murders in the period from 1980 to 2009 in Brazilian cities. We find that the distribution of the annual, biannual and triannual logarithmic homicide growth rates exhibit the same functional form for distinct scales, that is, a scale invariant behavior. We also identify asymptotic power-law decay relations between the standard deviations of these three growth rates and the initial size. Further, we discuss similarities with complex organizations.
Luiz
G. A. Alves, Haroldo V. Ribeiro, Ervin K. Lenzi, Renio
S. Mendes www.plosone.org/
August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8
|
|
Associazione Antigone # Osservatorio europeo sulle condizioni di detenzione Febbraio 2013 |
|
Bianconi
Giovanni Dal 2007 c'è stata una costante crescita, da 526 ai 680 detenuti del 2010. Nel 2011 s'è registrato un fisiologico calo di 7 unità e nel 2012 s'è raggiunta la cifra record di 699 detenuti: quattro le donne |
|
Nathan
James - Congressional Research Service Congress could consider whether there are alternative ways to properly manage offenders convicted of committing relatively minor crimes without sending them to prison. Data from BJS show that in FY2010 over half of inmates entering federal prison were sentenced to three years or less. Given the relatively short sentences these inmates received, it is likely that they were sentenced for relatively minor offenses. One policy option Congress could consider is amending penalties for some offenses to allow more defendants to be placed on probation rather than being sentenced to a period of incarceration. |
| Annie Kensey # Les « taux de récidive » : principaux enseignements http://conference-consensus.justice.gouv.fr/ 2013 L’âge au moment de la libération est une variable évaluée comme très corrélée à la récidive. Dans toutes les études, le taux de récidive varie en raison inverse de l’âge : plus l’âge augmente, plus la récidive diminue. Dans la dernière étude, les mineurs présentent un taux de recondamnation supérieur de 17 points à celui des majeurs (75% contre 58%) et un taux de prison ferme supérieur de 21 points (66% pour les mineurs contre 45% pour les majeurs). Pour les libérés de 50 ans et plus, le taux de recondamnation était de 29%. |
|
France -
Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
Direction de l’Administration
Pénitentiaire - Ministere de la Justice et des
Libertés |
|
UNODC
Office des Nations Unies contre la Drogue et le Crime
| Vivienne Chin, Yvon Dandurand |
|
James
Austin, Michael P. Jacobson, Inimai Chettiar | VERA
Institute of Justice |
| Giovanni Cellini # Controllo Sociale, Servizio Sociale e Professioni di Aiuto. Una Ricerca nel Sistema Penitenziario Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca | Dipartimento di Sociologia | Dottorato in Sociologia Applicata e Metodologia della Ricerca Sociale - 2013 In Italia il sistema penitenziario è basato su un modello riabilitativo, teso al reinserimento sociale degli autori di reato, che affida compiti rilevanti alle professioni di aiuto. Tra queste, il servizio sociale è chiamato oggi a confrontarsi con un nuovo ordine sociale, segnato dall’influenza del pensiero neoliberista. In questo scenario i mutamenti delle politiche sociali, intervenuti con la crisi del welfare state, sono intrecciati con quelli delle politiche penali. Nella letteratura sociologica contemporanea ci si interroga sulla graduale transizione da un modello di welfare basato principalmente sulla garanzia del benessere sociale ad un modello in cui l’interesse dominante è, fondamentalmente, quello di garantire un controllo sociale efficace. In questo “nuovo welfare” si registra un impoverimento della protezione sociale e delle risorse da destinare ai segmenti di popolazione più vulnerabili; tale processo ha portato, in alcuni casi, a pratiche di policy discriminatorie, finalizzate all’incarcerazione delle persone più svantaggiate. Queste tematiche sono al centro della ricerca qualitativa presentata nel volume, realizzata in Lombardia, Piemonte e Liguria, mediante interviste semi-strutturate a professionisti operanti nel settore penitenziario: assistenti sociali – in prevalenza nel campione –, educatori e psicologi. |
2012
|
Dap Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria # Risorse
umane e finanziarie, popolazione detenuta, corsi
e lavoro in carcere |
| Gobierno de
El Salvador | Ministerio de Justicia y Securidad
Publica, Direccion General de Centros Penales # Estadística Penitenciaria al 31/Diciembre/2012 www.dgcp.gob.sv/ |
|
Gobierno de España | Ministerio del
Interior |
|
Washington Department of Corrections |
|
Israel Prison Service # A Map of the Prisons - Types of Violations Ministry of Public Security 2012 Security Prisoners - There are some 4,500 security prisoners and detainees incarcerated in the Israel Prison Service, about 50% of whom are considered prisoners “with blood on their hands.” These prisoners include men, women and minors...
|
| Margaret E.
Noonan # Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons, 2000-2010 - Statistical Tables U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice Programs - Bureau of Justice Statistics December 2012 During 2010, 4,150 inmates died while in the custody of local jails and state prisons—a 5% decline from 2009. Local jails accounted for about a quarter of all inmate deaths, with 918 inmates who died in custody in 2010. The number of jail inmate deaths declined from 2009 to 2010 (down 3%), while the mortality rate remained relatively stable, from 128 deaths per 100,000 jail inmates in 2009 to 125 per 100,000 in 2010. The five leading causes of jail inmate deaths were suicide, heart disease, drug or alcohol intoxication, cancer, and liver disease. Most inmates who died in custody were serving time in state prisons (78%). In 2010, 3,232 state prison inmates died in custody—a 5% decline from 2009. The mortality rate in state prisons declined slightly, from 257 deaths per 100,000 prison inmates in 2009 to 245 per 100,000 in 2010. In 2010, the five leading causes of state prison inmate deaths were cancer, heart disease, liver disease, respiratory disease, and suicide. |
|
Statistics Belgium # Population détenue 2005 -2012
Le
Soir -- Belgique Ce nombre de personnes emprisonnées est un record absolu. En théorie, seules 9.600 places sont cependant disponibles. [La Belgique compte 32 prisons : 16 en Flandre, 14 en Wallonie et 2 à Bruxelles. A Paifve, des internés séjournent dans un établissement de défense sociale. Les internés sont des personnes qui ont commis un délit et que le juge a déclaré irresponsables de leurs actes]. |
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Canada Public Safety # Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview 2012 Public Works and Government Services Canada December 2012 The overall crime rate has decreased 25.9% since 1998, from 8,915 per 100,000 to 6,604 in 2011. Over the same period, there was a 38.2% decrease in the property crime rate, from a rate of 5,696 per 100,000 to 3,520 in 2011. In contrast, the crime rate for drug offences has increased 39.5% since 1998, from 235 per 100,000 population to 328... Canada’s incarceration rate is higher than the rates in most Western European countries but much lower than the United States, where the most recent incarceration rate was 730 per 100,000 general population. Based on the most up to date information available from the International Centre for Prison Studies, Canada’s incarceration rate was 117 per 100,000, calculated based on the 2008 population... |
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The
European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Between 2008 and 2010, the European trend is still increasing budgets for justice in general and the judicial system in particular (+6.8%). The development of the judicial system remains a priority for governments in Europe... Different political choices - or structural ways for building justice organisation – can be highlighted in Europe: more than half the member states spend more resources to other areas of justice than the judicial system (prison system, etc.), while others direct public budgetary efforts mainly to court operation. |
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Istat | Ministero della Giustizia - DAP # I detenuti nelle carceri italiane 18 dicembre 2012 Per quanto riguarda le misure alternative alla detenzione va segnalato un aumento rispetto agli anni immediatamente precedenti: sono infatti 22.423 i soggetti in esecuzione penale esterna al 31 dicembre 20114 (erano 5.933 nel 2006 e 10.220 nel 2008), un numero di non molto superiore della metà dei condannati reclusi (38.023 al 31 dicembre 2011). Negli altri paesi europei, invece, il numero di beneficiari di misure alternative è doppio rispetto ai condannati presenti negli Istituti Penitenziari. L’Italia, quindi, pur avendo un tasso di detenzione più basso di altri paesi europei, ricorre meno alle misure alternative al carcere: nel 2010 in Italia vi erano 30,5 soggetti in misura alternativa per 100.000 abitanti contro i 199,2 (per 100.000 abitanti) della media europea. A titolo di esempio si consideri che, in Francia nel 2010, a fronte di 59.856 detenuti in carcere, i soggetti in esecuzione penale esterna erano 173.022 e che nel Regno Unito, a fronte di 81.627 detenuti, i soggetti in misura alternativa sono 237.507. In Italia tali valori nel 2010 erano, rispettivamente, 67.961 e 18.435. Nel 2011 i valori sono 66.897 e 22.423 con un tasso pari al 37,5 per 100.000 abitanti. |
|
Human
Rights Watch
The
New York Times - EDITORIAL |
| Gabrielle Garton
Grimwood, Gavin Berman # Reducing Reoffending: the "What Works" Debate House of Commons Library, Research Paper 12/71, 22 November 2012 |
| Human Rights
Watch # “Prison Is Not For Me”. Arbitrary Detention in South Sudan www.hrw.org/ 2012 While ensuring accountability for crimes is a critical aspect of establishing the rule of law, arbitrary detention is rife in South Sudan,with individuals who should not have been detained at all spending months or even years in one of the country’s approximately 79 prisons. There are people in prison detained simply to compel the appearance of a relative or friend; because they were said to show evidence of mental disability; or because they are unable to pay a debt, court fine, or compensation award. Many are serving prison terms for adultery or for customary law crimes such as “elopement” or “pregnancy,”which place undue restrictions on the rights to privacy and to marry a spouse of one’s choice. Legal aid is almost totally absent, leaving individuals charged with crimes—the vast majority of whom are illiterate—unable to follow the status of their case or to call and prepare witnesses in their defense. |
|
France
- Ministère de la Justice
Secrétariat Général - Service support et moyens du ministère - Sous-Direction de la Statistique et des Etudes # Annuaire statistique de la Justice. Édition 2011-2012 La Documentation française - Direction de l’information légale et administrative. Paris 2012 |
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Franck Johannès LE MONDE | 20.08.2012 La principale étude française (des démographes Annie Kensey et Abdelmalik Benaouda, du bureau des études et de la prospective de l'administration pénitentiaire) a prouvé que 63 % des sortants de prison sans aménagement de peine étaient à nouveau condamnés dans les cinq ans, contre 39 % pour les sortants en libération conditionnelle. Les différentes études internationales confirment ces résultats, une étude canadienne de référence (Smith, Goggin et Gendreau en 2002), conclut franchement à "l'inefficacité des stratégies punitives pour réduire la récidive"... Six fois moins de conseillers d'insertion que de surveillants. |
| Tapio
Lappi-Seppälä # Imprisonment and Penal Policy in Finland Scandinavian Studies In Law, 2012 During the 1990s foreign population living in Finland increased by some 250 %. This was reflected also in the prisoner rates. The number of foreign prisoners increased from a near zero to a figure that corresponds to about 9 % of the Finnish prisoner rates. During the 1990s foreign population living in Finland increased by some 250 %. This was reflected also in the prisoner rates. The number of foreign prisoners increased from a near zero to a figure that corresponds to about 9 % of the Finnish prisoner rates. |
| Daria Perrone # Il costo del carcere Rivista dell'Associazione Italiana dei Costituzionalisti, 31 luglio 2012 |
|
Libération #
Le manifeste «pour une justice pénale
efficace» L'ensemble des recherches internationales menées depuis plus de vingt ans converge vers les mèmes conclusions: le recours systématique à l'emprisonnement aggrave les risques de récidive.
Jean-Claude Bouvier, Valérie Sagant, Pascale Bruston, Charlotte Cloarec, Marie Cretenot, Lara Danguy des Deserts, Sarah Dindo, Ludovic Fossey, Benoist Hurel, Sarah Silva-Descas #
Prévention
de la récidive: sortir de l'impasse. Pour une
politique pénale efficace, innovante et respectueuse
des droits
Sonya Faure # Récidive
: pour une autre prévention Depuis janvier, des sociologues, des statisticiens, des magistrats, des conseillers d’insertion de la pénitentiaire ... présentent aujourd’hui dans Libération un manifeste, fruit de leur réflexion. «Depuis dix ans, le système pénal français est engagé dans une course à l’abîme. Une véritable frénésie législative - 29 lois pénales votées en dix ans - a conduit à la multiplication des incriminations et des occasions de recours à l’emprisonnement. Les résultats de cette politique doivent être pris pour ce qu’ils sont : le témoignage d’un échec et la promesse d’une faillite.». |
| M. Jean-René
Lecerf et Mme Nicole Borvo Cohen-Seat (Sénateurs) # Rapport d'information fait au nom de la commission des lois constitutionnelles, de législation, du suffrage universel, du Règlement et d’administration générale (1) et de la commission sénatoriale pour le contrôle de l’application des lois (2) sur l’application de la loi pénitentiaire n° 2009-1436 du 24 novembre 2009 www.senat.fr/ Enregistré à la Présidence du Sénat le 4 juillet 2012 |
|
Scott
Wm. Bowman, Raphael Travis Jr. |
|
Susan
M. Campers |
|
Rob
Allen The
recent study by the National Audit Office found no
correlations, noting “the lack of evidence for a clear
relationship between the use of prison and changes in
crime levels”.15 The countries in their study included
some where crime had gone down, as the prison
population had increased (including all three UK
jurisdictions); countries where crime had increased,
as the prison population increased (including the
Republic of Ireland); one country where crime was up
but the prison population down (Finland) and another
where crime had gone down and so had the prison
population the |
| The Sentencing
Project # Trends in U.S. Corrections http://sentencingproject.org/ May 18, 2012 |
| Barbara Owen,
Alan Mobley # Realignment in California: Policy and Research Implications Western Criminology Review 13(2):46-52 2012 Many important questions surround the policy change. What does realignment say about our contemporary approach to crime and punishment? Will California continue to invest in a punitive criminal justice system, albeit at the local level, at the expense of needed social services? Will this touted reform change how offenders are treated and create rehabilitative and reentry services that do, in fact, reduce recidivism? Or, as many advocates fear, will this new system of punishment repeat the mistakes of the state prison system and continue the practice of “mass incarceration” that has affected mostly poor and minority communities? California, through its 58 local counties, has an opportunity to do something different: to examine the purposes and rationale for punishment and address criminal offending in alternative ways, breaking the dependence on incarceration. We await answers to these questions-- and many others—as Realignment and its consequences play out in the communities and people of California. |
|
Elías Carranza # Situación penitenciaria en América Latina y el Caribe ¿Qué hacer? Anuario de Derechos Humanos 2012 -
No. 8 (2012) pág. 31 - 66 Argentina Bolivia - Brasil - Colombia - Costa Rica - Chile - Ecuador - El Salvador - Guatemala - Honduras - México - Nicaragua - Panamá - Paraguay - Perú - R. Dominicana - Uruguay - Venezuela. La situación penitenciaria en los países de América Latina y el Caribe es muy grave. Hay alta violencia, numerosas muertes y delitos que ocurren al interior de los presidios, muchos de ellos cometracialen su interior pero con efectos fuera de ellos, y gravísimas violaciones a derechos humanos tanto de las personas privadas de libertad como de las personas funcionarias. La situación ha venido deteriorándose durante las tres últimas décadas (1980-2010), y ha escapado del control de los países a partir de la década de los noventa en la mayoría de los casos. |
|
Infojus
- Sistema Argentino Informacion Juridica |
|
Andrew Coyle # Prisiones
y prisioneros: una revisión desde los estándares
internacionales de derechos humanos. An overview
of prisons, prisoners and international human
rights standards |
|
Justice
Center - The Council of State Governments (CSG) Many states are now presenting data that indicate declines in statewide recidivism rates for adults released from prison... This brief highlights significant statewide recidivism reductions achieved in Kansas, Michigan, Mississippi, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, and Vermont. For each state, this brief compares three-year post-release recidivism rates for two cohorts: people exiting prison in 2005 and those released in 2007. This data is among the most current available for statewide three-year recidivism rates. Some states saw particularly sharp reductions during this period, such as Kansas, which achieved a 15-percent decline, and Michigan, which saw an 18-percent drop. When measuring recidivism changes over a longer period of time, the reductions for some states are even more dramatic: Ohio’s recidivism rate declined by 21 percent between 2003 and 2008, while Texas saw a drop of 22 percent between 2000 and 2007. |
|
Giovanni
Tamburino |
| Donatella Stasio # Meno recidiva, più crescita Il Sole 24ore 27 settembre 2012 La recidiva ha un costo sociale ed economico: riduce il livello di sicurezza collettiva, scoraggia gli investimenti, pesa sul bilancio dello Stato. Abbattere la recidiva significa quindi contribuire alla crescita di un Paese in termini di legalità, risparmio e competitività. Roberto Nicastro |
|
J.
Grinage Journal
of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology Review |
|
National
Indigenous Drug and Alcohol Committee nidac | Australian
National Council on Drugs ANCD Indigenous Australians are over-represented in Australian prisons. At 30 June 2011, there were 29 106 prisoners in Australian prisons, of which 7656 (26%) were Indigenous (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011a). By comparison, 2.5 per cent of the total population was Indigenous in 2011 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011b). In 2010–11, the imprisonment rate for Indigenous adults (aged 18 years or over) was 1746.51 per 100 000 compared with a corresponding rate of 125.4 for non-Indigenous people — a ratio of Indigenous to non-Indigenous imprisonment rates of 13.9 |
|
Jacob
& Valeria Langeloth Foundation | John Jay College
| Policy Research Associates |
| Lynn Langton,
Marcus Berzofsky, Christopher Krebs, Hope
Smiley-McDonald # Victimizations Not Reported to the Police, 2006-2010 www.bjs.gov/ August 2012 During the period from 2006 to 2010, 52% of all violent victimizations, or an annual average of 3,382,200 violent victimizations, were not reported to the police. Of these, over a third (34%) went unreported because the victim dealt with the crime in another way, such as reporting it to another official, like a guard, manager, or school official. Almost 1 in 5 unreported violent victimizations were not reported because the victim believed the crime was not important enough. |
|
Maribel Lozano Cortés #
Estudio
comparativo de la cárcel en España y México en la
actualidad |
|
Cindy
Chang The
Times-Picayune Louisiana imprisons more people than any nation in the world: Louisiana 1,619 people per 100,000 residents | United State 730 | Russia 525 | Rwanda 450 | Iran 333 | China 122 | Afghanistan 62 |
| Department of
Justice (G. J. Mazza ed.) # Report on Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails. Review Panel on Prison Rape U.S. Department of Justice, April 2012 This Report presents the findings of the Review Panel on Prison Rape (Panel), resulting from the hearings it held in Washington, DC, in the spring and fall of 2011, based on the national survey that the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) published in August 2010, Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails, Reported by Inmates, 2008-09. Under the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003, the Panel is responsible for holding public hearings to which it invites, relying on data from the BJS, two correctional institutions with a low prevalence of sexual victimization and three institutions with a high prevalence of sexual victimization. The purpose of the hearings is to identify the common characteristics of (1) sexual predators and victims, (2) correctional institutions with a low prevalence of sexual victimization, and (3) correctional institutions with a high prevalence of sexual victimization. |
|
Paula Smith and Myrinda Schweitzer Historically, one of
main purposes of the American correctional system has
been to rehabilitate offenders . At the present time,
there is now a well-developed literature on “what
works” in reducing offender recidivism that |
|
Kofi
Poku Quan-Baffour, Britta E. Zawada |
| Christian
Henrichson, Ruth Delaney # The Price of Prisons What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers Vera Institute of Justice, January 2012 (Updated 7/20/12) A growing body of research suggests—and government officials acknowledge—that beyond a certain point, further increases in incarceration have significantly diminishing returns as a means of making communities safer. This means that for many systems, putting more lower-risk offenders in prison is yielding increasingly smaller improvements in public safety and may cost more to taxpayers than the value of the crime it prevents. As states look to strike a balance that results in better outcomes, it is essential to assess the benefits and costs of incarceration. |
|
Human Rights Watch Using data from the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Human Rights Watch calculates that the number of sentenced federal and state prisoners who are age 65 or older grewan astonishing 94 times fasterthan the total sentenced prisoner population between 2007 and 2010. The older prison population increased by 63 percent, while the total prison population grewby 0.7 percent during the same period. Some older men andwomen in prison today enteredwhen they were young or middle-aged; others committed crimes when they were already along in years. Those who have lengthy sentences, as many do, are notlikely to leave prison before they are aged and infirm. Some will die behind bars: between 2001 and 2007, 8,486 prisoners age 55 or older died in prison. |
|
Ilyana
Kuziemko Exploiting quasi-experiments from the state of Georgia, I show that prison time reduces recidivism risk and that parole boards set prison time in an allocatively e cient manner. Prisoners respond to these incentives; after a reform that eliminated parole for certain o enders, they accumulated a greater number of disciplinary infractions, completed fewer prison rehabilitative programs, and recidivated at higher rates than inmates una ected by the reform. I estimate that eliminating parole for all prisoners would increase the prison population by ten percent while also increasing the crime rate through deleterious e ects on recidivism. |
| American Civil
Liberties Union ACLU | Allen Hopper, Margaret
Dooley-Sammuli, Kelli Evans # Public Safety Realignment: California at a Crossroads ACLU of California March 2012 It’s time to fix California’s broken criminal justice system. Most people in California jails have not been convicted of a crime. More than 50,000 of the 71,000 Californians held in a county jail on any given day are awaiting trial: that‘s 71% of county jails’ average daily population. In addition to the human cost, there is a high financial cost of pretrial incarceration. $100 per day to keep someone in jail awaiting trial. $2.50 per day to monitor people with pretrial programs. |
|
Roy Walmsley | International Centre for
Prison Studies ICPS |
| Penal Reform
International # Alternatives to imprisonment in East Africa. Trends and challenges www.penalreform.org/ 2012 Prison overcrowding is a serious problem on the African continent. According to the International Centre for Prison Studies’ World Prison Brief, the number of prisoners exceeds capacity in 28 out of 40 African countries. In nine countries occupancy levels are more than twice capacity. Figures compiled by the International Centre for Prison Studies show the occupancy rate of prisons to be 226% of capacity in Kenya (2010), 214% in Uganda (2011) and 145% in Tanzania (2011). A large part of the overcrowding problem is caused by the widespread use of often lengthy pre-trial detention. Pre-trial detainees represent 54% of prisoners in Uganda, 52% in Tanzania and 43% in Kenya. |
|
Jane
Hurry, Lynne Rogers, Margaret Simonot, Anita Wilson |
|
State of Wisconsin -
Department of Corrections |
|
España - Ministerio del
Interior - La Administración Penitenciaria # Clasificación y tratamiento de los internos. Régimen penitenciario |
|
Europa
Press | Barcelona El 84,4%
de los presos españoles sufre o ha sufrido
enfermedades mentales en algún momento de su vida
en las prisiones españolas, en su mayoría por
adicción o abuso de drogas (76%), según un
estudio con datos de 2011 al que ha tenido acceso
Europa Press, realizado a más de 700 hombres
de cinco cárceles de Cataluña, Madrid y Zaragoza.
INFORME PRECA # COMUNICADO:
El 80% de los reclusos de centros penitenciarios
españoles ha sufrido un trastorno mental |
| Conférence de
consensus sur la prévention de la récidive # Combien coûte la prison ? http://conference-consensus.justice.gouv.fr/ 2012 Pour les personnes qui ont bénéficié d’une alternative à l’incarcération ou qui ont été écrouées et bénéficient d’un aménagement de peine, la prise en charge par l’administration pénitentiaire représente un coût très inférieur à celui de la détention... Pour l’ensemble de ces mesures mises en œuvre par le service pénitentiaire d’insertion et de probation (SPIP) en milieu ouvert, il a été établi un coût moyen annuel de 1014 € par personne. |
| Mexico -
Secretaria de Securidad Publica # El Sistema Penitenciario Mexicano - 6 de septeimbre 2012 www.cmic.org/ Hay 419 centros penitenciarios con 188 mil 147 espacios. 13 centros federales con 18 mil 684 espacios 305 centros estatales y 10 del D.F. con 165 mil 419 espacios 91 centros municipales con 4 mil 044 espacios • El 50% de las instalaciones penitenciarias del país (226 centros de reclusión estatales y municipales) tiene sobrepoblación. • 50% de la población se concentra en 30 centros de reclusión. • 7 estados concentran el 52% de la población penitenciaria: Distrito Federal, Estado de México, Baja California, Jalisco, Sonora, Nuevo León y Puebla. |
|
Kim
Williams, Vea Papadopoulou and Natalie Booth |
Ministry of Justice Analytical Services Many prisoners had problematic backgrounds: Twenty-four per cent stated that they had been in care at some point during their childhood. Those who had been in care were younger when they were first arrested, and were more likely to be reconvicted in the year after release from custody than those who had never been in care. Many prisoners had experienced abuse (29%) or observed violence in the home (41%) as a child – particularly those who stated that they had a family member with an alcohol or drug problem. Those who reported experiencing abuse or observing violence as a child were more likely to be reconvicted in the year after release than those who did not. Thirty-seven per cent of prisoners reported having family members who had been convicted of a non-motoring criminal offence, of whom 84% had been in prison, a young offenders’ institution or borstal. Prisoners with a convicted family member were more likely to be reconvicted in the year after release from custody than those without a convicted family member. Eighteen per cent of prisoners stated that they had a family member with an alcohol problem, and 14% with a drug problem. |
| Ikponwosa Ekunwe # Finnish Criminal Policy: From Hard Time to Gentle Justice Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, n. 1-2, 2012 One important idea that emerged was that prison cures nobody. As a result policies were enacted that prison sentences should rarely be used in smaller crimes and other penalty systems should be developed instead... Policies in the criminal justice system in Finland, imbedded with the principles of legality, equality and humaneness by making rehabilitation the central value, have created an encouraging situation for offenders in desisting from crime. The initial high numbers of confined criminals in Finland by the beginning of the 1960s subsided to the Nordic level of 50–60 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants by 1998... |
| Laurent
Mucchielli, Emilie Raquet, Claire Saladino # Délinquances et contextes sociaux en région PACA. Premiers éléments pour un tableau de bord statistique analytique Etudes et travaux de l’ORDCS (Observatoire Régional de la Délinquance et des Contextes Sociaux), N°1 - Février 2012 Cette étude constitue le premier travail statistique réalisé par l’ORDCS sur l’ensemble de la région PACA, à partir des chiffres officiels de la police et de la gendarmerie. Dans une première partie, les auteurs expliquent d’abord longuement les précautions méthodologiques indispensables à l’utilisation de ces données administratives, signalant au passage les critiques qui peuvent être adressées aux divers organismes utilisant couramment ces statistiques. Ils expliquent, dans une seconde 22partie, la sélection qu’ils ont réalisée parmi les 107 index de cette statistique administrative, ainsi que les regroupements qu’ils ont opérés pour construire 5 nouveaux indicateurs de délinquances. |
|
E.
Ann Carson, William J. Sabol - Bureau of Justice
Statistics BJS The number of state and federal prisoners sentenced to more than one year declined by 15,254 individuals, from 1,552,669 in 2010 to 1,537,415 in 2011. Between 2010 and 2011, the imprisonment rate — the number of sentenced prisoners divided by the U.S. resident population times 100,000 — declined from 500 to 492 per 100,000 U.S. residents (table 6). The imprisonment rate has declined consistently since 2007 when there were 506 persons imprisoned per 100,000 U.S. residents. The rate in 2011 was comparable to the rate observed in 2005 (492 per 100,000). |
|
David
E. Olson, Sema Taheri |
| Tracey Kyckelhahn
- Bureau of Justice Statistics BJS # State Corrections Expenditures, FY 1982-2010 Bulletin December 2012 Between 1982 and 2001, total state corrections expenditures increased each year, rising from $15.0 billion to $53.5 billion in real dollars. Between 2002 and 2010, expenditures fluctuated between $53.4 billion and $48.4 billion. Preliminary data from the Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State Government Finances indicated that states spent $48.5 billion on corrections in 2010, a decline of 5.6% since 2009. |
|
Laura M. Maruschak, Erika Parks - Bureau of Justice Statistics BJS # Probation and Parole in the United States, 2011 November 2012 Bulletin During 2011, for the third consecutive year, the number of adults under community supervision declined. At yearend 2011, there were about 4,814,200 adults under community supervision, down 1.5% or 71,300 offenders from the beginning of the year (figure 1). The community supervision population includes adults on probation, parole, or any other post-prison supervision (see text box on page 2 for definitions of probation and parole). The drop in the probation population drove the decline in the total number of adults under community supervision. In 2011, the probation population fell 2%, from an estimated 4,053,100 to 3,971,300. While the parole population increased 1.6% during 2011, the increase was not enough to offset the overall decrease in the community supervision population. At yearend 2011, 1 in 50 adults in the U.S. were under community supervision. |
|
Prison
Reform Trust Prison has a poor record for reducing reoffending – 47.5% of adults are reconvicted within one year of being released. For those serving sentences of less than 12 months this increases to 57.6% - an increase of 3.3 percentage points from 2000. For those who have served more than 11 previous custodial sentences the rate of reoffending rises to 68%. 51% of women leaving prison are reconvicted within one year – for those serving sentences of less than 12 months this increases to 62%. For those women who have served more than 10 previous custodial sentences the reoffending rate rises to 88%. 58% of young people (18-20) released from custody in the first quarter of 2008 reoffended within a year
Prison Reform Trust Now, 83 of 134 prisons in England and Wales are overcrowded. Outcomes of excessive use of imprisonment are bleak. There are high levels of violence and self-harm. Just 36% of people leaving prison go into education, training or employment. Very many are homeless and in debt on release. Prison has a poor record for reducing reoffending with 47% of all adults reconvicted within one year of release, rising to 57% for those serving sentences of less than 12 months and almost 70% for under 18 year olds. |
|
England / Wales | Ministry of Justice #
Prison
Population Projections 2011 – 2017 England and Wales |
|
|
|
F.
McNeill, S. Farrall, C. Lightowler, S. Maruna |
|
Brazil | Ministério da Justiça - Departamento
Penitenciário Nacional -
Sistema Integrado de Informações Penitenciárias –
InfoPen Referência: 06/2012 Quantidade de Presos custodiados no Sistema Penitenciário Masculino 476.805 | Feminino 31.552 | Total 508.357
Prison population rate (per 100,000 of national population) 276 based on an estimated national population of 198.9 million at June 2012 |
|
Artur Barrio Ricart, Marta Carrasco Moreno,
Marta Ferrer Puig, Ignasi Jambrina Gato, Mireia Roca,
Bertran and Gemma Torres Ferrer |
|
Policy
Forum EXOCP di Berlino |
|
Department of Correctional Services Republic of South Africa # Annual Report 2011/12 (1 april 2011 to 31 march 2012) Minister of Correctional Services 31 may 2012 For the 2011/12 financial year the inmate population was on average 158 790. Since the 2009/10 financial year there was a slight decrease annually in the male inmate population (2009/10 – 160 280; 2010/11 – 157 345 and 2011/12 -155 032) whilst there was a slight increase in the female inmate population from 2010/11 to 2011/12 (2010/11 – 3 562; 2011/12 – 3 758). [Prison population rate 307] As at March 2012, there were 243 correctional facilities with an approved bed capacity of 118 441 in the department. It should be noted that during the course of the year some of these were temporarily closed either as the centre or as a section, resulting in an available bed space for the financial year of 118 154. There is massive diversity in terms of size, minimum standards and facilities across the South African correctional centres, given the time periods over which they were built, the purposes for which they were built and the political landscape that prevailed when they were built. DCS must manage this legacy to enable a set of minimum norms and standards to prevail across all centres and to ensure cost-effective and delivery efficient centres.
# Annual Report 2010/11 (1 april 2010 to 31 march 2011) |
| Perù Ministerio
de Justicia y Derechos Humanos | Instituto Nacional
Penitenciario # Presentacion de Documento Informe Estadistico “10 Medidas de Reforma del Sistema Penitenciario" Abril 2012 www.inpe.gob.pe/ A través de la pirámide de la población penal clasificada por género y los grupos de edad, observamos que la mayor concentración de la población penal masculina se encuentra en el grupo comprendido entre los 20 a 39 años, mientras que en el caso de la población penal femenina se da entre los 25 a 44 años... El 36% de la población total de internos (rango de 18 a 29 años), se encuentra considerada entre la población joven y económicamente activa o productiva. Estos datos son muy importantes para evaluar los programas de políticas preventivas encaminados a cambiar la conducta delictiva. Otra situación es la población de internos entre 18 a 24 años, que constituye el 17% de la población total, la que estaría en la etapa de formación técnico-productiva; al respecto, se podría destinar o fomentar programas de formación técnica o universitaria, e incluso el aprendizaje de idiomas... |
|
Australian
Bureau of Statistics ABS Based on first day of the month averages, for the March quarter 2012 there were 29,226 persons in full-time custody and 53,763 persons in community-based corrections. This comprises an increase of 822 persons (3%) in full-time custody from the March quarter 2011, and a decrease of 994 persons (2%) in community-based corrections for the same period. This represents a decrease of 172 persons (less than 1%) in corrective services from the March quarter 2011. |
|
Swiss - Confederazione svizzera # Statistiche penitenziarie 2011-2012. Privation de liberté et exécution des sanctions - Données, indicateurs www.bfs.admin.ch/ |
|
Ministero
della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione
Penitenziaria DAP 65.701 persone, di cui 23.492 straniere, presenti il 31.12.2012 - Caratteristiche anagrafiche e lavorative" (sesso, età, numero di figli, stato civile, grado di istruzione, condizione lavorativa, ramo di attività, posizione professionale); - Caratteristiche giuridiche" (posizione giuridica, durata della pena, durata della pena residua); -
Caratteristiche demografiche (distribuzione per
regione di detenzione e regione di nascita, residenza
e, per gli stranieri, area geografica); |
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Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria - DAP # Detenuti per durata pena residua, pena inflitta, tipologia di reato 2005-2012 31 dicembre 2012 |
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Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria - DAP 31 dicembre 2012 |
| Ondine Millot # Les clés de Taubira pour vider les prisons www.liberation.fr/ Libération 25 Septembre 2012 Les prisons françaises - «une humiliation pour la République»... Face aux centres de détention surpeuplés, la garde des Sceaux entend développer massivement les peines alternatives. Un changement profond de la politique pénale française… qui demande beaucoup de moyens. «Nos prisons sont pleines, mais vides de sens.» La garde des Sceaux, Christiane Taubira, s’attaque aujourd’hui à un problème ancien avec une nouvelle formule... |
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Joycelyn
M. Pollock, Nancy L. Hogan, Eric G. Lambert, Jeffrey
Ian Ross, Jody L. Sundt |
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Paola
Severino | Ministero della Giustizia |
| Criminal Justice
Alliance # Crowded Out? The impact of prison overcrowding on rehabilitation www.criminaljusticealliance.org/ March 2012 The prison population in England and Wales has almost doubled over the last 20 years from about 45,000 to over 85,000. On top of the long term rise in the use of imprisonment, there has been a surge in prison numbers in the months following the public disorder in August. On top of the long term rise in the use of imprisonment, there has been a surge in prison numbers in the months following the public disorder in August. In late July 2011, the prison population stood at 84,902; by early December it had risen to 87,371 |
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ISTAT # noi italia. 100 statististiche per capire il Paese in cui viviamo Febbraio 2012 L’Italia, con circa 1,0 omicidi per centomila abitanti nel 2009, si colloca al di sotto della media dell’Unione (1,2 omicidi). Il fenomeno mostra un trend decrescente dal 1991. Le rapine denunciate alle autorità sono quasi 36 mila, pari a 59,5 ogni centomila abitanti, in forte calo rispetto all’anno precedente. L’Italia in sede di confronto europeo si colloca per la prima volta nel 2009 al di sotto della media del complesso dei 27 paesi dell’Unione europea. |
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Direction
de l'Administration Pénitentiaire |
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Ministry
of Justice |
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Regione
Emilia Romagna - Direzione Generale Sanità e Politiche
Sociali - Servizio Salute Mentale, Dipendenze
Patologiche e Salute nelle Carceri
Regione Emilia Romagna -
Servizio Salute Mentale, Dipendenze
Patologiche e Salute nelle Carceri Primavera 2012 |
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Eurostat | Cynthia
Tavares, Geoffrey Thomas, Fethullah Bulut The prison population figures (Table 9) include both adult and juvenile convicted prisoners and pre-trial detainees in all types of prison establishments but exclude non-criminal prisoners held for administrative purposes such as pending investigation into their immigration status. In 2009, there were over 630 000 prisoners in the EU. This gives a rate of about 129 prisoners per 100 000 population in the EU Member States (averaged over the period 2007-2009). By comparison, the incarceration rate in the USA was much higher, at 784 per 100 000 population. |
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Mazhar Hussain Bhutta - Muhammad Siddique Akbar # Situation of Prisons in India and Pakistan: Shared Legacy, Same Challenges South Asian Studies. A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1, January-June 2012 |
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Philippines - Bureau of Jail Management and Penology BJMP www.bjmp.gov.ph
Romulo A. Virola -
National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) Prisoners
are further classified as follows: (a) insular or
national prisoner who is sentenced to a prison term of
three years and one day to death; (b) provincial
prisoner or one who is sentenced to a prison term of
six months and one day to three years; (c) city
prisoner who is sentenced to a prison term of one day
to three years; and (d) municipal prisoner or one who
is sentenced to a prison term of one day to six
months... |
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Sergio Alejandro Gomez Sistema penitenciario cubano # Respeto a la dignidad y al mejoramiento humano Granma
| Órgano Oficial del Comité Central del Partido
Comunista de Cuba Cuba es un país subdesarrollado y a la vez sometido a un brutal bloqueo por parte de Estados Unidos desde hace más de cincuenta años, por lo que las reformas y mejoras al sistema carcelario se han impulsado en el contexto de los limitados recursos disponibles. Ello, unido a la continua crisis económica y financiera mundial, crea serios obstáculos y desafíos para nuestro desempeño. No obstante, se han llevado a cabo proyectos de reparación y acondicionamiento de los centros penitenciarios para mejorar las condiciones de vida de los 57 337 internos (31 494 en condiciones cerradas y 25 843 en instalaciones abiertas).
Fernando Ravsberg Havana Times.org - May 23, 2012 The number of prisoners in Cuban jails is 57,337, a figure just revealed by the official Granma newspaper after decades of silence on the issue. This total places Cuba in a better position than the US, a country with more than 700 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants.
# ICPS |
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Soo-Ryun
Kwon, Amanda Solter, Dana Marie Isaac | University of
San Francisco (USF) School of Law’s Center for Law and
Global Justice |
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HM
Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales Presented
to Parliament pursuant to Section 5A of the Prison Act
1952 The number of self-inflicted deaths in prison rose from 54 (0.64 per 1,000 prisoners) in 2010–11 to 66 (0.76 per 1,000 prisoners) in 2011–12. Incidents of self-harm are, however, also rising in men’s prisons – from 14,768 in 2010–11 to 16,146 in 2011–12 (the number fell in women’s prisons) – as are the number of recorded assaults, from 13,804 to 14,858... In March 2011, the prison population was 85,400; by March 2012, it had grown by 2,131 to 87,531. The operational capacity of prisons had grown over the same period by 3,532 to 90,622... |
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Dipartimento
dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP |
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Christoffer
Carlsson |
| Hanns von Hofer,
Tapio Lappi-Seppälä, Lars Westfelt # Nordic Criminal Statistics 1950–2010 Kriminologiska institutionen - Stockholms universitet, Rapport 2012:2 Prisons in the Nordic countries are small (between 80 and 100 beds), modern, and characterised by high staffing levels. Overcrowding of inmates is not a typical problem. Open prisons, where security arrangements aimed at preventing escape are kept to a minimum, accounted in 2008 for between 19 per cent (Sweden) and 38 cent of prison places (Norway)... In a 60-year perspective, prison populations have been fairly stable in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Finland constitutes a remarkable exception. There the prison population has shrunk greatly from the mid-1970s (1976:118 inmates per 100,000) until the end of the 1990s (1999:53 inmates per 100,000) |
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Edward
J. Latessa |
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COE
Council of Europe - Unil Université of Lausanne # Annual Penal Statistics: Space I Survey 2010 Strasbourg, 28 March 2012 | PC-CP (2012) 1 |
| Prison Service
Pay Review Body # Eleventh Report on England and Wales 2012 | Presented to Parliament by the Prime Minister and the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice by Command of Her Majesty - March 2012 http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/ 2012 NOMS is an Executive Agency of the Ministry of Justice. Its role is to commission and provide offender management services in the community and in custody ensuring best value for money from public resources. It works to protect the public and reduce reoffending by delivering the punishment and orders of the courts, and supporting rehabilitation by helping offenders to reform their lives. On 17 February 2012, the prisoner population was 87,631, 3.0 per cent higher than a year earlier. NOMS paybill costs relating to the remit group in 2010-11 were £1¼ billion (including social security and other pension costs). At the end of December 2011, there were 32,410 staff in our remit. |
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Christopher
Uggen, Sarah Shannon
Editorial |
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Michelle
Tolbert | U.S. Department of Education Office of
Vocational and Adult Education |
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Anna
Maria Tarantola |
| National Audit
Office | Ministry of Justice # Comparing International Criminal Justice Systems www.nao.org.uk/ February 2012 In England and Wales, there were 4.2 million crimes recorded by the police in 2010 11, down from 5.6 million in 2005-06. This represents a 25 per cent decrease. As over the longer period since 1995, this overall trend is confirmed by the British Crime Survey, though the size of the reduction reported is different. According to the British Crime Survey measure, 9.6 million crimes were committed against adults in 2010-11, down from 10.7 million in 2005-06, a statistically significant decrease of 10 per cent... |
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Allen
J. Beck, Candace Johnson | Bureau of Justice
Statistics BJS One In Ten State Prisoners Sexually Abused. Bureau of Justice Statistics study confirms national crisis of sexual abuse in U.S. detention, exposes systemic problem of staff retaliation, and shatters prisoner rape stereotypes... 9.6% of former state prisoners reported one or more incidents of sexual victimization during the most recent period of incarceration in jail, prison, or a postrelease community-treatment facility... 5.4% of former inmates reported an incident with another inmate; 5.3% reported an incident with staff... An estimated 3.7% of former prisoners said they had nonconsensual sex with another inmate, including manual stimulation and oral, anal, or vaginal penetration. An additional 1.6% of former prisoners said they had experienced one or more abusive sexual contacts only with another inmate, including unwanted touching of the inmate’s buttocks, thigh, penis, breast, or vagina in a sexual way. An estimated 1.2% of former prisoners reported that they unwillingly had sex or sexual contact with facility staff. An estimated 4.6% said they “willingly” had sex or sexual contact with staff.
NATIONAL
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION COMMISSION REPORT AND
STANDARDS JULY 8, 2009 Serial No. 111–49 judiciary.house.gov
Jill Filipovic |
| Vivre Ensemble # Sortie de prison. Difficile réinsertion www.vivre-ensemble.be/ 2012/02 Tout détenu qui entre en prison sera un jour amené à en sortir. Il est dans l’intérêt de la société qu’il ne récidive pas et qu’il puisse se réinsérer, notamment par le logement et l’emploi. Une telle réinsertion ne se fait pas du jour au lendemain. Elle doit être préparée et accompagnée. Préparée pendant la détention, accompagnée à la sortie. |
| California
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) # The year in accomplishments 2012 www.cdcr.ca.gov/ 2012 Total Inmate Population – The total inmate population dropped 10 percent from 147,578 to 132,785 during 2012. Overcrowding – As defined by the inmate population in relation to the design capacity of the 33 adult institutions – declined from 167 percent to 150 percent. Parolee population – The parolee population dropped 42.9 percent from December 2011 to December 2012. |
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France - Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire # Les Chiffres Clés de l'Administration Pénitentiaire au 1er janvier 2012 |
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Le
Contrôleur général des lieux de privation de liberté Éditions Dalloz, 2012 |
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Vera Institute of Justice Christian Henrichson - Ruth Delaney #
The Price of Prisons. What
Incarceration Costs Taxpayers Decades of increasing incarceration and soaring corrections costs have been well documented and are a familiar story to policy makers and the public. Over the past 40 years, the United States has seen a dramatic increase in the use of prisons to combat crime. As a result, incarceration rates have skyrocketed, with the country’s state prison population having grown by more than 700 percent since the 1970s. Today, more than 1 in 100 adults are in prison or jail nationwide.2 This trend has come at great cost to taxpayers. States’ corrections spending—including prisons as well as probation and parole—has nearly quadrupled over the past two decades, making it the fastest-growing budget item after Medicaid. |
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The Prison Reform Trust (PRT) |
| Nathan Brady
Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel OLRGC # Utah's Recidivism Rate In Light of National Trends https://le.utah.gov/ January 31, 2012 |
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José
Becerra Muñoz ... En lo que se refiere a las condenas de 1 a 5 años, todos los países muestran cifras superiores a la franja anterior situándose entre el 30 y el 60%. Sólo españa y Holanda presentan más internos condenados a menos de un año de prisión que a una pena de entre 1 y 5 años (aunque en nuestro país ambos grupos son casi idénticos). Además, lo habitual es que este segundo intervalo acumule el mayor número de internos (ocurre en todos excepto en Holanda y Portugal). La franja de 5-10 años devuelve de nuevo valores pequeños, entre los que llaman la atención los casos de Bélgica, Letonia y Portugal, únicos países que superan en este rango el 30% de internos. nuestro país es el octavo con más población en esta franja... |
2011
| David A.
Anderson # The Cost of Crime Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2011) 209–265 The size of crime’s burden informs the prioritization of crime-prevention efforts and influences our legal, political, and cultural stance toward crime. This research quantifies crime’s burden with an estimate of the annual cost of crime in the United States. While most existing studies focus on particular regions, types of crime, or cost categories, the scope of this article includes the direct and indirect cost of all crime in the United States. Beyond the expenses of law enforcement, criminal justice, and victim losses, the cost of crime includes expenditures on private deterrence, the implicit cost of fear and agony, and the opportunity cost of time lost due to crime. The estimated annual cost of crime, net of transfers from victim to criminal, is $1.7 trillion. |
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Cour des comptes - Bruxelles |
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Ministerio del Interior | Secretaría
General de Instituciones Penitenciarias www.apfp.es/ |
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Tracy
L. Snell Between January 1 and December 19, 2011, 13 states executed 43 inmates, which was 3 fewer than the number executed as of the same date in 2010. Three states accounted for more than half of the executions carried out during this period: Texas executed 13 inmates; Alabama executed 6; and Ohio executed 5. At yearend 2010, 36 states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons held 3,158 inmates under sentence of death,15 fewer inmates than at yearend 2009. This represents the tenth consecutive year that the number of inmates under sentence of death has decreased. Four States (California, Florida, Texas, and Pennsylvania) held more than half of all inmates on death row as of December 31, 2010. The Federal Bureau of Prisons held 58 inmates on death row. Of those under sentence of death at yearend, 55% were white and 42% were black. The 388 Hispanic inmates under sentence of death accounted for 14% of inmates with a known ethnicity. Ninety-eight percent of inmates under sentence of death were male, and 2% were female. The race and gender of those under sentence of death has remained relatively unchanged since 2000. |
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Paul
Guerino, Paige M. Harrison, and William J. Sabol Most offenders enter prison in one of two ways. About two-thirds are admitted as new court commitments. New court commitments include admissions into prison of offenders convicted and sentenced by a court, usually to a term of more than 1 year, including probation violators and persons with a split sentence to incarceration followed by court- ordered probation or parole. About a third of new court commitments were admitted because they violated a condition of supervised release. Parole violators include all conditional release violators returned to prison for either violation of conditions of release or for new crimes. Both types of admissions declined in 2010. |
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Sri Lanka # Prison Statistics 2007 - 2011 www.prisons.gov.lk
Jagath
Abeysirigunawardana Department of Prisons in Sri Lanka 2008
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Observatoire
International des Prisons OIP La
période 2005-2011 est marquée par une systématisation
et une aggravation de la sanction en cas de récidive,
principalement pour les petits délits. Une option
contreproductive en matière de prévention de la
récidive. Entre août 2005 et novembre 2010, 18
nouvelles lois pénales ont été adoptées dans
l’objectif affiché de lutter contre la récidive...
L’OIP alerte sur le caractère contre-productif des
peines minimales... Dans un contexte de surpopulation,
les conditions de détention restent indignes dans de
nombreux établissements, et les nouvelles prisons sont
critiquées pour le |
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Minnesota Department of Corrections |
| Jake Cronin # The Path to Successful Reentry: The Relationship Between Correctional Education, Employment and Recidivism http://ipp.missouri.edu/ September 2011 Nearly all Missouri inmates will be released from prison, but the majority of them will reoffend and return to prison. To combat this problem, prisons have implemented educational programs to help offenders successfully reenter society. Using data from the Missouri Department of Corrections, this study evaluates the impact of these educational programs in terms of post-prison employment rates and recidivism rates. The results show that inmates who increase their education in prison are more likely to find a full-time job after prison, and those with a job are less likely to return to prison. |
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Direction
générale des Etablissements pénitentiaires | Eric
Leytens, Annelies Boffé, Inge Nagels, Laurent Sempot,
Olivier Michiels, Nathalie Faes, Christine Melebeck,
Samuel Deltenre |
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Alexia
Cooper, Erica L. Smith | U.S. Department of Justice |
Bureau of Justice Statistics |
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Bryn
A. Herrschaft, Zachary Hamilton |
| Duha T. Altindag # Crime and Unemployment: Evidence from Europe Auburn University, October 2011 The magnitude of the unemployment’s impact on crime is economically significant. For example, France, Italy or UK suffer about 25,000-30,000 additional larcenies, burglaries and motor vehicle thefts per year for one percentage point increase in the unemployment. Roughly, cost of each property crime is $46,000. Due to one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate, the French, Italian and British incur an extra crime cost of about $1.2-$1.4 billion according to the OLS estimates or $1.6 – $2.5 billion according to the 2SLS estimates. |
| Grant Duwe,
Valerie Clar # Blessed Be the Social Tie That Binds: The Effects of Prison Visitation on Offender Recidivism Criminal Justice Policy Review, 2011 Prison visitation can improve recidivism outcomes by helping offenders not only maintain social ties with both nuclear and extended family members (especially fathers, siblings, and in-laws) while incarcerated but also develop new bonds such as those with clergy or mentors. In doing so, offenders can sustain or broaden their networks of social support, which we found was important in lowering recidivism. |
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Vera
Institute of Justice |
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M. Eric Ciotti #
Rapport. Pour
renforcer l’efficacité de l’exécution des peines Serge Portelli #
Le
rapport Ciotti est "émaillé de mensonges,
contre-vérités et approximations" Le
Monde, 07.06.2011 Laura Thouny | # Prisons : le rapport Ciotti est "absurde" et "dangereux" l'Humanité le 7 juin 2011 |
| Klara Kerezsi*,
József Kó, Szilvia Antal | National Institute of
Criminology, Budapest, Hungary # The Social Costs of Crime and Crime Control Beijing Law Review, 2011, 2, 74-87 Crime caused damage, or required state expenditure, worth 2807 million $ in the single year 2009. At the same time, from the comparison of the costs of crime and the amount spent by the state, we can establish that state expenditure in dealing with crime (163 million $) is around 512.8 million $ higher than the amount of damage caused by crime (1175 million $)... |
| Francesco Drago,
Roberto Galbiati, Pietro Vertova # Prison Conditions and Recidivism American Law and Economics Review 2011 The authors examine the impact of prison conditions on future criminal behavior. The take over is based on a unique dataset on the post-release behavior of about twenty thousand Italian former prison inmates. The authors use variation in prison assignment as a means of identifying the effects of prison overcrowding, deaths in prison, and degree of isolation on the probability of reoffending. They do not find compellingevidence of (specific) deterrent effects of experienced prison severity. The measures of prison severity do not reduce the probability of recidivism. Instead, all point estimates suggest that harsh prison conditions increase post-release criminal activity, though they are not always precisely estimated... |
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Leonidas
K. Cheliotis Against the background of an immense growth in the use of imprisonment in Greece over the last three decades or so, it is shown that prison establishments are greatly overcrowded and material conditions of detention are deplorable. Healthcare provision is minimal, and the prevalence of serious transmittable diseases and mental disorders amongst prisoner populations is high, as are the rates of deliberate self-harm, suicide, and death more generally. Indeed, the officially recorded incidence of prisoner deaths has risen at a faster pace than imprisonment itself. |
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Giovanni Torrente #
Tribunali
di Sorveglianza e giurisprudenza in materia di
concessione di misure alternative Il presente studio si è occupato di analizzare la giurisprudenza di undici tribunali di sorveglianza in relazione alla concessione di misure alternative alla pena detentiva. Nello specifico, l'analisi ha riguardato i dati statistici raccolti dai singoli tribunali in relazione ai provvedimenti emessi a seguito di istanza volta alla concessione di misure alternative. In particolare, l'analisi qui proposta riguarda quattro fra le principali misure alternative: l'affidamento in prova ai servizi sociali, l'affidamento ex art. 94 del DPR 309/90, la detenzione domiciliare e la semilibertà. |
| Joan Petersilia # Beyond the Prison Bubble NIJ Journal / Issue No. 268 October 2011 The announcement last summer that the number of Americans behind bars had increased for the 37th consecutive year in 2009 provoked a fresh round of grim editorializing and national soulsearching. With its prisons and jails now holding more than 2.4 million inmates — roughly one in every 100 adults — the United States has the highest incarceration rate of any free nation. As a proportion of its population, the United States incarcerates five times more people than Britain, nine times more than Germany, and 12 times more than Japan. “No other rich country is nearly as punitive as the Land of the Free,” The Economist has declared. |
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Fair
Trials International |
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Roberto
Nicastro |
|
European
Commission Brussels, 14.6.2011 - COM(2011) 327 final Probation
measures and alternatives to imprisonment would be
available in all legal Pre-trial detention in the context of this Green Paper covers the period until the sentence is final19. Pre-trial detention is a measure of an exceptional nature in all Member States' judicial systems... |
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Smart
on Crime Coalition | The Constitution Project (TCP) |
|
Jennifer
l. Truman the rate of total violent crime victimizations declined by 13% in 2010, which was about three times the average annual decrease observed from 2001 through 2009 (4%). the decline in the rate of simple assault accounted for about 82% of the total decrease in the rate of violent victimization in 2010. in 2010 the property victimization rate declined by 6%, compared to the average annual decrease of 3% observed from 2001 through 2009. From 2001 to 2010, weapon violence (26% to 22%) and stranger-perpetrated violence (44% to 39%) declined. Between 2001 and 2010, about 6% to 9% of all violent victimization were committed with fi rearms. this percentage has remained stable since 2004. after a slight overall decline from 2001 to 2008, the percentage of victims of violent crimes who suffered an injury during the victimization increased from 24% in 2008 to 29% in 2010. about 50% of all violent victimizations and nearly 40% of property crimes were reported to the police in 2010. these percentages have remained stable over the past 10 years. males (15.7 per 1,000) and females (14.2 per 1,000) had similar rates of violent victimization during 2010. |
| Steven N.
Durlauf, Daniel S. Nagin # The Deterrent Effect of Imprisonment in Philip J. Cook, Jens Ludwig, Justin McCrary (eds),Controlling Crime: Strategies and Tradeoffs University of Chicago Press, September 2011 The magnitude of deterrent effects depends critically on the specifi c form of the sanction policy. In particular, there is little evidence that increases in the severity of punishment yield strong marginal deterrent effects; further, credible arguments can be advanced that current levels of severity cannot be justifi ed by their social and economic costs and benefi ts. By contrast there is very substantial evidence that increases in the certainty of punishment produce substantial deterrent effects. |
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Marina Minster |
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Leopold Sudaryono #
Reform at
the Doorstep of Prisons in Indonesia The number of inmates in Indonesia's prisons almost doubled between 2003 and 2008... In 2009, the correctional system was able to discharge 24,000 inmates after streamlining parole procedures so that inmates could exercise their legal right to early release. However, that same year, the prison population still increased by 5,000 inmates – to a total of 124,000 people – due to an increase in number of people arrested and prosecuted.
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| The American
Society of Criminology. # Special Issue on Mass Incarceration http://criminology.fsu.edu/ Criminology & Public Policy Volume 10 Issue 3, August 2011 |
| Iran Human Rights # Annual Report: Death Penalty in Iran 2011 www.iranhr.net |
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David
Gould, Jason Hainsworth, Kevin Manning, Toni
McLackland |
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Grupo PRECA (Prevalencia Carceles) # Informe prevalencia de trastornos mentales en centros penitenciarios españoles. (Estudio PRECA) Barcelona Junio 2011 La
prevalencia vida y del último mes de los trastornos
mentales según criterios DSM-IV se muestran en la
tabla 2. La prevalencia vida de presentar cualquier
trastorno mental fue del 84,4%. El trastorno por uso
de sustancias fue el más frecuente (76,2%) |
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Fondazione ICSA - Intelligence Culture and
Strategic Analysis |
|
Ministry of Justice |
|
Prison
Reform Trust |
| S. Harrendorf, M.
Heiskanen, S. Malby (eds) | European Institute for Crime
Prevention and Control | United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime (UNODC) # International Statistics on Crime and Justice www.unodc.org/ Helsinki 2010 Global homicide levels: Data previously published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime suggests that approximately 490,000 deaths from intentional homicide occurred in 2004 (Geneva Declaration 2008). This represented a world average homicide rate in 2004 of 7.6 per 100,000 population. The dataset used for this calculation focused on maximum geographic coverage at the expense of more recently available data for some countries in order to produce a single global dataset for one point in time... In order to represent the distribution of this nearly half a million annual homicides by regions of the world... |
| Christian
Mouhanna # La coordination des politiques judiciaires et penitentiaire. Une analyse des relations entre monde judiciaire et administration pénitentiaire www.gip-recherche-justice.fr/ Juin 2011 La schizophrénie organisationnelle. La description détaillée de toutes ces interactions entre monde judiciaire et administration pénitentiaire nous montre donc un monde assez éclaté, traversé par des tensions, des logiques plus ou moins convergentes, de la coopération et aussi souvent des dilemmes. Dans ce système humain où tous les acteurs sont interdépendants entre eux, les objectifs ne sont pas tous partagés. La logique répressive s’oppose à celle de la réinsertion sociale, celle de l’enfermement à celle de l’évitement de l’incarcération, celle de l’automatisation à celle du « cas par cas ». La difficulté pour bien appréhender l’impact de ces diverses logiques dans le système et ainsi pouvoir aisément le décrypter provient du fait que les rôles qu’occupent les uns et les autres dans leur fonction ne sont pas figés... |
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Ignacio
González Sánchez |
|
Adalberto
Carim Antonio L’utilité et l’importance des peines alternatives doivent être distinguées non seulement face au phénomène de la fallite des peines privatives de liberté, mais aussi parce que les delits les plus pénalisés dans le système de justice pénale en général sont ceux qui peuvent avoir ses peines efficacement remplacés par des mesures et des peines alternatives, et qui, malheureusement, ne le sont pas, exposant les délinquants à tous types de maux causés par l’immersion dans le monde souterrain de la criminalité répandu dans les prisons. |
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Claire
Duchemin The three-year project ‘Validation of prior learning in prison education’was developed simultaneously in five Norwegian counties. It was led in each case by one prison and one upper secondary school. It aimed to use validation of prior learning (VPL) to provide inmates with an education that is adapted to their backgrounds and needs. Education and training is considered in Norway to be a key element in prison rehabilitation efforts. As prison education should be on par with education and training in the rest of society, it is thought that it should also keep pace with recent developments, such as VPL. |
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Annie Kensey,
Abdelmalik Benaouda (DAP/PMJ5) Ce cahier présente les premiers résultats d’une nouvelle recherche sur la récidive menée sur un échantillon national en 2011 des sortants de prison entre le 1er juin et le 31 décembre 2002. Les différences de risque de récidive les plus significatives sont liées au sexe, les femmes ayant une probabilité deux fois plus faible que les hommes d’avoir une nouvelle condamnation dans les cinq ans après la sortie de prison ; à l'âge, les mineurs ayant un risque nettement plus élevé et les personnes âgés de plus de 50 ans plus faible de récidiver que les jeunes majeurs de 18 à 30 ans. Par définition, ces risques de récidive sont liés aux antécédents pénaux : on constate que là où il y a plusieurs condamnations antérieures la probabilité du prononcé d’une nouvelle condamnation est quatre fois plus élevée que dans le cas d’une condamnation unique. |
| Laura E. Gorgol,
Brian A. Sponsler # Unlocking Potential: Results of a National Survey of Postsecondary Education in State Prisons www.ihep.org/ Institute for Higher Education Policy, May 2011 Despite the positive outcomes associated with postsecondary correctional education (PSCE), discussion of postsecondary opportunity for the nation’s prison population is notably absent from the top tier of state and federal policy agendas. This lack of topline policy attention to PSCE is detrimental to the country—postsecondary education has a critical role to play in mitigating challenging social conditions exacerbated by high incarceration levels. |
|
Annie
Kensey, René Lévy, A. Benaouda |
|
BIS
Department for Business Innovation & Skills |
Ministry of Justice Re-offending blights lives and communities, carrying personal, social and economic costs of between £9.5 billion and £13 billion a year. Enabling offenders to have the skills that will make them attractive to employers so that they can find and keep jobs on release or whilst serving a community sentence – becoming an asset rather than a burden to society – makes sense. Whilst our investment in giving offenders the skills they need to help them get and keep jobs is significant, it is a fraction of the prize on offer to all of us if we can prevent the creation of future victims of crime, with the associated economic and social costs, by cutting their reoffending. |
|
Anne
Costelloe, Torfinn Langelid, Walter Hammerschick,
Eduard Matt | GHK |
| Adam Asmundo # Indicatori e costi di criminalità mafiosa. Analisi ed evidenze empiriche, 2004-2007 Originriamente in AA. VV., Alleanze nell’ombra. Mafie ed economie locali in Sicilia e nel Mezzogiorno, Donzelli, 2011 |
|
Department
for Business, Innovation and Skills Re-offending blights lives and communities, as well as carrying significant social and economic costs: the National Audit Office assessed the cost of re-offending by recent prisoners in 2007- 08 as between £9.5 billion and £13 billion a year. Around half of all crime is committed by people who have already been convicted of a criminal offence. Improving the skills of offenders, focussed on the requirements of real jobs, is critical to reducing re-offending, alongside addressing other factors that drive crime such as substance misuse, mental health issues, poor accommodation, family issues and poverty. Evidence shows that prison education and vocational interventions produce a net benefit to the public sector ranging from £2,000 to £28,000 per offender (or from £10,500 to £97,000 per offender when victim costs are included): we are determined to secure those savings for the public purse. |
|
Greg
Berman |
|
Justice Policy Institute |
|
Pew Center on the States |
|
Christian
Arment |
|
Ministry
of Justice |
| Giovanni Fossa,
Uberto Gatti # Il carcere e l’esecuzione penale in Italia nell’ultimo decennio Rassegna italiana di criminologia, n. 3, 2011 Un punto certo è che le carceri – da almeno dodici anni – non hanno mai ospitato una percentuale così elevata di detenuti definitivi con residuo pena inferiore ai tre anni, che è la pre-condizione per la stragrande maggioranza dei condannati per poter essere considerati ammissibili alle misure alternative. Una analisi dettagliata delle cifre dimostra che nel 2009, in particolare, ogni tre detenuti definitivi uno deve scontare meno di un anno di reclusione, un altro da uno a tre anni e un terzo detenuto oltre tre anni |
| Prison Reform
Trust # Breaking the Cycle: Effective Punishment, Rehabilitation and Sentencing of Offenders www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk March 2011 The current adversarial approach to crime is very expensive and produces a poor return in terms of victim satisfaction and reoffending rates. The Prison Reform Trust supports the proposed increased use of diversionary restorative justice approaches for adults and young people and believes such approaches should be given far greater prominence than is apparent from the green paper. The Making Amendsix report demonstrates that restorative approaches can transform criminal justice, for the benefit of victims and public safety... |
|
Kriminal
Forsorgen |
|
Peter Katel CQ Researcher March 11, 2011 Judith Greene
Judith Greene - Marc Mauer of this report – Kansas, Michigan, New Jersey, and New York. In contrast to the 12% growth in state prison populations since 2000, these states have actually achieved significant declines in their prison populations in recent years, and therefore offer lessons to policymakers in other states about how this can be accomplished. These declines have spanned the following periods: • New York: A 20% reduction from 72,899 to 58,456 from 1999 to 2009 • Michigan: A 12% reduction from 51,577 to 45,478, from 2006 to 2009 • New Jersey: A 19% reduction from 31,493 to 25,436, from 1999 to 2009 • Kansas: A 5% reduction from 9,132 to 8,644, from 2003 to 2009 |
2010
| Andrew Webber # Literature Review: Cost of Crime http://www.crimeprevention.nsw.gov.au/ December 2010 Consider a program that costs $50,000 and prevents 20 assaults and 40 thefts. If the relevant cost of an assault is $1,000 and the cost of a theft is $500, then the overall benefits generated (costs avoided) by the program are $1,000 x 20 + $500 x 40 = $40,000. Since benefits are less than the costs of the program, the program should probably not be continued. However, if the cost of an assault was $2,000 and the cost of a theft is $750, then the benefits of the program would be $2,000 x 20 + $750 x 40 = $70,000, well above the costs. In this case, the program can be considered a success from society’s point of view.... |
| Erwin James # Cost of re-offending is around £11bn - prison is a colossal failure www.theguardian.com/ Thursday 4 November 2010 The average annual cost of keeping someone in prison is around £45,000. For some years it has been estimated that the financial cost to society of re-offending is around £11bn (the human cost, of course, is incalculable). By any measure the evidence is clear – prison as we have been using it is a colossal failure. |
|
Charles
M. Blow |
|
Shadd
Maruna, Thomas P. LeBel We describe an emerging way of thinking about evidence-based practice, sometimes referred to as the ‘desistance paradigm’; this approach focuses less on evaluation evidence of ‘what works’, and instead draws from criminological research on ‘how change works’. We begin by outlining what we see as the key features of this paradigm and contrast it to the traditional correctional paradigm. |
|
V.
Carrasco, O. Timbart |
| Fergus McNeill,
Beth Weaver # Changing Lives? Desistance Research and Offender Management www.sccjr.ac.uk/ June 2010 We have tried to articulate below not a prescriptive manual for supporting desistance in practice, but rather a practice process or framework (the ‘offender supervision spine’). This initial articulation of the process or framework is designed to support practitioners to engage with both general evidence about desistance and with specific attention to understanding and supporting individualised desistance pathways. The central suggestion here is that practitioners need to be able to develop, apply and test individualised ‘theories of change’ on a case by case basis, rather than applying homogenised theories of change (based on generalisations about ‘what works’ to support desistance) to groups of offenders. |
|
Antonio
Salvati |
|
Antonio
Salvati La presenza delle donne negli istituti penitenziari viene analizzata solitamente nel confronto con la preponderante componente maschile. Gli sforzi di comprensione sembrano concentrarsi più sul perché le donne siano poche, che non sulla realtà in sé. Il fatto che le donne detenute siano meno rispetto agli uomini tende a far considerare la condizione maschile come norma, riproducendo la subalternità concettuale della donna, la sua assimilazione ad una generalità che non è generale. Forse anche a causa dell’esiguità della percentuale di donne detenute, rimasta pressoché costantemente attestata intorno al 5% delle presenze complessive 3 , si riscontra un’evidente difficoltà a elaborare accorgimenti organizzativi e offerte riabilitative idonei a cogliere e valorizzare la specificità della popolazione detenuta femminile. |
|
Franklin
E. Zimring |
|
Franklin
E. Zimring |
|
Robert J. Sampson, Charles Loeffler |
|
Natalie
Hearn |
|
FNARS
(Fédération nationale des associations d'accueil et de
réinsertion sociale) |
| Matthew DeMichele
# Three Worlds of Western Punishment: A Regime Theory of Cross-National Incarceration Rate Variation, 1960-2002 University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations, Paper 89, 2010 This dissertation offers an explanation of cross national incarceration rate variation for 17 industrialized countries for the second half of the 20th century. Both historical case studies and time-series cross-section analyses are used to provide an institutional explanation of incarceration rate differences. Borrowing from Weber’s Sociology of Law and comparative legal scholarship, it is suggested that three types of legal thinking exist among western democracies— ommon, Romano-Germanic, and Nordic law. A regime approach commonly applied in political economic explanations of welfare state development is used to quantify the legal and criminal justice institutional differences between 1960 and 2002 to assert that there are ‘three worlds of western punishment’ in the post-War period... |
|
Ryan
McNamara, Linda Bynoe |
|
Margaret E. Shippen,
David E. Houchins, Steven
A. Crites, Nicholas C. Derzis, Dashaunda
Patterson |
|
The Pew Charitable Trusts | The Economic Mobility Project - The Public Safety Performance Project #
Prison Count 2010.
State Population Declines for the First Time in 38
Years |
|
The
Pew Charitable Trusts | The Economic Mobility Project
- The Public Safety Performance Project The findings in this report should give policy makers reason to reflect. The price of prisons in state and federal budgets represents just a fraction of the overall cost of incarcerating such a large segment of our society. The collateral consequences are tremendous and far-reaching, and as this report illuminates with fresh data and analysis, they include substantial and lifelong damage to the ability of former inmates, their families and their children to earn a living wage, move up the income ladder and pursue the American Dream. |
| Prison Reform
Trust | The All-Party Parliamentary Penal Affairs Group
# Too Many Prisoners www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ Prison Reform Trust 2010 With the prison population at an all time high of around 85,000 and plans for further considerable expansion of the estate... This report revives the title of the group’s first publication in 1980 Too Many Prisoners. At that time the prison population in England and Wales stood at 44,000, a level that the then Home Secretary described as “dangerously high”... With an imprisonment rate of 154 per 100,000 England and Wales has become the top incarcerator in Western Europe. Rates in more moderate France and Germany are 96 and 88 per 100,000. Fevered prison building, at £170,000 per place, is now set to propel us past most of our Eastern European neighbours. It is hoped that this review will prove helpful in allowing parliamentarians an opportunity to pause and reflect on both the pace and nature of change... |
|
John Schmitt, Kris Warner, Sarika Gupta |
|
Alicia
Bannon, Mitali Nagrecha, Rebekah Diller | Brennan
Center for Justice |
|
Florida
Department of Corrections | Bureau of Research and
Data Analysis |
|
United
Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention
of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) Fuchu,
Tokyo, Japan March 2010 - Overcrowding: Causes, Consequences and Reduction Strategies - Maintaining Standards, Decency and Human Rights in Overcrowded Times - Current Regime of Imprisonment in Brazil and Effective Countermeasures against Overcrowding of Correctional Facilities - Overcrowding of Prison Populations – The Nepalese Perspective - Sentencing and Alternative Punishment - Post-Sentencing Disposition and Treatment Measures |
| National Audit
Office NAO # Managing offenders on short custodial sentences www.nao.org.uk/ 10 march 2010 Short-sentenced prisoners are most commonly convicted of theft and violence offences. On average, they have 16 previous convictions, which is more than any other group of offenders. They are also more likely to re-offend: around 60 per cent are convicted of at least one offence in the year after release. Based on previous work by the Home Office, we estimate that, in 2007-08, re-offending by all recent ex-prisoners cost the economy between £9.5 billion and £13 billion and that as much as three quarters of this cost can be attributed to former short-sentenced prisoners: some £7 billion to £10 billion a year. |
|
Jörg-Martin
Jehle, Stefan Harrendorf
(eds.) | Marcelo
F. Aebi, Bruno Aubusson de Cavarlay, Gordon Barclay,
Beata Gruszczyńska, Stefan Harrendorf, Markku
Heiskanen, Vasilika Hysi, Véronique Jaquier,
Jörg-Martin Jehle, Martin Killias, Chris Lewis, Giulia
Mugellini, Ernesto U. Savona, Olena Shostko, Paul
Smit, and Rannveig Þorisdottir The study presented in this book is a direct response to the needs for defining and registering criminal and judicial data on the European level. Based upon work done by the European Sourcebook experts group in creating the European Source-book of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics (ESB), the project intended to improve and complement the standards developed so far for definitions and statistical registration in four fields, in order to contribute to the picture of criminal justice in Europe. It utilized questionnaires filled by an established European network... |
| Louis Weber,
Laurent Willemez # Grand entretien avec Laurent Mucchielli. Le savant, l’expert et le politique : la production de connaissances sur les délinquances Savoir/Agir n° 14, décembre 2010 Pour prendre une métaphore que j’utilise souvent, le système pénal est un pêcheur qui utilise un filet dont les mailles ne cessent de se rétrécir, il attrape donc de plus en plus de petits poissons qui viennent rejoindre les gros qui y étaient déjà et y sont toujours. Mes travaux m’amènent à penser que, à côté d’un phénomène bien réel de ghettoïsation, c’est ce phénomène de judiciarisation qui est le processus principal travaillant aujourd’hui les questions de délinquance juvénile et de violences interpersonnelles en général, comme j’ai essayé de le prouver empiriquement et de le théoriser dans un article de Déviance et société qui constitue une étape, pour moi importante, dans mon travail de sociologue. |
|
Jessica
Zhang and Andrew Webster | Australian Bureau of
Statistics |
|
Laurent Mucchielli |
|
Kathryn
E. McCollister, Michael T. French, and Hai Fang |
|
Mark
Sedra (ed) Today’s understanding of the security sector draws on the widely accepted definitions of the OECD (2007a: 22), the European Commission (2006: 5) and the UN secretary-general (UN, 2008: 5).83 All refer to the security sector — or the security system — in its broad sense, encompassing not only traditional core elements of the security sector, such as the armed forces and police, but also the oversight mechanisms of these forces, including the courts, legislatures, correctional services and civil society, as well as non-state security actors such as militias and private security companies. |
| Gregory J.
O'Meara | Marquette University Law School # Compassion and the Public Interest: Wisconsin’s New Compassionate Release Legislation Federal Sentencing Reporter, Vol. 23, No. I, october 2010 Just as Victor Hugo's fictional Jean Valjean could be largely forgotten in the bowels of prison, women and men sentenced to correctional facilities largely fall from consciousness unless or until benign neglect is disturbed by other factors. Today, that benign neglect in Wisconsin has been disturbed by the financial constraints of maintaining the current prison population. Between 2000 and 2007, Wisconsin's prison population increased by 14 percent. The State Corrections budget increased by 71 percent from 1999 to 2009... One product ofWisconsin's reconsideration is a recent change in compassionate release standards for inmates in state correctional facilities... |
|
Annie
Kensey |
| Stephen Tripodi,
Johnny S. Kim, Kimberly Bender # Is Employment Associated with Reduced Recidivism?: The Complex Relationship between Employment and Crime Florida State University, 2010 Among parolees who are reincarcerated, those who obtain employment spend more time crime-free in the community before returning to prison. This article argues that increased time crime-free is an indicator of positive behavior change that should be supplemented with clinical interventions to help formerly incarcerated persons maintain the initial motivation associated with employment. |
|
Paul
Heaton |
|
Centre
international pour la prévention de la criminalité
(CIPC) |
|
Anne Wyvekens |
|
Erwin
James A report out today says education and training programmes should be an integral part of time served in prison and should be included in the sentencing process. Almost 90% of prisoners under the age of 21 and nearly two thirds of adult prisoners re-offend within two years – and the economic cost to society remains in the region of £11bn per annum... |
|
RSA
The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts,
Manufactures and Commerce | Rachel O'Brien |
|
Giovanni
Torrente |
|
Dan
Ovidiu Rusu, Andrea Muller-Fabian, Dorottya Domokos |
| House of Commons
Justice Committee # Cutting crime: the case for justice reinvestment. First Report of Session 2009–10 www.publications.parliament.uk/ 14 January 2010 |
|
Janet I. Warren, Shelly L. Jackson, Ann
Booker Loper, Mandi L. Burnette |
|
European Forum for Urban Safety |
|
Basharat
Hussain |
|
Troy
Allard, Anna Stewart, April Chrzanowski, James
Ogilvie, Dan Birks, Simon Little |
|
Pierre Verluise | Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques IRIS # Espace Atlantique et UE : quels États emprisonnent le plus ou le moins ?Actualités Européennes n° 27 - Septembre 2009 Les États-Unis et l'Union européenne
partagent nombre de valeurs et d'intérêts. Sur les 28
membres de l'Alliance atlantique, 21 sont membres de
l'Union européenne. Pour autant, il existe de grandes
disparités en ce qui concerne le taux d'incarcération.
Aux États-Unis, ce sont 758 personnes sur 100 000
habitants qui se trouvent emprisonnées, en moyenne
annuelle 2005-2007. Dans l'Union européenne, pour la
même période, la moyenne reste bien inférieure : 123
personnes sur 100 000 habitants. Autrement dit, les
États-Unis enferment 6 fois plus de personnes pour 100
000 habitants que l'Europe communautaire... |
|
National Prison Rape Elimination Commission |
|
Management
& Training Corporation MTC Institute |
| Diana Brazzell,
Anna Crayton, Debbie A. Mukamal, Amy L. Solomon, Nicole
Lindahl # From the Classroom to the Community. Exploring the Role of Education during Incarceration and Reentry The Urban Institute, 2009 Education for current and former prisoners is a cost-effective solution to reducing reoffending and improving public safety. The effect of education on recidivism has been well-demonstrated, and even small reductions in reoffending can have a significant impact when spread across large numbers of participants. |
| Concepción Yagüe
Olmos (coord.), Samuel Andujar Núñez, Luis Fernando
Barrios Flores, Jesús Miguel Cáceres García, Francisco
Lerín Pérez, Miguel Martín Casillas # Análisis de la ancianidad en el medio penitenciario Ministerio del Interior, 2009 A mediados del año 2007 en las prisiones españolas permanecían ingresadas 219 personas mayores de 70 años. Lo que socialmente se consideran ancianos. Pero para dar una mayor cobertura a este estudio hemos ampliado el objeto de esta investigación a las 1540 personas que traspasan la barrera de los 60 años. Tratamos de predecir los efectos del aumento paulatino de mayores encarcelados en nuestro sistema penitenciario como consecuencia, entre otras razones, de la mejora de la expectativa de vida de la sociedad española que provoca un imparable envejecimiento de la población general y un constante aumento de ancianos en las prisiones. |
|
NIACE
National Institute of Adult Continuing Education
| IFLL Inquiry into the Future for Lifelong
Learning |
| Ioan Durnescu # Some Reflections on Community Sanctions and Measures in Europe Journal of Criminal Justice and Security year 11 no. 4, 2009 The article draws on data gathered from a recent survey commissioned by The Conférence Permanente Européenne de la Probation (better known as CEP) which is a panEuropean association of probation organizations. The purpose of this study is to provide an inventory of CSM as it is used across Europe and, from this, to draw some conclusions and suggestions for development into the future. |
|
Elizabeth
K. Drake, Steve Aos, Marna G. Miller |
|
United
Nations - General Assenbly | Vernor Muñoz |
|
Patrice Corriveau #
La
violence dans l’univers des gangs : du besoin de
protection à la construction identitaire masculine |
|
Pena & Territorio Supplemento ai nn.1/2 di Pena & Territorio (2009) |
|
Cahiers ADES #
Espaces d’enfermement, espaces clos. Colloque organisé par DOC’GEO -
Bordeaux 20
mai 2008 Guy DI MEO - Espaces d’enfermement, espaces clos : l’esquisse d’une problématique | La prison : espace d’enfermement ou espace clos ? | Du camp à l’enfermement, de l’enfermement à la violence | L’enfermement symbolique |
|
The
Howard League for Penal Reform Crisis now defines the core of the English and Welsh penal system. Despite a 42% decline in the amount of crime reported to the British Crime Survey since 1995 the prison population has soared to an all time high of almost 84,000 in 2008 (83,810 on 1 August 2008 - more than doubling since 1992) and overcrowding has reached record levels. Penal policy and the criminal justice system as a whole have been primarily responsible for driving up numbers. We have experienced over 15 years of intense criminal justice hyperactivity. This intense and punitive political activity has had the effect of encouraging a more fearful and insecure population. It has raised unrealistic expectations about the role prison can play in securing a safer society. Prisons have become the stand-in for a health and welfare system which is also failing. Prisons have become vast warehouses for the dumping of people with problems society has failed to deal with - those with mental health needs, with histories of neglect and abuse, with drug and alcohol addictions. The penal system is a huge drain on the public purse... |
| Fergus McNeill # Towards Effective Practice in Offender Supervision The Scottish Center for Crime & Justice Research, February 2009 Desistance is not an event but a process and, because of the subjectivities and issues of identity involved, the process is inescapably individualised – so understandings of desistance need to accommodate age, gender and ethnicity related differences in the process. Desistance is also characterised by ambivalence and vacillation. Hope seems to be an important factor. Whereas persistent offenders tend to be fatalistic in their outlook, there is evidence that desisters acquire a sense of agency (the ability to make choices and govern their own lives) in order to resist and overcome the criminogenic structural pressures that play upon them... |
| The International
Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice
Policy | Curt Taylor Griffiths, Danielle J. Murdoch # Strategies and Best Practices against Overcrowding in Correctional Institutions Vancouver, February 2009 Prison overcrowding can be most aptly defined as a situation in which the numbers of persons confined in a prison are greater than the capacity of the prison to provide adequately for the physical and psychological needs of the confined persons. Overcrowding in prisons is a feature of many systems of criminal justice throughout the world and has significant implications for governments, communities, prisoners, and their families... |
|
Amy
L. Solomon, Jenny W. L. Osborne, Laura Winterfield,
Brian Elderbroom We believe parole administrators and practitioners have reached an important moment in time. The proposed strategies, if incorporated into the fabric of an agency’s culture and practice, will facilitate systemic and organizational change. The strategies represent the best thinking on sound supervision practice. In making this claim, we appreciate how hard engaging in change of this magnitude will be, and how difficult it is to accomplish meaningful and durable reforms in both policy and practice. We also acknowledge how much time it will actually take to evaluate the results and know whether the modifications in policies and strategies made a difference in the outcomes achieved. The challenges, however, are not insurmountable. |
|
Amy
L. Solomon, Jenny W. L. Osborne, Stefa F. LoBuglio,
Jeff Mellow, Debbie A. Mukamal |
|
Steven
Raphael, Michael A. Stoll |
| Chris May, Nalini
Sharma, Duncan Stewart # Factors linked to reoffending: a one-year follow-up of prisoners who took part in the Resettlement Surveys 2001, 2003 and 2004 Ministry of Justice, October 2008 Three surveys of prisoners, conducted in 2001, 2003 and 2004 shortly before release from prison, were combined and matched with criminal history and reoffending information from the Police National Computer (PNC). A representative sample of 4,898 prisoners was available for analysis. Receiving family visits while in prison has been associated with successful employment and accommodation outcomes (Niven and Stewart, 2005). The Resettlement Surveys Reoffending Analysis (RSRA) found that receiving family visits was associated with reduced chances of prisoners reoffending after release... |
|
Institut
Montaigne ...
surpopulation des maisons d’arrêt entraîne des
conditions de vie indignes pour les détenus etdes
conditions de travail pour les surveillants très peu
satisfaisantes. Alvaro GilRobles, Commissaire européen
aux droits de l’homme, écrivait en 2005 au terme d’une
enquête dans les prisons françaises : Une telle
situation est inacceptable en soi… Au lieu de
Institut
Montaigne www.institutmontaigne.org - Septembre 2008 |
| Estados Unidos
Mexicanos - Gobierno Federal | Secretaria de Securidad
Publica | Subsecretaria del Sistema Penitenciario
Federal # Estrategia Penitenciaria 2008-2012 - Diciembre 2008 http://www.redlece.org/ La población penitenciaria nacional actual es de 222,0731 internos, entre procesados y sentenciados, hombres y mujeres, acusados de delitos del fuero común y federal. De enero a noviembre de 2008 se incrementó en 9,232 la población penitenciaria en el país. 41% de los internos están sujetos a proceso: más de 90 mil individuos están en condiciones de prisión preventiva sin haber recibido sentencia. Tres cuartas partes de los internos en el país están acusados de cometer delitos del orden común. Dos terceras partes de los individuos internos, según las investigaciones de Guillermo Zepeda, están compurgando penas menores a 3 años, cometieron delitos no graves y no violentos y cuentan con un perfil de baja peligrosidad. |
|
L.
Volpini, T. Mannello, G. De Leo |
|
Jamie
Bennett The prison population has exploded over the last 15 years, increasing from around 43,000 in the early 1990s to over 80,000. It is argued here that this increase can largely be accounted for as a result of the obsession with dangerousness. The expansion in imprisonment is particularly acute for life sentences and sentences of four years and more (Home Office, 2006b). The life sentence population has expanded from 3,000 in 1992 (Shute, 2006) to 9,659 at the end of May 2006 (NOMS, 2007), accounting for 12 per cent of the total prison population. This has resulted from a number of changes. First, there has been an increase in the use of discretionary life sentencing and the introduction of automatic life sentences for a second conviction for a violent or sexual offence, subsequently replaced by the indeterminate public protection sentence. |
|
Lauren E. Glaze - Laura M. Maruschak | Bureau of Justice Statistics # Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children Special
Report - August 2008, NCJ 222984 |
| Lukas Muntingh # Prisoner Re-Entry in Cape Town - An Exploratory Study Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative (CSPRI) | CSPRI Research Paper No. 14 - 2008 Every month in South Africa approximately 6000 sentenced prisoners are released, some on parole and some on expiry of sentence. After serving their prison sentences it is society’s expectation that they will refrain from committing crime and be productive citizens. They are expected to find employment, rebuild relationships with their families and communities, and cease from engaging in certain activities and avoiding the risks that caused their imprisonment in the first instance. Unfortunately, it is the case that many released prisoners commit further offences and find their way back to prison, some in a remarkably short period of time while others return after several years. There are no reliable recidivism statistics on South African offenders and whether such data will indeed enhance understanding is also debateable |
| Maria Francesca
Cracolici, Teodora Erika Uberti # Geographical distribution of crime in Italian provinces: A spatial econometric analysis Nota di lavoro // Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei: KTHC, Knowledge, technology, human capital, No. 2008,11 On the basis of Becker-Ehrlich model, a spatial cross-sectional model including deterrence, economic and socio-demographic variables has been performed to investigate the determinants of Italian crime for 1999 and 2003 and its “neighbouring” effects, measured in terms of geographical and relational proximity. The empirical results obtained by using different spatial weights matrices highlighted that socioeconomic variables have a relevant impact on crime activities, but their role changes enormously respect to crimes against person (murders) or against property (thefts, frauds and squeezes). It is worthy to notice that severity does not show the expected sign: its significant and positive sign should suggest that inflicting more severe punishments does not always constitute a deterrence to commit crime, but it works on the opposite direction. |
|
The
Israel Prison Service (IPS) The number of prisoners and persons remanded in custody in prisons has doubled over the last three years. In 2003, there were 12,000 prisoners in the IPS. Today, this number is in excess of 25,000. The number of employees and soldiers has also grown, from 3,800 in 2003 to about 8,000 in 2008. The tasks that face the organization have grown exponentially. For the first time this year, soldiers in their compulsory service were recruited into the IPS. As part of its transformation into a central prisons authority, the IPS assumed responsibility in 2005 for prison facilities that were previously in the hands of the Israel Defense Forces and the Israel Police... |
|
Molly Moore #
In France,
Prisons Filled With Muslims In France about 60 to 70 percent of all inmates in the country’s prison system are Muslim... In Britain, 11 percent of prisoners are Muslim in contrast to about 3 percent of all inhabitants, according to the Justice Ministry. Research by the Open Society Institute, an advocacy organization, shows that in the Netherlands 20 percent of adult prisoners and 26 percent of all juvenile offenders are Muslim; the country is about 5.5 percent Muslim. In Belgium, Muslims from Morocco and Turkey make up at least 16 percent of the prison population, compared with 2 percent of the general populace, the research found.
# Le "Washington Post" souligne la surreprésentation des musulmans dans les prisons françaises Le Monde.fr | 29.04.2008 |
|
Gerald
G. Gaes If there are limitations to the potential impact of correctional education on reentry success, it may be because other offender needs may have to be addressed such as their drug dependence or lack of work skills. Education effects may be muted by these other unmet needs. However, education may be fundamental to other correctional goals. It may be a prerequisite to the success of many of the other kinds of prison rehabilitation programs. The more literate the inmate, the more he or she may benefit from all other forms of training. Thus, the link between correctional education and successful postrelease outcomes may have many paths which analysts do not consider when they evaluate education programs independent of its other influences. |
|
Steven Raphael |
|
Ikponwosa
Ekunwe |
|
Sebastian Roché |
| California
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation Expert
Panel on Adult Offender Reentry and Recidivism Reduction
Programs # Report to the California State Legislature: A Roadmap for Effective Offender Programming in California June 29, 2007, Sacramento California Research shows that correctional programs reduce recidivism by changing offender behavior. However, research also shows that to achieve positive outcomes, correctional agencies must provide rehabilitation programs to the appropriate participants in a manner consistent with evidence-based programming design. California has been offering rehabilitation programs to its adult offenders for over 50 years; yet California’s adult offender recidivism rate is one of the highest in the nation. Clearly something is wrong. Either something is preventing the programs from achieving their intended effects or something is wrong with the programs themselves. The Panel believes that both explanations are true. First, a combination of various factors has caused these programs to be less effective than they should be in reducing criminal behavior. These factors, which must be resolved before California can have any hope of achieving rehabilitation programming success, include dangerous overcrowding (that makes prisons unsafe and reduces space to run programs) and lack of incentives for offenders to participate in rehabilitation programming. |
|
Jason
Payne |
|
Andrea Procaccini #
Le
trasformazioni del welfare italiano nell’area
penale: il caso dell’affidamento in prova al
servizio sociale Ci si dovrebbe interrogare sulle ragioni che hanno condotto ad assegnare alla pena la principale risposta alle più variegate condizioni d’insicurezza sociale. La variegata umanità che popola in stragrande maggioranza le carceri (migranti,tossicodipendenti) si trova in quelle condizioni anche grazie alla legislazione penale vigente, quindi nel tentativo di governare concretamente la penalità occorrerebbe ridiscutere e delimitare il campo di competenza del diritto penale, considerando che la sua competenza riguarda esclusivamente la tutela dei valori fondanti di un consorzio statale e non può essere gravata della presa in carico di comportamenti o azioni che dovrebbero riguardare altre sfere della società. |
|
Alessandro Barbarino, Giovanni Mastrobuoni |
Collegio Carlo Alberto |
|
Arjan
A. J. Blokland, Paul Nieuwbeerta |
|
M.
Keith Chen, Jesse M. Shapiro |
|
Marc
Baader, Evelyne Shea |
|
Home
Office There are many women in prison, either on remand or serving sentences for minor, non-violent offences, for whom prison is both disproportionate and inappropriate. Many of them suffer poor physical and mental health or substance abuse, or both. Large numbers have endured violent or sexual abuse or had chaotic childhoods. Many have been in care. I have concluded that we are rightly exercised about paedophiles, but seem to have little sympathy, understanding or interest in those who have been their victims, many of whom end up in prison. The tragic series of murders in Suffolk during December 2006 rightly focussed public attention on these women as women first and foremost - someone’s daughter, mother, girlfriend, then as victims – exploited by men, damaged by abuse and drug addiction. These are among the women whom society must support and help to establish themselves in the community. It seems to me that it is essential to do more to address issues connected with women’s offending before imprisonment becomes a serious option. |
|
Jack
Cunliffe, Adrian Shepherd |
|
Fabrizio Leonardi # Le misure alternative alla detenzione tra reinserimento sociale ed abbattimento della recidiva Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, 2007 n. 2 Dal confronto con la recidiva dei detenuti sembra che la finalità di reinserimento sia raggiunta in misura maggiore quando l'esecuzione della pena avviene all'esterno del carcere, come a confermare che la prisonizzazione, intesa quale adattamento al mondo informale penitenziario, comporta minori possibilità di risocializzazione. La tendenza maggiore a delinquere è stata riscontrata in chi ha attraversato un'esperienza carceraria mediante i dati sui reirigressi in carcere per la commissione di un nuovo reato. Sette condannati su dieci tra quelli scarcerati nel 1998 hanno fatto rientro in carcere una o più volte contro i due recidivi su dieci che hanno espiato la pena in misura alternativa alla detenzione. |
| Lila Kazemian # Desistance From Crime. Theoretical, Empirical, Methodological, and Policy Considerations Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, February 2007 Desistance is best viewed as a process and is unlikely to occur abruptly, especially among high-rate offenders. In this regard, a sole emphasis on the final state of termination may overlook valuable information about changes occurring in criminal career patterns across different periods of the life course. In other words, instead of focusing exclusively on the point of termination, it may be worthwhile to invest efforts in better explaining the mechanisms that come into play during periods in which offenders are in the process of desisting. It may be useful to integrate various criminal career parameters when measuring desistance (frequency, seriousness, etc.), in order to better capture the changes occurring in the dynamics of offending... |
|
Don Stemen # Reconsidering
Incarceration: New Directions for Reducing Crime ... Question of whether or not further increases in incarceration offer the most effective and efficient strategy for combating crime. Additional research examined in this report reveals several other variables that have also been shown to have a relationship with lower crime rates. An increase in the number of police per capita, a reduction in unemployment, and increases in real wage rates and education have all been shown to be associated with lower rates of crime. Although these latter findings do not necessarily indicate a cause and effect relationship, they do suggest that policymakers with limited resources shouldweigh the modest benefits of more incarceration against potentially greater reductions in crime that might be realized from investing in other areas. |
|
Barry
Holman, Jason Ziedenberg |
| Jennifer Fahey,
Cheryl Roberts, Len Engel # Employment of Ex-Offenders: Employer Perspectives Crime and Justice Institute , October 31, 2006 Employment fills a vital need for most individuals; it provides income, social connection, and feelings of societal contribution and self worth. For exoffenders returning to the community after a period of incarceration, employment can make the difference between succeeding and returning to prison. Research shows that employment is associated with reduced recidivism. Yet ex-offenders face significant barriers to employment after release from prison. Barriers include employer attitudes toward individuals with criminal records, legal barriers, educational and financial obstacles, substance abuse and health issues, and lack of stable housing. |
|
Washington
State Institute for Public Policy |
|
Elizabeth
Piper Deschenes Just as the type of incarceration offense differs significantly by gender, recidivism and criminal career patterns also differ significantly. As shown in this analysis of the BJS recidivism data, consistently, women offenders are more likely than the total sample to be doing time for a drug or property offense. Women in this sample also have less severe criminal histories than the total sample in terms of the number of prior arrests. On average, however, they serve less time in prison but are older at release than the total sample. These characteristics appear to have some impact on subsequent recidivism patterns as well. This secondary analysis shows that gender continues to be a salient factor in understanding—and addressing—postrelease recidivism. |
|
Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze - BJS # Mental
Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates At midyear 2005 more than half of all prison and jail inmates had a mental health problem, including 705,600 inmates in State prisons, 78,800 in Federal prisons, and 479,900 in local jails. These estimates represented 56% of State prisoners, 45% of Federal prisoners, and 64% of jail inmates. The findings in this report were based on data from personal interviews with State and Federal prisoners in 2004 and local jail inmates in 2002. |
|
Stop
Prisoner Rape SPR According to the best available research, one in five male inmates faces sexual assault behind bars. While estimated rates of sexual abuse at women’s prisons vary widely, at the worst facilities, as many as one in four prisoners is victimized. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) produced a report in July 2005, based solely on administrative records of reported incidents, which found that 8,210 allegations of sexual assault were reported at prisons, jails, and juvenile facilities in 2004, of which nearly 2,100 were substantiated. |
|
Rebecca L. Naser, Christy A.
Visher |
|
Joan Petersilia #
Understanding
California Corrections |
|
Steve Aos, Marna Miller, Elizabeth Drake |
|
Fergus
McNeill |
| Daniel P. Mears,
Jamie Watson # Towards a Fair and Balanced Assessment of Supermax Prisons Justice Quarterly, vol. 23 number 2 (June 2006) In the last two decades, supermaximum (“supermax”) security prisons—facilities that house inmates indefinitely in single cells for 23 hours per day, allow inmates minimal contact with others, and provide few if any services—have proliferated in the United States. Twenty years ago, there was one, a federal facility in Marion, Illinois. Today, the country has at least 57 supermax prisons that house approximately 20,000 inmates. Mears’ national survey of state prison wardens indicates that over 40 states now have supermaxes. This growth suggests that states view supermaxes as an effective strategy for improving their correctional systems. Yet, as many scholars have emphasized, we know little about these prisons, including their goals, unintended impacts, and operations... |
|
Mark T. Berg, Matt DeLisi #
The
correctional melting pot: Race, ethnicity,
citizenship, and prison violence |
|
John
J. Gibbons, Nicholas de B. Katzenbach | Vera Institute
of Justice |
|
Claudio
Gallardo, Jorge Núñez Vega | Facultad Latinoamericana
de Ciencias Sociales - Sede Ecuador En Equador has 35 carceles en 17 provincias de las que componen el pais, 10 son de varones, 4 de mujeres, 20 mixtas y 1 de detencion provisional; segun la region estan distribuidas, 14 en la costa, 19 en la sierra y 2 en el oriente. 53% de las personas privadas de libertad estan el la sierra, 45% en la costa, y solo 2% en el oriente... |
|
Wendy Erisman, Jeanne Bayer Contardo |
|
Shadd Maruna, Hans
Toch |
|
Julian
V. Roberts |
|
Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies
en République Démocratique du Congo (MONUC) |
| Ryan S. King,
Marc Mauer, Malcolm C. Young | The Sentencing Project # Incarceration and Crime: A Complex Relationship www.sentencingproject.org/ 2005 Nationally, violent crime has declined by 33% and property crime has decreased 23% since 1994. During the same period incarceration rates rose by 24%. Some commentators draw upon these two trends to support the conclusion that incarceration “works” to reduce crime. The reality is far more complex... About 25% of the decline in violent crime can be attributed to increased incarceration... most of the decline — three-quarters — was due to factors other than incarceration... |
|
Farhad
Khosrokhavar L’islam carcéral sera, dès les premières décennies du xxie siècle, un problème important dans les sociétés d’Europe occidentale. Déjà, on sait que, dans de nombreux pays européens, l’islam est la deuxième religion carcérale. En Grande-Bretagne, les statistiques disponibles montrent qu’il en est ainsi1. Dans d’autres États, le même constat s’impose : au Danemark, dans de nombreuses prisons de grandes villes en Allemagne, progressivement en Italie et aux Pays-Bas... |
|
Barbara
Bloom, Barbara Owen, Stephanie Covington |
|
Charles
B. A. Ubah |
|
Gemma
Harper, Chloë Chitty |
|
Lise
McKean, Charles Ransford Recidivism is the relapse into criminal activity and is generally measured by a former prisoner’s return to prison for a new offense. Rates of recidivism reflect the degree to which released inmates have been rehabilitated and the role correctional programs play in reintegrating prisoners into society. The rate of recidivism in the U.S. is estimated to be about two-thirds, which means that two-thirds of released inmates will be re- incarcerated within three years. High rates of recidivism result in tremendous costs both in terms of public safety and in tax dollars spent to arrest, prosecute, and incarcerate re-offenders. High rates of recidivism also lead to devastating social costs to the communities and families of offenders, as well as the personal costs to the offenders themselves. Due to these severe costs, programs for inmates and released inmates that reduce recidivism can be cost effective—even those that have modest rates of success. |
|
Cathryn
A. Chappell |
| Audrey Bazos,
Jessica Hausman # Correctional Education as a Crime Control Program UCLA School of Public Policy and Social Research Department of Policy Studies, March 2004 Several studies have shown that prison education programs significantly reduce crime. Once correctional education participants are released, they are about 10 to 20 percent less likely to re-offend than the average released prisoner. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of these two crime control methods - educating prisoners and expanding prisons. One million dollars spent on correctional education prevents about 600 crimes, while that same money invested in incarceration prevents 350 crimes. Correctional education is almost twice as cost-effective as a crime control policy. |
|
Steven
D. Levitt The simplistic accounts of why crime fell offered by so-called experts to the media can be quite misleading. Of the eight reasons most frequently cited in newspapers, I conclude that only three of the factors are truly important. A fourth factor I consider important, legalized abortion, does not receive a single mention... |
| IDEAS for an Open
Society # Justice Reinvestment Open Society Institute, vol. 3, n. 3, November 2003 |
| Richard Freeman # Can We Close the Revolving Door?: Recidivism vs. Employment of Ex-Offenders in the U.S. The Urban Institute Reentry Roundtable Discussion Paper | May 19–20, 2003 New York University Law School Data on recidivism shows that the vast majority of prisoners are not rehabilitated in these ways. Two-thirds of released prisoners are re-arrested and one-half are re-incarcerated within 3 years of release from prison (Langan and Levin, 2002). Rates of recidivism necessarily rise thereafter, so that upwards of 75%–80% of released prisoners are likely to be re-arrested within a decade of release. For many men aged 20–40, the prison door is a revolving one. Commit serious crime; get arrested and incarcerated; spend some time in prison; get out; commit more crimes; get arrested and incarcerated; and so on. Fifty-six percent of state prisoners released in 1999 had one of more prior convictions; and 25% had three or more convictions. Not until men reach their mid-forties does the rate of re-arrest fall noticeably... |
|
Harry J. Holzer, Steven Raphael, Michael A. Stoll #
Employment
Barriers Facing Ex-Offenders |
|
Richard P. Seiter, Karen R. Kadela |
|
Stephen
J. Steurer, Linda G. Smith |
|
Thomas
P. Bonczar |
|
Manuel
Eisner Research on the history of crime from the thirteenth century until the end of the twentieth has burgeoned and has greatly increased understanding of historical trends in crime and crime control. Serious interpersonal violence decreased remarkably in Europe between the mid-sixteenth and the early twentieth centuries. Different long-term trajectories in the decline of homicide can be distinguished between various European regions. |
|
Luigi
Maria Solivetti | Dap Prefazione di Giovanni Tamburino - Ministero della Giustizia, Roma 2003 In Europa occidentale vì sono stati nel 2000 in media circa 14 casi di suicidio in carcere per 10.000 detenuti. Ma nella popolazione generale europea occidentale !'indice medio di suicidi è stato negli ultimi anni pari a meno di 2 casi per 10.000 abitanti di sesso maschile ("). Inoltre, il carcere è una istituzione totale: questo concetto implica controllo, e ogni suicidio insinua un dubbio su come questo controllo è stato realizzato... Se la presenza in carcere di soggetti a rischio costituisce un problema di rilievo, si deve al tempo stesso ricordare come la condizione di detenuto non ha carattere di omogeneità. In particolare, la condizione di detenzione come imputato presenta caratteristiche negative, per gli elementi di incertezza e di precarietà insiti in questa condizione, nonché per il fatto che normalmente "inizio della detenzione (che è momento di depressione e frustrazione) coincide con la posizione di imputato. Tutto ciò può influire sui tassi di suicidio. È del resto opinione diffusa che gli atti di suicidio coinvolgano soprattutto soggetti nella posizione di imputato e non coloro che si trovano in quella di condannato definitivo. |
| Mark A. Cunniff |
US Department of Justice | National Institute of
Corrections # Jail Crowding: Understanding Jail Population Dynamics http://static.nicic.gov/ January 2002 Most jails routinely generate information on the “average” jail stay, which is between 10 and 20 days for most jail systems. The average stay, however, masks considerable variation for different segments of the jail population. For example, many persons booked into the jail for a new offense are released within 1 or 2 days of their arrest. These short-stay inmates represent a high-volume population but not a major source of demand for jail bed space. Short-stay inmates place much higher demand on the jail’s booking and release processes than on its bed space. An analysis of one jail system revealed that half the individuals booked into the jail stayed for fewer than 3 days, but this group consumed only 6 percent of the jail’s bed space. On the other hand, 11 percent of the individuals booked into the jail stayed for more than 30 days, but this group consumed 72 percent of the jail’s bed space... |
|
Yuri Ivanovich Kalinin This had led to these institutions being seriously overcrowded and prisoners not receiving the food, clothing, footwear, medicines and other basic necessities which they required. The situation was especially grim in remand prisons, where persons suspected and accused of having committed crimes are held while preliminary and judicial investigations are being carried out. Suffice it to say that in some of these institutions prisoners had no more than one square metre of living space each (although the established norm was four square metres). One consequence of this was that prisoners had to take it in turns to sleep.It is not surprising that in prisons and colonies infectious diseases spread easily, including such dangerous ones as tuberculosis and HIV/ AIDS. |
| Gilles
Favarel-Garrigues # Priorités et limites de la politique pénitentiaire en Russie Critique internationale n°16 - juillet 2002 Nous avons à plusieurs reprises souligné la marge d’autonomie dont disposent les directeurs de prison et les directeurs régionaux de l’administration pénitentiaire, et la place qu’elle occupe dans la définition même de l’action publique. De fait, les décisions prises au niveau fédéral laissent aux directeurs locaux et régionaux le soin de changer par eux-mêmes, s’ils le souhaitent et le peuvent, les conditions de vie en prison, c’est-à-dire de mener leur propre politique pénitentiaire. Les plus belles histoires de réforme qu’évoquent les organisations non gouvernementales, celles qui montrent comment peuvent s’améliorer les conditions de détention et l’environnement carcéral à partir des ressources disponibles, s’écrivent actuellement au niveau d’un établissement, à l’initiative d’un directeur local, plus ou moins bien vu de sa hiérarchie. |
|
Office
of the Deputy Prime Minister | Social Exclusion Unit |
| Peggy C.
Giordano, Stephen A. Cernkovich, and Jennifer L.
Rudolph # Gender, Crime, and Desistance: Toward aTheory of Cognitive Transformation American Journal of Sociology, AJS Volume 107 Number 4 (January 2002): 990–1064 |
|
Paula
Smith, Claire Goggin, Paul Gendreau |
|
Greg
Heylin Rather than prison itself being the failure, it might be characterised as a container of last resort for those whom society has failed or who have failed in society. As it is society which instils norms, it is unrealistic to expect prison alone to succeed where society has failed. The high cost of prison in human and monetary terms is also noted. Arising from these points, it is proposed that evaluation effort should be devoted in particular to preventative social programmes and to alternatives to prison, in addition to the evaluation of prison itself. |
| Steve Aos, Polly
Phipps, Robert Barnoski, Roxanne Lieb # The Comparative Costs and Benefits of Programs to Reduce Crime Washington State Institute for Public Policy, May 2001 Juvenile Boot Camps... We estimate that these boot camps are cheaper up front but the increased costs to taxpayers and crime victims associated with the higher recidivism rates... more than offset the up-front taxpayer savings. This produced an expected negative bottom line of $3,587 per boot camp participant... Scared Straight Type Programs... The Institute's review of studies found an average effect size of +.13 for basic recidivism... We estimated a nominal per participant cost of about $50 to run a scared straight type program. Overall, because of the higher expected recidivism, taxpayers lose approximately $6,572 in increased subsequent criminal justice costs for each program participant. Adding the increased costs that accrue to crime victims from the higher recidivism rates increases the negative expected net present value to $24,531 per participant. |
| David P.
Farrington # Key Results from the First Forty Years of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development Chapter for: Thornberry, T. P. and Krohn, M. D. (Eds.) Taking Stock of Delinquency: An Overview of Findings from Contemporary Longitudinal Studies, Revised 2001 |
|
Sénat
- Session Ordinaire de 1999-2000 |
|
David A. Anderson #
The
Aggregate Burden of Crime |
|
John Irwin PhD, Vincent Schiraldi, Jason
Ziedenberg |
|
Human
Rights Watch |
| G. Vassalli, F.
Ferracuti, G. Marbach # Le proiezioni della popolazione penitenziaria italiana Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, nn. 2-3, 1983 |
|
Immigration \ racial profiling et al. vvv |
“Privati dei diritti umani garantiti dalla cittadinanza, si trovarono ad essere senza alcun diritto, schiuma della terra.”
H. Arendt, Le origini del totalitarismo
| ActionAid Italia,
Università di Bari # Trattenuti. Una radiografia del sistema detentivo per stranieri https://trattenuti.actionaid.it/ Roma Bari 2023 |
|
Alejandra Rodríguez
Sánchez, Julian Wucherpfennig, Ramona Rischke & Stefano Maria Iacus
|
|
Tribunale
di Bologna - Prima Sezione Penale |
|
Conferenza
dei Garanti Territoriali delle Persone Private della Libertà |
|
Angela Della Bella |
| Angela Laura
Chiodo # Lo straniero espulso: quali garanzie processuali? Lacune normative e prospettive di riforma https://sistemapenale.it/ 19 settembre 2022 1. Il diritto alla partecipazione al giudizio. – 2. I migranti e i diritti fondamentali. – 3. Espulsione degli stranieri e processo penale. – 4. Espulsione e legittimo impedimento a comparire. – 5. La riforma del processo in assenza nella legge Cartabia: quali scenari per l’imputato espulso? |
| Cecilia Pagella # Sulla rilevanza penale dello sbarco su suolo libico di migranti soccorsi in acque internazionali https://sistemapenale.it/ 05 Settembre 2022 # GUP Napoli, sent. n. 1643 del 13 ottobre 2021 (dep. 30 dicembre 2021), giud. Miranda |
| Antonio
Cavaliere # Le vite dei migranti e il diritto punitivo https://sistemapenale.it/ 13 Aprile 2022 1. Scienza penalistica, legislazione e fenomeno migratorio. – 1.1. Premessa metodologica. – 1.2. Alcuni dati generali intorno alle dimensioni del fenomeno migratorio. – 2. La disciplina amministrativa dell’immigrazione e qualche ulteriore, inquietante dato empirico. – 3. Il ruolo del diritto penale. – 3.1. La tutela dei diritti fondamentali dei migranti. – 3.2. Il diritto penale dell’immigrazione e il feticcio del “controllo dei flussi migratori”. Profili di illegittimità costituzionale dell’art. 10-bis TUI. – 3.2.1. L’illegittimità degli ulteriori reati di mera inosservanza previsti nel TUI. – 3.2.2. Gli effetti distorsivi della ratio del “controllo dei flussi” sulle norme in tema di favoreggiamento e di impiego di migranti irregolari. – 3.3. L’horror libertatis nei confronti del migrante e il “trattenimento amministrativo”: l’eterno ritorno delle frodi delle etichette e il recente dibattito sulla ‘materia penale’. |
|
Lorenzo Bernardini 1. Le coordinate storico-normative del problema, tra crimmigration e “amministrativizzazione” della libertà personale. – 2. L’articolo 5 CEDU e sua applicabilità generale: da Guzzardi ad Austin e altri. – 3. La giurisprudenza ad hoc in materia di stranieri detenuti. – 3.1. Le zone di transito aeroportuali. – 3.2. Le stazioni di polizia. – 4. La svolta inaspettata: una (inconferente?) lista di criteri. – 5. Inadeguatezze dell’approccio CEDU e sguardi al futuro: un ritorno a Guzzardi |
| Giulia
Mentasti # G.L. Gatta, V. Mitsilegas, S. Zirulia (eds.), Controlling Immigration Through Criminal Law. European and Comparative Perspectives on ‘Crimmigration’, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2021 https://sistemapenale.it/ 22 febbraio 2022 |
| Giuseppe Tropea # Riparto di giurisdizione e immigrazione: note critiche sul “nomadismo giurisdizionale” www.dirittoimmigrazionecittadinanza.it/ 1, 2022 1. Premessa. – 2. Il groviglio del riparto. – 3. Il riparto di giurisdizione in materia di ingresso, soggiorno e allontanamento. – 4. (Segue) Il coordinamento delle giurisdizioni come problema di effettività e concentrazione della tutela. – 5. Il tema della incomprimibilità del diritto fondamentale. Premessa generale. – 6. (Segue) Nell’ambito specifico della tutela del migrante. – 7. Conclusioni. |
| ARCI Porco
Rosso, Alarm Phone, Borderline Sicilia,
borderline-europe # Dal Mare al Carcere. La criminalizzazione dei cosiddetti scafisti www.dal-mare-al-carcere.info/ 15 ottobre 2021 |
| ASGI -
Associazione per gli Studi Giuridici sull’Immigrazione
(a cura di) # Guida per la persona straniera privata della libertà personale www.asgi.it/ 2021 |
|
Gregorio De Falco #
Delle pene
senza delitti. Istantanea del CPR di Milano. Quando tra carenze di gestione, problemi strutturali, scaricabarili e politiche insensate, sono i diritti fondamentali e la dignità della persona a pagare il prezzo dell'accettazione sociale della detenzione amministrativa e della deportazione di esseri umani in ragione della loro provenienza geografica. |
|
Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone
private della libertà personale |
|
Lorenzo Bernardini |
| Flavia
Patanè, Maarten P. Bolhuis, Joris van Wijk, Helena
Kreiensiek # Asylum-Seekers Prosecuted for HumanSmuggling: A Case Study of Scafisti in Italy Refugee Survey Quarterly, 2020, 39, 123-152 Based on a literature review and interviews with practitioners and asylum-seekers,this article discussed the nature and scale of criminal prosecutions of irregularmigrants for their (alleged) involvement in human smuggling during their own mi-gration journey to Italy and the effects of these prosecutions on asylum applicants’procedures. It focused on the prosecutions of the so-called scafisti (“boat drivers”) inSicily. While the data presented in this study are explorative in nature and may notbe applicable to all the prosecutorial and judiciary offices in Italy, we have no reasonto believe that the results constitute an exceptional representation of the Italian prac-tice in dealing with scafisti since 2015. |
| Luigi Ferrajoli # Migranti. Il nuovo populismo che penalizza i soccorsi Il Manifesto, 20 novembre 2020 |
|
ASGI
- Associazione per gli Studi Giuridici
sull'Immigrazione Il diritto d’asilo, colonna portante della democrazia europea, inoltre, è stato duramente eluso o infranto e continua ad essere profondamente compromesso dalle azioni che ostacolano o impediscono ai rifugiati di raggiungere un Paese che assicuri loro le garanzie minime previste dalle Convenzione di Ginevra e dal diritto dell’Unione |
| Mark Akkerman # The Business of Building Walls www.tni.org/ November 2019 Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Europe is once again known for its border walls. This time Europe is divided not so much by ideology as by perceived fear of refugees and migrants, some of the world’s most vulnerable people. Who killed the dream of a more open Europe? What gave rise to this new era of walls? |
| Eugenio Cusumano,
Matteo Villa # Sea rescue NGOs : a pull factor of irregular migration? https://cadmus.eui.eu/ Policy Briefs, 2019/22 First, claims that non-governmental SAR operations act as a pull factor are not supported by the available evidence. Besides being problematic on legal grounds, the policies devised to limit NGOs’ activities off the coast of Libya and disincentivize SAR operations at large may have indirectly magnified the deadliness off the crossing without significantly contributing to reducing irregular departures, and should therefore be reconsidered. |
| Forum Droghe |
CNCA | CTCA # I migranti e le sostanze psicoattive www.fuoriluogo.it/ Summer School 2019 | Firenze, 5-6-7 settembre Le migrazioni che hanno attraversato il nostro paese si sono incrociate con i fenomeni e le realtà sociali, politiche e culturali specifiche di quel momento storico. In questi incroci molteplici, i migranti provenienti da luoghi diversi e con diverse culture incontrano o re-incontrano le droghe in nuovi contesti. E incontrano le leggi, le proibizioni, le carcerazioni, i pregiudizi e i processi di stigmatizzazione che a loro volta si “ibridano” con le loro credenze culturali sulle droghe e le sostanze psicoattive. |
|
Mark Motivans |
|
Bruce Western, Catherine Sirois |
|
Ministero
del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali - Direzione
Generale dell'Immigrazione e delle Politiche di
integrazione Nonostante l’avvicinamento agli altri paesi più tradizionalmente d’immigrazione, tuttora l’Italia si distingue per alcuni aspetti: da una parte, il recente rallentamento dei flussi in entrata, in controtendenza rispetto agli altri paesi; dall’altra, l’elevato tasso di occupazione tra gli immigrati, anche se con persistenti problemi di inserimento sul mercato del lavoro e qualità dei posti di lavoro occupati dagli immigrati; infine, una scarsa integrazione della seconda generazione di immigrati – i figli nati in Italia da genitori immigrati – fortemente penalizzata nell’accesso allo studio e al mondo del lavoro. |
| Matteo Astuti,
Caterina Bove, Anna Brambilla, Anna Clementi, Duccio
Facchini, Carlotta Giordani, Silvia Maraone, Paolo
Pignocchi, Diego Saccora, Ivana Stojanova # Dossier Balcani. La rotta balcanica. I migranti senza diritti nel cuore dell’Europa # eng www.asgi.it/ Giugno 2020 |
|
Tito Boeri |
|
Vox
Osservatorio Italiano sui Diritti # Silvia Brena # Marilisa D'Amico # Giovanni Semeraro # Vittorio Lingiardi
|
|
Commissioner for Human Rights - Council of
Europe |
|
Donald
Kerwin, Mike Nicholson |
| Ana
Gonzalez-Barrera, Phillip Connor | Pew Research Center # Around the World, More Say Immigrants Are a Strength Than a Burden. Publics divided on immigrants’ willingness to adopt host country’s customs www.pewglobal.org/ March 14, 2019 In seven of the 10 EU countries surveyed, majorities support the deportation of immigrants living in their country illegally. In 2007, between 1.7 million and 3.2 million unauthorized, or irregular, migrants were estimated to be living in the 10 EU countries surveyed. The number of asylum seeker applications has increased following the 2015 refugee surge. Since then, the number of rejected asylum applications has increased substantially. Many of these rejected asylum seekers may continue to reside illegally in Europe. |
| Claudia Marotta,
Francesco Di Gennaro, Paolo Parente, Giovanni Putoto,
Davide Mosca # Stop the exploitation of migrant agricultural workers in Italy www.bmj.com/ March 27, 2019 Over the past six years the number of agricultural workers who have died as a result of their work is more than 1500.[1] This affects immigrants and Italians alike. Some have died in fires in ghettos[5] [6]—one hit by a train while returning from work, others dying from exhaustion or killed by intense manual labour. Others have been killed by “gangmasters”—the so called “Caporali,” who are modern slave masters. |
|
Francesco
Carchedi (Intervista a cura di Massimo Franco) Nel complessivo indebolimento del mondo del lavoro prodotto dalla liberalizzazione globale dei mercati e dal turboliberismo, un settore, quello agricolo, mostra ferite ancora più evidenti. Oggi un terzo degli addetti in agricoltura in Italia (400.0000 su 1.200.000) sono stranieri, per lo più desindacalizzati e sottoposti a un intenso sfruttamento perché più facilmente ricattabili dagli imprenditori. Ci sono poi, secondo le stime della Flai-Cgil, 200.000 i lavoratori informali, molti in nero, ancor più ricattati e sottoposti a condizioni inaccettabili |
| Salvatore Palidda # Alle radici del fascio-razzismo. Europa e migrazioni (Intervista a Salvatore Palidda di Orsola Casagrande) www.dirittiglobali.it/ 10/2/2019 Non si può parlare di migrazioni senza capirne il nesso con le guerre permanenti, con le devastazioni dei territori di partenza, con le neo-schiavitù, con il neocolonialismo e con il gioco della distrazione di massa. E non si può non osservare come l’economia europea si sia nutrita di manodopera “extra-europea” «selezionata, inferiorizzata, spesso razzializzata e anche criminalizzata proprio per legittimarne la precarizzazione permanente della maggioranza, la riproduzione di manodopera schiavizzabile |
| Luigi Ferrajoli # Gli strumenti contro il decreto Salvini ci sono. Serve mobilitarsi www.ilmanifesto.it/ 06.01.2019 Il rifiuto dei sindaci di applicare il decreto Salvini è un atto ammirevole di disobbedienza civile e di obiezione di coscienza e vale a svelarne il carattere «disumano e criminogeno», secondo le parole del sindaco Orlando. E rappresenta una forte presa di posizione istituzionale in difesa dei diritti umani dei migranti. Aggiungo, per chi non condivide statalismo etico e gius-positivismo ideologico, cioè la confusione autoritaria tra diritto e morale e l’appiattimento della morale sul diritto quale che sia, che la disobbedienza civile alla legge palesemente ingiusta è un dovere morale. |
|
Parlamento
Europeo |
| WHO World
Health Organization - Regional Office for Europe # Report on the health of refugees and migrants in the WHO European Region. No PUBLIC HEALTH without REFUGEE and MIGRANT HEALTH https://apps.who.int/ 2018 |
|
United
Nations Support Mission in Libya | Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights Migrants and refugees suffer unimaginable horrorsduring their transit through and stay in Libya. From the moment they step onto Libyansoil, they become vulnerable to unlawful killings, torture and other ill-treatment, arbitrary detentionand unlawful deprivation of liberty, rape and other forms of sexualand gender-basedviolence, slavery and forced labour, extortion and exploitation byboth State and non-State actors. |
|
Naga |
|
Ibrahim Abubakar, Robert W Aldridge, Delan Devakumar, Miriam Orcutt, Rachel Burns, Mauricio L Barreto, Poonam Dhavan, Fouad M Fouad, Nora Groce, Yan Guo, Sally Hargreaves, Michael Knipper, J Jaime Miranda, Nyovani Madise, Bernadette Kumar, Davide Mosca†, Terry McGovern, Leonard Rubenstein, Peter Sammonds, Susan M Sawyer, Kabir Sheikh, Stephen Tollman, Paul Spiegel, Cathy Zimmerman # The
UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: the
health of a world on the move |
| Livio Pepino # Le nuove norme su immigrazione e sicurezza: punire i poveri Questione Giustizia, 12 dicembre 2018 Ogni conflitto chiama in causa, inevitabilmente, i giudici e la giurisdizione... Nessuno può trincerarsi credibilmente dietro il formalismo giuridico e la neutralità del diritto. L’interpretazione è una pratica complessa fondata su giudizi di valore, i bilanciamenti di norme e princìpi sono ineludibili, le priorità sono frutto di scelte, le misure cautelari e l’entità delle pene sono ampiamente discrezionali e via seguitando. Dunque i giudici faranno, in un modo o nell’altro, la loro parte. Come la faranno è difficile dire... |
| Osservatorio di
Pavia # Notizie di chiusura. Sesto rapporto Carta di Roma 2018 # Sintesi www.cartadiroma.org/ 11 dicembre 2018 |
|
Garante
nazionale dei diritti delle persone detenuto o private
della libertà Con il Decreto sicurezza, la provenienza da un presunto Paese sicuro implica in ogni caso l’utilizzo di una cosiddetta procedura accelerata per l’esame della richiesta di protezione. Tale procedura offre minori garanzie per il richiedente in quanto viene espletata in tempi più ristretti, che comprimono sensibilmente alcune garanzie. Con il Decreto sicurezza tale procedura accelerata si applica non solo, come previsto precedentemente, a chi è trattenuto in un CPR, ma anche per chi si trovi in un hotspot. |
| Osservatorio
regionale per l’integrazione e la multietnicità ORIM # L’immigrazione in Lombardia. Rapporto 2018 # Rapporto 2017 www.polis.lombardia.it/ Novembre 2018 Le stime più recenti (Ismu 2018) indicano al 1° gennaio del 2018 la presenza in Italia di 6 milioni e 108 mila stranieri: circa uno ogni dieci abitanti. Si tratta per l’84% di persone regolarmente iscritte in anagrafe presso un comune italiano, per il 7% di soggetti regolari ma non residenti, o non ancora divenuti tali, e per un ulteriore 9% di stranieri che si trovano in Italia in posizione di irregolarità, in quanto privi di un valido titolo di soggiorno... |
|
Centro
Studi e Ricerche IDOS Secondo un sondaggio del 2018 condotto dall’Istituto Cattaneo, gli italiani risultino essere i cittadini europei con la percezione più lontana dalla realtà riguardo al numero di stranieri che vivono nel paese, credendo che ve ne siano più del doppio di quelli effettivamente presenti. In realtà nell’Ue a 28 Stati, dove i cittadini stranieri sono 38,6milioni (di cui 21,6 non comunitari) e incidono per il 7,5% sulla popolazione complessiva, l’Italia non è né il paese con il numero più alto di immigrati né quello che ospita più rifugiati e richiedenti asilo. Con circa 5 milioni di residenti stranieri viene dopo la Germania, che ne conta 9,2 milioni, e il Regno Unito, con 6,1 milioni... Anche l’incidenza sulla popolazione complessiva, pari all’8,5% (dato Istat), risulta più bassa di quella di Germania (11,2%), Regno Unito (9,2%)... |
| European
Parliament 2014-2019 # Minimum standards for minorities in the EU European Parliament resolution of 13 November 2018 on minimum standards for minorities in the EU (2018/2036(INI)) www.europarl.europa.eu/ 13 November 2018 |
| Marcello Daniele # La detenzione come deterrente dell'immigrazione nel decreto sicurezza 2018 www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 14 novembre 2018 Il decreto sicurezza del 2018 mette di nuovo le mani nella disciplina della detenzione degli stranieri irregolari, mostrando chiaramente l’intento del Governo di usare la privazione della libertà come deterrente nei confronti dell’immigrazione... Introduce anche un nuovo caso di detenzione del tutto arbitrario, mirato a scoraggiare ogni tentativo di sbarcare in Italia per domandare la protezione internazionale. Si tratta di una strategia che, per quanto potrebbe sortire qualche beneficio elettorale nel breve periodo, alla lunga rischia di rivelarsi fallimentare. La carcerazione continuerà a colpire i migranti in modo indiscriminato e capriccioso. Difficilmente, inoltre, produrrà gli effetti sperati... |
|
Francesca Cancellaro*, Stefano Zirulia** |
|
ASGI I rilievi che seguono non esimono però dall’affermare preliminarmente che in ogni caso si ritiene che non sussistono i casi di straordinaria necessità e urgenza prescritti dall’art. 77 Cost. per l’adozione del decreto-legge , sia per la vaghezza dei motivi indicati nelle premesse del decreto-legge, sia per l’ampiezza e profondità delle riforme ordinamentali che esso apporta, sia per la oggettiva eterogeneità degli argomenti disciplinati... Occorre in ogni caso ricordare che la mancanza dei requisiti costituzionali del decreto-legge è oggi ritenuto dalla Corte costituzionale come vizio di legittimità costituzionale dell’intero decreto-legge, non sanato neppure dall’approvazione della legge di conversione in legge. |
|
Carlo
Melzi d'Eril, Giulio Enea Vigevani
Serena Santini # Il decreto fa dell’immigrato irregolare la «minaccia» alla sicurezza www.ilsole24ore.com/ 15 ottobre 2018 |
|
Raffaele K. Salinari |
|
Giuseppe
Pascale |
|
Yasha
Maccanico, Ben Hayes, Samuel Kenny, Frank Barat |
|
Ugo Tramballi |
|
Istituto Cattaneo |
|
Tim
Dixon, Stephen Hawkins, Laurence Heijbroek, Míriam
Juan-Torres, François-Xavier Demoures |
|
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights |
| Arci | Sara
Prestianni # La pericolosa relazione tra migrazione, sviluppo e sicurezza per esternalizzare le frontiere in Africa. Il caso di Sudan, Niger e Tunisi www.arci.it/ 31 luglio 2018 ... Si prevede la formazione delle forze di polizia e delle guardie di frontiera, la diffusione del sistema biometrico per la tracciabilità delle persone e la donazione di materiali come elicotteri, veicoli e navi di pattuglia, apparecchiature di sorveglianza e monitoraggio, aprendo cosi alla relazione sempre più strutturata tra migrazione, sviluppo e sicurezza. Nella collaborazione tra Europa e Africa prevale nettamente la dimensione del controllo e i relativi rimpatri forzosi e ‘volontari’ piuttosto che quella della protezione e dell’apertura di vie legali e sicure di accesso al territorio europeo. |
|
ACLU
of Florida |
| Rebecca C. Hetey,
Jennifer L. Eberhard # The Numbers Don’t Speak for Themselves: Racial Disparities and the Persistence of Inequality in the Criminal Justice System Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2018, Vol. 27(3) 183–187 Compared with Whites, African Americans are 2 times more likely to die as infants, 3.6 times more likely to experience childhood poverty, and 2 times more likely to have not completed high school. Disturbing as these disparities are, they are not as extreme as disparities in the criminal justice system, in which African Americans are 5.1 times more likely than Whites to be incarcerated... |
|
Carlo
Patrignani |
|
Alberto Alesina, Armando Miano, Stefanie
Stantcheva |
|
Pew
Research Center # Alan Cooperman, Neha Sahgal, Being Christian in Western Europe, www.europarl.europa.eu/ 6 june 2018 |
|
#
Corte Suprema
degli Stati Uniti, 17.4.2018, Sessions v. Dimaya
|
|
Matteo Villa – Elena Corradi – Antonio
Villafranca Il numero di richieste d’asilo in Italia è aumentato molto dal 2014 fino alla prima metà del 2017, mettendo sotto forte pressione il sistema d’asilo del nostro paese. Dalla seconda metà del 2017, invece, il gap tra le richieste d’asilo presentate e quelle esaminate ha iniziato a chiudersi. Ciò tuttavia non è dovuto a una maggior numero di richieste esaminate, fermo a circa 7.000 al mese da metà 2015, bensì a un netto calo delle domande d’asilo presentate (collegato al calo degli sbarchi avvenuto nello stesso periodo). |
| Bianca E.
Bersani, Adam D. Fine, Alex R. Piquero, Laurence
Steinberg, Paul J. Frick, Elizabeth Cauffman # Investigating the Offending Histories of Undocumented Immigrants www.migrationletters.com/ vol. 15, n. 2, April 2018 Results suggest that, as compared to documented immigrants and US-born peers, undocumented immigrants report engaging in less crime prior to and following their first arrest. Conversely, official records reflect a marginally higher level of re-arrest among undocumented immigrants, particularly in the months immediately following the first arrest. |
| Brendon
McConnell, Imran Rasul # Contagious Animosity in the Field: Evidence from the Federal Criminal Justice System www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/ April 2018 Minority men are far more likely to come into contact with the Federal criminal justice system than White men. Decades of research have also shown sentencing outcomes also vary by race and ethnicity. The econometric challenge in interpreting such sentencing di¤erentials lies in establishing whether they are driven by unobserved heterogeneity correlated to defendant race/ethnicity, or whether they reflect discrimination. The question is of fundamental importance given that equality before the law is a cornerstone of any judicial system, and because it is diffcult to know whether and how to reduce sentencing disparities if their underlying cause remains unknown... |
| European
Union Agency for Fundamental Rights - ECHR - CoE # Handbook on European non-discrimination law http://fra.europa.eu/ 2018 This handbook is designed to assist legal practitioners who are not specialised in the field of non-discrimination law, serving as an introduction to key issues involved. It is intended for lawyers, judges, prosecutors, social workers and persons who work with national authorities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and other bodies that may be confronted with legal questions relating to issues of discrimination. With the impressive body of case law developed by the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union in the non-discrimination field, it seems useful to present an updated and accessible handbook intended for legal practitioners – such as judges, prosecutors and lawyers, as well as lawenforcement officers – in the EU and Council of Europe member states and beyond. |
|
Anna Flagg |
|
Alberto Guariso |
| ACLU American
Civil Liberties Union # Racial Profiling: Definition www.aclu.org/ 2018 Racial Profiling: Definition "Racial Profiling" refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual's race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Criminal profiling, generally, as practiced by police, is the reliance on a group of characteristics they believe to be associated with crime. Examples of racial profiling are the use of race to determine which drivers to stop for minor traffic violations (commonly referred to as "driving while black or brown"), or the use of race to determine which pedestrians to search for illegal contraband. |
|
Michael T. Light, Ty Miller |
| Federico
Barbiellini Amidei, Matteo Gomellini, Paolo Piselli # Il contributo della demografia alla crescita economica: duecento anni di “storia” italiana www.bancaditalia.it/ Numero 431 – Marzo 2018 Introduzione | Popolazione, crescita economica e transizione demografica in Italia | Misurazione del contributo demografico nel lungo periodo | L’evoluzione storica e il recente contributo dell’immigrazione | L’evoluzione futura: scenari alternativi | Alla ricerca di un second demographic dividend | Conclusioni |
|
ISMU
| Vincenzo Cesareo (ed) Despite concerns over crime and the blaming of Mr. Trump for high rates of violence, undocumented migrants are not associated with higher crime rates. In fact, violent crime decreased by 48% between 1990 and 2013 as populations increased. Property crimes such as theft and robbery also decreased by 41%. Studies also show found native-born Americans are more likely to commit violent crimes than migrants documented and undocumented They are also more likely to be repeat offenders... |
|
Alex Nowrasteh | Cato Institute |
|
Suvi
Keskinen, Aminkeng Atabong Alemanji, Markus Himanen,
Antti Kivijärvi, Uyi Osazee, Nirosha Pöyhölä, Venla
Rousku |
|
House
of Commons - Chambre des Communes - Canada Racial profiling and disproportionate incarceration: “That law enforcement agencies have programmes to prevent racial profiling…and that Canada address the root causes of overrepresentation of African-Canadians and Indigenous peoples at all levels of the justice system, from arrest to incarceration.”...When a population is overrepresented in any institutional context, this is a reflection of systemic inequality, to the detriment of some, and to the advantage of others. Think here about white men in CEO positions and indigenous and black people in Canadian federal prisons… # Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage | Monday, September 25, 2017 |
| Medici senza
frontiere # Fuoricampo. Insediamenti informali, marginalità sociale, ostacoli all'accesso alle cure e ai beni essenziali per migranti e rifugiati http://fuoricampo.medicisenzafrontiere.it/ Febbraio 2018 Migranti e rifugiati vivono in luoghi sempre più nascosti, in una condizione di crescente paura e frustrazione, e con contatti sempre più limitati con i servizi territoriali, incluso quelli sanitari.... si riducono le possibilità di accesso alle cure, a cominciare da quelle di medicina generale... |
|
Corte di Giustizia UE |
|
Rights International Spain |
| OXFAM
International. The power of people against poverty # Reward work, not wealth. To end the inequality crisis, we must build an economy for ordinary working people, not the rich and powerful # Methodology note www.oxfam.org/ January 2018 |
|
HM
Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue
Services (HMICFRS) |
|
Jeremy West |
|
Liz
Fekete, Frances Webber, Anya Edmond-Pettitt |
Institute of Race Relations |
|
#
Commissione
parlamentare di inchiesta sul sistema di
accoglienza, di identificazione ed espulsione,
nonché sulle condizioni di trattenimento dei
migranti e sulle risorse pubbliche impegnate Permangono evidentemente tutti i dubbi di costituzionalità per violazione del disposto di cui all’articolo 13 Cost. già sollevati da autorevole dottrina in ordine al trattenimento dei migranti ai fini identificativi presso gli hotspot... |
| Gian Carlo
Blangiardo # XXXII Rapporto sulle Migrazioni. Anno 2017. Aspetti statistici Milano, 5 dicembre 2017 |
|
Senato della Repubblica - Commissione
Straordinaria per la Tutela e la Promozione dei
Diritti Umani |
|
Andrea
Giliberto #
Tribunale di Bari, Sezione
I civile, sent. 31 luglio – 10 agosto 2017, Giud.
Potito |
|
United Nations |
|
Associazione
Carta di Roma | Paola Barretta, Giuseppe Milazzo (eds)
|
|
United Nations Regional Information Centre
(UNRIC) |
| Enes Bayrakli,
Farid Hafez (eds) # European Islamophobia - Report 2016 www.islamophobiaeurope.com/ SETA 2017 Respondents in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain and the UK were presented with the statement ‘All further migration from mainly Muslim countries should be stopped’. As the report reveals, the majorities in all but two of the ten states agreed to this statement, ranging from 71% in Poland, 65% in Austria, 53% in Germany and 51% in Italy to 47% in the United Kingdom and 41% in Spain. In no country did the percentage that disagreed surpass 32%... |
| Global Detention
Project (GDP) # Italy Immigration Detention Profile www.globaldetentionproject.org/ November 2017 Italy confronts considerable migration challenges as the main European destination for asylum seekers and migrants attempting to cross the Mediterranean by boat. During 2016, approximately 180,000 people reached Italian shores, of whom 25,000 were unaccompanied children, more than double compared to the previous year.2 2016 was also the deadliest year on record for boat migrants, as more that 5,022 people died or went missing, compared to 3,771 in 2015. |
|
Michelle
Louise Sydes |
|
IDOS
- Confronti - UNAR |
|
Paolo Pinotti |
| Carlo Lania # Migranti. Isole dell'Egeo come prigioni: "Profughi ormai allo stremo" Il Manifesto, 3 novembre 2017 Msf ha denunciato un'emergenza per quanto riguarda le condizioni psicologiche dei richiedenti asilo, emergenza creata dalle condizioni di vita povere, da negligenza e violenza. Durante l'estate - ha reso noto l'associazione - sono arrivati nelle nostre cliniche in media da sei a sette pazienti a settimana in seguito a tentativi di suicidio, atti di autolesionismo o episodi psicotici, il 50% in più rispetto al trimestre precedente. Persone che ci dicono che preferirebbero essere morte piuttosto che trovarsi qui. |
|
P. Lemmens, H. Dupont, I. Roosen |
|
Fabrizio Ciocca |
|
Despite making up just 14% of the population, BAME men and women make up 25% of prisoners, while over 40% of young people in custody are from BAME backgrounds. If our prison population reflected the make-up of England and Wales, we would have over 9,000 fewer people in prison – the equivalent of 12 average-sized prisons. There is greater disproportionality in the number of Black people in prisons here than in the United States. |
|
Global
Detention Project (GDP) | Pablo Ceriani Cernadas |
|
Lunaria | Open Society Foundations | Paola
Andrisani, Sergio Bontempelli, Serena Chiodo, Anna
Dotti, Giuseppe Faso, Grazia Naletto, Sara Nunzi,
Annamaria Rivera, Duccio Zola |
|
Janet
Chan, Chris Cunneen, Tamar Hopkins, Clare Land, Raul
Sanchez-Urribarri, Victoria Sentas, Leanne Weber |
Police Stop Data Working Group |
|
# Luigi Manconi, Migranti. Reato d'altruismo, Il Manifesto, 4 agosto 2017 |
|
#
Commissione
parlamentare di inchiesta sul sistema di
accoglienza, di identificazione ed espulsione,
nonché sulle condizioni di trattenimento dei
migranti e sulle risorse pubbliche impegnate |
|
Corrado
Bonifazi (a cura di) | CNR - IRPPS |
|
In Migrazione |
| National
Immigrant Justice Center # The Trump Administration’s Deadly Bid to Expand Immigration Detention www.immigrantjustice.org/ June 2017 The Trump administration has asked Congress to allocate $2.7 billion dollars to lock up a daily average of 51,379 immigrants in 2018. This historic bid for the mass incarceration of immigrants would nearly double the average detention capacity of the past decade. Along with this expansion, the administration plans to entirely abandon basic standards for health, safety and civil rights in immigration detention. |
|
Picum
Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented
Migrants |
|
United Nations - Department of Economic and
Social Affairs - Population Division #
Key
Findings and Advance Tables |
|
Emma Pierson, Camelia Simoiu, Jan Overgoor,
Sam Corbett-Davies, Vignesh Ramachandran, Cheryl
Phillips |
| Matteo Villa # Fact Checking: Migrazioni www.ispionline.it/ 29 giugno 2017 Mentre stranieri e italiani vengono incarcerati in misura simile per certi tipi di reati violenti, come per esempio le lesioni dolose (5,5% dei reati per entrambe le nazionalità), gli stranieri vengono incarcerati in misura superiore per reati connessi alla produzione e spaccio di stupefacenti (45% contro 36%). Inoltre, all‘aumentare dei migranti non sembra aumentare il loro "livello di delinquenza". Tra 2009 e 2015, a fronte di un aumento del 47% degli stranieri residenti la popolazione carceraria straniera è scesa dal 37% al 33% del totale. Se dunque gli stranieri continuano a essere denunciati e a finire in carcere di più rispetto agli italiani, non sembra essere provata la tesi per la quale una maggiore densità di stranieri fa aumentare la loro criminalità (per esempio perché farebbe crescere la loro marginalizzazione e segregazione). |
|
Robert
Adelman, Lesley Williams Reid, Gail Markle, Saskia
Weiss, Charles Jaret |
|
Global Detention Project (GDP) |
|
Global
Detention Project (GDP) |
| Steffen
Angenendt, David Kipp, Amrei Meier | German Institute
for International and Security Affairs (SWP) # Mixed migration. Challenges and options for the ongoing project of German and European asylum and migration policy www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/ May 2017 The detention of asylum seekers in Greece in so-called hotspots raises humanrights questions. It is doubtful whether those seeking protection will be accorded adequate legal assistance in these camps, or sufficient protection in Turkey. Although there is broad consensus that Syrian war refugees are accorded the appropriate protection status in Turkey, the UNHCR continues to assess the Turkish state’s asylumpolicy capacities as deficient overall, and human-rights organizations have reported on illegal deportations of Afghan nationals. |
|
Sebastiano Fabio Di Giacomo Barbagallo |
| César Cuauhtémoc
García Hernández # What is Crimmigration Law? crimmigration.com, Volume 17 Issue 3 – Spring 2017 Historically, criminal law and immigration law have operated as separate spheres... Beginning in the mid-1980s, the stark separation between criminal law and immigration law shifted quickly and dramatically. Two centuries into the nation’s life, the gap between these areas of law began to blur. Today, it is often hard to explain where the criminal justice system ends and the immigration process begins. |
|
Ontario
Human Rights Commission |
|
Marco
Noci # Testo del decreto-legge 17 febbraio 2017, n. 13 (in Gazzetta Ufficiale - Serie generale - n. 40 del 17 febbraio 2017), coordinato con la legge di conversione 13 aprile 2017, n. 46 (in questa stessa Gazzetta Ufficiale - alla pag. 1) recante: «Disposizioni urgenti per l'accelerazione dei procedimenti in materia di protezione internazionale, nonché per il contrasto dell'immigrazione illegale.». |
| Baiguera Altieri
Andrea # Delinquenza percepita e delinquenza reale in Svizzera Diritto internazionale, 19/04/2017 |
|
Emilio Sacerdoti |
|
ELI
European Law Institute |
| Damiano Aliprandi # Quei rimpatri forzati senza rispetto per la dignità umana Il Dubbio, 13 aprile 2017 |
|
Rivista di Psicodinamica Criminale # Rifugiati e richiedenti asilo: diritti, procedure e sistemi di accoglienza Rivista di psicodinamica Criminale, Anno X, n. 1 febbraio 2017 |
|
Corte dei Conti Europea |
| Sinan Cankaya # The racialization of ethnic minority police officers and researchers: on positionality and (auto)ethnographic fieldwork European Journal of Policing Studies, 2017, 4(4)–5(1), 119-132 In being both ‘one of us’ and ‘one of them’, my theorising on the position of ethnic minority police officers, the topic of my then PhD dissertation, is clearly shaped by my own experiences. My somatic characteristics, albeit socially constructed – male, from Turkish origins – undoubtedly impacted on my data gathering within the Amsterdam police organisation. I was constantly swinging back and forth between ‘being of the police’ and ‘being one of them’, the out-group, which officers mostly constructed along the lines of marginalised, male ethnic minorities... |
| Felipe Goncalves,
Steven Mello # A Few Bad Apples? Racial Bias in Policing Working Paper 608 Princeton University, March 6, 2017 Blacks and Hispanics are significantly more likely to be stopped, arrested, and imprisoned than whites. A central question in research on the criminal justice system, therefore, is whether the disparate outcomes of minorities are due to discrimination on the part of law enforcement agents... We find that racial bias in lenience explains 16% of the minority-white speed gap, and spatial differences in race-blind lenience explain 30% of the gap. |
|
Michelangelo
Landgrave, Alex Nowrasteh |
|
eurostat |
|
Vincenzo
Cesareo, Gian Carlo Blangiardo (eds) | Fondazione ISMU |
|
|
|
Amnesty International |
| Jelmer Brouwer,
Maartje van der Woude, Joanne van der Leun # Framing migration and the process of crimmigration: A systematic analysis of the media representation of unauthorized immigrants in the Netherland European Journal of Criminology, 2017, Vol. 14(1) 100–119 Throughout Europe, scholars have found that migration policies are subject to a criminalization trend. As negative sentiments towards immigrants have come to dominate the political and public discourses, increasingly stricter and more repressive responses to – mostly unauthorized – migratory acts have been adopted, including the resort to criminal law. Such developments fit into the broader trend of crimmigration, a term that was first introduced by Juliet Stumpf to refer to the convergence of criminal law and immigration law and has attracted considerable interest from primarily Anglo-Saxon legal scholars. European scholars have only more recently started to adopt the crimmigration terminology... |
|
FRONTEX |
| Carlo Lania,
#
Immigrazione,
è scontro tra Canzio e il ministro Orlando,
https://ilmanifesto.it/ 15
febbraio 2017 Giovanni Negri, # Niente appello sui giudizi per i rifugiati, il Sole 24 Ore 15 febbraio 2017 «Pretendere la semplificazione e razionalizzazione delle procedure non può significare soppressione delle garanzie...». |
|
Commissione
parlamentare d’inchiesta sul sistema di accoglienza,
di identificazione ed espulsione, nonché sulle
condizioni di trattenimento dei migranti e sulle
risorse pubbliche impegnate |
|
Graham Durcan, Jessica Stubbs, Jed Boardman |
| Défenseur des
Droits # Enquête sur l’accès aux droits. Relations police/population : le cas des contrôles d’identité www.defenseurdesdroits.fr/ 01/2017 Les jeunes de 18-25 ans déclarent ainsi 7 fois plus de contrôles que l’ensemble de la population et les hommes perçus comme noirs ou arabes apparaissent cinq fois plus concernés par des contrôles fréquents (c’est-à-dire plus de cinq fois dans les cinq dernières années). Si l’on combine ces deux critères, 80% des personnes correspondant au profil de « jeune homme perçu comme noir ou arabe » déclarent avoir été contrôlées dans les cinq dernières années (contre 16% pour le reste des enquêté.e.s). |
|
Richard
Pérez-Peña |
|
Adriano
Sofri La migrazione “non è un’emergenza”, non è “un fenomeno contingente”, è “un fenomeno epocale”. Da quanto tempo queste espressioni sono diventate un luogo comune, ripetuto da ogni solenne cretino cui sia messo davanti un microfono o un foglietto di carta? Quattro anni, cinque anni, dieci? Abbastanza comunque perché si possa pretendere che anche l’ultimo dei cretini, avendo dichiarato “epocale” il “fenomeno”, se ne sia fatto un’idea ed eventualmente l’abbia misurata coi fatti per confermarla o smentirla e cambiarla e rimisurarla coi fatti... |
| Rachele Gonnelli # Mauro Palma: «Basta logiche emergenziali e serve un controllo dei centri». www.ilmanifesto.it/ 5 gennaio 2017 La nostra Africa. Mauro Palma, Garante dei detenuti, vuole poter ispezionare anche i Cas come Cona. Entro gennaio visiterà Hotspot e Cie. Ma negli Hub non c’è autorità a cui appellarsi... La gestione delle strutture per migranti è ancora legata a una logica emergenziale mentre si dovrebbe passare a una situazione strutturale, molto più definita. Serve un quadro normativo più solido, che preveda, ad esempio, la possibilità di appellarsi a una autorità terza. Non solo per quanto riguarda la domanda di asilo ma anche di fronte a condizioni indecorose di permanenza nei centri. |
| Errico Novi # L'ex presidente della Consulta: cacciare i rifugiati non si può Il Dubbio, 4 gennaio 2017 Cesare Mirabelli: "È difficilmente percorribile l'ipotesi di eliminare del tutto il ricorso in appello per chi chiede protezione internazionale: una norma del genere può urtare contro il principio di eguaglianza"... si deve partire dall'articolo 10 della Costituzione, che garantisce l'asilo allo straniero al quale fosse negato l'esercizio delle libertà democratiche nel Paese d'origine. È un principio ispirato a una visione di solidarietà culturale, che riconosce il diritto alla libertà come uno dei diritti umani fondamentali. A questo aggiungo che l'immigrazione economica è sì un atto distinguibile, ma non in modo così drastico... Parliamo del diritto di vivere, che è evidentemente un diritto umano fondamentale: dietro l'immigrazione economica ci sono esigenze alimentari basilari. |
| Annalisa
Mangiaracina # Hotspots e diritti: un binomio possibile? www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 9 dicembre 2016 Non appena il sistema “hotspot” è diventato operativo sono subito emersi numerosi profili problematici legati, principalmente, alla mancanza di una specifica disciplina normativa, essendo la materia affidata ad alcune circolari del Ministero dell’Interno, nonché, più di recente, alle Procedure Operative Standard (SOP) redatte dal medesimo organo8. Questa assenza di regolamentazione ha avuto delle ricadute in termini di violazioni di diritti fondamentali riconosciuti a livello sia nazionale sia sovranazionale, denunciate in diversi documenti, tra i quali il Rapporto sui centri di identificazione ed espulsione in Italia, redatto dalla Commissione straordinaria per la tutela e la promozione dei diritti umani del Senato della Repubblica9, per quanto riguarda l’hotspot di Lampedusa. |
|
Fondazione ISMU (Iniziative e Studi sulla
Multietnicità) |
|
CNCDH
AVIS # Cour de cassation - Première chambre civile - Audience 9 novembre 2016 # Cour d'Appel de Paris, Pole 2 - Chambre 1, Arret du 24 juin 2015 |
|
Riforma Massimo Introvigne, Pierluigi Zoccatelli # Il pluralismo religioso italiano nel contesto postmoderno, www.cesnur.com/ novembre 2016 |
| Philippe Sotto # Top French court: police illegally checked 3 minority men www.bostonglobe.com/ November 10, 2016 France’s highest court has ruled for the first time that police illegally checked the identification of three men based on racial profiling, a key source of tension between officers and youth in poor suburbs. The Cour de Cassation set more specific rules for ID checks in France in a decision closely watched by activists who have long protested against what they call routine discrimination by officers against black and Arab youth... |
| Kimiko De
Freitas-Tamura # Britain’s Increase in Hate Crimes Is Tied to Changes in How They Are Reported www.nytimes.com/ Nov. 5, 2016 In 2015, Britain recorded eight times as many hate crimes as the United States, which has five times as many people; that was 31 times the hate crimes reported in France and 88 times the total in Italy. The assaults extended to Muslim women, whose face veils were torn off. Blacks, Asians, gays and people with disabilities also reported abuse. Britain recorded 71,140 hate crimes in the 2015-16 financial year, ending in March. In July, the month after the referendum, the number of hate crimes recorded by the police was 41 percent higher than in July of last year, though they have fallen lately. |
|
Magistratura Democratica - ASGI Associazione
per gli Studi Giuridici sull'Immigrazione |
| Armin Kapeller # Stranieri: espulsioni, respingimenti, rimpatri assistiti, ritorni volontari, dati statistici - RFT www.filodiritto.com/ 30 ottobre 2016 |
| IDOS, in
partenariato con Confronti e in collaborazione con
l'UNAR # Dossier Statistico Immigrazione www.dossierimmigrazione.it/ ottobre 2016 |
|
Francesco Palazzo |
| Global Detention
Project (GDP) # Croatia Immigration Detention Profile www.globaldetentionproject.org/ October 2016 ... Croatia was a key transit country for non-citizens attempting to reach Western Europe. It refuses entry to high numbers of people: 9,355 in 2015; 8,645 in 2014; and 10,015 in 2013. In 2015, the number of refusals was the sixth highest in the EU.3 In addition, in 2015 Croatia apprehended 3,259 undocumented people and ordered 3,910 expulsions.4 Official sources report that the country placed 258 non-citizens in detention in 2015, of whom 41 were asylum seekers.5 By comparison, more than 1,500 people were reportedly detained in both 2006 and 2007... |
|
Fondazione
Leone Moressa |
| Rich Morin, Renee
Stepler | Pew Research Center # The Racial Confidence Gap in Police Performance http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/ September 29, 2016 Most whites (75%) say their local police do an excellent or good job when it comes to using the right amount of force for each situation. Only 33% of blacks share this view... When it comes to treating racial or ethnic groups equally, 35% of blacks say the police department in their community does an excellent or good job, compared with 75% of whites. ... Overall, about nine-in-ten Americans (93%) favor the use of body cameras by police so officers can record their interactions with citizens, including 95% of whites, 93% of Hispanics and 85% of blacks... |
| Istat # Cittadini non comunitari: presenza, nuovi ingressi e acquisizioni di cittadinanza www.istat.it/ 29 settembre 2016 In base ai dati forniti dal Ministero dell’Interno, al 1° gennaio 2016 sono regolarmente presenti in Italia 3.931.133 cittadini non comunitari, numero sostanzialmente stabile rispetto all’anno precedente. I paesi più rappresentati sono: Marocco (510.450), Albania (482.959), Cina (333.986), Ucraina (240.141) e India (169.394). La presenza non comunitaria risulta sempre più stabile sul territorio. Continuano infatti a crescere i soggiornanti di lungo periodo... |
| Corte di
giustizia dell’Unione europea # Sentenze nelle cause C-165/14 Alfredo Rendón Marín/Administración del Estado e C-304/14 Secretary of State for the Home Department/CS Comunicato Stampa n. 95/16 - Lussemburgo, 13 settembre 2016 Il diritto dell’Unione non consente né di rifiutare in modo automatico un permesso di soggiorno a un cittadino di un paese non UE che ha l’affidamento esclusivo di un cittadino minorenne dell’UE, né di espellerlo dal territorio UE per il solo motivo che ha precedenti penali . Per poter essere adottata, una misura di espulsione deve essere proporzionata e basata sul comportamento personale del cittadino di un paese non UE e tale comportamento deve rappresentare una minaccia effettiva, attuale e sufficientemente grave per un interesse fondamentale della società dello Stato membro ospitante. |
|
Roland G. Fryer |
|
Lynn
A. Karoly, Francisco Perez-Arce |
|
Pew Research Center # On Views of Race and Inequality, Blacks and Whites Are Worlds Apart June 27, 2016 The
public thinks that when it comes to discrimination
against black people in the U.S. today, discrimination
that is based on the prejudice of individual people is
a bigger problem than discrimination that is built
into the nation’s laws and institutions... Large
majorities of black adults say that blacks in this
country are treated unfairly in a range of
institutional settings – from the criminal justice
system, to the workplace to banks and financial
institutions. |
| Rebecca C. Hetey,
Benoît Monin, D. Amrita Maitreyi, Jennifer L. Eberhardt # Data for Change. A Statistical Analysis of Police Stops, Searches, Handcuffings, and Arrests in Oakland, Calif., 2013-2014 # Summary Stanford SPARQ, 23 June 2016 The majority of stops, 69%, were vehicle stops. Another quarter of these stops were pedestrian stops. The remainder of the stops fell into the categories of bicycle stops, 4%, and stops recorded as “other,” 2%. Three quarters of all stops were of men, while one-quarter of stops were of women. African Americans were the racial group most often stopped. Sixty percent of stops, or nearly 17,000 stops, were of African Americans. Stops of African Americans were made at a rate of more than three times that of the next most common group, Hispanics. Nearly 5,000 stops, or 18% of total stops, were of Hispanics. There were 3,661 stops of Whites, which comprised 13% of total stops. Stops of Asians and of people categorized as Other were the least frequent, 7% and 3%, respectively. |
|
Jennifer
L. Eberhardt |
|
Ashley
Nellis | The Sentencing Project |
| Caglar Ozden,
Mauro Testaverde, Mathis Wagner # How and Why Does Immigration Affect Crime? www.researchgate.net/ Working Paper · May 2016 The perception that immigration fuels crime is an important source of anti-immigrant sentiment. Using Malaysian data for 2003-10, this paper provides estimates of the overall impact of economic immigration on crime and evidence on different socio-economic mechanisms underpinning this relationship. Our IV estimates suggest that immigration decreases crime rates, with an elasticity of around -0.97 for property and -1.8 violent crime. Three-quarters of the negative causal relationship between immigration and property crime rates can be explained by the impact of immigration on the underlying economic environment faced by natives. The reduction in violent crime rates is less readily explained by these factors, and is plausibly due to a lower propensity of immigrants to commit violent crimes. |
| Commissione
europea contro il razzismo e l’intolleranza (ECRI) # Rapporto dell'Ecri sull'Italia (quinto ciclo di monitoraggio) Adottato il 18 marzo 2016 - Pubblicato il 7 giugno 2016 |
|
ACAT |
|
Francesco
Antonelli |
|
Walk Free Foundation |
|
Amnesty International www.amnesty.org/ 2016 |
|
Fondazione
ISMU | Vincenzo Cesareo (ed) |
|
NAGA Associazione Volontaria di Assistenza
Socio-Sanitaria e per i Diritti di Cittadini
Stranieri, Rom e Sinti - Onlus |
|
Kevin
L. Nadal, Kristin C. Davidoff |
|
Benjamin
G. Edelman, Michael Luca, Dan Svirsky |
|
Ruth
Ellen Wasem Congress has an ongoing interest in regulating the immigration of professional, managerial, and skilled foreign workers to the United States. This workforce is seen by many as a catalyst of U.S. global economic competitiveness and is likewise considered a key element of the legislative options aimed at stimulating economic growth. The challenge central to the policy debate is facilitating the migration of professional, managerial, and skilled foreign workers without adversely affecting U.S. workers and U.S. students entering the labor market. |
|
Associazione Carta di Roma | Osservatorio
europeo per la sicurezza |
|
Cody
T. Ross Analysis of police shooting data as a function of county-level predictors suggests that racial bias in police shootings is most likely to emerge in police departments in larger metropolitan counties with low median incomes and a sizable portion of black residents, especially when there is high financial inequality in that county. There is no relationship between county-level racial bias in police shootings and crime rates (even race-specific crime rates), meaning that the racial bias observed in police shootings in this data set is not explainable as a response to local-level crime rates... |
| Amir Najafi,
Lakshmi Iyer # Traffic Stops Analytics and Racial Profiling www.greensboro-nc.gov/ November 30, 2015 Police Bias: Research has shown racial disparities in traffic stops based on the demographic characteristics of officers such as their age, experience, gender, and race. Stop outcomes vary when the race of officer and driver differ and a search was more likely when the race of an officer differed from that of the driver... |
|
IDOS
- UNAR - Confronti Nel 2014 gli stranieri intercettati dalle forze dell’ordine in condizione irregolare sono stati 30.906 (dati del Ministero dell’Inter no) e di essi il 50,9% è stato effettivamente rimpatriato (15.726). l sistema di accoglienza italiano per i richiedenti e i titolari di protezione internazionale continua ad essere frammentato e comprende alla fine di luglio 2015: 4 Centri di primo soccorso e accoglienza (Cpsa); 10 di accoglienza per richiedenti asilo (Cara) e di accoglienza (Cda); la rete Sprar (Sistema di protezione per rifugiati e richiedenti asilo) e le strutture di accoglienza temporanea (Cas). In particolare, le persone accolte dalla rete Sprar sono passate da 7.823 nel 2012 a 22.961 nel 2014. Tuttavia a giugno 2015 si trovava nelle strutture di tale rete solo il 25% dei 78mila richiedenti asilo e titolari di protezione internazionale accolti, mentre il 62% alloggiava in strutture di accoglienza temporanea. # Gli stranieri? Delinquono di meno e commettono reati meno gravi degli italiani |
| Gordon H. Hanson,
Matthew J. Slaughter # High-Skilled Immigration and the Rise of STEM Occupations in US Employment http://cep.lse.ac.uk/ September 2015 |
|
European Court of Human Rights | Cour
Européenne des Droits de l'Homme |
|
#
Cassazione Penale, Sez. III, 14 settembre
2015 (ud. 23 giugno 2015), n. 36906 Roberta La Terra, #
Hate speech e
discriminazione per motivi razziali in un recente
approdo della Corte di Cassazione, |
|
OECD/European
Union This joint publication by the OECD and the European Commission presents the first broad international comparison across all EU and OECD countries of the outcomes for immigrants and their children, through 27 indicators organised around five areas: Employment, education and skills, social inclusion, civic engagement and social cohesion. Three chapters present detailed contextual information (demographic and immigrant-specific) for immigrants and immigrant households. Two special chapters are dedicated to specific groups. The first group is that of young people with an immigrant background, whose outcomes are often seen as the benchmark for the success or failure of integration. The second group are third-country nationals in the European Union, who are the target of EU integration policy. |
| UK Parliament # Modern Slavery Act - 2015 c. 30 # Explanatory Notes www.legislation.gov.uk/ 2015 |
|
Kristina
Kangaspunta | UNODC |
|
Mauro
Ravarino A proposito del Cie di Torino, l’11 aprile 2014 scadeva la convenzione stipulata nel triennio precedente con la Croce Rossa Italiana (persona giuridica pubblica), poi prorogata in attesa della conclusione della nuova gara. Che è stata aggiudicata all’unico concorrente: il raggruppamento temporaneo di imprese la società Gepsa Sa (mandatario) con sede legale a Rueil Malmaison Cedex (Francia) e l’associazione culturale Acuarinto (mandante) con sede legale ad Agrigento. «Non è stato, invece, reso pubblico» contesta l’avvocato Daniela Bauduin, «il contratto stipulato tra la prefettura di Torino e l’ente cui è stato aggiudicato l’appalto, la cui accessibilità risulta, al momento, sottoposta al vaglio del ministero dell’interno... |
| Walter A. Ewing,
Daniel E. Martínez, Rubén G. Rumbaut # The Criminalization of Immigration in the United States www.AmericanImmigrationCouncil.org/ July 2015 Between 1990 and 2013, the foreign-born share of the U.S. population grew from 7.9 percent to 13.1 percent and the number of unauthorized immigrants more than tripled from 3.5 million to 11.2 million. • During the same period, FBI data indicate that the violent crime rate declined 48 percent—which included falling rates of aggravated assault, robbery, rape, and murder. Likewise, the property crime rate fell 41 percent, including declining rates of motor vehicle theft, larceny/robbery, and burglary... |
| Michael Kagan # Immigrant Victims, Immigrant Accusers University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Volume 48, 2015 Victims of gender-based violence face many obstacles when they seek justice; chief among them is simply being believed. For immigrant victims, this struggle may be becoming even more daunting. An immigration program set up explicitly to help crime victims may paradoxically decrease immigrant victims’ credibility. In fact, this program may allow defense attorneys to attack victims by suggesting that they are testifying simply to obtain immigration benefits... |
| Enrico Di
Pasquale, Andrea Stuppini, Chiara Tronchin # Quanto costa l’accoglienza www.lavoce.info/ 14.07.15 La percezione dell’opinione pubblica rispetto alla spesa dell’Italia per il mantenimento del sistema di accoglienza per richiedenti asilo appare fortemente squilibrata e sovrastimata: anche in situazioni di emergenza come nel 2011, peraltro assimilabile a quella attuale, la spesa italiana è in linea con quella degli altri paesi UE. In rapporto al numero di richiedenti asilo ospitati, anzi, la cifra pro-capite è inferiore rispetto a quanto garantito da Germania e Svezia. |
|
#
Audizione del
guardasigilli Andrea Orlando in materia di
immigrazione. Commissione Affari Costituzionali del
Senato |
|
James
Singh Gill |
| The National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine # The Integration of Immigrants into American Society The National Academy Press, Washington 2015 |
|
Kimberly
Kindy, and reported by Julie Tate, Jennifer Jenkins,
Steven Rich, Keith L. Alexander and Wesley Lowery About half the victims were white, half minority. But the demographics shifted sharply among the unarmed victims, two-thirds of whom were black or Hispanic. Overall, blacks were killed at three times the rate of whites or other minorities when adjusting by the population of the census tracts where the shootings occurred. |
| Sinan Cankaya # Professional anomalies. Diversity Policies Policing Ethnic Minority Police Officers European Journal of policing Studies, June 2015 Ethnic minority police officers’ ‘insides’ and ‘outsides’ can ‘belong’ to the organization because they are thought to be valuable for street-level policing. Consequently, diversity policies discipline and normalize the ‘insides’ and ‘outsides’ of ethnic minorities; they are expected to conform to the desired organizational roles. In some settings, meeting the norm of the ‘good’ police officer for ethnic minorities becomes the application of the negative associations of their appearances for ‘effective’ and ‘efficient’ policing. |
|
Maurizio Ambrosini |
|
Simone
Vromen |
|
Roberto Saviano |
|
Gabriel
J. Chin - Charles J. Vernon |
| United Nations -
Human Rights Council # Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Mutuma Ruteere General Assembly, 20 April 2015 Racial and ethnic profiling, defined as a reliance by law enforcement, security and border control personnel on race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin as a basis for subjecting persons to detailed searches, identity checks and investigations, or for determining whether an individual is engaged in criminal activity, has been a persistent and pervasive issue in law enforcement, and its use has often arisen in connection with policies on national security and immigration. Racial and ethnic profiling often exacerbates discrimination already suffered as a result of ethnic origin or minority status and remains a serious challenge to realization of the rights of various racial, ethnic and religious groups across the world |
|
Vincenzo
Cesareo (ed) | Regione Lombardia | Éupolis Lombardia |
Fondazione Ismu |
|
Associazione
Centro Astalli |
|
Naga |
|
Antonio
Ruggeri |
|
Francesco
Antonelli |
|
ISMU |
|
Maaike
Vanderbruggen, Vluchtelingenwerk Vlaanderen, Jem
Stevens | IDC | NGO |
| United States
Department of Justice | Civil Rights Division # Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department www.justice.gov/ March 4, 2015 African Americans are disproportionately represented at nearly every stage of Ferguson law enforcement, from initial police contact to final disposition of a case in municipal court. While FPD’s data collection and retention practices are deficient in many respects, the data that is collected by FPD is sufficient to allow for meaningful and reliable analysis of racial disparities. This data—collected directly by police and court officials—reveals racial disparities that are substantial and consistent across a wide range of police and court enforcement actions. |
|
Paolo
Pinotti |
|
Veronica
Di Benedetto Montaccini, Giacomo Zandonini (foto di
Stefano D'Amadio) La metà degli "ospiti" assume psicofarmaci senza diagnosi esatta. La psicologa: «Lì dentro sono tutti malati»... |
| Franco Scarpa,
Vittoria Bonagura # Gli stranieri e le misure di sicurezza Febbraio 2015 ... La detenzione prolungata, soprattutto nei casi di soggetti immigrati, risulta correlata alla mancanza di risorse sociali, vale a dire che si registra una maggiore difficoltà ad applicare misure alternative alla detenzione e alla possibilità di scontare ai domiciliari la propria pena. Gli esperti segnalano come tale condizione sia fonte per l’insorgenza di disturbi del comportamento e, nei casi più gravi, di forme di psicosi... |
| Fabienne Brion # Esaminare la repressione con Marx: “drenaggio” degli immigrati e lotta alla sovrappopolazione carceraria www.chartasporca.it/ 2 febbraio 2015 Agli “emigranti” – la cui condizione di partenza è quella di una scelta tra venire o contravvenire – la società capitalista sostituisce degli individui intrinsecamente “illegali” o “delinquenti” che, letteralmente, non possono «venire» (nel nostro continente) senza “contravvenire” (a qualche legge). |
|
Patrizio Gonnella |
|
Maartje
A.H. van der Woude, Patrick van Berlo |
|
Barbara
Spinelli # Cie di Ponte Galeria: aprite quella gabbiail Manifesto, 23 dicembre 2014 |
|
Guillaume Gendron, Juliette Deborde |
|
Paul
Mutsaers |
|
Naga | Simone Cremaschi, Carlo Devillanova,
Francesco Fasani, Tommaso Frattini |
|
Noris
Morandi |
| Damiano Aliprandi # "Via dall'Italia", anche in cella è replicata la discriminazione dei migranti Il Garantista, 16 novembre 2014 Per loro le garanzie di difesa sono meno tutelate: non possono quasi mai assicurarsi un avvocato di fiducia e devono ricorrere a quelli d'ufficio. Gli immigrati sono il capro espiatorio del disagio sociale che si vive nelle periferie abbandonate delle città. |
| Luca Masera # Ridotto da 18 a 3 mesi il periodo massimo di trattenimento in un CIE: la libertà dei migranti irregolari non è più una bagattella? www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 10 Novembre 2014 Lo scorso 21 ottobre, la Camera ha approvato in via definitiva la Legge europea 2013 bis, che all'art. 3 contiene una riforma in tema di detenzione amministrativa per gli stranieri irregolari... Per la prima volta, da quando nel 1998 il Testo unico sull'immigrazione ha introdotto anche nel nostro ordinamento l'istituto della detenzione amministrativa per gli stranieri, il legislatore è intervenuto non per aumentare i limiti massimi della detenzione nei Centri di identificazione ed espulsione ma per ridurli, ed in maniera assai significativa. Con la riforma qui in commento si passa da un massimo di 18 mesi, introdotto nel 2011, ad un termine improrogabile di 3 mesi, o addirittura di soli 30 giorni, quando l'espellendo abbia già trascorso almeno 3 mesi in carcere |
|
Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme - European Court of Human Rights #
Case
of Tarakhel v. Switzerland The Court... Holds, by fourteen votes to three, that there would be a violation of Article 3 of the Convention if the applicants were to be returned to Italy without the Swiss authorities having first obtained individual guarantees from the Italian authorities that the applicants would be taken charge of in a manner adapted to the age of the children and that the family would be kept together... # Loredana Leo, A rischio i diritti umani dei richiedenti asilo in Italia: no al rinvio da un altro stato europeo, www.asgi.it 05/11/2014 |
| Elisa D'Aveni # L'esecuzione della pena nei confronti degli stranieri Libera Università degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli 2013-2014 |
|
Giovanna Amato #
Mafie etniche,
elaborazione e applicazione delle massime di
esperienza: le criticità derivanti dall’interazione
tra “diritto penale giurisprudenziale” e legalità |
|
Centro Studi e Ricerche IDOS #
Rapporto
UNAR. Dalle discriminazioni ai diritti, Dossier
statistico Immigrazione 2014 |
| Roberto Beneduce,
Luca Queirolo Palmas, Cristina Oddone (a cura di) # Loro dentro. Giovani, Migranti, Detenuti www.professionaldreamers.net/ 2014 Lavorare in uno spazio di esclusione, di violenza, di solitudine. Pensarvi l’ascolto, disegnarvi possibilità di cambiamento (un cambiamento che è già “cura”, là dove è immaginato contro l’inesorabilità dei destini). Di tutto ciò, e di molto altro, parlano gli scritti di questo libro, nati da una esperienza clinica e da una riflessione che al Centro Frantz Fanon è cominciata oltre vent’anni fa... |
| Istat # Percezione dei cittadini stranieri: soddisfazione, fiducia e discriminazione. Anno 2011-2012 www.istat.it/ 28 ottobre 2014 |
|
Cour
Européenne des Droits de l'Homme - European Court of
Human Rights ... non si possono applicare automaticamente gli accordi bilaterali, né si può invocare l’emergenza dovuta all’aumentato flusso di migranti da altri paesi, anzi le procedure d’asilo dovrebbero essere avviate subito all’arrivo in porto...
|
|
Lunaria
(a cura di) | Paola
Andrisani, Sergio Bontempelli, Guido Caldiron, Serena
Chiodo, Daniela Consoli, Giuseppe Faso, Grazia
Naletto, Sara Nunzi, Enrico Pugliese, Annamaria
Rivera, Maurizia Russo Spena, Duccio Zola #
Chronicles
of Ordinary Racism. Third White Paper on Racism in
Italy |
|
La
Cimade |
| Thomas J. Miles,
Adam B. Cox # Does Immigration Enforcement Reduce Crime? Evidence from “Secure Communities” www.law.uchicago.edu/ August 21, 2014 Does immigration enforcement actually reduce crime? Surprisingly, little evidence exists either way — despite the fact that deporting noncitizens who commit crimes has been a central feature of American immigration law since the early twentieth century. “Secure Communities” is a program designed to enable the federal government to check the immigration status of every person arrested for a crime by local police. Our results show that Secure Communities led to no meaningful reductions in the FBI index crime rate. Nor has it reduced rates of violent crime — homicide, rape, robbery, or aggravated assault. This evidence shows that the program has not served its central objective of making communities safer. |
|
Commissione
Straordinaria per la Tutela e la Promozione dei
Diritti Umani |
| World Heath
Organization - Regional Office for Europe # Sicily, Italy: Assessing health-system capacity to manage sudden large influxes of migrants. Joint report on a mission of the Regional Health Authority of Sicily and the WHO Regional Office for Europe, with the support of the Italian Ministry of Health www.euro.who.int/ 2014 The health preparedness and response system for influxes of migrants in Sicily requires improvement in some aspects of overall management related to governance, health coordination and information management. Experienced human resources for health, tools and equipment are present. The lack of specific regional legislation and the absence of a mechanism for regular coordination and exchange of information between and within the Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Health at regional, subregional and local levels, however, result in disparate and sometime inconsistent approaches. |
|
GRETA
Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in
Human Beings |
| Brian Bell # Crime and immigration. Do poor labor market opportunities lead to migrant crime? IZA World of Labor 2014: 33 There is no simple link between immigration and crime. Most studies find that larger immigrant concentrations in an area have no association with violent crime and, overall, fairly weak effects on property crime. However, immigrant groups that face poor labor market opportunities are more likely to commit property crime. But this is also true of disadvantaged native groups. The policy focus should therefore be on the crime-reducing benefits of improving the functioning of labor markets and workers’ skills, rather than on crime and immigration per se. There is also a case for ensuring that immigrants can legally obtain work in the receiving country, since the evidence shows that such legalization programs tend to reduce criminal activity among the targeted group. |
| Laura J. Hickman,
Jennifer Wong, Marika Suttorp Booth # Is Previous Removal from the United States a Marker for High Recidivism Risk? Results from a Nine-Year Follow-Up Study of Criminally-Involved Unauthorized Immigrants www.rand.org/ August 2014 The present study examines the long term recidivism patterns of a group of unauthorized immigrants identified to be at high risk of recidivism. Using a sample of 517 male unauthorized immigrants, we used three measures of recidivism to assess nine-year rearrest differences between unauthorized immigrants who have and who have not been previously removed from the United States. Results indicate that prior removal was a significant risk marker for recidivism, with previously removed immigrants showing a higher likelihood of rearrest, a greater frequency of rearrest, and a more rapid time to first rearrest. |
|
Michael
G. Vaughn, Tegeler Hall, Christopher P. Salas-Wright,
Matt DeLisi, Brandy R. Maynard |
|
J.-M.
Delarue Au 1er janvier 2014, 18,5 % des 77 883 personnes écrouées étaient de nationalité étrangère. Cette réalité appelle plusieurs précisions. En premier lieu, l’administration pénitentiaire ne publie pas de données sur la part d’étrangers dans les personnes effectivement hébergées (au nombre de 67 075, à la même date). Elle n’est vraisemblablement pas différente de celle des étrangers écroués. Il est possible qu’elle soit légèrement supérieure, en raison de plus grandes difficultés d’accès des étrangers qu’on peut supposer à l’aménagement des peines, comme on verra ci-après. |
|
Luigi
Pannarale (a cura di) |
|
Pew
Research Global Attitudes Project |
|
Haimin Zhang |
|
Emilia
De Bellis, Nicoletta Marini |
|
United
Nations General Assembly |
|
Eduardo
Gianfrancesco |
|
Kellie
L. Robson |
|
Fondazione
Leone Moressa |
|
# La Carta di Lampedusa | Testo approvato a Lampedusa l’1 Febbraio 2014 Osservando come i dispositivi di respingimento formali e informali, le pratiche di identificazione, detenzione e confinamento, i percorsi autorizzati ma condizionati, e l’attribuzione di status differenziati, impediscano a chi migra di farlo con la libertà di scegliere dove arrivare e dove restare... La Carta di Lampedusa afferma che nessun essere umano, in nessun caso, può essere privato della libertà personale, e quindi confinato o detenuto, per il fatto di esercitare la libertà di muoversi dal luogo di nascita e/o di cittadinanza, o la libertà di vivere e di restare nel luogo in cui ha scelto di stabilirsi... La Carta di Lampedusa afferma la necessità dell’immediata abrogazione dell’istituto della detenzione amministrativa e la chiusura di tutti i centri, comunque denominati o configurati, e delle strutture di accoglienza contenitiva - siano essi legalmente istituiti secondo leggi vigenti, o semplici decreti e regolamenti, o informalmente preposti alla detenzione e al confinamento delle persone - e la conversione delle risorse fino ad ora destinate a questi luoghi a scopi sociali rivolti a tutti e a tutte. |
|
Giovanni
Mastrobuoni, Paolo Pinotti We exploit exogenous variation in legal status following the January 2007 European Union enlargement to estimate its effect on immigrant crime. We difference out unobserved timevarying factors by 1) comparing recidivism rates of immigrants from the “new” and “candidate” member countries and 2) using arrest data on foreign detainees released upon a mass clemency that occurred in Italy in August 2006. The timing of the two events allows us to set up a difference-in-differences strategy. Legal status leads to a 50 percent reduction in recidivism and explains one-half to two-thirds of the observed differences in crime rates between legal and illegal immigrants. |
| Bianca E. Bersani # An Examination of First and Second Generation Immigrant Offending Trajectories Justice Quarterly, 31:2, 315-343, 2014 The myth of the criminal immigrant has permeated public and political debate for much of this nation’s history and persists despite growing evidence to the contrary. Results suggest that the myth remains; trajectory analyses reveal that immigrants are no more crime-prone than the native-born. The research findings presented here do not suggest that immigrants are not involved in crime. Rather, the findings reveal that immigrants, regardless of generational status, pose no greater criminal threat than the general nativeborn population. As Zimring recently argued, what seems to be occurring is a pattern of regression to the mean where second generation immigrants are becoming typical mainstream Americans at least in regard to their criminal involvement |
|
Mar
Griera, Julia Martínez-Ariño |
|
Fondazione
Leone Moressa |
|
Nicholas G Procter, Diego De Leo, Louise
Newman |
|
Zsolt
Bobis | Open Society Justice Initiative |
| Luca Masera # Il delitto di illecito reingresso dello straniero nel territorio dello Stato e la direttiva rimpatri www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 6 Novembre 2013 Il lavoro analizza il delitto di illecito reingresso dello straniero nel territorio dello Stato, che dopo la riforma del 2011 costituisce l’unica fattispecie legata all’irregolarità dell’ingresso o del soggiorno ancora punita con la sanzione detentiva, e sviluppa le ragioni per cui tale reato, contrariamente a quanto ritenuto dalla giurisprudenza della Cassazione, deve considerarsi incompatibile la direttiva 2008/115/CE (la c.d. direttiva rimpatri), prospettando i termini di un possibile rinvio pregiudiziale alla Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea |
|
Ivan Salvadori # Le politiche penali dell'immigrazione in Spagna. Spunti per una riflessione comparata www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 24 Ottobre 2013 |
| Laura Jaitman,
Stephen Machin # Crime and Immigration: New Evidence From England and Wales http://personal.lse.ac.uk/ October 2013 We find no evidence of an average causal impact of immigration on crime... We also study London by itself as the immigration changes over time in the capital city were large. Again, we find no causal impact of immigration on crime from our spatial econometric analysis and also present evidence from unique data on arrests of natives and immigrants in London which shows no immigrant differences in the likelihood of being arrested. |
| Joanna Parkin # The Criminalisation of Migration in Europe. A State-of-the-Art of the Academic Literature and Research CEPS Papers in Liberty and Security in Europe, No. 61 / October 2013 |
|
Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione
Penitenziaria | Gabriella
Caputo, Daniela Di Mase |
|
Corte
di giustizia dell'Unione europea |
| Federica Toso # La dimensione esterna della politica migratoria dell'UE Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013 |
|
Luca Masera # Ilecito
reingresso dello straniero e direttiva rimpatri al
vaglio della Corte UE |
|
Giovanni Bianconi |
| Elina Treyger,
Aaron Chalfin, Charles Loeffler # Estimating the Effects of Immigration Enforcement on Local Policing and Crime: Evidence from the Secure Communities Program Geoge Mason University, 2013 In 2008, the federal government introduced “Secure Communities,” a program that requires local law enforcement agencies to share arrestee information with federal immigration officials at the time of booking. Supporters of the program have argued that it will enhance public safety by facilitating the efficient removal of criminal aliens... We do not observe any clear effect of the program on the crime rates or arrest patterns... |
|
Brian
Bell, Francesco Fasani, Stephen Machin |
|
Australian
Government | Department of Immigration and Citizenship |
|
The Sentencing Project |
| Izabella Majcher # “Crimmigration” in the European Union through the Lens of Immigration Detention Global Detention Project, Working Paper No. 6, September 2013 While much of the discussion of crimmigration has emerged from the work of scholars in the United States, more recently the term has been applied in Australia, Canada, and some European countries. Here we are observing a “greater criminal punitiveness within a formally administrative system of immigration regulation. |
|
Karen
Manges Douglas, Rogelio Sáenz |
|
Walter Citti (ed) |
|
Tito
Boeri |
|
Dipartimento per gli affari di giustizia –
Direzione generale della giustizia penale |
|
Jörg
L. Spenkuch |
|
Paolo Bricco Il Sole 24ore, 23 giugno 2013, p. 18 Vladimiro Polchi |
| Francesco Fasani,
Ludovica Gazzè, Paolo Pinotti, Marco Tonello # Immigration Policy and Crime | Report prepared for the XV European Conference of the Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti “Legal and Illegal Careers” www.frdb.org / Caserta June 22, 2013 |
|
Elisabetta
Povoledo Whatever the view of the centers, there is no doubt that they amount to a life of limbo. The “guests,” as they are officially known, are often bewildered by their predicament. Research by the Jesuit Refugee Service Europe found that in centers around the Continent, detainees “primarily suffer mentally, severe, psychological stress from not knowing when the detention will end,” Mr. Amaral said. It is worse, he said, than imprisonment, which has a fixed term. |
| Medici per i
Diritti Umani MEDU | Alberto Barbieri, Cecilia Francini,
Novella Mori, Mariarita Peca, Marie Aude Tavoso, Marco
Zanchetta # Arcipelago CIE. Indagine sui centri di identificazione ed espulsione italiani www.mediciperidirittiumani.org/ Maggio 2013 L’indagine – realizzata da un gruppo di lavoro di Medici per i Diritti Umani composto da un coordinatore, quattro medici e otto operatori socio–legali – si è svolta nell’arco di un anno (febbraio 2012–febbraio 2013), durante il quale sono stati visitati tutti i centri di identificazione ed espulsione operativi in quel momento in Italia... Anche questa indagine conferma la presenza all’interno dei CIE di un alto numero di trattenuti provenienti dal carcere, la cui identificazione sarebbe dovuta avvenire durante il periodo di espiazione della pena. Accade infatti che detenuti in condizioni d’irregolarità non siano identificati durante il periodo della permanenza in carcere, e allo scadere della pena, in luogo di essere rimpatriati, siano trasferiti nei centri di identificazione ed espulsione, dovendo così scontare un periodo aggiuntivo di trattenimento. A questo proposito non è stato possibile ottenere dei dati ufficiali ma soltanto delle stime – a volte non del tutto concordanti tra loro – da parte degli enti gestori e dei funzionari delle Prefetture (si veda Tabella 2). Si va dunque da alcuni centri in cui la presenza di ex–carcerati raggiungerebbe il 90% (Milano, Lamezia Terme)... |
|
Human Rights Watch |
|
Aaron
James Chalfin |
|
Aaron
Chalfin |
|
Laurent Mucchielli |
|
Lunaria #
Costi
disumani. La spesa pubblica per il "contrasto
all'immigrazione irregolare" (rapporto) |
|
Redattore Sociale #
Sono 1.906 gli immigrati in carcere per
irregolarità dei documenti di soggiorno |
|
United
Nations General Assembly The Special Rapporteur is very concerned about the high number of ex-prisoners who are transferred from prison to CIEs. For example, at the CIE Ponte Galeria in Rome, a majority of detainees were in fact former prisoners who had served their prison sentences. The ex-prisoners were often unaware that they would be transferred to a CIE at the completion of their sentence, and often had no clear indication of how long they would be held there, with some being held for numerous months. The Special Rapporteur notes that a process of identification should be initiated at the beginning of any prison term, to avoid unnecessary detention in CIEs of prisoners. |
|
Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme - European Court of Human Rights #
Samsam
Mohammed Hussein and Others against the Netherlands
and Italy |
| Hilde Tubex # The Revival of Comparative Criminology in a Globalised World: Local Variances and Indigenous Over-representation www.crimejusticejournal.com IJCJ&SD 2013 2(3): 55‐68 |
|
Matthew
Freedman, Emily Owens, Sarah Bohn Immigrants have long been associated with lawlessness and criminality in the public mind. In spite of this perception, there is very little consistent evidence that the arrival of new immigrants, legal or illegal, is correlated with an increase in crime rates. One potentially important explanation for the mixed results on the relationship between immigration and crime is that there is no first-order relationship; the propensity of a new immigrant to engage in criminal behavior is a function of his or her ability to access jobs, housing, and other social services as well as his or her expected returns to and costs of committing crime. |
|
Antigone A seguire le categorie vulnerabili, coloro che non dovrebbero essere lì ma vi sono per prassi o errore (come accade a volte per i minori) o per disposizioni di legge che in alcuni paesi europei (la Gran Bretagna è forse il caso paradigmatico) prevedono tout court la detenzione di minori e richiedenti asilo. Le violazioni dei diritti e la soluzione caso per caso. Anche in paesi che visti con occhi italiani paiono insospettabili, le violazioni dei diritti, la necessità di appellarsi quando possibile alle Corti superiori sono la realtà della detenzione amministrativa. |
|
Marc
Mauer In the first decade of the 21st century the United States began to experience a shift in the 30-year buildup to a world record prison system. Although the decade ended with an increased number of people in prison, the rate of growth overall was considerably below that of previous decades and since 2008 the overall number of people in state prisons has declined slightly each year... Dramatic shift in racial disparities among women – In 2000 black women were incarcerated in state and federal prisons at six times the rate of white women. By 2009 that ratio had declined by 53%, to 2.8:1. This shift was a result of both declining incarceration of African American women and rising incarceration of white women. The disparity between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women declined by 16.7% during this period. |
|
Ruth
D. Peterson, Lauren J. Krivo, John Hagan in Francis T. Cullen and Pamela Wilcox (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013 Taken together, the fine set of chapters in this volume offer keen and varied insights into the ways in which race and ethnicity permeate views and actions of crime and the criminal justice system in the United States. The meaning of race and ethnicity in crime and criminal justice is important but underinvestigated. Indeed, progress in expanding knowledge in this area has been hampered by a lack of a coherent approach and a failure to put forth race and ethnicity as core concerns in their own right rather than as simply dichotomous independent variables in analyses of aggregate and survey data. The papers in this volume offer correctives to these limited approaches... the chapters herein offer starting places for a more holistic approach to the study of race/ethnicity, crime, and criminal justice that centers analyses in the positioning of groups within society
Kubrin, Charis E. in Francis T. Cullen and Pamela Wilcox (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013 Historically, immigrants have disproportionately taken the blame for many of cociety's problems. It is claimed that they steal jobs from hard-working native-born Americans, they drain America's health care and educational resources, and perhaps most problematically, they cause higher crime rates. This blame is often based on fales assumptions and stereotypes.
Ross L. Matsueda, Kevin
Dralulich, Charis E. Kubrin in Francis T. Cullen and Pamela Wilcox (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013 Contributors explore a key mechanism that has been argued to link race/ethnic with violent crime—cultural codes of violence. They use data for Seattle to capture neighborhood codes, as distinct from individual codes, of violence, and investigate whether variation in these codes exist across African American, Latino, and Asian communities. |
|
Sergio Briguglio # Norme su immigrazione, asilo, cittadinanza e tratta www.stranieriinitalia.it/ 1 gennaio 2013 |
|
#
Treatment
of migrants and asylum-seekers in Calais and French
overseas territories denounced by national Ombudsman
and European Court of Human Rights Inappropriate police intervention on sites where food and medical care are provided by humanitarian organisations - The arrest of asylum-seekers to check their identity, in breach of the right to free circulation for all people legally staying in the country - The arbitrary eviction of migrants from informal settlements or unoccupied buildings in breach of legal procedures - Police harassment and violence against migrants and migrant rights activists, especially the inappropriate use of tear gas during operations |
|
Cecilia
Valbonesi L’incriminazione della condizione soggettiva di migrante costituirebbe quindi una violazione del principio di uguaglianza, il quale non tollera discriminazioni nella formulazione e nella applicazione di sanzioni, soprattutto se legate ad una mera condizione del soggetto reo. La “differenza soggettiva” fra il fatto del clandestino ed il fatto di chiunque altro, non ha alcun riscontro ai fini della valutazione della gravità della condotta. Anticipando un profilo critico che sarà oggetto di riflessione nel corso della trattazione, si può sin da ora evidenziare come l’incriminazione della condizione di migrante irregolare sanzioni un “modo di essere” dell’autore, non sintomatico di una effettiva pericolosità sociale, piuttosto che un fatto offensivo da questi compiuto, con tutti i corollari che ne derivano... |
|
Ruth Ellen Wasem |
|
Peter
H. Schuck, Karin D. Martin, Jack Glaser |
| Tim Hoff, Laura
Lambert # Racial Profiling in Germany: Is Lecraft vs. Spain applicable? www.humanityinaction.org/ 2012 The UN Human Rights System does offer one substantial ruling on the question of racial profiling: In 1992, Rosalind Williams Lecraft, a Spanish citizen of African-American descent, was singled out for an identity check by a National Police officer at the Spanish railway station Valladolid. When asked to explain the reasons for the identity check, the police officer stated that he was obliged to "check the identity of people like her" to control undocumented migration and that he was following instructions from the Ministry of the Interior to control "'coloured people' in particula"... |
|
Salvatore
Palidda Quello che si sperimenta sulla pelle degli immigrati finisce per colpire buona parte dei nazionali10. Oggi, assai spesso, le vittime di incidenti sul lavoro, malattie professionali, molestie sessuali, abusi di potere, supersfruttamento, violenze e razzismi non sono tutelate e neanche soccorse dalle polizie mentre è frequente che rom e immigrati siano oggetto di umiliazioni se non addirittura vere e proprie persecuzioni (e ciò sia con governi di destra che con governi di sinistra ... basta pensare la Francia e anche l’Italia). La lotta per i diritti universali e quindi le tutele dei più deboli è una lotta di tutti e non solo per i rom e gli immigrati. |
|
Fondazione
ISMU (Iniziative e studi sulla multietnicità) Al 1° gennaio 2012 per la prima volta in Italia la crescita della presenza straniera è sostanzialmente pari a zero. Nel complesso si registrano infatti circa 27mila presenze in più rispetto al 1° gennaio 2011, che in termini percentuali si traduce in un incremento dello 0,5%. Un vero e proprio crollo rispetto al 2008-2009, anni in cui ancora si calcolavano aumenti annui di 500mila unità. Il numero degli immigrati presenti in Italia quindi è rimasto pressoché invariato: se al 1° gennaio 2011 si contavano 5 milioni e 403mila unità (regolari e non), a distanza di un anno se ne contano 5 milioni e 430mila.... Criminalità e devianza degli immigrati: Tab. 1 - Italiani e stranieri denunciati e arrestati/fermati per vari tipi di reato. Valori assoluti e percentuali. Anni 2010-2011
# XVII rapporto sulle migrazioni 2011 (Tabelle) |
|
Ministero della Giustizia DAP Istituto Superiore di Studi Penitenziari - Quaderni ISSP n. 9, Giugno 2012 La giustizia, nell’ottica islamica, non si raggiunge attraverso la violenza o la prevaricazione, ma attraverso lo sforzo interiore e personale di ciascuno, attraverso mezzi leciti ed istruttivi che possano spingere gli uomini alla conoscenza, alla perfezione, per quanto possibile. Jihad significa lavorare molto per realizzare ciò che e’ giusto: il Corano lo nomina 33 volte, ed ogni volta esso ha un significato differente, ora riferito ad un concetto come la fede, ora al pentimento, alle azioni buone, all’emigrazione per la causa di Dio. |
|
Luciana Goisis |
|
Isabella
Mastropasqua, Raffaele Bracalenti, Maria Maddalena
Leogrande (eds) L’immigrazione rompe le famiglie; disperde i figli, anche i più giovani e li espone, da soli, alla necessità di ricostruire un mondo amico, compito difficile in cui non pochi falliscono; ma l’immigrazione spezza con violenza anche le generazioni, lasciando genitori e figli più incomprensibili gli uni agli altri. L’immigrazione, inoltre, promette molto e concede poco: i sognati approdi nella ricchezza e nell’agiatezza risultano molto più prosaicamente difficili vite spese nel tentativo di raggiungere condizioni appena accettabili. Quando si giunge si è sempre gli ultimi della scala sociale e la salita non avviene attraverso comodi ascensori sociali, ma grazie ad una lotta e una competizione dura e senza esclusione di colpi. Non sorprende quindi che minori di prima e seconda generazione, seppur per ragioni diverse, paiano più esposti al rischio di delinquere, ma soprattutto paiano più esposti al rischio di commettere altri crimini dopo un primo reato... |
|
Angelo Marletta |
|
Elena
Valentina Zonca |
|
Stephanie J. Silverman, Ruchi Hajela #
“Immigration
Detention in the UK.” Migration Observatory briefing
The Migration Observatory - Based at the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) at the University of Oxford, the Migration Observatory provides independent, authoritative, evidence-based analysis of data on migration and migrants in the UK, to inform media, public and policy debates, and to generate high quality research on international migration and public policy issues. The Observatory’s analysis involves experts from a wide range of disciplines and departments at the University of Oxford. |
|
Tito Boeri, Marta De Philippis, Eleonora
Patacchini, Michele Pellizzari |
|
Gian Luigi Gatta |
|
Mario
L. Barnes, Robert S. Chang |
|
UNHCR
ASGI SPRAR Ministero dell'Interno Il presente Manuale non può affrontare in modo esaustivo la complessa tematica relativa alla nozione di asilo costituzionale. In questa sede ci si limita a ricordare che la giurisprudenza (Cassazione, sezioni unite sentenze n. 4674/97 e n. 907/99; Cassazione, sez. I n. 8423/04 ) ha stabilito che l’asilo costituzionale è un diritto soggettivo perfetto, il cui riconoscimento può essere richiesto direttamente innanzi al giudice ordinario, seppure in assenza di una normativa che ne definisca i contenuti. |
| Antonio
Accetturo, Francesco Manaresi, Sauro Mocetti and
Elisabetta Olivieri # Don’t stand so close to me: the urban impact of immigration Banca d'Italia | Working papers Number 866 - April 2012 We examine the impact of immigration on the residential market within urban areas. We develop a spatial equilibrium model that shows how the effect of an immigrant inflow in a district affects local housing prices through changes in how natives perceive the quality of their local amenities and how this influences their mobility. Predictions of the model are tested using a novel dataset on housing prices and population variables at the district level for a sample of 20 large Italian cities. To address endogeneity problems we adopt an instrumental variable strategy which uses historical enclaves of immigrants across districts to predict current settlements. We find that immigration raises average housing prices at the city level; however it reduces price growth in a district affected by an inflow vis-à-vis the rest of the city. This pattern is driven by the natives’ flight from immigrant-dense districts towards other areas of the city. These findings are consistent with native preferences to live in predominantly native areas. |
|
République française - CNCDH Commission Nationale Consultative des Droits de l'Homme # Rapport sur la lutte contre le racisme 2012 Publié le 21 mars 2013 par CPDH |
|
Assfam,
Forum Réfugiés, France terre d'asile, La Cimade, Ordre
de Malte En 2011 le gouvernement a procédé à un durcissement de la rétention, sous prétexte d’une nécessaire transposition de la directive « retour ». L’allongement à 45 jours de la durée maximale et surtout le recul du contrôle du juge judiciaire au 5ème jour de la rétention au lieu du 2ème, entraient en vigueur en juillet. Ces nouveaux outils au service de la politique du chiffre ont permis à l’administration dès l’été 2011 d’augmenter nettement le nombre de placements dans tous les centres de rétention. Ce recul de l’intervention des juges est en contradiction avec les principes fondamentaux des lois de la République. Comment justifier en effet, dans un État de droit, que le contrôle du juge judicaire, garant de la régularité de la procédure et du respect des droits et libertés fondamentales, soit considéré comme un obstacle à l’éloignement qualifié d’« efficace » ? |
| Gian Luigi Gatta # Immigrati, carcere e diritto penale www.penalecontemporaneo maggio 2012 1. Gli stranieri come ‘clienti privilegiati’ delle carceri italiane: i numeri. – 2. I possibili fattori che fanno dello straniero il ‘cliente privilegiato’ del carcere. – 3. Un carcere ad hoc per gli stranieri: il C.I.E. quale ‘galera amministrativa’ non assistita dalle garanzie del diritto, del processo e dell’esecuzione penale. – 4. Una sanzione penale ad hoc per gli stranieri: l’espulsione dal territorio dello Stato. – 5. Le recenti scelte politico-criminali in materia di contrasto alla criminalità degli immigrati e all’immigrazione ‘clandestina’. – 6. Una parziale decarcerizzazione, a favore degli extracomunitari, per effetto del diritto dell’Unione europea. – 7. Un obiettivo per l’agenda politica: rimuovere la sproporzione tra detenuti stranieri e italiani. |
|
Alberto
di Martino |
|
Brian Bell, Stephen Machin # The Crime - Immigration Nexus: Evidence from Recent Research CESifo DICE Report 1/2012 ... Where attachment is low (e.g. asylum seekers in the UK) or labour market opportunities are poor (e.g. low wage migrants in the US), an impact on crime can be detected. On the other hand, when labour market attachment is strong no such crime impact can be found. These findings are in line with the way in which the orthodox economic model of crime can be used to think about possible immigration impacts on crime... |
| Luigi Manconi,
Stefano Anastasia (a cura di) | LarticoloTre # Lampedusa non è un’isola. Profughi e migranti alle porte dell’Italia www.protezionecivile.gov.it/ Associazione A Buon Diritto Onlus giugno 2012 I dati che presentiamo sono il risultato, tra l’altro, di un lungo e impegnativo lavoro sulle fonti che si è giovato, in misura rilevante, del contributo dell’Osservatorio per la sicurezza contro gli atti discriminatori (OSCAD) presso la Polizia di Stato e dell’Ufficio nazionale antidiscriminazioni razziali (UNAR) presso la Presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri, Dipartimento per le Pari Opportunità. |
|
Guido
Corso Sommario: 1. – La condizione giuridica dello straniero. 2. – Politica dell’immigrazione e sovranità dello Stato. 3.- La scelta delle sanzioni. 4. – L’incidenza dei principi sul diritto e processo penale. 5. – L’immigrato ed i diritti sociali. 6. – Diritto al ricongiungimento e unità familiare. 7. – L’immigrazione fra Stato e regioni. 8. – L’immigrato irregolare. 9. – Discrezionalità e vincoli. |
|
Caterina
Mazza |
|
Homer
Venters, Allen S. Keller |
|
The
European Court of Human Rights International human rights law has established non-refoulement as a fundamental component of the absolute prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The duty not to refoule is also recognized as applying to refugees irrespective of their formal recognition, thus obviously including asylumseekers whose status has not yet been determined. It encompasses any measure attributable to a State which could have the effect of returning an asylum-seeker or refugee to the frontiers of territories where his or her life or freedom would be threatened, or where he or she would risk persecution. This includes rejection at the frontier, interception and indirect refoulement, whether of an individual seeking asylum or in situations of mass influx.” |
|
David Alan Sklansky |
|
Joshua
C. Cochran, Patricia Y. Warren |
| Mario La Rosa # Diritto penale e immigrazione in Francia: cui prodest? www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ Diritto Penale Contemporaneo 1 Febbraio 2012 Il controllo e la regolamentazione del fenomeno migratorio sono divenute notoriamente una priorità nell’agenda dei governi d’Europa in quest’ultimo decennio. La direttiva 2008/115/CE1 , altrimenti detta “rimpatri” (retour, sposando il lessico francese), è solo uno dei frutti recenti di una produzione normativa destinata a reiterarsi con una certa frequenza2 e che, purtroppo, accresce le distanze tra “greci” e “barbari”. Essa rappresenta il primo provvedimento in tema di immigrazione adottato secondo la procedura di codecisione. Tale significativa notazione, indice di un surplus di democraticità, non deve tuttavia portare a sottovalutare le forti tensioni emerse durante i lavori preparatori... |
|
Angelo Caputo #
La disciplina dell’immigrazione e della
condizione giuridica dello straniero |
| International
Commission of Jurists | Per la promozione e la
protezione dei diritti umani attraverso lo stato di
diritto # L’immigrazione e la normativa internazionale dei diritti umani - Guida per operatori del diritto n. 6 International Commission of Jurists (Eng. 2011 - It. 2012) La titolarità dei diritti umani spetta a tutte le persone, senza eccezioni. Le persone non li acquisiscono perché sono cittadini, lavoratori, o sulla base di uno status particolare. Nessuno può essere privato dei propri diritti umani perché ha fatto ingresso o si è trattenuto in un Paese contravvenendo alla normativa nazionale sull’immigrazione, o perché ha l’aspetto di uno “straniero”, perché è una donna o un bambino, o non parla la lingua locale. Il principio dell’universalità dei diritti umani è prezioso per i migranti. La realtà, tuttavia, rivela che il godimento dei diritti è illusorio se non vi è il modo di rivendicarne l’attuazione... |
|
Jesse J. Norris |
|
Amnesty
International Amnesty International is concerned that as this report went to print, the Spanish authorities continue to deny the very existence of identity checks based on ethnic characteristics, and therefore persist in a failure to take any measures to address the issue of racial profiling by the police. Spain cannot keep on denying the existence of these checks, and must take immediate and effective steps to address this discriminatory practice. International human rights bodies have also repeatedly called on Spain to end racial profiling. |
|
Brian Bell, Stephen Machin #
The Impact
of Migration on Crime and Victimisation. A report
for the Migration Advisory Committee Overall, our general sense is that the migrant flows into the UK that we have observed over the last decade have most likely been associated with small declines in the rate of property crime... The impact on violent crime is less well measured, but the results suggest that migrants have the same propensity to commit violent crimes as natives. |
| Juliet P. Stumpf # Doing Time: Crimmigration Law and the Perils of Haste www.uclalawreview.org/ 2011 Criminal and immigration law intersect both formally and functionally, magnifying the government’s exclusionary power. This exclusion manifests in four ways. First, criminal and immigration law combine to expand the Criminal and immigration law intersect both formally and functionally, magnifying the government’s exclusionary power. This exclusion manifests in four ways.... |
|
Jörg
L. Spenkuch Since the 1960s both crime rates and the share of immigrants among the American population have more than doubled. Almost three quarters of Americans believe immigration increases crime, yet existing academic research has shown no such effect. Using panel data on US counties, this paper presents empirical evidence on a systematic and economically meaningful impact of immigration on crime. Consistent with the economic model of crime this effect is strongest for crimes motivated by financial gain, such as motor vehicle theft and robbery. Moreover, the effect is only present for those immigrants most likely to have poor labor market outcomes. Failure to account for the cost of increased crime would overstate the “immigration surplus” substantially, but would most likely not reverse its sign. |
|
Sarah
S. Willen Critical ethnographies of right to health discourse and practice can enlighten us, and help us enlighten scholars in other fields, to the complexity, messiness, and “mushiness” of this right, especially in the context of advocacy on nauthorized im/migrants’ behalf. It can also deepen understanding of the complicated and sometimes tense relationships among human rights, humanitarianism, and other contemporary idioms of social justice mobilization, especially in the health domain. |
| Doris Marie
Provine, Roxanne Lynn Doty # The Criminalization of Immigrants as a Racial Project Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 27(3) 261 –277, 2011 Contemporary policy responses to unauthorized immigration, we argue, reinforce racialized anxieties by (a) focusing attention on physically distinctive and economically marginalized minorities who are defined as the nation’s immigration “threat,” (b) creating new spaces of enforcement within which racial anxieties flourish and become institutionalized; and thereby (c) racializing immigrant bodies. We examine three federal enforcement policies: (a) the physical border buildup that began in the 1990s, (b) partnerships with local police, and (c) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) initiatives to enhance interior enforcement. The result has been the construction of a landscape of institutionalized racial violence embedded in our current immigration regime. |
| James Forman Jr # The black poor, black elites, and America's prisons Cardozo Law Review, vol. 32:3, 2011 African Americans have borne the brunt of the prison explosion. Blacks constitute a larger percentage of the prison population today than they did at the time of Brown v. Board of Education. 13 This trend is especially shocking given America's racial progress over the past fifty years. The civil rights movement radically reshaped the nation, ushering in an era of increased opportunity for black Americans in virtually every domain of American society. |
|
Alberto di Martino, Rosa Raffaelli
Corte
di Giustizia dell'Unione Europea - Luxenbourg |
| European
Commission - Directorate-General for Research &
Innovation # Crime and deviance in the EU Key findings from EU funded social sciences and humanities research project https://ec.europa.eu/ 2011 |
| Fabio Basile # Il diritto penale nelle società multiculturali: i reati culturalmente motivati http://politicacriminal.cl/ 2011 I massicci flussi immigratori degli ultimi decenni hanno portato in Italia ed in altri Stati europei individui e famiglie provenienti da luoghi e culture diverse. L’immigrato, nel Paese d’arrivo, trova regole di condotta e, in particolare, norme penali, diverse da quelle presenti nel suo Paese d’origine, e tale diversità è dovuta, almeno in alcuni casi, alla diversità di cultura. Ciò potrebbe, quindi, indurre l’immigrato a commettere un fatto previsto come reato nel Paese d’arrivo, ma che risulta, invece, conforme, o per lo meno tollerato, nella sua cultura d’origine. Come deve reagire il diritto penale a siffatti reati culturalmente motivati? |
|
Guido Savio |
|
Giovanni
Mastrobuoni, Paolo Pinotti |
| Joanne P. van der
Leun, Maartje A.H. van der Woude # Ethnic profiling in the Netherlands? A reflection on expanding preventive powers, ethnic profiling and a changing social and political context Policing and Society, 21:4, 444-455 (2011) By means of expanding preventive powers the criminal justice system is more and more aimed at detecting risky (groups of) persons as soon as possible. This so-called actuarial justice is accompanied by a great deal of discretionary power on the hands of those who have to enforce the law, bearing the risk that such powers may be carried out (in part) on the basis of generalisations relating to race, ethnicity, religion or nationality instead of on the basis of individual behaviour and/or objective evidence. |
|
Chris
Cunneen |
|
Francisca
Cukjati |
| A.S.G.I.
Associazione per gli Studi Giuridici sull´Immigrazione # Il diritto alla protezione: studio sullo stato del sistema di asilo in Italia e proposte per una sua evoluzione www.asgi.it/ giugno 2011 |
|
Francisco
Díez de Velasco |
|
Andrea
Natale Relazione all'incontro per la formazione decentrata dei magistrati del distretto di Corte d'Appello di Bologna svoltosi il 18 febbraio 2011 ... La Corte di Giustizia ha già esplicitamente –e ripetutamente- riconosciuto che “anche se, in via di principio, la legislazione penale è riservata alla competenza degli Stati membri, da una costante giurisprudenza risulta che tuttavia il diritto comunitario pone limiti a tale competenza, non potendo, infatti, una tale legislazione limitare le libertà fondamentali garantite dal diritto comunitario”... |
|
Osservatorio
Europa dell'Unione delle Camere Penali Italiane Direttiva rimpatri: l'U.C.P.I. aderisce alla tesi della disapplicazione delle disposizioni nazionali |
| Jacques Rancière # Il razzismo viene dall'alto il manifesto, 26 settembre 2010 Sarebbe forse tempo di riorientare il pensiero e la lotta contro una teoria e una pratica di stigmatizzazione, di precarizzazione e di esclusione che oggi costituiscono un razzismo che viene dall'alto: una logica di Stato e una passione dell'intellighentia. |
|
Mary
D. Fan |
|
Marc
Mauer |
| European Union
Agency for Fundamental Rights FRA # Towards More Effective Policing. Understanding and Preventing Discriminatory Ethnic Profiling: A Guide # It # Sintesi https://fra.europa.eu/ 2010 |
|
Federico Zumpani |
|
Don
Weatherburn |
|
ONC
CNEL |
|
Brian Bell, Stephen Machin, Francesco Fasani |
|
Assunta
Maria Paola Crisci Si innesca un corto circuito in cui l'immagine del nemico, icui tratti sono di difficile delineazione, si sovrappone a quella dello straniero. Il pericolo è sentito venire dal di fuori della comunità, nella sua estraneità ha il volto degli “estranei” per eccellenza. Si susseguono programmi di lotta, le democrazie occidentali si armano anche contro l'immigrazione clandestina: si pattugliano le coste ed i confini, si stringono intese che delegano a Stati extraeuropei il compito di filtrare, se non impedire, le partenze dei migranti, si riformano in senso restrittivo le discipline nazionali in tema di ingresso. |
|
Alessandra
Caldarozzi (a cura di) | SPRAR |
|
Kjartan
Páll Sveinsson (ed) Evidence to suggest that ethnic profiling is in operation in the procedural aspects of ensuring the rights and safety of citizens is thus contrary to this principle. Figures on stop and search and empirical studies have indicated that stop and search measures are not applied evenly by the police and the figures vary according to the ethnic background of those stopped... |
| Roberta Bisi # Migrazioni e criminalità nella società globalizzata Rivista di Criminologia, Vittimologia e Sicurezza Vol. III - N. 3, Vol. IV – N. 1 – Settembre 2009–Aprile 2010 L’immigrazione è un fenomeno solo in parte economico: è prevalentemente un fenomeno sociale e culturale da valutare nella sua complessità. Affrontare i problemi che la popolazione immigrata pone significa, tra l’altro, considerare che si tratta di un attore sociale che, con i propri comportamenti, le proprie scelte, i meccanismi logici e le politiche presenti nelle società industriali. I paesi europei, ad esempio, che si confrontano per la prima volta con l’ingresso di numerosi lavoratori stranieri sono portati a rivedere non solo l’apparato legislativo riguardante l’ingresso e il soggiorno degli stranieri, ma anche tutti gli aspetti del diritto legati alla presenza sul territorio di popolazioni non nazionali. |
|
Marc
Mauer |
|
Milo Bianchi, Paolo Buonanno, Paolo Pinotti |
|
Uberto
Gatti, Hans M.A. Schadee, Giovanni Fossa |
|
Elena
SCHLEIN
# Davanti e dietro le sbarre: forme e rappresentazioni della carcerazione. Editoriale Diacronie. Studi di Storia Contemporanea | www.studistorici.com N. (1) 2 | 2010 | L’istituzione carceraria non è un semplice luogo fisico in cui relegare “chi sbaglia”, ma porta con sé implicazioni sociologiche e antropologiche legate alle modalità di esclusione dalla società. Immagini come quella della cattura o della punizione, sono gli elementi che richiamano con più incisività la funzione di deterrente sociale e riportano inevitabilmente alla dimensione del carcere come “istituzione totale”. |
|
Salvatore Palidda (ed) |
|
Open
Society Institute |
|
Dossier
Caritas/Migrantes – Agenzia Redattore Sociale La conclusione della ricerca, tutt’altro che in sintonia con lo slogan “tolleranza zero”, porta ad affermare che la più efficace politica è quella che non si ferma alle norme penali e si impegna per rendere più agibile la normativa sugli stranieri, promuove politiche sociali più inclusive e coinvolge i rappresentanti degli immigrati nell’impegno per la legalità. La vera emergenza, insomma, è l’integrazione, o più precisamente la mancata insistenza sull’integrazione. |
|
Andrea
Pugiotto Il problema, semmai, è l’effettivo godimento del diritto alla tutela giurisdizionale di cui lo straniero è formalmente titolare. Come si vedrà, infatti, il suo pieno esercizio talvolta è negato de facto, in ragione delle modalità esecutive delle misure di allontanamento, altre volte de jure, a causa di una disciplina legislativa omissiva o carente. Questa distinzione tra titolarità ed effettivo godimento rispetto alle garanzie giurisdizionali, che finisce per differenziare la condizione dello straniero da quella di cittadino... |
|
Associazione Italiana Costituzionalisti: Convegno annuale – 2009 Lo
statuto costituzionale del non cittadino http://archivio.rivistaaic.it/ Cagliari, 16 e 17 ottobre 2009 |
| Sunghoon Roh,
Matthew Robinson # A Geographic Approach to Racial Profiling: The Microanalysis and Macroanalysis of Racial Disparity in Traffic Stops Police Quarterly, 12(2): 137-169, June 2009 Despite numerous studies explaining racial disparity in traffic stops, the effects of spatial characteristics in patrolling areas have not been widely examined. In this article, the authors analyzed traffic stop data at both micro- and macro- levels. The micro- level analysis of individual stops confirmed racial disparity in the frequency of traffic stops as well as in subsequent police treatments. Blacks were overrepresented and other racial/ethnic groups were underrepresented in traffic stops, with a greater disparity in investigatory stops. The macro- level analysis found that the likelihood of being stopped and being subjected to unfavorable police treatment (e.g. arrest, search, and felony charge) was greater in beats where more blacks or Hispanics resided and/or more police force was deployed, consistent with the “racial threat” or “minority threat” hypothesis. |
| Parlamento
Europeo # Raccomandazione del Parlamento europeo del 24 aprile 2009 destinata al Consiglio sul problema i definire un profilo, in particolare sulla base dell'origine etnica o della razza, nelle operazioni antiterrorismo, di applicazione della legge, di controllo dell'immigrazione, dei servizi doganali e dei controlli alle frontiere Gazzetta Ufficiale dell’Unione europea, Venerdì 24 aprile 2009 |
|
Stefano
Caneppele, Giulia Mugellini Va evidenziato come, in linea di massima, gli stranieri presentano un tasso di autori noti di gran lunga superiore alla media dei cittadini italiani. Un recente lavoro di Transcrime (2007) ha indicato alcune possibili spiegazioni quali: la condizione di irregolarità; lo stato di precarietà della condizione socio-economica, abitativa, lavorativa e famigliare-affettiva; le differenze culturali e linguistiche; la collocazione degli immigrati devianti in quei posti di lavoro criminosi più visibili e rischiosi della filiera criminale; una generale maggiore visibilità degli immigrati rispetto ad altre categorie dovuta a tratti somatici diversi (soprattutto per il blocco africano, sudamericano e asiatico) e comunque per il maggior tempo che questi passano negli spazi aperti. |
| David G.
Blanchflower, Chris Shadforth # Fear, Unemployment and Migration The Economic Journal, 119 (February), 2009 We examine the impact on the UK economy of the flow of workers from ten East European countries after their accession to the European Union. We find evidence that those most susceptible to competition from these workers have seen weaker wage inflation. We document that the presence of these foreign workers has increased the fear of unemployment and helped to contain wage pressure. We argue that this inflow of workers has increased supply by more than it has raised demand and, thus, had the effect of reducing both inflationary pressures and the natural rate of unemployment. |
|
RAND
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Program
(HPDP). |
|
Graham
C. Ousey, Charis E. Kubrin |
|
S.
Magnanensi, P. Passaglia, E. Rispoli (a cura di) ... La normativa costituzionale in materia di stranieri si caratterizza non solo per la sua esiguità, ma soprattutto per i principi di cui è sinteticamente latrice e che ben possono riassumersi nell’estensione, anche all’extraneus, di quel principio personalista che si è posto come cardine della convivenza civile e dei rapporti tra il cittadino ed i pubblici poteri... |
|
Cesar Alonso, Nuno Garoupa,
Marcelo Perera, Pablo Vazquez |
|
Barbara Randazzo (a cura di) |
|
Charles
Gheorghiev, Pierre Raffray, Franck De Montleau |
|
Consiglio
dell'Unione Europea Gazzetta ufficiale dell’Unione europea L 327/27 -- 5.12.2008 |
|
Brett E. Garland, Cassia Spohn, Eric J. Wodahl #
Racial
Disproportionality in the American Prison
Population: Using the Blumstein Method to Address
the Critical Race and Justice Issue of the 21st
Century |
|
Robert J. Sampson |
| Micaela Malena # Il diritto di asilo tra ordinamento costituzionale e sistema europeo di protezione multilivello Università di Bologna 2008 Il presente lavoro intende ricostruire - attraverso lo studio della normativa e della giurisprudenza rilevanti in Italia, Francia e Germania - l'ambito soggettivo di applicazione del diritto costituzionale d'asilo e del suo rapporto con il riconoscimento dello status di rifugiato ai sensi della Convenzione di Ginevra del 1951, nonché con le altre forme di protezione della persona emergenti dal diritto comunitario e dal sistema CEDU di salvaguardia dei diritti fondamentali. |
|
Direction
de l’administration pénitentiaire | |
|
John Finnis #
Nationality,
Alienage and Constitutional Principle |
|
Devah
Pager, Bruce Western, Bart Bonikowski Racial progress over the past four decades has lead some researchers and policy makers to proclaim the problem of discrimination solved. But the debates about discrimination have been obscured by a lack of reliable evidence. In this study, we adopt an experimental audit approach to formally test patterns of discrimination in the low-wage labor market of New York City. By using matched teams of individuals to apply for real entry- evel jobs, it becomes possible to directly measure the extent to which race/ethnicity, in the absence of other disqualifying characteristics, reduce employment opportunities among equally qualified applicants. We find that whites and Latinos are systemically favored over black job seekers. Indeed, the effect of discrimination is so large that white job seekers just released from prison do no worse than blacks without criminal records. Relying on both quantitative and qualitative data from our testers' experiences, this study presents striking evidence of the continuing significance of race in shaping the employment opportunities of low-wage workers. |
| Kristin F.
Butcher, Anne Morrison Piehl, Jay Liao # Crime, Corrections, and California. What Does Immigration Have to Do with It? www.ppic.org/ California Counts. Population Trends and Profiles, vol. 9, n.3, February 2008 We find that the foreign-born have low rates of incarceration and institutionalization, and that these rates hold true across education and region-of-origin subgroups. Even for those immigrants with demographic characteristics that, among the U.S.-born, are positively correlated with jail and prison time, we find low rates of institutionalization. Forexample, among foreign-born men ages 18–40 with less than a high school diploma, the institutionalization rate is 0.5 percent. Among the U.S.-born with less than a high school diploma, the rate is 13.4 percent. |
|
Andrea
Maria Candidi,
#
La «Babele»
delle carceri. Gli stranieri sono il 38%dei
detenuti, oltre 4mila dal Marocco |
|
Medici senza Frontiere onlus #
Una stagione all'inferno. Rapporto sulle
condizioni degli immigrati impiegati in agricoltura
nelle regioni del Sud Italia Gli stranieri visitati e intervistati provengono da paesi dell'Africa sub-sahariana quali Sudan, Eritrea, Etiopia, Ghana, Camerun, Costa d'Avorio, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal e Togo; dai paesi del Maghreb quali Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia ed Egitto e dal Sud Est Asiatico, in particolare dall'India. Per quanto riguarda gli stranieri provenienti dai paesi dell'Unione Europea va sottolineato che il dato relativo al campione intervistato (5%) si riferisce unicamente a cittadini bulgari e rumeni11 di etnia rom. Status giuridico I lavoratori stranieri stagionali sono nella stragrande maggioranza irregolari: il 72% degli intervistati non ha un regolare permesso di soggiorno12, mentre il 28% ha un permesso di soggiorno per motivi di lavoro, motivi umanitari, ha ottenuto lo status di rifugiato o ha presentato richiesta di asilo. |
|
Marc Mauer |
| Katherin Rosich # Race, Ethnicity, and the Criminal Justice System www.asanet.org/ American Sociological Association, September 2007 Racial and ethnic disparities persist in crime and criminal justice in the United States. Minorities remain overrepresented in delinquency, offending, victimization, and at all stages of the criminal justice process from arrest to pretrial detention, sentencing (including capital punishment), and confinement... |
| Greg Ridgeway # Analysis of Racial Disparities in the New York Police Department’s Stop, Question, and Frisk Practices www.rand.org/ 2007 |
|
Kitty Calavita |
|
Felice Dassetto, Silvio Ferrari, Brigitte Maréchal | European Parliament - Directorate General Internal Policies of the Union #
L'Islam
nell'Unione Europea: che cosa ci riserva il futuro? |
|
Massimo
De Pascalis, Maria Martone |
|
Transcrime - Università di Trento e
Università Cattolica di Milano |
| Transcrime # Gli stranieri in carcere tra esclusione e inclusione www.transcrime.it/ Settembre 2007 |
|
Giorgio Agamben |
| Rubén G. Rumbaut,
Walter A. Ewing # The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/ 2007 ... For every ethnic group, without exception, incarceration rates among young men are lowest for immigrants, even those who are the least educated and the least acculturated. This holds true especially for the Mexicans, Salvadorans, and Guatemalans who make up the bulk of the undocumented population... Given the cumulative weight of this evidence, immigration is arguably one of the reasons that crime rates have dropped in the United States over the past decade and a half. Indeed, a further implication of this evidence is that if immigrants suddenly disappeared and the country became immigrant-free (and illegal-immigrant free), crime rates would likely increase. |
|
Kristin
F. Butcher, Anne Morrison Piehl |
|
Pager, Devah Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 609: 104-133. 2007 Have we conquered the problems of racial discrimination? Or have acts of discrimination become too subtle and covert for detection? This discussion serves to situate current debates about discrimination within the context of available measurement techniques. In this article, the author considers the arguments from recent debates over the contemporary relevance of labor market discrimination; provides a detailed introduction to experimental field methods for studying discrimination (also called audit studies), including an overview of the findings of recent audit studies of employment; addresses the primary critiques of the audit methodology and the potential threats to the validity of studies of this kind; and considers how we might reconcile evidence from field experiments with those from analyses of large-scale survey data, each of which points to markedly different conclusions. Only by gathering rigorous empirical evidence can we begin to understand the nature of race and racial discrimination in labor markets today. |
|
Joseph Pugliese |
| William F.
McDonald, Edna Erez # Immigrants as Victims: a Framework International Review of Victimology, vol. 14, pp. 1-10, 2007 Criminological research on immigrants has focused on the criminality of immigrants. Concern for immigrants as victims of crime or immigrant victims' access to justice has been scarce... The lack of research on the victimization of immigrants is undoubtedly related to the difficulty of obtaining valid data on the immigration status of crime victims. Information about crimes against immigrants is mostly anecdotal coming from either news reports or the experiences of immigrant service providers. There are no official crime statistics on this matter in the United States or Australia. Such data are available, however, in some European countries but not uniformly... |
| Stephen H.
Legomsky # The New Path of Immigration Law: Asymmetric Incorporation of Criminal Justice Norms Washington and Lee Law Review, Volume 64 | Issue 2, 3-1-2007 Starting about twenty years ago, and accelerating more recently, a clear trend has come to define modern immigration law. The trend, noted in recent scholarship, has sometimes been dubbed the "criminalization" of immigration law. The term connotes the incorporation of criminal justice principles into a domain that previously had been conceived as civil in nature. This Article argues, however, that the new path has embraced the criminal justice model only asymmetrically. The asymmetry, it is submitted, has followed a pattern: Elements aligned with criminal enforcement have steadily found their way into immigration law, while the procedural safeguards at the core of criminal adjudication have been consciously rejected. |
|
Jock
Collins |
|
Juliet
Stumpf |
|
Jocelyne
Cesari (ed) |
|
Yu Aoki, Yasuyuki Todo |
|
George
J. Borjas, Jeffrey Grogger, Gordon H. Hanson |
|
Ronald
Francis, Anona Armstrong and Vicky Totikidis |
|
Open
Society Institute |
|
Bernard E. Harcourt #
Muslim
Profiles Post 9/11: Is Racial Profiling an Effective
Counterterrorist Measure and Does It Violate the
Right to Be Free from Discrimination? |
| Adam Calverley,
Bankole Cole, Gurpreet Kaur, Sam Lewis, Peter Raynor,
Soheila Sadeghi, David Smith, Maurice Vanstone, Ali
Wardak, # Black and Asian probationers: Implications of the Home Office study Probation Journal | The Journal of Community and Criminal Justice 2006; 53; 24 This article presents the main findings of a survey of Black, Asian and mixed heritage men supervised by the probation service in 2001–2003. It discusses the long-standing concern that minority ethnic groups may be subject to discriminatory treatment in the criminal justice system, and examines the probation service’s response to this concern. In the presentation and discussion of the findings, comparisons are made where possible with predominantly white probation samples. These suggest that minority ethnic offenders in the sample had received the same community sentences as white offenders with higher levels of criminogenic need. The possible meanings of this finding are explored, along with the implications of respondents’ views of what constitutes helpful probation practice. |
|
Devah Pager |
|
Robert
J. Sampson |
|
Richard
J. Coley, Paul E. Barton | Educational Testing Service |
|
Louise
Amoore |
|
Armando
Caputo (ed) | Istat |
| Emilio Santoro # Dalla cittadinanza inclusive alla cittadinanza escludente: il ruolo del carcere nel governo delle migrazioni «D&Q», n. 6, 2006 |
|
Grzegorz Jerzy Kaczyński #
Contatto culturale come trauma. Glossa
socio-antropologica |
| Judith Ann Warner # The Social Construction of the Criminal Alien in Immigration Law, Enforcement Practice and Statistical Enumeration: Consequences for Immigrant Stereotyping Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries, Winter 2005-6 The federal government is unlikely to prevent terrorism through retroactive criminal deportation. It will only increase the potential for the public to stereotype immigrants as criminals, and now, as terrorists, reinforcing a hostile mode of reception for certain immigrant groups, possibly impacting upon crime rates in the second generation or beyond. These laws have a potential for creating prejudice and encouraging discrimination, which is not socially just, and they should be reexamined by policy-makers... |
| V. Totikidis, A.
F. Armstrong, R. D. Francis # The Concept of Community Governance: A Preliminary Review http://vuir.vu.edu.au/ November 2005 |
| Defending
Justice: an Activist Resource Kit # How the Criminal Justice System Is Anti-Immigrant PRA Political Research Associates, 2005 |
| Roberta Ricucci # Carcere e immigrazione. La popolazione detenuta straniera negli istituti di pena piemontesi Ires/Piemonte 186/2005 Da un’elevata presenza nelle carceri italiane degli stranieri non è possibile dedurre deterministicamente un indice criminogeno degli stessi. Infatti “una percentuale non trascurabile di stranieri si trova in carcere appunto in quanto stranieri, se per ipotesi stranieri non fossero – a prescindere dalla gravità dei reati di cui sono accusati o da quella per cui sono stati puniti – o non sarebbero mai finiti in carcere, ovvero dal carcere sarebbero già usciti”. In questo quadro va considerato il peso dei meccanismi sociali che può condizionare il rapporto dei cittadini stranieri all’interno del sistema penale, ponendoli in una condizione di svantaggio (la scarsa conoscenza della lingua e della legislazione, la maggiore visibilità e probabilità di essere sottoposti a controlli e a processi di stereotipizzazione, le condizioni socio-economiche che non consentono di evitare l’ingresso in carcere per custodia cautelare). |
|
R. Serin, R. | Crime and Justice Institute. # Evidence-Based Practice: Principles for Enhancing Correctional Results in Prisons Washington, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute ofCorrections, 2005 Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is the body of research and replicable clinical knowledge that describes contemporary correctional assessment, programming and supervision strategies that lead to improved correctional outcomes such as the rehabilitation of offenders and increased public safety. Such principles not only meet the public’s expectations for quality, efficiency, and effectiveness but also reflect fairness, public safety and accountability. |
| L. K. Cheliotis,
A. Liebling # Race Matters in British Prisons: Towards a Research Agenda British Journal of Criminology 46(2): 286-317, 2005 Drawing on surveys of 4,860 prisoners’ perceptions of the quality of prison life in 49 establishments in England and Wales, this paper examines the extent to which prisoners viewed race relations in prison as problematic. Our findings suggest that racism is both a distinctive act and part of a more general tendency to express, and translate into action, inhumane, abusive and insensitive attitudes. The prison confines groups endowed with ‘negative symbolic capital’ and their stigmatization constitutes part of the relationship between the confined and those in authority. |
|
Robert
J. Sampson, Jeffrey D. Morenoff, Stephen Raudenbush |
|
Maurice
Crul, University of Amsterdam Studies of the second generation play a very important role in the theoretical debate on integration. The classical assimilation theory has been developed by studying the generational development in a number of domains. Studies that showed social mobility over generations and studies that proved mother tongue language loss in the second and third generation were essential in formulating the classical assimilation theory. The debate about what is often called the new second generation in the United States (children of the post 1960’s migration to the United States) launched a number of new theoretical paradigm’-s on integration. The most important theoretical framework is that of segmented assimilation. |
|
Luigi
Maria Solivetti Più ancora che l’assai alta incidenza media della popolazione non-nazionale sulle cifre della criminalità, la ricerca ha messo a fuoco un aspetto che è sembrato di grande significatività: ossia, le differenze di tale incidenza che si delineano tra Paese e Paese. In altre parole, il fenomeno migratorio non è apparso come una inevitabile fonte di devianza e criminalità. Al contrario, sono emerse prove del fatto che, in certi contesti nazionali, i non nazionali immigrati non contribuiscono al fenomeno criminale che in misura simile alla loro incidenza sulla popolazione residente. Mentre altrove, all’interno di diversi contesti nazionali, la loro incidenza sul fenomeno della criminalità appare abnorme. |
|
Maria Concetta Chiuri, Giuseppe De
Arcangelis, Angela Maria D’Uggento, Giovanni Ferri |
|
Patricia
L. Hardyman, James Austin, Johnette Peyton |
|
Sonja
Snacken, Jan Keulen, Leentje Winkelmans |
|
Sandro
Mezzadra, Brett Neilson |
|
Dario Melossi |
| Jock Collins # Immigrant Crime in Europe and Australia: Rational or Racialised Responses? National Europe Centre Paper No. 80, February 2003 Immigrant crime is a reality in Europe and Australia, though data does not as yet allow a sufficiently precise image of this relationship. But the important issue here is how to respond to immigrant crime in a way that is sensitive to broader social cohesion of our towns, cities and neighborhoods... Immigrant crime is a reality in Europe and Australia, though data does not as yet allow a sufficiently precise image of this relationship. But the important issue here is how to respond to immigrant crime in a way that is sensitive to broader social cohesion of our towns, cities and neighborhoods... |
|
Consiglio
d'Europa |
| Nicola Persico # Racial Profiling, Fairness, and Effectiveness of Policing The American Economic Review, Decemver 2002 Law enforcement practices often have disparate impact on different ethnic and racial groups. To take one well-publicized example, the current debate on racial profiling has shown that motorists on highways are much more likely tobe searched by police looking for illegal drugs if the motorists are African-American. Similar allegations are made in connection with customs searches at airports, and in a number of other situations involving policing. |
| Peter L. Martens # Immigrants as Victims of Crime International Review of Victimology, 2001, Vol. 8, pp.199-216 The present paper is a review of the empirical research done on crime victimisation and anxieties about crime among immigrants and native Swedes. Immigrants more often than native Swedes have been a victim of personal crimes, whereas no differences worth mentioning are found regarding victimisation through property crimes. Immigrants more often than native Swedes are afraid of being victimised in various social contexts. Thereby, immigrants with a non-European appearance are more often a victim of personal crimes than are other immigrants. They also feel less safe in various everyday contexts. |
|
Barbara
Faedda L’illegale più noto, quello di cui oggi forse si parla maggiormente, è il clandestino, figura particolarmente critica: il clandestino è il perenne escluso, è colui che in ogni momento si scontra con il proprio “non dover esserci, con la sua necessaria “invisibilità”; egli ha, come sottolinea A. Gnisci, “due destini possibili: cercare di venire alla luce, con circospezione e timore, per mettersi in regola, oppure sottrarsi vertiginosamente alle regole spostandosi continuamente, correndo invisibile – ma solo a tratti – lungo il perimetro nascosto ed oscuro dell’anomia e del disagio, per non farsi cogliere dal sonno, dalla sfortuna, dall’espulsione o dalla morte... |
| Lincoln Quillian,
Devah Pager # Black Neighbors, Higher Crime? The Role of Racial Stereotypes in Evaluations of Neighborhood Crime American Journal of Sociology AJS Volume 107 Number 3 (November 2001) This article investigates the relationship between neighborhood racial composition and perceptions residents have of their neighborhood’s level of crime. The study uses questions about perceptions of neighborhood crime from surveys in Chicago, Seattle, and Baltimore, matched with census data and police department crime statistics. The percentage young black men in a neighborhood is positively associated with perceptions of the neighborhood crime level, even after controlling for two measures of crime rates and other neighborhood characteristics. This supports the view that stereotypes are influencing perceptions of neighborhood crime levels. Variation in effects by race of the perceiver and implications for racial segregation are discussed. |
|
Kevin Johnson |
|
M. Jacques Floch | Assemblee Nationale -
Onzième Législature |
|
Kristin
F. Butcher, Anne Morrison Piehl |
|
John Hagan, Alberto Palloni |
|
Fabio Quassoli |
|
James
A. Beckford |
|
Giorgio Agamben #
Non più
cittadini, ma solo nuda vita. Un colloquio di
Beppe Caccia col filosofo Giorgio Agamben sui "Centri
di Permanenza Temporanea". Le zone di attesa per gli immigrati sono spazi d'eccezione dove sono sospesi i diritti legati alla cittadinanza... Dobbiamo pensare due cose. Da una parte c'è la privazione di ogni statuto giuridico che pone il problema della loro tutela, della difesa. Dall'altra è anche vero che proprio queste figure estreme mettono a nudo ciò che sta dietro la figura del cittadino: per questo potrebbero diventare il nucleo di una riflessione volta a pensare in un altro modo, a superare questi concetti di cittadinanza e nazionalità. Certo in ogni caso, non è pensabile che possano essere creati dei luoghi di questo genere. |
|
Darryl
Plecas, John Evans, Yvon Dandurand |
|
Robert J. Sampson, Stephen W. Raudenbush, Felton Earls #
Neighborhoods and
Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective
Efficacy |
| Kristin F.
Butcher, Anne Morrison Piehl # Recent Immigrants: Unexpected Implications for Crime and Incarceration National Bureaus of Economic Research, Working Papers 6067, June 1997 |
| Jeremy Travis # 25 Years of Criminal Justice Research The National Institute of Justice, December 1994 The essay on science and technology documents many developments at NIJ that are particularly exciting, perhaps because they affect all areas of criminal justice, and perhaps because they often very directly and immediately affect law enforcement and investigatory practices. Two areas in which NIJ's role has been prominent are in the development of lightweight body armor, which has saved the lives. of countless police officers over the years; and in DNA "fingerprinting" to improve evidence used in investigating crime. |
|
Pierre
Tournier |
| Alfred Blumstein # On the Racial Disproportionality of United States' Prison Populations Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 73, Issue 3 Fall 1982 The group with the highest incarceration rate, black males in their twenties, suffer an incarceration rate that is twenty-five times that of the total population. On any given day, one can expect to find over three percent of that group in state prisons. In view of the relatively low likelihood of imprisonment generally (about one person per 800 of the total population is in a state prison on any day), finding as many as one person out of thirty-three from any demographic group in prison is strikingly high and represents a source of considerable concern. |
|
... actuarialism... risk-based model ... penal populism ... carceral geography |
| Elisabetta Pietrocarlo # Predictive policing: criticità e prospettive dei sistemi di identificazione dei potenziali criminali https://www.sistemapenale.it/ 28 settembre 2023 |
| Marco Nocente # “We are prisoners, not inmates”: prison letters as liminal counter-carceral spaces Geogr. Helv., 76, 289–297, 2021 In recent years, carceral geography has introduced innovative thinking that reframes the classic concept of “prison” through the notion of the “carceral space” to describe prison institutions and other forms of legal and non-legal detention and the carceral logic inherent in the wider society. Carceral geographers reconnect society in its “carceral entirety” and consider prison to be “less total, more liminal, less delimited, more porous”... |
| Marco Nocente
(Intervista) # Geografia carceraria: riflessioni sul carcere e i suoi confini attraverso le lettere dei prigionieri https://festivalgeografie.it/ 28 Luglio 2020 |
| Carolyn McKay # Predicting risk in criminal procedure: actuarial tools, algorithms, AI and judicial decision-making The University of Sydney Law School - Legal Studies Research Paper Series, No. 19/67, November 2019 This article focuses on risk assessment and what happens when decision-making is delegated to a predictive tool. Specifically, this article scrutinises the inscrutable proprietary nature of such risk tools and how that may render the calculation of the risk score opaque and unknowable to both the offender and the court. |
|
Livio Pepino # La sicurezza e il controllo delle "classi pericolose" (Intervista a Livio Pepino di di Susanna Ronconi) www.dirittiglobali.it/
1 febbraio 2019 |
|
Jennifer Turner Intrinsically, carceral geography enables empirical studies about the criminal justice system, about how we construct and manage law-making, the kinds of spaces we build to incarcerate people, how we punish people and for what particular crimes. Beyond that, what comes out of my work on prison as boundary is that the criminal justice system in any country is not just about law-making or law-breaking, but it is also related to systems of welfare, education, health, employment, and increasingly also aging. |
|
Zelia Anna Gallo |
| Moran,
Dominique; Turner, Jennifer; Schliehe, Anna # Conceptualising the carceral in carceral geography Progress in Human Geography, 2018, Vol. 42(5) 666–686 Following Foucault’s rippling carceral circles, a variety of domestic, urban, and embodied sites have been theorised as spaces of surveillance and control reminiscent of the diffuse carceral model, with carceral geographers tracing the relationships between the prison as a compact but porous carceral institution, and these other spaces. This scholarship has three complementary foci: on the ways in which the prison seeps into its surroundings; in relation to the porosity of the prison boundary itself; and with reference to a mobile and embodied carcerality. |
|
Antonio
Cavaliere |
|
Natalia Sypion-Dutkowska, Michael Leitner |
|
Peter Edelman |
| Armstrong, S.
and Jefferson, A. # Disavowing 'the' prison In: Moran,D. and Schliehe, A. K. (eds.) Confined Places, Secure Spaces: The Spatialisation of Studies of Confinement, Palgrave Macmillan - 2017 |
|
Peter Temin |
|
Osonde
Osoba, William Welser IV |
| John Pratt,
Michelle Miao # Penal Populism: The End of Reason The Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 2017-02 If it might be thought that penal populism represents an attack on the long established link between reason and modern punishment, this has been only the prelude to the way in which a much more free flowing political populism now threatens to bring an end to Reason itself, the foundation stone of modernity. This shift from penal to political populism has been precipitated by two interconnected factors: the impact of the 2008 global fiscal crisis and the mass movement of peoples across the globe. |
|
Michael
Tonry |
| Sam
Corbett-Davies, Emma Pierson, Avi Feller, Sharad Goel,
Aziz Huq # Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness Working paper, January 31, 2017, Stanford University Algorithms are now regularly used to decide whether defendants awaiting trial are too dangerous to be released back into the community. In some cases, black defendants are substantially more likely than white defendants to be incorrectly classified as high risk. To mitigate such disparities, several techniques recently have been proposed to achieve algorithmic fairness... |
| Alexandra
Chouldechova # Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments https://arxiv.org/ February 2017 We would like to note that there is a large body of literature showing that data-driven risk assessment instruments tend to be more accurate than professional human judgements, and investigating whether human-driven decisions are themselves prone to exhibiting racial bias. We should not abandon the data-driven approach on the basis of negative headlines. Rather, we need to work to ensure that the instruments we use are demonstrably free from the kinds of biases that could lead to disparate impact in the specific contexts in which they are to be applied... |
|
Miguel Mellino |
|
Daniel Martin Katz, Michael J Bommarito II,
Josh Blackman |
|
Avshalom Caspi, Renate M. Houts, Daniel W.
Belsky, Honalee Harrington, Sean Hogan, Sandhya
Ramrakha, Richie Poulton, Terrie E. Moffitt |
|
Elisabetta Grande
#
Legal
Transplants and the Inoculation Effect. How
American Criminal Procedure Has Affected
Continental Europe. The injection of a small portion of the American adversarial procedure into the body of the Continental European procedure looks like inoculation. Indeed just like a vaccination would do, it seems to have generated the antibodies able to make the latter more resistant against any future effective Americanization, i.e. against any future transplantation of an adversarial party controlled contest system... |
|
Andrea Baiguera Altieri Gli Stati uniti d’ America spendono il 5 % delle loro entrate tributarie per il mantenimento dei Penitenziari, in cui è rinchiuso il 25 % della popolazione carceraria mondiale, con un totale di 2.300.000 detenuti nel 2010 (1.900.000 nel 2000), tra i quali più di 100.000 minorenni. A tale cifra vanno aggiunti 5.000.000 di soggetti sottoposti alla messa alla prova o al regime della liberazione condizionale. Ogni 100.000 residenti, si calcolano ben 785 detenuti in media, ovverosia il 3 % degli ultra-18.enni. Molte sono le discriminazioni razziali, giacché soltanto 1 bianco ogni 45 è o è stato in Penitenziario, mentre 1 nero su 11 ed un ispanico su 27 subiscono o hanno subito l’esperienza della reclusione |
|
Jon Kleinberg, Sendhil Mullainathan,
Manish Raghavan |
|
Angwin, Julia, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu,
and Lauren Kirchner |
|
Benjamin Forman, Laura van der Lugt, Ben
Golberg, Anise Vance, Sandy Kendall | The Boston
Indicators Project Massachusetts Institute for a New
Commonwealth (MassINC), October 2016 |
|
James Cullen, Ames Grawert |
|
Georgetown Law Center on Privacy &
Technology |
|
Charles
C. Branas, Michelle C. Kondo, Sean M. Murphy, Eugenia
C. South, Daniel Polsky, John M. MacDonald |
| Michael Tonry # Making American Sentencing Just, Humane, and Effective University of Minnesota Law School - Legal Studies Research Paper Series - Research Paper No. 16-32, July 9, 2016 Most American sentencing systems need to be rebuilt from the ground up. Mass incarceration has to be unwound and the sentencing laws and practices that caused it have to be changed. Unwinding mass incarceration will require creation and extensive use of new systems for reviewing the need for continuing confinement of people serving long prison sentences. Reinventing sentencing will require repeal or radical refashioning of three-strikes, mandatory minimum, truth-in-sentencing, life without parole (LWOPs), and similar laws, and creation of new sentencing systems that treat offenders fairly, justly, respectfully, and parsimoniously. |
|
Jennifer
L. Skeem, Christopher T. Lowenkamp |
| National
Institute of Justice # Five Things About Deterrence www.ncjrs.gov/ May 2016 NIJ’s “Five Things About Deterrence” summarizes a large body of research related to deterrence of crime into five points. Two of the five things relate to the impact of sentencing on deterrence — “Sending an individual convicted of a crime to prison isn’t a very effective way to deter crime” and “Increasing the severity of punishment does little to deter crime.” ... Research has found evidence that prison can exacerbate, not reduce, recidivism. Prisons themselves may be schools for learning to commit crimes... |
|
Georgia Zara |
|
Margarita Dobrynina # The Roots of “Penal Populism”: the Role of Media and Politics Kriminologijos studijos 2016/4 Penal populism is often labeled as a process whereby politicians devise punitive penal policies, which are adjudged to be “popular” within the general public, and are designed to mobilize votes rather than improve the crime and justice situation. A “tough on crime” policy stance is usually most manifest during election campaigns. This definitional assessment, however, is overly simplified, and does not reflect the complexity of the actual issue which, in true fact, is “[…] representing a major shift in the configuration of penal power in modern society, rather than something within the purview of politicians to tinker with as they please”... |
| Angèle Christin,
Alex Rosenblat, Danah Boyd # Courts and Predictive Algorithms datacivilrights.org 10.27.2015 One of the most striking innovations in the criminal justice system during the past thirty years has been the introduction of actuarial methods – statistical models and software programs –designed to help judges and prosecutors assess the risk of criminal offenders. Predictive algorithms are currently used in four major areas of the U.S. criminal justice system: pretrial and bail, sentencing, probation and parole, and juvenile justice. These algorithms consider a small number of variables about a defendant – either connected to her or his criminal history (previous offenses, failure to appear in court, violent offenses, etc.) or socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, employment status, drug history, etc.) – in an effort to predict a defendant’s risk of recidivism or their likelihood to fail to appear in court if they are let out on bail. |
|
Iñaki
Rivera Beiras |
|
Alessandro De Giorgi |
|
Toni
Negri Ma parlare del carcere è parlare della fabbrica: de te fabula narratur. Il rovello del Politico . Ed è parlare del «politico», dello Stato come prodotto di una «guerra civile permanente». Di dove esce questa formula? Dal rovesciamento del dicton clausewitziano sulla «guerra come politica fatta con altri mezzi» nella concezione del «politico come immediato terreno di guerra sociale». |
|
Robert Eme |
|
Will
Jennings, Emily Gray, Stephen Farrall, Colin Hay |
|
Mark R. Fondacaro, Megan O'Toole |
| Hilde Tubex,
David A Green # Punishment, values and local cultures Punishment & Society, 2015, Vol. 17(3) 267–270 The recent penal history of post-industrial societies is well described in a set of overarching, global narratives, including, for instance, those that describe and interpret the myriad consequences of the arrival of ‘late-modernity’, as well as others that focus most on the ways in which the expansion of neo-liberal thinking and policy, and the withering of welfare states, have shaped justifications for and methods of state punishment and social control... |
| Cheryl Lero
Jonson, Francis T. Cullen # Prisoner Reentry Programs Crime and Justice, University of Chicago Press, 2015 Research suggests that, overall, reentry services reduce recidivism, but program effects are heterogeneous and at times criminogenic. A sustained effort to evaluate carefully designed programs rigorously is needed and may require development of a “criminology of reentry.” More needs to be understood about why recidivism rates are high in the first year after reentry, why some offenders have late-onset failure, whether who comes home matters, and how stigma and other collateral consequences of conviction can be managed. |
|
Jean
Bérard |
|
Sonia
Faure |
| Michael
Meranze # on Marie Gottschalk, Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics - Pathology of the Carceral State | Princeton University Press 2014 Los Angeles Review of Books, February 4th, 2015 |
| Amnesty
International # You Killed My Son. Homicides by military police in the city of Rio de Janeiro www.amnesty.org/ 2015 In a 10-year period (2005-2014), 8,466 cases of killings resulting from police intervention were recorded in the state, 5,132 of which occurred in the capital. Although the number began to fall in 2010, between 2013 and 2014, there was a 39.4% increase in the number of cases of “resistance followed by death” in the state as a whole and a 9% increase in the city of Rio de Janeiro. |
| Brennan Center
for Justice | Oliver Roeder, Lauren-Brooke Eisen, Julia
Bowling, Inimai Chettiar | Foreword by Joseph E.
Stiglitz # What Caused the Crime Decline? www.brennancenter.org/ February 12, 2015 What Caused the Crime Decline? The over-harsh criminal justice policies, particularly increased incarceration, were not the main drivers of the crime decline. In fact, the report finds that increased incarceration has been declining in its effectiveness as a crime control tactic for more than 30 years. Its effect on crime rates since 1990 has been limited, and has been non-existent since 2000. More important were various social, economic, and environmental factors, such as growth in income and an aging population. The report concludes that considering the immense social, fiscal, and economic costs of mass incarceration, programs that improve economic opportunities, modernize policing practices, and expand treatment and rehabilitation programs, all could be a better public safety investment. |
|
Inimai
Chettiar, Michael Waldman (eds) | Brennan Center for
Justice |
|
Jess Bravin, # Two Supreme Court Justices Say Criminal-Justice System Isn’t Working. Justice Breyer says mandatory minimum sentences are “a terrible idea”, www.wsj.com/ March 24, 2015 Nicole Flatow, # Supreme Court Justices Blast The Corrections System, http://thinkprogress.org/ March 24, 2015 # Gian Luigi Gatta, www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 25 marzo 2015 |
|
Department of Juvenile Justice - Florida |
| Marc
Schindler # Bringing an End to the Incarceration Generation www.huffingtonpost.com/ Posted: 06/01/2015 |
|
Nicolas
Duvoux |
| Lynne Copson # Penal Populism and the Problem of Mass Incarceration: The Promise of Utopian Thinking The Good Society, 23(1) pp. 55–72 (2014) As the twenty-first century has witnessed prison populations in both the US and UK reaching record levels with little side of abatement and the emergence of ever-more punitive responses to crime (see Tonry, 2007), there has been growing concern regarding the dangers of ‘penal populism’ and/or ‘popular punitiveness’. Characterized as “politicians tapping into, and using for their own purposes, what they believe to be the public’s generally punitive stance” towards crime and offenders as an electioneering tool by which to gain political advantage, this punitiveness is arguably reflected in such measures as California’s infamous ‘three strikes and you’re out policy’; increased mandatory minimum sentencing; Anti-Social Behaviour Orders and the shift towards mass incarceration |
|
Paul
J. Larkin, Jr |
| Sonia B. Starr # Evidence-Based Sentencing and the Scientific Rationalization of Discrimination Stanford Law Review, vol. 66, April 2014 This Article critiques, on legal and empirical grounds, the growing trend of basing criminal sentences on actuarial recidivism risk prediction instruments that include demographic and socioeconomic variables. I argue that this practice violates the Equal Protection Clause and is bad policy: an explicit embrace of otherwise-condemned discrimination, sanitized by scientific language... |
| Consiglio
d'Europa # Raccomandazione CM/REC(2014) 3 del Comitato dei Ministri agli Stati Membri relativa ai delinquenti pericolosi http://www.coe.int/ Comitato dei Ministri, 19 febbraio 2014 |
|
John
Monahan, Jennifer L. Skeem | Vera Institute of Justice
|
| José Ángel
Brandariz García # La difusión de lógicas actuariales y gerenciales en las políticas punitivas www.indret.com/ InDret - Revista para el analisis del derecho, 2/2014 Las relaciones – no siempre armónicas – entre seguridad y derechos en el ámbito de la Política criminal experimentan una redefinición con la progresiva penetración del gerencialismo y el actuarialismo en este campo de las políticas públicas. No en vano, tales racionalidades conforman modelos de garantía de la seguridad que operan con lenguajes ajenos y distantes al léxico de la libertad y los derechos. El presente texto analiza la progresiva penetración del gerencialismo y el actuarialismo en el ámbito de la Política criminal, abordando las circunstancias que han favorecido su difusión y los ámbitos en los que se encuentra hoy presente... |
|
Julie
Gerlinger, Susan Turner | Center for Evidence-Based
Corrections University of California, Irvine |
|
Laurent
Mucchielli |
|
Massimo Pavarini |
|
Giorgio Agamben |
|
Bernard Harcourt |
| David Garland # Penality and the Penal State Criminology Volume 51 Number 3 2013 The decline of penal-welfarism, the rise of penal populism, the shift to a more risk-averse criminal justice, the expansion of private security, and the emergence of mass imprisonment were all concomitants of this cultural transformation. A rightward shift in politics, the discrediting of the welfare state, a backlash against 1960s permissiveness, law-and-order politics, penal populism, free-market policies, precarious employment, welfare reform, racial (and anti-immigrant) hostilities, and a strengthening of social and penal controls—all of these have been present elsewhere. And in many instances, these developments have been associated with tougher penal olicies and increased rates of imprisonment. |
|
Susan
Turner, James Hess, Charlotte Bradstreet, Steven
Chapman, Amy Murphy | Center for Evidence-Based
Corrections UCIrvine |
|
Department of Justice The United States today has the highest rate of incarceration of any nation in the world, and the nationwide cost to state and federal budgets was $80 billion in 2010 alone. This pattern of incarceration is disruptive to families, expensive to the taxpayer, and may not serve the goal of reducing recidivism... |
|
Jan
Looman, Jeffrey Abracen |
|
James Austin, JFA Institute | Eric Cadora,
Justice Mapping Center | Todd R. Clear, Rutgers
University | Kara Dansky, American Civil Liberties
Union | Judith Greene, Justice Strategies | Vanita
Gupta, American Civil Liberties Union | Marc Mauer,
The Sentencing Project | Nicole Porter, The Sentencing
Project | Susan Tucker, Former Director, The After
Prison Initiative, Open Society Foundations | and
Malcolm C. Young, Bluhm Legal Clinic, Northwestern
University Law School |
| Marie Griffin,
John R. Hepburn # Inmate Misconduct and the Institutional Capacity for Control Criminal Justice and Behavior 40(3):270-288, March 2013 |
|
Walter
L. Perry, Brian McInnis, Carter C. Price, Susan C.
Smith, John S. Hollywood |
| Dominique Moran # Carceral Geography and the Spatialities of Prison Visiting: Visitation, Recidivism and Hyperincarceration Environment and Planning D Society and Space 31(1):174-190 - February 2013 |
|
Alain
Blanc |
|
Claudio
Alberto Gabriel Guimarães |
| Lisa Degiorgio # Managing Inmate Risk in the United States: Construct and Predictive Validity of the Prison Inmate Inventory International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences Vol 8 Issue 2 June – December 2013 |
|
Anne
R. Traum |
|
John
R. Sutton |
|
McGurrin,
Danielle, Melissa Jarrell, Amber Jahn and Brandy
Cochrane. Western Criminology Review14(2):3-19 | 2013. |
|
ACLU
Foundation |
|
David
S. Abrams |
|
Bernard
E. Harcourt |
| Bernard E.
Harcourt # Punitive Preventive Justice: A Critique http://www.law.uchicago.edu/ Draft: 05/23/2012 |
|
Devon
L. L. Polaschek |
| Gabriel J. Chin # The New Civil Death: Rethinking Punishment in the Era of Mass Incarceration University of Pennsylvania Law Review, [Vol. 160: 1789 ] 2012 This Article proposes that civil death has surreptitiously reemerged. It no longer exists under that name, but effectually a new civil death is ut to persons convicted of crimes in the form of a substantial and permanent change in legal status, operationalized by a network of collateral consequences... |
|
David
Niget, Martin Petitclerc |
|
Jean-Pierre
Guay À la lumière du profil personnel et social des membres de gangs de rue, il est difficile de s’étonner de leur production criminelle. Ces délinquants sont donc aux prises avec un nombre important de facteurs de risque et de besoins criminogènes. Comme pour tous les récidivistes, leurs infractions sont importantes et variées |
|
Cole
F. Heyer |
| Marie Absil # Société Disciplinaire et Société de Contrôle www.psychiatries.be Centre Franco Basaglia Liège, août 2012 Les caméras de surveillance, la géolocalisation, le marketing, les réseaux sociaux... sont des innovations technologiques qui alimentent, chacune à leur manière, les sociétés de contrôle. Mais la technologie n'est pas seule responsable d'un contrôle qui devient envahissant et permanent. Les formes de contrôle sont peut-être moins évidentes, moins « classiques » que les procédés disciplinaires mais elles n'en sont pas moins présentes dans nos sociétés. Moins visibles, elles n'en sont que plus insidieuses. |
| James Q. Whitman # The Free Market and the Prison | Book Review - The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order. By Bernard Harcourt, Harvard U. P. 2011 www.harvardlawreview.org/ Harvard Law Review, Vol. 125 · March 2012 · n. 5 |
|
Kim Williams, Jennifer Poyser, Kathryn
Hopkins |
|
Eamonn
Carrabine |
| Bernard Harcourt # Punishment and the myth of natural order: an interview with Bernard E. Harcourt (Eric Anthamatten ed.) Interview in Cabinet magazine (Issue 46, Summer 2012) |
|
John Hagan, Holly Foster #
Intergenerational Educational Effects of
Mass Imprisonment in America |
| Bruno Gravier,
Valérie Moulin, Jean-Louis Senon # L’évaluation actuarielle de la dangerosité: impasses éthiques et dérives sociétales L’Information psychiatrique 2012 ; 88 : 599–604 |
|
Jonathan Simon # Overcoming Mass Incarceration Dignity and the American Prissoner: Brown v. Plata and the Jurisprudence of Mass Incarceration www.law.berkeley.edu/ last visit april 2013 |
| Kübra Gültekin,
Sebahattin Gültekin # Is juvenile boot camp policy effective? International Journal of Human Sciences, Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2012 Militaristic boot camps became very popular in the U.S. in the early 1990’s as an alternative to traditional prisons and probation. Less recidivism and less cost were the shibboleths of correctional boot camps. The boot camps are believed to reduce the number of repeat offenders and to lower operational costs. The rehabilitation programs and aftercare activities are thought to bring ongoing changes in inmates’ behaviors. Therefore, boot camps are strongly supported by politicians and the public. Tax dollars are spent to operate the boot camps. However, despite the fact that only two decades have passed since the existence of juvenile boot camps, numerous studies have declared that juvenile boot camp prisons are ineffective in reducing future offenses of inmates, operational costs, and in continually changing the behaviors of young offenders. |
|
Miriam
H. Baer |
|
Bernard E. Harcourt # Surveiller et punir à l’âge actuariel. Généalogie et critique (I) déviance et société 2011, vol. 35, n°1, pp. 5-33
# Surveiller et punir à l’âge actuariel. Généalogie et critique (partie II) déviance et société 2011, vol. 35, n°2, pp. 163-194 |
| Kristine Levan,
Katherine Polzer, Steven Downing # Media and Prison Sexual Assault: How We Got to the “Don’t Drop the Soap” Culture International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2011, 674-682 Sexual assault among inmates has become a topic which is generating considerable interest. For many years, public perceptions have been nonchalant and dismissive of this phenomenon. Because the general public has little practical knowledge of the correctional system, these attitudes are likely, at least in part, a result of the media depiction of sexual assault among the incarcerated population. This paper will seek to understand the ways which popular movies characterize sexual misconduct that occurs among inmates. Ultimately, this discussion will help not only understand why individuals hold their beliefs of prison sexual assault, but also allow the public to understand the seriousness this topic. |
| Erwan Dieu et
Olivier Sorel # Le concept illusoire d’une catégorisation artificielle: la dangerosité de la délinquance sexuelle Revue Européenne de Psychologie et de Droit 21spet 2011 |
|
National
Health Care for the Holessness Council Homelessness contributes to the risk for incarceration, and incarceration contributes to higher risks of homelessness. Approximately 15% of jail inmates had been homeless in the year prior to their incarceration and 54% of homeless individuals report spending time in a correctional facility at some point in their lives. In addition, those experiencing homeless are found to be arrested more often, incarcerated longer, and re-arrested at higher rates than people with stable housing... |
|
Jessi
Lee Jackson, Erica R. Meiners |
| Francis T.
Cullen, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Daniel S. Nagin # Prisons Do Not Reduce Recidivism: The High Cost of Ignoring Science The Prison Journal, Supplement to 91(3) 48S–65S 2011 One of the major justifications for the rise of mass incarceration in the United States is that placing offenders behind bars reduces recidivism by teaching them that “crime does not pay.” This rationale is based on the view that custodial sanctions are uniquely painful and thus exact a higher cost than noncustodial sanctions. An alternative position, developed mainly by criminologists, is that imprisonment is not simply a “cost” but also a social experience that deepens illegal involvement. Using an evidence-based approach, we conclude that there is little evidence that prisons reduce recidivism and at least some evidence to suggest that they have a criminogenic effect. |
|
American
Civil Liberties Union ACLU Since President Richard Nixon first announced the “War on Drugs” forty years ago, the United States has adopted “tough on crime” criminal justice policies that have given it the dubious distinction of having the highest incarceration rate in the world. These past forty years of criminal justice policymaking have been characterized by overcriminalization, increasingly draconian sentencing and parole regimes, mass incarceration of impoverished communities of color, and rapid prison building. Between 1970 and 2010, the number of people incarcerated in this country grew by 700%. As a result, the United States incarcerates almost a quarter of the prisoners in the entire world although we have only 5% of the world’s population. |
|
Alex
R. Piquero |
|
Russell
Smyth |
|
Paolo
Buonanno, Francesco Drago, Roberto Galbiati, Giulio
Zanella |
|
Lisa
Guenther |
|
Lucia
Beltramini |
|
RAND Europe | Priscillia Hunt, Beau Kilmer, Jennifer Rubin #
Development
of a European Crime Report Improving safety
and justice with existing crime and criminal
justice data Rand Corporation - European Commission 2011 |
|
Heather
Ann Thompson |
| Valerie Wright # Deterrence in Criminal Justice Evaluating Certainty vs. Severity of Punishment www.sentencingproject.org/ November 2010 While the criminal justice system as a whole provides some deterrent effect, a key question for policy development regards whether enhanced sanctions or an enhanced possibility of being apprehended provide any additional deterrent benefits. Research to date generally indicates that increases in the certainty of punishment, as opposed to the severity of punishment, are more likely to produce deterrent benefits. |
| Raffaella
Dimatteo # Il diritto penale tra principio di extrema ratio e realtà di overcriminalization. Ragione discorsiva, razionalità empirica e democrazia penale: riflessioni intorno alla giustiziabilità del principio di sussidiarietà Università degli Studi di Trento, 2009-2010 |
|
Pat O'Malley #
Crime
and Risk | Ch. 1 Risk, crime and criminal justice |
| Martine
Kaluszynski # La récidive, une mise à l'épreuve de la République Jean-Pierre Alline et Mathieu Soula. Les récidivistes. Représentations et traitements de la récidive XIX-XXI siécle PUR 2011, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, pp.141-154, 2010 Le phénomène de la récidive, et les solutions qu'il a engendrées révèlent des agencements et des conceptions qui peuvent nous sembler un paradoxe de la république (au vu d'une image illustrée avec éclat par de grandes lois de libertés publiques), mais en fait dévoilent tout simplement une facette, un trait saillant de la République à l'action. En quelque sorte, la récidive est un objet pénal total. |
|
Henrik
Andershed, Anna-Karin Andershed |
|
Leonidas K. Cheliotis, Sappho Xenakis |
|
Bruce
Western, Becky Pettit |
|
Robert
Weisberg, Joan Petersilia |
|
M. B. Short, A. L. Bertozzi, P. J.
Brantingham |
| Roberto
Camarlinghi, Francesco d’Angella (eds) | Testi di
Giovanni Jocteau, Rossana Giove, Enrico Teta, Sara
Zazza, Stefania Pasqualin, Stefano Bolognesi # Solo il carcere nel futuro delle nuove «classi pericolose»? Animazione Sociale novembre | 2010 Il carcere sta diventando il luogo della reclusione di una serie di problemi un tempo affrontati con politiche di welfare. Prova ne è che il 60% della popolazione detenuta è composta dalle fasce più deboli: tossicodipendenti, stranieri, senza dimora, sofferenti psichici. Dati che indicano come il carcere sia oggi utilizzato come dispositivo di governo e controllo delle questioni sociali. Come il luogo, per citare Zygmunt Bauman, «dell’esclusione sociale continuata, forse permanente» di una popolazione sempre più povera e relegata ai margini... «Detenuti sociali», in questo senso, sono i tossicodipendenti, gli immigrati e tutti quei soggetti non integrati come senza dimora, sofferenti psichici, ecc. Ciò che li accomuna è la precarietà della loro condizione, legami sociali frammentati o inesistenti, l’accumularsi di fatiche cresciute negli anni. |
|
Pietro
Buffa (intervista a cura di R. Camarlinghi e F.
d'Angella) |
|
American
Civil Liberties Union ACLU |
|
John
R. Hipp, Joan Petersilia, Susan Turner |
| Adrienne Austin # Criminal Justice Trends Key Legislative Changes in Sentencing Policy, 2001–2010 http://archive.vera.org/ September 2010 The “tough on crime” political mantra that drove sentencing legislation 30 years ago has transformed into talk of being “smart on crime,” with increasing reliance on research and data to drive and substantiate policy decisions. This willingness to adopt less punitive, more rational sentencing policies is driven, in part, by budget concerns that have emerged and remained prominent in recent years. |
|
Laurie
A. Gould |
|
Marion Vacheret # La
nouvelle pénologie constitue-t-elle l’avenir de
l’exécution des peines privatives de liberté? |
|
Lincoln Quillian, Devah Pager # Estimating Risk: Stereotype Amplification and the Perceived Risk of Criminal Victimization Social Psychology Quarterly 73(1):79-104. 2010 |
| Dimitris Koros # Prisons in the Neoliberal Era: Class and Symbolic Dimensions Dissertation.com Boca Raton 2010 |
|
Aya
Gruber |
|
Ronald E. Wilson |
|
Robin
Antony Duff |
|
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development | Office of Policy Development and Research | Prepared by Martha R. Burt, Jenneth Cerpenter, Samuel G. Hall, Kathrin A. Henderson, Debra j. Rog, John A. Hornik, Ann V. Denton, Garrett E. Moran #
Strategies
for Improving Homeless People's Access to Mainstream
Benefits and Services |
|
Laurent
Mucchielli |
|
Laurent
Mucchielli |
|
D.
A. Andrews, James Bonta |
| International
Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC) # Crime Prevention and Community Safety. Trends and Perspectives www.crime-prevention-intl.org/ 2010 At the international level there is a consensus that good governance is central to achieving sustainable development and safe, secure societies. Many international organizations have emphasized the importance of strengthening and reforming institutions, to ensure access to justice and the rule of law. They have often seen good governance largely in terms of strengthening criminal justice systems, for example, and the reform of state structures, particularly to reduce corruption and aid transparency. The increasing capacity of state structures is only one aspect of good governance. It is also important to build capacity for governance beyond the institutions of the state, particularly where they are weak and lack resources and/or legitimacy. |
|
Christine S. Scott-Hayward | VERA Institute
of Justice |
|
Alice
Goffman |
|
Stephen
F. Eisenman |
|
Hannah Holleman , Robert W. McChesney , John
Bellamy Foster, R. Jamil Jonna |
|
Bruce Western, Christopher Wildeman |
| Emily G. Owens # More Time, Less Crime? Estimating the Incapacitative Effect of Sentence Enhancements Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 52 (August 2009) The relationship between incarceration and crime rates is further complicated because incarceration theoretically has two distinct effects on individual criminal behavior: deterrence and incapacitation. A deterred offender is able to commit crime but chooses not to, whereas an incapacitated offender would choose to commit crime but is unable to do so. The relative contribution of these factors to the decline in crime has important fiscal implications for governments. |
|
Philippe
Robert |
|
Giuseppe
Campesi |
|
Laurent
Mucchielli |
|
Bernard Harcourt interviewé par Antoine Garapon #
«La criminologie actuarielle» |
|
Clive
R. Hollin |
|
Gilles
Chantraine |
|
Fabienne
Brion |
| Paul J.
Hirschfield # Preparing for prison? The criminalization of school discipline in the USA Theoretical Criminology 2008 |
|
Laetitia Delannoy-Brabant - Centre d’analyse stratégique La note de veille n° 106 Juillet 2008 |
| Katherine Beckett
and Steve Herbert # Dealing with disorder: Social control in the post-industrial city Theoretical Criminology 2008; 12; 5 |
|
Carissa
Byrne Hessick |
| nternational
Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC) # Crime Prevention and Community Safety. Trends and Perspectives www.crime-prevention-intl.org/ 2008 Crime prevention “comprises strategies and measures that seek to reduce the risk of crimes occurring, and their potential and harmful effects on individuals and society, including fear of crime, by intervening to influence their multiple causes”. Within this framework and as described in this report, prevention includes social prevention (or “prevention through social development”)* emphasising the promotion of well-being and social cohesion through intervention in the fi elds of health, education, economic, urban and social development, crime prevention at the local level or “community-based crime prevention”* mobilising all members of the community, situational and environmental prevention* and fi nally the prevention of recidivism. |
|
Jeffrey
Fagan, Tracey L. Meares The failure of crime rates to decline commensurately with increases in the rate and severity of punishment reveals a paradox of punishment: recent experiments have shown that among persons of color, especially those who are poor or reside in poor neighborhoods, harsher punishment has produced iatrogenic or counterdeterrent effects... |
| Martine
Kaluszynski # Le retour de l’homme dangereux. Réflexions sur la notion de dangerosité et ses usages Champ pénal/Penal field Vol. V | 2008 In France, the re-emergence of the notion of dangerousness in the process of law-making makes it necessary to elaborate on the objectives of political actors. The aim of this article is to analyse the social construction of this notion through the criminological discourse at the end of the XIXth century. The Third Republic is preoccupied by the question of recidivism, fears degenerescence and birth rate decline, and is seduced by another notion emerging at this time: eugenics. |
|
Andrew Bosworth |
|
Jens
Soering |
|
Peter
Scharff Smith United Nations General Assembly
International
Psychological Trauma Symposium, Istanbul. |
|
Bernard
E. Harcourt |
|
Thibaut Slingeneyer #
The
new penology: a grid for analyzing the
transformations of penal discourses, techniques and
objectives |
| Eric Helland,
Alexander Tabarrok # Does Three Strikes Deter? A Non-Parametric Estimation The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Spring, 2007), pp. 309-330 We take advantage of the fortuitous randomization of trial outcome to provide a novel strategy to identify the deterrent effect exclusive of incapacitation. The identification strategy allows us to estimate the deterrent effect non-parametrically using data solely from the threestrikes era. We find that the third strike provision of California’s three strike legislation significantly reduces felony arrests rates by among the class of criminals with two strikes by 17 to 20 percent. |
|
Curt
T. Griffiths, Yvon Dandurand, Danielle Murdoch |
|
Stephen D. Hart, Christine
Michie, David J. Cooke The British Journal of Psychiatry (2007) |
| Stephen Metraux,
Caterina G. Roman,Richard S. Cho # Incarceration and Homelessness 2007 National Symposium on Homelessness Research This paper provides a synthesis of the emerging literature on the nexus between incarceration and homelessness. The authors explain how the increasing numbers of people leaving carceral institutions face an increased risk for homelessness and, conversely, how persons experiencing homelessness are vulnerable to incarceration. The authors review recent efforts to address reentry issues and review research results on studies of homelessness among prison and jail populations and research on incarceration among people who homeless. After reviewing common barriers to housing for people who have been incarcerated, the authors assess what is known about the effectiveness of services and housing interventions to address these barriers and outline needs for future research. |
|
Malathi
Velamuri, Steven Stillman |
|
Hazel
Kemshall and Jason Wood |
|
Martin
Grann, Niklas Langstrom |
|
Jean-Baptiste
Thomas-Sertillanges Mémoire
soutenu par Jean-Baptiste Thomas-Sertillanges en vue
de l’obtention du Master - Session de Septembre 2007 |
|
Muncie, John # Governing Young People: coherence and contradiction in contemporary youth justice Critical Social Policy, 26(4), 2006, pp. 770–793. |
|
Eileen
Baldry, Desmond McDonnell, Peter Maplestone, Manu
Peeters International research has consistently indicated that suitable housing is a vital factor in ex-prisoners’ social integration. This project investigated whether and to what extent ex-prisoner housing and associated social factors are important to integration in Australia, specifically New South Wales and Victoria, where no reliable prior research on this matter had been done. Analyses indicated significant differences between states; chronic homelessness, poverty and lack of support in the participants’ lives; and that accommodation instability is a predictor of return to prison. |
|
Anabela Miranda Rodrigues #
L’exécution de la peine privative de
liberté, Problèmes de politique criminelle |
|
Bernard
E. Harcourt |
|
Alexandra
Natapof |
| Leonidas K.
Cheliotis # How iron is the iron cage of new penology? The role of human agency in the implementation of criminal justice policy Punishment & Society 2006 vol. 8(3), 313-340 |
|
James
Austin, Tony Fabelo, Angela Gunter, Ken McGinnis The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the nation’s third largest prison system (along with California and the Federal Bureau of Prisons) with over 150,000 prisoners. Each year approximately 500-600 prisoner on prisoner sexual assaults are reported by prisoners and staff to the TDCJ. For each reported assault, detailed information is collected and stored on a specially created database that was developed as part of the agency’s effort to report, evaluate and reduce prison sexual assaults. |
|
Adolphus G. Belk Jr |
|
Trevor Jones, Tim Newburn |
|
Federica Resta # Nemici e criminali. Le logiche del controllo L'indice Penale, gennaio-aprile 2006 |
|
Bruce
Western, Becky Pettit |
|
Vanessa
Barker |
|
Roger Matthews |
|
Alexander
Belser |
| Richard Dubourg,
Joe Hamed, Jamie Thorns # The economic and social costs of crime against individuals and households 2003/04 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ Home Office 2005 |
|
Jean-François
Cauchie, Gilles Chantraine |
| Mike Davis # Il volto urbano del controllo sociale Next Nuove Energie X il Territorio – Teorie e pratiche del controllo sociale. Carcere, migrazioni, società | 2005 |
|
Bernard
E. Harcourt |
| Gilles
Chantraine # Prison et regard sociologique. Pour un décentrage de l'analyse critique Champ Pénal, vol. I, 2004 Il nous semble essentiel que les sociologues de la prison redoublent non seulement d'imagination sociologique, mais également de vigilance critique vis-à-vis de leurs propres présupposés, de leurs propres habitudes et des principes de justice sociale à partir desquels ils adoptent leur posture critique. Il faut donc soumettre la critique à la critique, non pas pour l'annihiler mais au contraire pour saisir sa nature et évaluer sa portée potentielle. |
|
Pat O’Malley #
The Uncertain Promise of Risk |
|
Caterina Gouvis Roman, Jeremy Travis |
|
Becky
Pettit, Bruce Western |
|
James
P. Lynch, William J. Sabol |
| Julia Sudbury # A World Without Prisons: Resisting Militarism, Globalized Punishment, and Empire Social Justice Vol. 31, Nos. 1–2 (2004 |
| Laurent
Mucchielli # L’impossible constitution d’une discipline criminologique en France. Cadres institutionnels, enjeux normatifs et développements de la recherche des années 1880 à nos jours Criminologie, vol. 37 no 1 (2004) |
|
Bernard
E. Harcourt University of Chicago Law Review, 2003 |
|
Nan
Ellin “Prisonization”—or the increased building of prisons to deal with crime—is another example of retreating. This trend has been taken even further as many states have been moving their prisons to other states and privatizing them. There are currently 124 private jails in the United States, and the state of Texas has 38 of these. Florida ranks second. These states pay private companies to care for the inmates, an “industry” growing at an annual rate of 35%. |
| Vera Institute of
Justice | Nino Rodriguez, Brenner Brown # Preventing Homelessness Among People Leaving Prison Vera Institute of Justice 2003 At any given time in Los Angeles and San Francisco, 30 to 50 percent of all people under parole supervision are homeless. In New York City, up to 20 percent of people released from city jails each year are homeless or their housing arrangements are unstable. One study found that at least 11 percent of people released from New York State prisons to New York City from 1995 to 1998 entered a homeless shelter within two years—more than half of these in the first month after release... |
|
Eric
S. Janus, Robert A. Prentky |
|
David
Garland in R. Ericson (ed) Risk and Morality, Toronto: University of Toronto Press (2003), pp 48–86 |
| Simone Lucido # Tutti dentro. Dallo Stato sociale allo Stato penale Postfazione a Alain Brossat, Scarcerare la società, Milano, Eleuthera, 2003 |
| Yves Zenou # The Spatial Aspects of Crime Journal of the European Economic Association April–May 2003 1(2–3):459 – 467 |
|
John Braithwaite |
|
Mike Hough # Populism and Punitive Penal Policy The centre for crime and justice studies -cjm - no. 49 Autumn 2002There are two striking facts about crime and justice across the developed world over the last decade or so. Crime, with some exceptions, has been in decline; and punitive penal policies have been on the increase. The trend is particularly marked in the industrialized Englishspeaking world. In England and Wales crime has fallen significantly since the mid-1990s whether measured by the British Crime Survey or by police statistics... It is also important to ensure that the political costs of penal populism are increased. |
|
Stephen
Metraux, Dennis P. Culhane In the past two decades both the homeless and the prison populations have grown substantially. These two phenomena may be interrelated insofar as the difficulties in reintegrating into the community may increase the risk of homelessness for released prisoners, and homelessness may in turn increase the risk for subsequent reincarceration. This study examines the incidence of shelter use and reincarceration among a cohort of 48,424 persons who were released, either outright or on parole, from New York State prisons to New York City in 1995-1998... |
|
Robert
H. DeFina, Thomas M. Arvanites |
| Daniel F.
Wilhelm, Nicholas R. Turner | Vera Institute of Justice
# Is the Budget Crisis Changing the Way We Look at Sentencing and Incarceration? Vera Institute of Justice 2002. The budget traumas of the current economic crisis are playing out against a backdrop of changed public attitudes about crime and incarceration. While perhaps immediately cost effective, prison closings, layoffs, and program eliminations fail to address the broader issue of how to better manage a state’s fiscal resources. As this Issue in Brief shows, several states have seized on the importance and value of creating governmental organizations and arming them with appropriate instruments to take up this systemic challenge. The experiences of Kansas, North Carolina, and Virginia illustrate the importance of creating a state entity that can inform the creation of sentencing and corrections policy by providing data-based information that can both predict a system’s needs and guide development of laws and policies that respond to those needs. And, as the innovations in these three states show, such reform-minded responses need not compromise public safety. |
|
Bruce
Western, Becky Pettit |
|
Stephen
D. Hart |
|
Fred
S. Berlin, Nathan W. Galbreath, Brendan Geary, Gerard
McGlone |
|
John
R. Sutton |
|
William
J. Stuntz |
|
David Garland # The Culture of Control. Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society | Ch 1 - A History of the Present Oxford Un. Pr. 2001 |
|
Philippe Mary #
Pénalité et gestion des risques: vers une
justice “ actuarielle ” en Europe ? |
| Terri
Adams-Fuller # Prison Industrial Complex Institute for Public Safety & Justice Fact Sheet | Winter 2001 |
|
Christopher
D. Man, John P. Cronan |
|
The Civil Rights Project | Harvard University |
| Sam Brand,
Richard Price # The economic and social costs of crime http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ Home Office Research Study 217, October 2000 |
|
John
Pratt |
| Alfred Blumstein # Disaggregating the Violence Trends in A. Blumstein, J. Wallman (eds), The Crime Drop in America Cambridge University Press 2000 |
|
Julie
Sudbury |
|
Pat O’Malley #
Volatile and contradictory punishment |
|
Daniel
Kessler, Steven D. Levitt |
|
David Lapido |
|
Edward
L. Glaeser, Bruce Sacerdote |
|
John
Pratt |
|
Laurent
Mucchielli |
|
David Garland # Les contradictions de la "société punitive" : le cas britannique In: Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. Vol. 124, septembre 1998. De l’État social à l’État pénal. pp. 49-67 |
|
Karol
Lucken |
|
Florence
Raynal Pour vider les prisons - ou ne plus les remplir -, plusieurs organisations de juges s’interrogent aussi sur l’impact de certaines condamnations. C’est le cas de celles qui concernent les étrangers en situation irrégulière, lesquels représentent une fraction importante du nombre des détenus. En quoi l’enfermement apporte-t-il une solution à ce type de délits ? Même question pour la toxicomanie, surtout quand aucune prise en charge adaptée n’est assurée ? « A des problèmes divers, on applique une réponse unique. On justifie un système parce qu’on n’en a pas cherché d’autres », conclut M. Patrick Marest. |
|
Michael Vitiello |
|
Wendy
L. Watson, Joan Ozanne-Smith |
|
Janet Chan #
The
Limits of Incapacitation as a Crime Control Strategy |
|
Steven
D. Levitt A strong, negative empirical correlation exists between arrest rates and reported crime rates. While this relationship has often been interpreted as support for the deterrence hypothesis, it is equally consistent with incapacitation effects, and/or a spurious correlation that would be induced by measurement error in reported crime rates. This paper attempts to discriminate between deterrence, incapacitation, and measurement error as explanations for the empirical relationship between arrest rates and crime. |
| Joachim J.
Savelsberg # Knowledge, Domination, and Criminal Punishment The American Journal of Sociology, Val. 99, No.4 (Jan., 1994) |
|
Terrie E. Moffitt |
|
Malcolm M. Feeley, Jonathan Simon #
The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging
Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications |
| Peter W.
Greenwood, Susan Turner # Selective Incapacitation Revisited. Why the High-Rate Offenders Are Hard to Predict National Institute of Justice NIJ | The RAND Corporation 1987 |
|
Philip J Cook # Criminal Incapacitation Effects Considered in a Adaptive Choice Framework in The Reasoning Criminal, Ed. Derek Cornish and Ron Clarke, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986: 202-216. |
| Louk H. C.
Hulsman # Critical criminology and the concept of crime Contemporary Crises, 1986, 10(1): 63-80 |
|
Norval
Morris, Marc Miller |
|
Tamar
Lewin |
|
Jan
Chaiken, Marcia Chaiken |
|
Peter
Greenwood, Allan Abrahamse |
|
Kristen M. Williams # Selection
Criteria for Career Criminal Programs |
|
Joan
Petersilia, Paul Honig Prepared
under a grant from the National Institute of Justice,
U.S. Department of Justice |
| Peter Greenwood,
Jan Chaiken, Joan Petersilia, Mark Peterson # The Rand Habitual Offender Project: a Summary of Research Findings to Date The Rand Corporation | March 1978 |
|
Michael
I. Liechenstein |
|
The President's Commissione on Law
Enforcement and Administration of Justice |
|
Sanford H. Kadish # Some Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing Economic Regulations Chi. L. Rev. 423 (1962) |
|
Anche il capitalismo più altamente organizzato... si trova ancor sempre dinanzi al conflitto tra la sempre più larga disponibilità di mezzi potenzialmente atti a pacificare la lotta per l'esistenza, ed il bisogno di intensificare codesta lotta; tra la progressiva «abolizione del lavoro» ed il bisogno di conservare il lavoro come fonte di profitto. Il conflitto perpetua l'esistenza inumana di coloro che formano la base umana della piramide sociale - gli ultimi venuti ed i poveri, i disoccupati e coloro che non sono occupabili, le razze di colore perseguitate, gli ospiti delle prigioni e delle case di cura per malattie mentali. (H. Marcuse, L'uomo a una dimensione) |
| Darwin BondGraham # California bans private prisons – including Ice detention centers www.theguardian.com/ Thu 12 Sep 2019 |
| Urban Justice
Center # The Prison Industrial Complex: Mapping Privare Sector Players www.urbanjustice.org/ April 2018 Today, more than half of the $80 billion spent on incarceration annually in the U.S. is used to pay the thousands of vendors that serve the criminal legal system.They are healthcare providers, food suppliers, commissary merchants, and more. Focused on their bottom line and advantaged by an obscure and often monopolistic environment, the private, for-profit corporations that operate in the prison industrial complex raise particular concerns for the incarcerated population, vulnerable to corporate abuse. This report exposes over 3,100 corporations that profit from the devastating mass incarceration of our nation’s marginalized communities. It serves as the largest lens into the prison industrial complex ever published. While this report still far from covers all the private sector companies in this space, it captures all the major players. |
| Marta Valier # Quando il carcere è un affare privato. Il fenomeno delle prigioni quotate in Borsa in Usa caffe.ch, 3 dicembre 2017 Già prima di Trump, il settore privato era proprietario di nove dei dieci più grandi centri di detenzione per migranti e aveva in gestione il sessantacinque per cento dei migranti detenuti. Durante l’ultimo anno della presidenza Obama, il dipartimento di Homeland Security aveva detenuto più di 352mila migranti, con una media di circa 31mila al giorno. Per farsi un’idea del business, nel 2014, il governo statunitense ha speso più di due miliardi di dollari per mantenere in funzione i centri di detenzione. Trump quindi ha solo dato una spinta a una politica già avviata dall’amministrazione precedente. Una spinta piuttosto forte, che ha ampliato le categorie dei migranti irregolari passibili di arresto e ordinato la loro detenzione. |
| Marco Valsania # Trump-trade: dalle carceri s'involano azioni e obbligazioni www.ilsole24ore.com/ 1 marzo 2017 Il settore carcerario americano - privato e pubblico - si sta avvantaggiando delle crociate anti-crimine di Donald Trump e delle sue promesse di legge e ordine. Le azioni dei due maggiori gruppi for profit di centri di detenzione, CoreCivic e Geo Group, hanno visto i loro prezzi in Borsa raddoppiare dal giorno delle elezioni l'8 novembre ad oggi, all'indomani cioè del primo discorso di Trump al Congresso a Camere riunite. Sono, inoltre, vicini ai massimi delle ultime 52 settimane, in rialzo rispettivamente del 19% e del 68 per cento nel corso di un intero anno. |
|
Fredreka
Schouten GEO Group, one of the nation’s largest forprofit prison operators, donated $250,000 to support Trump’s inaugural festivities... Another prison operator, CoreCivic, gave $250,000 to support Trump’s inauguration, recently filed congressional reports show. Forprofit prison companies' hopes for significant gains under the Trump administration already are coming to fruition... |
| Alan Travis # Privatisation of probation service has left public at greater risk. Chief inspector of probation says some offenders not seen for months and some lost in the system entirely www.theguardian.com/ Thu 15 Dec 2016 The public have been left more at risk by the privatisation of the probation service with some offenders not seen for weeks or months and others lost in the system altogether, according to an official watchdog. inspection report published on Thursday said probation services in north London have deteriorated since a community rehabilitation company took over the supervision of medium- to low-risk offenders in 2014 and was now poorer than any other area that had been inspected this year. [The Report...] |
|
Sally Q. Yates Matt Zapotosky, Chico Harlan, # Justice Department says it will end use of private prisons, The Washington Post, August 18, 2016 Luca Celada # Stati Uniti. Obama "stop alle prigioni private", Il Manifesto, 20 agosto 2016 |
| Jane Andrew, Max
Baker, Philip Roberts # Prison Privatisation in Australia: The State of the Nation Accountability, Costs, Performance and Efficiency https://sydney.edu.au/ June 2016 In terms of costs, there is no evidence to suggest the hybrid model operating in South Australia is cost-effective. Indeed, South Australia makes limited information about the cost of the contract available to the public at certain levels of occupancy, but it is difficult to determine the actual cost at the level of occupancy that is currently operational. The state does not make available the costs per prisoner per day across the sector, prohibiting comparisons of this kind. In terms of performance, a lack of information related to actual, as opposed to expected, outcomes prohibits a proper assessment of Mount Gambier. Whilst KPIs and SLAs are made publicly available, we do not know how Mount Gambier performs in relation to these or the amount they are paid in PLFs... |
| Carlo Alberto
Romano, Luisa Ravagnani, Nicoletta Policek # La privatizzazione degli Istituti di Pena: il caso Italia Rassegna Italiana di Criminologia, anno X, n. 1, 2016 Alla base della privatizzazione rimane comunque il concetto di massimizzazione dei profitti: detenere il più alto numero di persone al costo più basso possibile. Il risultato di questa formula non può che essere la riduzione delle spese relative al personale penitenziario, ai servizi offerti e all’aumento della popolazione dei reclusi... |
|
Alberto
Flores D'arcais Il business delle prigioni private negli Usa sta vivendo da anni un vero e proprio boom, in controtendenza rispetto agli sforzi federali che da un qualche tempo tentano (con pene alternative) di ridurre il mostruoso numero di carcerati (circa 2,2 milioni, in percentuale sulla popolazione il più alto numero al mondo) che affollano le prigioni Usa. Sono già 138, con 133mila detenuti, diffuse in tutti gli States, altre ne stanno costruendo... |
|
Kyle
Coleman The growth of the private prison industry threatens our political system, by encouraging the undue and outsized influence of said firms... From 2000 to 2011, the national prison population grew by 16%, while the private prison population grew by 106%. During approximately the same period, Corrections Corporation of America and GEO Group, two of the largest private prison companies, spent $13,990,000 and $3,110,000, respectively, on lobbying efforts... |
| William Paul
Simmons, Leonard Hammer # Privatization of Prisons in Israel and Beyond: A Per Se Violation of the Human Right to Dignity Santa Clara Journal of International Law, Volume 13, 2015 Making a rather ambitious, broad-form decision, the Israeli Supreme Court (ISC) in 2009 ruled that privatization of prisons is a per se violation of human rights, in particular the rights to liberty and dignity. The Court ruled that it was not the often deleterious consequences of privatization that violated the rights to liberty and dignity, but that privatization of prisons by itself was a violation. |
|
Anita
Mukherjee |
|
Giuseppe
Caputo Ma il dato forse più decisivo nel sancire l'inefficienza dei lavori forzati made in Usa è il fatto che hanno aumentato i costi a carico del pubblico invece di diminuirli. L'amministrazione per attrarre i privati ad investire nel penitenziario consente loro di gestire direttamente alcune prigioni e/o di assumere i detenuti con paghe da fame. I privati fanno così affari d'oro anche perché la gran parte dei costi (quali quelli di mantenimento dei detenuti e di sicurezza) sono sostenuti dal pubblico. Questo sistema nel giro di pochi anni ha prodotto un forma di corporate welfare, finanziato con soldi pubblici, che sta arricchendo le imprese del settore penitenziario senza vantaggi reali per la collettività. Un business da 1 miliardo di dollari l'anno, secondo una recente indagine del Seattle Times. |
| Mike Baker,
Michael J. Berens | A Seattle Times Investigation # Broken prison labor program fails to keep promises, costs millions http://projects.seattletimes.com/ , Dec. 13 -15, 2014 |
|
Devlin
Barrett CCA Corrections Corp. of America, has built a profitable business from incarcerating people—nearly 70,000 inmates are currently housed in more than 60 facilities. The company is the fifth-largest correction system in the country, after only the federal government and the states of California, Florida and Texas... |
|
Trades
Union Congress (TUC). Private management of prisons: The UK has the most privatised prison system in Europe with one in six prisoners held in privately managed prisons. 1 Supporters of private prisons argue that they are cheaper and more effective thanpublicly run institutions. However, critics have raised concerns around staffing levels and the effect that the make-up of private sector prisons is having on inmates. |
|
ACLU
American Civil Liberties Union Prisoners report that there is only one doctor for the entire population of 3,500 prisoners and that the doctor is infrequently present at any particular unit of the facility. Health care services are primarily provided by nurses, who arereportedly overworked and underresourced. It may take weeks or even months to see a physician’s assistant or doctor after initial evaluation by a nurse. “Sick-call” lines to access medical services are long, and prisoners report that they are sometimes forced to choose between eating a meal and receiving medical attention—a practice that is especially hazardous for prisoners with conditions such as diabetes, for which scheduling medication and food intake is necessary to prevent emergencies. |
| Aaron Cantú # America on lockdown: Why the private prison industry is exploding. For-profit companies are buying up any politician they can find to expand their share of the “market” AlterNet 15 april 2014 While the total prison population in the country grew 16% between 2000 and 2011, the state private prison population grew 106%. Yet despite this astronomical growth, not a single independent study has ever corroborated the incarceration industry’s claim that its services save taxpayers’ money... There are two reasons for this astronomical growth: Official lobbying and revolving door politics... |
|
Matt
Stroud |
|
Alexander
Volokh |
|
Alexander
Volokh |
|
Alexander
Volokh |
|
Nina
Champion, Kimmett Edgar | Prison Reform Trust and
Prisoners Education Trust |
|
Raffaella
Cosentino |
|
Cody
Mason |
|
Maria
Sosa Troya |
| Peter H. Kyle # Contracting for Performance: Restructuring the Private Prison Market http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr, vol. 54, 2013 In the extensive literature on prison privatization, critics clearly recognize the perverse incentive structures the private prison industry creates but nevertheless fail to move the cheese, instead proposing simply to kill the mouse. This Note serves as an attempt to begin filling this gap in the literature by establishing a theoretical and practical framework for restructuring the private prison market and the incentives corrections companies face. |
|
Michael
Santos |
| Grant Duwe,
Valerie Clark # The Effects of Priivate Prison Confinement in Minnesota on Offender Recidivism http://www.doc.state.mn.us/ March 2013 This study analyzes whether private prison confinement in Minnesota has had an impact on recidivism by examining 3,532 offenders released from prison between 2007 and 2009. The evidence suggests that private prisons are not more effective in reducing recidivism, which may be attributable to fewer visitation and rehabilitative programming opportunities for offenders incarcerated at private facilities. |
|
Will
Tanner |
| Human Rights
Advocates # Human Rights Implications of Private Prisons www.humanrightsadvocates.org/ February 2013 The human rights implications of private prisons raise concern in countries where private companies are profiting off imprisonment. Private companies have an incentive for higher rates of imprisonment in order to maximize profits. The most affected are immigrants who have taken the brunt of the privatization, by being imprisoned for non-criminal offenses across the globe. The United States, United Kingdom, and Australia utilize private prisons the most. The facilities cut costs in order to maximize profits. The resultant treatment of prisoners in such an environment creates an advocacy for transparency in the prisons. It is a multi-billion dollar industry profiting off the despair of its prisoners. |
|
Judith
Resnik A few decisions break the constitutional silence on privatization. One case, whose name (Academic Center of Law and Business V. Minister of Finance) gives no hint that its subject matter is prisons, was issued in 2009 by Israel's Supreme Court,I6 The Israeli Parliament had, in 2004, licenced a single "private" prison with 800 beds... The Israeli Supreme Court, in turn, undertook its own "comparative analysis" to address "the phenomenon of prison privatization around the world." After surveying diverse case law and political theories, the justices concIuded that privatization was constitutionally noxious as a domestic matter, because the legislation chartering the prison violated prisoners' human dignity and liberty, expressly protected by one of Israel's Basic Laws... |
|
Shaun
Genter, Gregory Hooks, Clayton Mosher According to Hallett, the incarceration boom diverted public resources “toward prisons and away from public programs in education and childcare.” Coming to terms with the impacts of privatization is of growing importance. Facing budget pressures, a growing number of states are contracting out public services, including corrections. Our findings suggest these trends will have deleterious consequences for rural counties and their efforts to expand and retain middle-class jobs. |
|
Adrian
Smith |
|
Sandro
Cabral, Stéphane Saussier |
| Michael Cryans,
Omer Ahern, Ray Burton | Travis Blalock, Benjamin
Schifberg, Christopher Whitehead # Methods of Privatization. Privatization in State Parks, Hospitals, and Prisons http://rockefeller.dartmouth.edu/ June 22, 2012 |
| Vicki
Helyar-Cardwell (ed) # Delivering Justice. The role of the public, private and voluntary sectors in prisons and probation Criminal Justice Alliance, May 2012 |
|
United
States Department of Justice | Civil Rights Division |
|
Cody Mason |
|
Daphne
Barak-Erez |
|
American
Civil Liberties Union ACLU |
|
Veronica
Smink El complejo penal de Ribeirão das Neves,
en el estado de Minas Gerais, y el Centro Integrado de
Resocialización de Itaquitinga, en Pernambuco, tendrán
capacidad para alojar a unos 3.000 presos,
respectivamente. |
|
Cour
des comptes |
|
Richard A. Oppel Jr # Private Prisons Found to Offer Little in Savings The New York Times, May 18, 2011 Despite a state law stipulating that private prisons must create “cost savings,” the state’s own data indicate that inmates in private prisons can cost as much as $1,600 more per year, while many cost about the same as they do in state-run prisons. |
| Arizona
Department of Corrections ADC # FY 2010 Operating Per Capita Cost Report. Cost Identification and Comparison of State and Private Contract Beds Bureau of Planning, Budget and Research - April 13, 2011 Section II identifies inmate management functions that are provided by and paid for by the state but are not provided by the private contractors. This inequity increases the state per capita cost which in comparison, artificially lowers the private bed cost... The state pays for and provides a majority of the inmate management functions which the private contract vendors do not. As a result, the "real" costs for private contract beds are understated in comparison to the reported costs for state beds... |
|
Barak
Medina
Israeli
High Court of Justice (HCJ) |
| American Friends
Service Committee # Prison Privatization in Arizona www.afsc.org/ October 2010 |
|
Gerald
G. Gaes |
| Barak Medina # Constitutional limits to privatization: The Israeli Supreme Court decision to invalidate prison privatization International Journal of Constitutional Law 8,4 (2010) 690-713 The Israeli Supreme Court recently decided to strike down legislation to establish a privately operated prison. The Court’s decision to invalidate this legislation is interesting, as it stipulates that prison privatization is unconstitutional per se, irrespective of its specific characteristics or expected outcome. It ruled that executing governmental powers by prison staff employed by a for-profit organization violates the prisoners’ basic rights to liberty and human dignity. This essay discusses this position, and points out some of its difficulties. It suggests that while the decision’s ultimate outcome can be justified, it would have gained greater (normative) legitimacy if it were based on a constitutional norm prohibiting the privatization of “core” governmental powers rather than on an analysis of human rights. |
|
David
W. Miller |
|
Mary Sigler #
Private Prisons, Public Functions, and the
Meaning Punishment |
|
Donna Selman and Paul Leighton #
Punishment
for Sale. Private Prisons, Big Business, and the
Incarceration Binge. America’s Incarceration Binge.
The Expansion of Prisons, Budgets, and Injustice |
|
Melissa
Chan |
| Guy Shefer and
Alison Liebling # Prison privatization: In search of a business-like atmosphere? Criminology and Criminal Justice 2008 |
|
Elisa
D'Alterio |
|
James
F. Blumstein, Mark A. Cohen, Suman Seth |
|
The
Economist |
|
Ira P. Robbins #
Privatization of Corrections: A Violation of U.S.
Domestic Law, International Human Rights, and Good
Sense |
|
Grégory
Salle |
| Phillip G. Rapoza # The privatization of prisons and the issue of security: is the private sector up to the task? http://www.internationalpenalandpenitentiaryfoundation.org/ 2006 |
|
Prison
Reform Trust PRT |
|
Alfred C. Aman # Privatization, Prisons, Democracy, and Human Rights: The Need to Extend the Province of Administrative Law Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies | Volume 12, Issue 2, Article 9 | 7-1-2005 |
| Scott D. Camp,
Dawn M. Daggett # Quality of Operations at Private and Public Prisons: Using Trends in Inmate Misconduct to Compare Prisons Office of Research and Evaluation Federal Bureau of Prisons, June 27, 2005 A model-based approach was used to develop performance measures from inmate misconduct data to compare public and private prisons. The performance measures indicated the impact of different prisons upon raising or lowering the probability of inmate misconduct. Data for all misconduct and two categories of misconduct, violent and drug, were generated for the 36 month period between January of 1999 and December of 2001 for all prisons within the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and one low-security private prison under contract to the BOP. The private prison performed within the lower range of performance for low-security prisons within the BOP. |
|
Harley
G. Lappin, Thomas R. Kane, William G. Saylor, Scott D.
Camp, |
|
William
D. Bales, Laura E. Bedard, Susan T. Quinn, David T.
Ensley, Glen P. Holley |
|
Amy
Cheung | The Sentencing Project |
|
Adam
Mcbeth |
|
Kim
Richard Nossal, Phillip J. Wood |
| House of Commons
Committee of Public Accounts # The operational performance of PFI prisons. Forty-ninth Report of Session 2002–03 The House of Commons | 2 December 2003 |
|
National
Audit Office NAO |
| Oliver
Hart # Incomplete Contracts and Public Ownership: Remarks, and an Application to Public-Private Partnerships The Economic Journal, Vol. 113, No. 486, Conference Papers (Mar., 2003), pp. C69-C76 ... If the gov- ernment buys an electricity company or prison, the benefit is that some govern- ment bureaucrat who is in charge of the prison will invest more (have more ideas, be more entrepreneurial); but the cost is that the manager of the prison - who used to be an owner but is now an employee - will invest less. The latter effect - that a government employee will be less entrepreneurial than an owner-manager - seems very plausible, but the idea that government ownership leads to more entrepreneurship by bureaucrats seems less so. |
| David E. Pozen # Managing a Correctional Marketplace: Prison Privatizationin the United States and the United Kingdom Journal of Law & Politics, 2003 |
| Tracy F. H. Chang
and Douglas E. Thompkins # Corporations Go to Prisons: The Expansion of Corporate Power in the Correctional Industry Labor Studies Journal: Spring 2002 |
|
Bureau
of Justice Assistance | James Austin, Garry Coventry |
| European
Parliament | The STOA Programme | Luc Mampaey,
Jean-Philippe Renaud, GRIP - Groupe de Recherche et
d'information sur la paix et la sécurité Bruxelles # Prison Technologies. An appraisal of technologies of political control. Final Study Luxembourg, July 2000 Penal policies centred solely on the privatisation and technicalisation of tasks eludes the entire debate on the role that our society wishes to see prison play. Is the sole function of the criminal justice to protect society by isolating individuals it considers dangerous or undesirable, or do we assign it a role of reintegration and rehabilitation into society – that can contain a reparation of the damages caused to the victims ? The American technological “model” has made prison an asocial and non-law place. It is for Europe to oppose it with a penal model respectful of Human Rights and human dignity. Any technological innovation should not necessarily be excluded, but is should be evaluated with prudence and given back its true value : a role of auxiliary and ‘facilitator’ of social relations with the offenders, but in no way, their substitute... |
|
Oliver Hart, Andrei Shleifer, Robert W.
Vishny |
|
Oliver
Hart, Andrei Shleifer, Robert W. Vishny |
| monitoraggio
elettronico
Il carcere sta alla modernità solida come il braccialetto elettronico sta alla modernità liquida? |
| .Ministry
of Justice # Electronic Monitoring Statistics Publication, England and Wales: December 2022 https://www.gov.uk/ 19 January 2023 |
| Nicol Turner Lee and Caitlin Chin # Police surveillance and facial recognition: Why data privacy is imperative for communities of color https://www.brookings.edu/ Tuesday April 12, 2022. |
|
Ram
Subramanian, Jackie Fielding, Lauren-Brooke Eisen, Hernandez Stroud,
and Taylor King |
|
ACLU American Civil
Liberties Union |
|
Amy Cross,
Alex Roth, Melvin Washington, Nancy Fishman, Andrew Taylor |
| Jyoti Belur, Amy Thornton,
Lisa Tompson, Matthew Manning, Aiden Sidebottom, Kate Bowers # A systematic review of the effectiveness of the electronic monitoring of offenders Journal of Criminal Justice · May 2020 |
| Jenny
Williams, Don Weatherburn # Can Electronic Monitoring Reduce Reoffending? https://docs.iza.org/ IZA DP No. 12122 January 2019 |
| Iolanthe Brooks # A New Mass Incarceration: Community Corrections, Carceral Geography, and Spatial Power Scholarly Undergraduate Research Journal at Clark: Vol. 4 , Article 2, April 2018 ... modalities of punishment are shifting, particularly towards community-located corrections involving GPS surveillance. This paper seeks to examine this evolution of the carceral state through the marriage of two theoretical lenses: carceral geography and Foucauldian spatial power analysis. Carceral geography offers a theory of the embodied nuance of movement. Its work revolves around the three mobilities of the carceral system: movement to/from, within, and between prisons. This paper argues that community-located corrections comprises a fourth mobility, moving the carceral regime into communities and coercively moving bodies within those communities... |
| Hannah Graham,
Gill McIvor # Electronic monitoring in the criminal justice system www.iriss.org.uk/ November 2017 In the Scottish criminal justice system, EM may be used with adults aged 16 years and older as a means of monitoring compliance with different types of orders and licences: • A Restriction of Liberty Order (RLO), which is a community sentence authorised by the court • A Home Detention Curfew (HDC) licence, which is a form of early release from prison, authorised by the Scottish Prison Service • As a condition of a Drug Treatment and Testing Order, authorised by the court • As a condition of a parole licence, authorised by the Parole Board for Scotland • As a restricted movement requirement imposed following breach of a Community Payback Order (CPO), authorised by the court |
| Amyas Morse
Comptroller and Auditor General # The new generation electronic monitoring programme www.nao.org.uk/ 05 July 2017 In 2011 the Ministry of Justice (the Ministry), identified an opportunity to transform and expand its electronic monitoring service. It sought to reduce the cost of tagging, and also provide wider operational benefits and more sentencing options for the courts. It launched a programme to develop a new world-leading ankle tag, combining both RF and GPS functionality to be used on all tagged offenders... |
| Ajay Singh # Prolepticon: Anticipatory Citizen Surveillance of the Police Surveillance & Society, 15(5): 676-688, 2017 This paper introduces the concept of Prolepticon, describing anticipatory citizen surveillance of the police. Over the past four years, the spread of camera-enabled cellphones has allowed citizens to capture moments of police misconduct that previously would have remained unseen. The impact that this ubiquity of cellphone-wielding citizens has on policing is unclear. Former FBI Director James Comey suggests that the increased scrutiny on the actions of law enforcement through citizen video is causing police to retreat from policing, a phenomenon dubbed the YouTube Effect... I introduce the concept of Prolepticon using the Foucauldian lens of the Panopticon, providing a new paradigm to understand the impact of increased citizen surveillance of the police. |
| Giuseppe La Corte # Il trojan: le intercettazioni nell’era digitale a contrasto della criminalità organizzata Giurisprudenza Penale web, n. 6, 2017 Attraverso i programmi online surveillance è possibile captare il flusso informatico intercorrente tra le periferiche - video, microfono, tastiera, webcame - e il microprocessore del dispositivo bersaglio, consentendo al centro remoto di controllo di monitorare in tempo reale tutto ciò che viene visualizzato sullo schermo c.d. screenshot, digitato sulla tastiera c.d. keylogger o pronunciato al microfono. Si tratta softwares che, prescindendo dalle autorizzazioni dell’utente, si installano in un sistemo scelto come obiettivo e ne acquisiscono qualsiasi informazione. |
| Reagan JR # The Impact of Electronic Monitoring and Disruptive Innovation on Recidivism Rates in Federal Prisons: A Secondary Data Analysis Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, March 31, 2017 A growing body of evidence shows that electronically monitoring offenders is effective for reducing the costs of overcrowded prisons. However, the effectiveness of electronic monitoring technology to reduce recidivism is poorly understood. The aim of this investigation is to assess the relationships between recidivism rates and electronically monitoring offenders using a secondary data analysis. The analysis conducted and was aimed to answer the following questions: Is there any relation between electronic monitoring devices and reducing recidivism rates among offenders? |
| Avlana K.
Eisenberg # Mass Monitoring Southern California Law Review, vol 90:123, 2017 Pilot programs in various states have yielded results suggesting that EM, as a principal component of post-release programs, may contribute to a reduction in recidivism. One study, which involved offenders convicted of a range of crimes, demonstrated that in the post-release context, monitored individuals were 94.7 percent less likely to reoffend than others who remained unmonitored post - incarceration. |
|
Lauren Etter |
|
Fabian
Schmidt |
|
Xiaolin Wu, Xi Zhang |
|
Yu
Wang, Haofu Liao, Yang Feng, Xiangyang Xu, Jiebo Luo We find that Chinese, Japanese and Koreans do exhibit substantial differences in certain attributes, such as bangs, smiling, and bushy eyebrows. Along the way, we uncover several gender-related cross-country patterns as well. Our ork, which complements existing APIs such as Microsoft Cognitive Services and Face++, could find potential applications in tourism, e-commerce, social media marketing, criminal justice and even counter-terrorism. |
|
The PEW Charitable Trusts |
|
Synøve
N. Andersen Kjetil Telle |
|
Kristel
Beyens, Marijke Roosen |
|
Floriane
Vienne |
|
Frieder Dünkel, Christoph Thiele, Judith
Treig |
|
Anthea
Hucklesby, Kristel Beyens, Miranda Boone, Frieder
Dünkel, Gill McIvor, Hannah Graham No conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of standalone and integrated models of EM but the historical boundaries between the Anglo and European models are being dismantled. Scotland is moving towards greater integration with social work whilst Belgium is expected to continue to increase its use of standalone EM measures. For example, a recent White Paper in Belgium proposes that the boundary for differentiated levels of supervision is raised from the current three years to five... |
| Sally Brooks # New anklet for NT offenders enable authorities to track blood alcohol ABC News, 10 May 2016 Minister John Elferink (Northern Territory in Australia) said $4.2 million would be spent over the next two years to track people on parole or bail using three different anklets, including a device called a Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring or SCRAM... SCRAM works by reading a person’s blood alcohol content every 30 seconds, and the information is downloaded on a regular basis to determine if a person has been drinking. |
|
Anthea
Hucklesby, Ella Holdsworth |
|
CEP Confederation of European Probation |
| Soraya Beumer,
Marianne Kylstad Øster # Survey of Electronic Monitoring in Europe: Analysis of Questionnaires 2016 http://cep-probation.org/ 2016 There seems to be a clear understanding between a lot of countries about the general benefit of EM. Several countries indicate that EM is seen as a good alternative to imprisonment; either in general or for certain (low risk) target groups. More specifically, the fact that negative effects (on work, housing, social network) of imprisonment are avoided, is being considered a major benefit. Some countries mention that this will avoid the offender asking for social and financial support. Several other countries mention the availability of supervision during a period of EM as a specific benefit. |
|
Anaïs
Henneguelle, Benjamin Monnery, Annie Kensey |
| Francesca
Schianchi # Braccialetto contro gli stalker, parte la sperimentazione La Stampa, 5 gennaio 2016 Allo stalker che accetti la proposta (la misura non può essere imposta) viene applicata una cavigliera che registra i suoi movimenti, e dato in dotazione un piccolo gps delle dimensioni di un telefonino, uguale a quello che dovrà tenere con sé la persona perseguitata o vittima di violenza e maltrattamenti: se il molestatore si avvicina più di quanto stabilito dal giudice ai luoghi della vittima (come la casa, il posto di lavoro, la scuola dei figli), i dispositivi elettronici suonano avvertendo entrambi, oltre alla polizia. Stessa cosa avviene se i due si incrociano per caso, entro la distanza di due chilometri. |
|
The PEW Charitable Trusts |
|
Paul
Aliu |
|
GAO - United States Government Accountability
Office |
| Olivier Legrand # La surveillance électronique des Justiciables www.iev.be/ Institut Emile Vandervelde, Septembre 2015 Voici maintenant 12 ans que la surveillance électronique des justiciables a été introduite en Belgique. Depuis lors, sur un plan quantitatif, son succès ne s’est jamais démenti : en juin 2015, 1.965 justiciables portaient un bracelet électronique, et ce nombre est appelé à augmenter dans les prochaines années. Il est à mettre en relation avec le nombre de détenus, 11.200, à la même période. La surveillance électronique a pris une place importante dans notre arsenal répressif, bénéficiant d’un soutien réel auprès des citoyens, car perçue comme plus humaine que la prison, tout en garantissant la sécurité de la population. |
| John S.
Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Richard Silberglitt, Brian A.
Jackson # Using Future Internet Technologies to Strengthen Criminal Justice www.rand.org/ 2015 These technologies will improve the ability of average citizens and criminal justice practitioners to “see” around corners. This improved sight will be physical in terms of remote monitoring, and informational in terms of having access to (orbeing intelligently supplied with) highly relevant, just-in-time information about individuals’ identities, connections, reputations, histories (including criminal), past and present whereabouts, etc. |
|
Eric
Markowitz |
| James Kilgore # Electronic Monitoring Is Not the Answer. Critical reflections on a flawed alternative http://src.bna.com/ Urbana Champaign Independent Media Center (UCIMC) - October 2015 However, redefining electronic monitoring as a form of incarceration represents only half of what is necessary to constitut e EM as an alternative. The other half consists of implementing monitors in a way that embodies the notion of human rights — the “rights of the monitored.” Few efforts have been made in the United States to connect human rights with electronic monitoring. To find any serious discussion of the rights of the monitored, we need to look to the United Nations and, more recently, the European Union (EU). As far back as 1990, the United Nations addressed some of the human rights concerns in regard to noncustodial measures such as EM. The resolutions adopted are known collectively as the Tokyo Rules... |
| Hannah Graham,
Gill McIvor # Scottish and International Review of the Uses of Electronic Monitoring www.sccjr.ac.uk/ August 2015 Three main types of electronic monitoring technologies are referred to in this Review: (1) radio frequency EM, (2) Global positioning system (GPS) EM, and (3) remote alcohol monitoring... Transdermal alcohol monitoring (TAM) involves the person being monitored wearing an anklet – sometimes referred to as a sobriety bracelet – which samples the insensible perspiration on their skin to detect the presence of alcohol. Other forms of remote monitoring include remote breathalysing which also requires a mechanism – such as video or voice recognition – for verifying that the breath sample has been provided by the person being monitored... |
| Roberta Palmisano
| Dipartimento dell'amministrazione penitenziaria # Scheda su braccialetti elettronici www.giustizia.it/ luglio 2015 |
|
Unione
Camere Penali | Beniamino Migliucci, Riccardo Polidoro Il sondaggio promosso dall'Osservatorio descrive una situazione raccapricciante per uno Stato di Diritto. Restare in carcere, pur potendo uscire, era ed è davvero inimmaginabile. Va sottolineato che il novellato art. 275 bis, contrariamente a quanto era stabilito in precedenza, prevede che la prescrizione degli strumenti elettronici di controllo debba rappresentare la regola. Regola che, invece, per la insufficienza di strumenti, trova le più diverse applicazioni. |
| Mike Nellis # Standards and Ethics in Electronic Monitoring. Handbook for professionals responsible for the establishment and the use of Electronic Monitoring Council of Europe, June 2015 CM/Rec (2014)4 constitutes the first European attempt to provide an ethical framework for the use of EM... The refections in this document, elaborated from the discussions that took place at that event, are intended to stimulate further discussion in the jurisdictions using, or planning to use, this technology. Some of the points are made definitively, others more tentatively, but none, in fact are intended to be the last word. The potential of EM to make a positive diference to penal practice in Europe is clear, but equally its misuse could impose dangers for traditional, but still desirable, forms of probation supervision, as well as giving unprecedented powers of surveillance to the police... |
|
Rosamaria Alibrandi #
La privacy da
rispettare anche nei dati biometrici |
| Roberto Flor,
Daniela Falcinelli, Stefano Marcolini (a cura di) # La giustizia penale nella “rete”. Le nuove sfide della società dell’informazione nell’epoca di Internet https://iris.univr.it/ 2015 |
|
Anita Jandrić Nišević, Nena Franić, Saša
Rajić |
| Stuart S. Yeh # The Electronic Monitoring Paradigm: A Proposal for Transforming Criminal Justice in the USA Laws 2015, 4, 60–81 This article proposes a change in public policy that promises to greatly reduce major crime in the United States, protect society, eliminate prison overcrowding, and save taxpayer dollars. This policy would employ electronic monitoring (EM) technology in a way that discourages individuals who might otherwise be tempted to commit crimes. The approach is arguably more effective, efficient, humane and ethical than any alternative strategy and potentially could revolutionize law enforcement and the American criminal justice system. |
|
Maya Schenwar #
The
Quiet Horrors of House Arrest, Electronic
Monitoring, and Other Alternative Forms of
Incarceration. How imprisonment extends beyond the
jailhouse into every arena of American life |
| Marianne Kylstad
Øster, Soraya Beumer | CEP Confederation of European
Probation # EM and Human Rights. 9th European Electronic Monitoring Conference Electronic Monitoring, Probation and Human Rights Frankfurt/Offenbach, 11th – 13th December 2014 http://cep-probation.org/ 2014 Germany, uniquely in Western Europe, has only used radio frequency Electronic Monitoring (EM) on a limited scale, in one region, but since 2011, as a consequence of an ECHR ruling, has been using GPS monitoring on released high risk sex offenders. The human rights implications of GPS technology - which can be used for anytimeeverywhere tracking and/or the monitoring of exclusion zone perimeters, and combined with traditional curfew technologies - have so far been underexplored. |
|
Fabrizio
Leonardi L’uso della SE implica anche, e fisiologicamente, nuove modalità operative per gli uffici locali di esecuzione penale esterna (UEPE)145. Diventa importante il ruolo che l’UEPE sarà in grado di assumere nel percorso individuale di reinserimento sociale, compreso il supporto alla famiglia del sorvegliato. L’attività dell’assistente sociale dovrà porre meno attenzione sugli aspetti di controllo – a questo servirà il braccialetto elettronico – e potrà concentrarsi su quelli trattamentali. |
|
Mayor's press releases A year-long pilot of the scheme begins today in the South London Local Justice Area, covering the Croydon, Lambeth, Southwark and Sutton. It is anticipated that between 100-150 offenders will be sentenced by the courts to an ‘alcohol abstinence monitoring requirement' where they will be banned from drinking any alcohol for up to 120 days and tested constantly using the new ankle tag.
Keith Humphreys |
|
James Kilgore |
|
Senato
della Repubblica - XVII Legislatura |
|
Melina
Sherman |
| Vermont
Legislative Joint Fiscal Office # Electronic Monitoring: Preliminary Analysis of Monetary Benefits and Costs www.leg.state.vt.us/ June 5, 2014 |
|
Camille
Allaria Si le principe premier du panoptique persiste avec l’usage des TIC de surveillance (un surveillant peut voir, sans être vu, plusieurs surveillés), la nature ubiquitaire des technologies numériques permet de faire l’économie d’un espace de prise de vue à proximité de l’espace observé (comme c’est le cas de la surveillance électronique des prisonniers). Le « panoptique virtuel » rationalise la sanction pénale en faisant l’économie de l’architecture matérielle. |
|
Ricardo
Urquizas Campello |
|
Samuel
R. Wiseman |
| Nuno Caiado # Pre-trial electronic monitoring in Portugal www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/ cjm no. 95 March 2014 The Probation Service currently deals with an average of 500 EM cases on a daily basis, equivalent to 15 to 20 per cent of preventive detention cases. By June 2013 we had cumulatively managed more than 5,000 cases, and closed more than 4,500, with a success rate of 95 per cent in 2012. No Portuguese voices have claimed that our use of EM is authoritarian, or raised ethical issues regarding the periods of confinement or procedures. |
|
Trades
Union Congress (TUC). Private management of prisons: The UK has the most privatised prison system in Europe with one in six prisoners held in privately managed prisons. 1 Supporters of private prisons argue that they are cheaper and more effective thanpublicly run institutions. However, critics have raised concerns around staffing levels and the effect that the make-up of private sector prisons is having on inmates. |
| Edna Erez, Peter
R. Ibarra # Electronic monitoring: international and comparative perspectives Crime Law Soc Change (2014) 62:385-387 With the advent of technologies that track and remotely observe offender populations, monitor compliance with rules and restrictions, and provide virtual detention and incarceration, a range of philosophical, penological, legal, socio-cultural, and practical concerns are raised... |
|
Human
Right Watch Sentinel says that it monitors 10,000 offenders every day through electronic monitoring and GPS technologies. In general, probation companies offer no transparency about the profits they earn through these services and public officials do not require them to provide any. |
|
Consiglio d'Europa (con una
nota di Lorenzo Salazar e Tiziana Barzanti) Adottata dal Comitato dei Ministri il 19 febbraio 2014 - in Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 2 - 2013 Lo scopo della presente raccomandazione è definire una serie di principi basilari relativi a questioni etiche ed a norme professionali che permettano alle autorità nazionali di offrire un uso giusto, proporzionato ed efficace delle diverse forme di sorveglianza elettronica nell’ambito della giustizia penale, nel pieno rispetto dei diritti delle persone interessate. |
|
Council
of Europe |
|
#
Carceri, braccialetto elettronico: sprechi
e flop Ne paghiamo 2 mila. E ne usiamo 90. A 55 mila euro l'uno. Sui dispositivi una polemica di 10 anni. La prima sperimentazione del braccialetto (o della variante cavigliera) fu svolta solo nelle città di Milano, Roma, Napoli, Catania e Torino con diverse aziende, mentre Telecom all'inizio doveva occuparsi solo della rete. Al termine della sperimentazione, il ministro dell'Interno dell'epoca, Giuseppe Pisanu, sentì l'Avvocatura dello Stato e poi firmò un accordo, il 6 novembre 2003, con il colosso della telefonia quale referente unico e fornitore diretto del sistema. |
|
Elena
Kantorowicz The net-widening effect may cause inefficiency in two ways. First, the new sanctions fail to reduce the prison population which imposes the highest costs on the society. Second, even though these instruments are less costly than prison, they entail more expenses than the traditional non-custodial sanctions (e.g. fine). Thus, a system which imposes community service or electronic monitoring on lighter offenders unnecessarily increases the sentencing costs. |
|
Mike
Nellis |
|
Alessandra
Bassi, Christine Von Borries
GIP Tribunale di Torino # Sull'istanza di sostituzione della misura coercitiva Torino 18 luglio 2013 |
|
Ministry
of Justice | Comptroller and Auditor General |
|
Telecom Italia | Tribunale di Firenze # Sistema
per il controllo elettronico delle persone
sottoposte alla misura degli arresti domiciliari
(art. 275bis cpp) |
| Policy Exchange # Sobriety Schemes: Lessons from the US http://www.scotland.gov.uk/ October 2013 Transdermal alcohol monitoring is a relatively new technology in the UK. It allows individuals’ alcohol consumption patterns to be monitored through an ankle bracelet. The bracelet samples an individual’s skin for the presence of alcohol once every thirty minutes (or 48 times a day). Based on the frequency of the testing, this technology is generally accepted as providing Continuous Alcohol Monitoring (CAM). The bracelet has tamper detection alerts which will notify the relevant authorities if the offender attempts to place objects in between the leg and the skin. The system is water resistant. |
|
Virginia Department of Criminal Justice
Services Transdermal alcohol monitoring devices detect drinking by sensing alcohol that passes through perspiration in the skin. Independent evaluations have concluded that the science behind transdermal alcohol testing is sound, and the devices themselves are generally reliable and accurate . This technology has been commercially available since 2003 and has been used as a supervisory tool in pre-trial and probation/parole programs, in domestic violence cases with alcohol, drugs courts, and in treatment settings. |
|
Stefano
Aprile Dopo 10 anni di scarsissima applicazione in Italia, il g.i.p. di Roma ha rivitalizzato l’utilizzo del “braccialetto elettronico” per i soggetti agli arresti domiciliari, ordinando l’installazione di quasi 65 dispositivi in un anno di sperimentazione. Il bilancio è estremamente positivo: non sono state segnalate evasioni o ingiustificati allontanamenti dal domicilio e si è dato un contributo per attenuare la grave tensione carceraria, nonché per rendere più “umana” la fase cautelare |
|
Francesco Gianfrotta
# Il braccialetto
elettronico questo sconosciuto L’introduzione nel nostro ordinamento di norme che consentano l’impiego del braccialetto elettronico, risalente al 2000, non pare essere stata preceduta ed accompagnata da consapevolezza adeguata e diffusa della sua almeno potenziale utilità. Necessario riflettere su quanto nuoccia, sempre, una discussione semplificata su questioni complesse, non deve – peraltro – far deflettere rispetto alla prosecuzione di una esperienza che pare possa essere più utile che inutile e, comunque, per nulla dannosa. Non basta?
Tribunale Ordinario di Torino - Sezione dei
Giudici per le Indagini Preliminari e dell'Udienza
Preliminare, Francesco Gianfrotta (Presidente) |
|
Fabrizio Leonardi La sorveglianza elettronica è stata utilizzata in Europa come alternativa a brevi periodi di detenzione a partire dalla fine degli anni Ottanta del secolo scorso, quando l’Inghilterra ha avviato una sperimentazione basata sul modello nato negli USA. Nei successivi anni Novanta nei sistemi penali della Svezia e dei Paesi Bassi sono stati introdotti modelli originali di sorveglianza elettronica per fronteggiare il sovraffollamento carcerario cercando, al contempo, di limitare i costi della pena. Oggi, guardando le rilevazioni statistiche, l’uso della sorveglianza elettronica appare destinato ad espandersi nei Paesi europei. |
| Benício Caetano
da Silva Junior # O Monitoramento Eletrônico de Reeducandos no Estado de Pernambuco e a Humanização do Sistema Penitenciário Faculdade de Ciências Humanas de Pernambuco – SOPECE 2013 |
|
Eustachio Vincenzo Petralla - Michele Ciarpi #
Il controllo
elettronico e satellitare in Europa. Possibili
applicazioni per lo sviluppo dell'esecuzione penale
esterna in Italia Si è preso atto dell’ulteriore diffusione della sorveglianza elettronica e dei miglioramenti tecnologici apportati ed è stata sottolineata l’importanza di un impiego accompagnato da interventi di sostegno alla persona, oltre che di una regolamentazione della conservazione dei dati e delle informazioni fornite da tale strumento. In tale quadro risalta con forza l’assenza dell’Italia dal novero dei Paesi che utilizzano appieno e propriamente tale strumento, nonostante le diverse norme adottate sulla materia e l’impegno economico assunto a carico dello Stato. Si ritiene, ormai, non più rinviabile l’applicazione di tale tecnologia anche nel nostro Paese, in accordo alle linee di indirizzo adottate in Europa. |
| Christophe Mincke
et Anne Lemonne # Prison et mobilité. Et Foucault? http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ 10 Sep 2013 La traçabilité apparaît donc comme le mode de surveillance adapté à une société de la mobilité. Le monitoring en est le décalque, proposant une actualisation permanente des données relatives aux situations suivies et l'adaptation du système en temps réel. L'effet généré est bien différent de celui du panoptique. Ce dernier consistait en la mise en scène de la surveillance, son caractère spectaculaire participant d'un effet d’internalisation due la surveillance qui était son véritable objectif, davantage que la détection des déviances elle-même. La traçabilité n'est, elle, pas spectaculaire. Au contraire, elle se développe discrètement et se joue des frontières spatiales et temporelles. |
| Mike Nellis # Sostenere il tracciamento con GPS? Le recenti politiche su probation e Sorveglianza Elettronica in Inghilterra e Galles Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 3, 2013 L’appalto della Sorveglianza Elettronica. Una breve storia. – il Governo di Coalizione e Transforming Justice. – BUDDi, GPS e la polizia di Hertfordshire: un’iniziativa. – il terzo contratto per la Sorveglianza Elettronica per il periodo 2013-2022. – Policy Exchange: re-immaginare la Sorveglianza Elettronica. – La reazione al rapporto di Policy Exchange. – Neoliberismo, scienza politica e controllo della criminalità. – Conclusioni. – Poscritto, marzo 2014 |
|
The
Scottish Government |
| J.C. Fell, A.S.
McKnight # Transdermal Alcohol Monitoring (TAM) in compliance with abstinence: Records from 250,000 offenders in the United States Proceedings of the 2013 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing & Education Conference 28th – 30th August, Brisbane, Queensland These monitoring devices have the potential to (a) help judges, court and probation officials monitor the abstinence requirement of various offenders and impose swift sanctions for non-compliance; (b) help offenders with alcohol abuse and addiction issues to remain abstinent while they are receiving professional treatment for their alcohol problem; (c) reduce DUI recidivism and improve public safety; and (d) provide a cost effective alternative to incarceration for many alcohol offenders... |
| Council of Europe
COE | European Comittee on Crime Problems (CDPC) |
Council for Penological Cooperation (PC-CP) # Draft Recommendation on Electronic Monitoring Strasbourg, 17 April 2013 The aim of this Recommendation is to define a set of basic principles related to ethical issues and professional standards enabling national authorities to provide just, proportionate and effective use of different forms of electronic monitoring in the framework of the criminal justice process in full respect of the rights of the persons concerned. It is also intended to bring to the attention of national authorities that particular care needs to be taken when using electronic monitoring not to undermine or substitute the building of constructive professional relationships with suspects and offenders by competent staff dealing with them in the community. |
|
UNODC |
|
André
Lamas Leite |
|
Council
of Europe | European Committee on Crime Problems
(CDPC) | Council for Penological Cooperation (PC-CP) |
|
Evgeny
Morozov |
| Alan Holden, Kara
Shuler # Beyond the Bars. A new model of virtual incarceration for low-risk offenders Deloitte University Press 2013 In 2008, the average daily cost of incarcerating a prison inmate in the United States was $78.95, while the average daily cost of managing offenders through electronic monitoring ranges from $5 to $25. These savings have led several governments to adopt electronic monitoring more widely. In the United States, 20 companies provide electronic supervision for more than 100,000 offenders, while in the United Kingdom, about 70,000 offenders are subject to electronic monitoring each year. |
|
José
Cândido Lustosa Bittencourt de Albuquerque |
| Parliamentary
Assembly | Assemblée parlementaire # La promotion d’alternatives à l’emprisonnement | Rapport - Commission des questions juridiques et des droits de l'homme | Rapporteure: Mme Nataša VUČKOVIĆ, Serbie, Groupe socialiste http://assembly.coe.int | Doc. 13174 | 19 avril 2013 De nombreux Etats membres du Conseil de l’Europe connaissent de graves problèmes de surpopulation carcérale. Le coût de l’emprisonnement est considérable pour les contribuables européens. Il équivaut en moyenne, parmi les Etats membres du Conseil de l’Europe, à 100 euros par détenu et par jour. La commission juge la surpopulation carcérale inacceptable, tant sur le plan de la protection contre les traitements inhumains et dégradants (article 3 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme), que pour les conséquences négatives concrètes de cette surpopulation sur les intéressés et la société en général, qui risque de pâtir de taux de récidive élevés et de la perte de la contribution à la vie économique et sociale des personnes dont la réinsertion est compromise par la surpopulation carcérale. Les dernières avancées technologiques ont élargi les possibilités d’utilisation des appareils de suivi électronique, notamment les bracelets électroniques ou le GPS, et ont amélioré leur rapport coût-efficacité. Elle considère que ces appareils, en particulier lorsqu’ils sont associés à d’autres mesures plus classiques, permettent d’élargir le champ d’application des peines non privatives de liberté à des infractions plus graves... |
|
Margaret
Hu |
| Philip Bulman # Sex Offenders Monitored by GPS Found to Commit Fewer Crimes National Institute of Justice - NIJ Journal, February 2013 Jessica’s Law required that all sex offenders be placed on GPS monitoring for life. As of August 2011, almost 10,000 sex offenders were on parole in California. About 7,000 of them were living in the community, with roughly 99 percent being monitored by GPS technology... GPS supervision costs $35.96 daily, whereas the cost of keeping someone in a California prison is about $129 per day... |
| Rafael Di Tella,
Ernesto Schargrodsky # Criminal Recidivism after Prison and Electronic Monitoring Journal of Political Economy, 2013, vol. 121, no. 1 We study criminal recidivism in Argentina by focusing on the rearrest rates of two groups: individuals released from prison and individuals released from electronic monitoring... Exploiting random assignment to judges with differing inclinations to assign EM, our main IV estimates suggest that treating alleged offenders with electronic monitoring instead of prison induces a large and significant reduction in recidivism of between 11 and 16 percentage points ðwhich, conservatively, is a reduction of approximately 48 percent of the raw recidivism rate following detention in prison... |
| Council of Europe
| Comité européen pour les problèmes criminels (CDPC) |
Conseil de coopération pénologique (PC-CP) # Project de commentaire sur la Recommandation concernant la surveillance electronique Strasbourg, 31 janvier 2013 Dans certains pays, la surveillance électronique est gérée par les services pénitentiaires (France et Catalogne), dans d’autres, par les services de probation (Belgique, Pays-Bas, Suisse) ou encore conjointement par les services de probation et de police (Angleterre et Pays de Galles, Suède). Ailleurs, d’autres organismes publics compétents sont chargés de la surveillance électronique, comme les tribunaux (Italie) ou les services judiciaires pour mineurs (Suède, Angleterre et Pays de Galles). Dans d’autres pays encore, la surveillance électronique est mise en place par des entreprises privées dans le cadre d’un contrat de sous-traitance avec un organisme public (Suède, Royaume-Uni). En Autriche, le service de probation est géré de façon autonome par une ONG qui s’occupe également de l’exécution de la surveillance électronique. En Fédération de Russie, c’est une entreprise publique rattachée à l’administration pénitentiaire qui est chargée d’exécuter la surveillance électronique. |
|
Kevin
T. Sullivan |
|
State
of Iowa | Department of Correction Effective FY2006, the Iowa Code mandated a minimum of five years of electronic monitoring for persons under community supervision who had committed certain offenses against a minor, including sexually violent offenses. As a result of this law, the number of offenders on electronic monitoring systems (EMS) more than doubled during FY2006, from 196 to 481 offenders. Between FY2006 and FY2012 the EMS population grew by another 339 offenders, or by about 71%. Currently 820 offenders are on some form of electronic monitoring, and the vast majority are sex offenders. |
|
Ministère de la Justice |
| Gunda Wössner,
Andreas Schwendler # What do qe gain from earlyrelease preparation under electronic monitoring? 68th Annual Meeting of American Society of Criminology, Chicago, II, 15 November 2012 |
|
Timothy
T. Takahashi |
|
Köksal
Büyük, Uğur Keskin |
|
Council
of Europe COE | European Comittee on Crime Problems
(CDPC) | Council for Penological Cooperation (PC-CP) |
Mike Nellis, Dominik Lehner |
|
Simon Piel #
Le
bracelet électronique, star contestée de
l'aménagement de peine
Simon Piel #
Le
bracelet c'est une peine, pas une faveur Le bracelet est un dispositif qui permet d'imposer un moule supplémentaire pour guider la vie de la personne. Une vie de travailleur honnête, probe, qui ne sort pas, analyse Clément. C'est une manière insidieuse de faire intérioriser un comportement pour au final porter la prison en soi... |
|
Agathe Logeart #
Prisons: la
vérité sur le bracelet électronique La loi permettant désormais de placer sous surveillance électronique les condamnés à sept ans d'emprisonnement pour les quatre derniers mois de leur peine, certains porteurs de bracelet ont parfois un lourd passé. "Chez nous, détaille Géraldine Blin, en 2011, sur 476 mesures d'aménagement de peine, 298 étaient des bracelets, ce qu'on appelle des PSE : placement sous surveillance électronique." La moyenne d'âge est de 35 ans. Très peu de femmes sont concernées. L'échec, qui entraîne le retrait de la mesure et le retour en prison, concerne 15% des aménagements de peine classiques (semi-liberté, placement extérieur, libération conditionnelle) et 7% seulement des PSE... 5% des "placés" demandent à retourner en prison. D'autres multiplient délibérément les incidents - bracelet arraché, matériel détérioré, retards répétés - pour manifester, consciemment ou non, leur intolérance à la mesure. Pierre-Victor Tournier évoque un chiffre noir, celui des suicides sous bracelet, phénomène émergent qui n'est pas encore quantifié. |
| Nuno Caiado # The Third Way: An Agenda for Electronic Monitoring in the Next Decade The Jouurnal of Offender Monitoring - Civic Research Institute - 2012 Not for everybody. The "third way" is not a universal solution. The type of candidate selected is criticaI. Detennining who to supervise is the first step. For some, the level of supervision is excessive and therefore adds unnecessary cost and effort; for others it wiII be insufficient. This decision should derive from an assessment of risk levels presented by the offender which in turn presupposes a system of assessment calibrated to the varying Ievels of control possible. Eligible offenders might be those of low-toaverage risk or even of average·to-high risk, depending on the technology to be used and on the kind of sentence or stage of the sentence imposed. |
| Increasing
Resilience in Surveillance Societies IRISS # Surveillance, fighting crime and violence http://irissproject.eu/ 2012 In the UK, electronic monitoring technology is used as part of home detention curfews (HDC) and typically consists of a bracelet containing a transmitter worn around the ankle or wrist. This transmitter sends a signal to a monitoring unit (at the site of curfew) which in turn relays information via a mobile phone network or landline to a central computer system located at the service provider. If the bracelet moves beyond the range of the monitoring unit then the control centre is automatically alerted. More recently, Global Positioning System (GPS) combined with electronic monitoring enables continuous tracking in real time and offers the ability to set exclusion or inclusion zones with automatic alerts if an offender enters a prohibited area or comes into close proximity to someone deemed to be off limits. In many US states, there is a requirement to use GPS as a means of monitoring and tracking sex offenders. In some US states, there is a requirement to track certain sex offenders for life |
|
Deloitte
Development LLC | A GovLab Study |
| A. S. McKnight,
J. C. Fell J. C., A. Auld-Owens # Transdermal alcohol monitoring: Case studies National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, August 2012 The Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring (SCRAM) device produced by Alcohol Monitoring Systems (AMS) and the Transdermal Alcohol Detection (TAD) system developed by BI Incorporated (BI) are two transdermal alcohol- monitoring devices that are increasingly being used across the country on alcohol-related criminal offenders. Both devices use ankle bracelets that sample perspiration to detect ethanol vapor and can automatically transfer the information stored on the ankle bracelet via modem to a secure Web server. |
|
Francis Taylor, Barak Ariel #
Electronic Monitoring of Offenders: A Systematic
Review of Its Effect on Recidivism in the Criminal
Justice System |
|
Rory Geoghegan | Foreword by Chris Miller |
|
A.
S. McKnight, J. C. Fell, A. Auld-Owens | National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration NHTSA |
| Jonathan Simon # Punishment and the Political Technologies of the Body www.law.berkeley.edu/ 2012 While traditional probation sought to change behavior through ‘the periodic co-presence of supervisor and supervisee …; it was via their structured personal encounters (and sometimes through the relationship which grew between them) that an impact on behaviour was effected’, electronic monitoring seeks to extend the spatial and temporal range of control well beyond what human controls or social relations could sustain, indeed range replaces relationships Instead of creating a matrix of surveillance and influence, electronic monitoring enforces a risk based set of spatial exclusions. At the same time electronic monitoring is valued as a managerial tool that can document the performance up to standards of control agents, and protect the human rights interests of the penal subject from the abuses of confinement or the degradation possible in other risk management tools, such as public notification |
|
Olivier Razac |
|
Molly Carney |
|
Stephen
V. Gies, Randy Gainey, Marcia I. Cohen, Eoin Healy,
Dan Duplantier, Martha Yeide, Alan Bekelman, Amanda
Bobnis, Michael Hopps |
|
A
Corrêa Junior |
| Edna Erez, Peter
R. Ibarra, William D. Bales, Oren M. Gur # GPS Monitoring Technologies and Domestic Violence: An Evaluation Study www.ncdsv.org/ June 2012 This study examines the implementation of Global Positioning System (GPS) monitoring technology in enforcing court mandated “no contact” orders in domestic violence (DV) cases, particularly those involving intimate partner violence (IPV). The research also addresses the effectiveness of GPS as a form of pretrial supervision, as compared to other conditions in which defendants are placed. The project has three components: First, a national web-based survey of agencies providing pretrial supervision reported on patterns of GPS usage, as well as the advantages, drawbacks, and costs associated with using GPS for DV cases. The results indicate a gradual increase in agencies’ use of GPS technology for DV cases since 1996, primarily to enhance victim safety and defendant supervision... |
|
Criminal
Justice Alliance CJA |
| Martine
Herzog-Evans # The six month limit to community measures ‘under prison registry’: a study of professional perception European Journal of Probation | www.ejprob.ro | Vol. 4, No.2, 2012, pp 23 – 45 This paper deals with the sentence feasibility with a special focus on electronic monitoring. The purposes of this research were first to test the „six month limit‟ idea amongst practitioners, before the Prison Law was implemented... The research confirmed that, in the perception of practitioners, there was indeed a maximum length of time that was considered tolerable for offenders. Given the way practitioners still erceived „sentence management measures‟ i.e. measures which were supposed to help people desist, beyond a point situated around six months time, they assumed that things did not work so well. |
| Susana Pinto,
Mike Nellis # Survey of Electronic Monitoring in Europe: Analysis of Questionnaires 2012 www.coe.int/ 2012 In May 2012, the CEP Secretariat sent out questionnaires to designated individuals responsible for EM in the member countries. Despite subsequent promptings from the Secretariat, the response rate was respectable, but lower than it has been in the past: only thirteen countries returned questionnaires. This may be because of the shorter lapse of time between CEP EM conferences than is usual; eighteen months as opposed to two years - some potential respondents may have felt they had less new material to report. Whatever the reason, the picture we can paint of the state of EM in Europe is less comprehensive than it has been on past occasions. The thirteen countries that responded are England & Wales, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany (one lander), Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Sweden and Switzerland (two cantons). |
|
Beverly
Geesin |
| Marie-Sophie
Devresse # Vers de nouvelles frontières de la pénalité. Le cas de la surveillance électronique des condamnés www.cairn.info/ Volume 25 - n° 97/2012, p. 47-74 En soi, la surveillance électronique ne dispose pas vraiment d’un statut singulier. C’est seulement lorsqu’elle est investie par un projet identifiable qu’elle peut être située dans un ensemble pénologique plus vaste et faire l’objet de comparaisons. Accessoirisant l’exécution d’un couvre-feu elle sera simple mesure de prévention ; peine autonome, elle rejoindra la gamme des sanctions pénales; modalité d’exécution d’une peine de prison, elle s’insérera dans les mesures dites alternatives; instrument de gestion du risque de récidive, elle deviendra mesure de sûreté, etc. |
|
John K. Roman, Akiva M. Liberman, Samuel
Taxy, P. Mitchell Downey |
|
Mike
Nellis, Delphine Vanhaelemeesch |
|
Mike
Nellis |
| César Barros Leal # La vigilancia electrónica a distancia como alternativa al encierro : desde la perspectiva del pensamiento de Alessandro Baratta, para quien “la mejor cárcel es sin duda la que no existe” www.lex.uh.cu/ Revista Cubana de Derecho, n. 39, Enero – Junio 2012 La historia del derecho penal (que se confunde con la abolición lenta pero progresiva de la pena de privación de libertad) es una ruta de avances y retrocesos, de conquistas y engaños continuos. De la venganza de sangre al talión, de las penas infamantes a la pena de prisión, de las celdas en los monasterios a los sustitutivos penales, del panóptico a la monitorización telemática a distancia, mucho se avanzó en busca de respuestas para el drama persistente de la pena. |
|
Pretrial
Justice Institute PJI |
|
Scottsdale
City Court |
| Fausto Colombo # Controllo. identità, parresia. Un approccio foucaultiano al web 2.0 «Comunicazioni sociali», 2012, n. 2, 197-212 Ora, non c’è nessun luogo che più del web 2.0 si presti alla comparazione con il potere di disciplina. Si può anzi dire che è proprio la possibilità nuova data all’utente di intervenire, agire, comunicare e comunicarsi, quindi lasciare tracce seguibili e traducibili in informazioni su se stesso, a costituire la rete come luogo del potere disciplinare. Il Panopticon, il carcere progettato da Jeremy Bentham cui Foucault dedica analisi straordinarie nei testi citati, sembra fatto apposta per costituire una metafora del web e del suo lato oscuro di dominio, e come tale è spesso utilizzato... |
| Eric Maes,
Benjamin Mine, Caroline De Man, Rosamunde Van Brakel # Thinking about electronic monitoring in the context of pre-trial detention in Belgium: a solution to prison overcrowding? European Journal of Probation, Vol. 4, No.2, 2012, pp 3 – 22 Prison overcrowding is a major problem in the Belgian criminal justice system, with almost 40% of the current population consisting of prisoners in remand custody. Driven by a goal of prison overcrowding prevention, electronic monitoring has been implemented nationally since 2000, but only as an alternative to the execution of the entire or a part of the prison sentence imposed. This article aims to report some final results of a recent research on the possible application of electronic monitoring as an alternative to pre-trial detention in Belgium. |
|
Rafael
Di Tella, Ernesto Schargrodsky |
|
Signe Hald Andersen |
|
M.
Ryan Calo Associated today with the theatre of war, the widespread domestic use of drones for surveillance seems inevitable. Existing privacy law will not stand in its way. It may be tempting to conclude on this basis that drones will further erode our individual and collective privacy. Yet the opposite may happen. Drones may help restore our mental model of a privacy violation. They could be just the visceral jolt society needs to drag privacy law into the twenty-first century. |
|
U.S. Department of Justice | Office of
Justice Programs | National Institute of Justice NIJ |
|
Olivier Marie, Karen Moreton, Miguel Goncalves #
The effect
of early release of prisoners on Home
Detention Curfew (HDC) on recidivism Ministry of Justice - Crown copyright 2011 Home Detention Curfew (HDC) was introduced across England and Wales in January 1999 and was aimed at enabling early release on an electronic tag for offenders who had received shorter term custodial sentences and who, in addition, also posed a less serious threat of reoffending upon release. This study used centrally held data on 499,279 discharges from prison between January 2000 and March 2006, with 63,384 discharged receiving HDC... The analysis suggests that the overall outcomes under HDC – especially when costs are taken into account – are preferable to keeping offenders eligible for the scheme in custody at the end of the custodial element of their sentence.According to the 2006 NAO report on The Electronic Monitoring of Adult Offenders, HDC costs £1,300 to monitor an offender who has been released from prison for 90 days compared to £6,500 for the same period in custody.8 As this research shows that HDC does not increase the number of offences committed per offender, it does appear to provide better value for money... |
|
Tyler
Wall, Torin Monahan |
| Guillermo
Kozlowsky, David Scheer # Regards : de la prison à la prison, en passant par la téléréalité http://ep.cfsasbl.be/ 2011 Dans la prison panoptique – ou en tout cas dans le modèle panoptique –, le regard est omniscient et ne vient de nulle part. C'est la vigilance d'une conscience abstraite supérieure et c'est précisément cette conscience qui doit devenir, en quelque sorte, l'âme du condamné (ou de l'ouvrier ou de l'écolier...). Ce dernier intègre ce regard abstrait, jusqu’à le faire sien. Cette conscience – cette « mauvaise conscience » dirait Nietzsche – est la base de la surveillance et de la soumission à la discipline, à l’autodiscipline. Dans la transparence, le regard est autre : toujours omniscient mais également immanent. Ce sont des gens normaux (vous et nous) qui se regardent. La séduction est alors normale face à un regard technique (loin d’un idéal de l’œil de Dieu). |
|
Jean-Charles
Froment |
| Regione Piemonte # La videosorveglianza e gli enti locali Regione Piemonte. Quaderni di aggiornamento per la Polizia Locale, n. 47, 2011 L’utilizzo della videosorveglianza sia per la protezione e l’incolumità degli individui, ivi ricompresi i profili attinenti alla sicurezza urbana, all'ordine e sicurezza pubblica, la protezione della proprietà, rilevazione, prevenzione e controllo delle infrazioni svolti dai soggetti pubblici, o l’acquisizione di prove è possibile purché ciò non determini un'ingerenza ingiustificata nei diritti e nelle libertà fondamentali degli interessati... |
|
Massimo
Ragnedda |
|
Sarah Armstrong, Margaret Malloch, Mike
Nellis, Paul Norris Home Detention Curfew (HDC) came into use in Scotland in 2006 and allows prisoners, mainly on shorter sentences, to serve up to a quarter of their sentence (for a maximum of six months and a minimum of two weeks) on licence in the community, while wearing an electronic tag... HDC use for prisoners in open conditions, unlike in the prison system more generally, does not occur because of pressure on places – there is no pressure here – but precisely because it has some reintegrative potential. |
|
Natasha
Alladina |
|
Mike
Nellis |
| Pamela S. DeVault # Feasibility of Electronic Monitoring for Pretrial Release in the Lee's Summit Municipal Court Institut for Court Management - Court Executive Development Program - 2010-11 Phase III Project, May 2011 |
|
National Conference of State Legislatures |
The Forum for America's Ideas |
|
County
of San Mateo |
|
Sudipto
Roy |
| Marie-Sophie
Devresse # Surveillance électronique et justice pénale : quelques éléments de pérennité et de changement https://droitcultures.revues.org/ Droit et Cultures, 61 | 2011-1, pp. 195-214 Participant à la dispersion de la pénalité dans l’espace social, la surveillance électronique permet ainsi au condamné – et c’est d’ailleurs l’un de ses objectifs – d’évoluer discrètement dans la vie libre, en « in-corporant » sa sanction et en préservant la plupart de ses relations sociales. Le lieu d’exercice de la justice se trouvant ainsi éclaté et déréalisé, ses acteurs deviennent alors soudainement flous, ce qui n’est pas sans créer de la confusion et générer du trouble... |
|
Melissa
Spanggaard, Christopher M. Davidson |
|
Jesse Jannetta, Robin Halberstadt |
|
Torin
Monahan |
|
Bulletin
Officiel du Ministère de la Justice et des Libertés |
|
Susan
Turner, Alyssa Whitby Chamberlain, Jesse Jannetta,
James Hess |
|
Olivier
Razac | École nationale d'administration pénitentiaire
Énap | Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche
Appliquée au champ Pénitentiaire CÍRAP Le « PSEM » ( Placement sous surveillance électronique mobile) a été présenté comme une innovation importante par ceux qui l'ont défendu et qu'il a pu, à l'inverse, être perçu comme emblématique d'une rupture majeure avec les principes de notre droit introduite par les nouvelles mesures de sûreté. Il produirait donc une forte discontinuité, aussi bien au niveau du cadre juridique dans lequel il s'inscrit, des modalités technologiques inédites qu'il introduit, que des pratiques pénitentiaires qu'il vient bousculer... |
|
Martin Killias, Gwladys Gilliéron, Izumi
Kissling and Patrice Villettaz |
|
Leentje
De Bleser, Birgit Vincke, Fabienne Dobbels, Mary Beth
Happ, Bart Maes, Johan Vanhaecke, Sabina De Geest |
|
William Bales, Karen Mann, Thomas Blomberg, Gerry Gaes, Kelle Barrick, Karla Dhungana, Brian McManus http://www.criminologycenter.fsu.edu/ January 2010 The purposes of this research include: (1) determining the effect of electronic monitoring (EM) as a supervision enhancement for offenders in terms of absconding, probation violations, and the commission of new crimes; (2) providing an explanation of the findings; (3) documenting the implementation of EM; (4) identifying and documenting the impact that EM has on offenders’ personal relationships, families, employment, and assimilation within the community; and (5) developing evidence-based recommendations to improve public safety and lessen negative consequences for offenders and their families. |
|
Annie Kensey, René Lévy, Abdelmalik Benaouda |
| Stuart S. Yeh # Cost-benefit analysis of reducing crime through electronic monitoring of parolees and probationers Journal of Criminal Justice 38 (2010) 1090–1096 The objective of this study was to estimate the benefits and costs of using electronic monitoring (EM) and home detention to reduce crime committed by parolees and probationers. Method: Data from a national survey of state prison inmates was adjusted and used to estimate the number of crimes that would have been committed by all parolees and probationers over the course of one year in the absence of EM and home detention. Results: EM plus home detention could avert an estimated 781,383 crimes every year. The social value of the annual reduction in crime is $481.1 billion. Society would gain $12.70 for every dollar expended on the proposed intervention. Conclusion: EM plus home detention could be an effective deterrent to crime and could have enormous social benefits, especially if it is applied early and saves what would otherwise be habitual offenders from a life of crime. |
|
Clésio
Cavalcante Chagas |
|
California Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation (CDCR) |
|
Sébastien
Delarre |
|
Xavier
Bébin |
|
Abdelmalik
Benaouda, Annie Kensey, René Lévy |
|
Anna Vitores González Como he señalado más arriba, la monitorización electrónica opera para prevenir y tranquilizar sobre la posibilidad de perder a la unidad móvil; es decir, al reo. Se trata de maniobrar con una posibilidad futura y, por ello, incierta, aunque posible. En este sentido, el instrumento se erige en necesario y pertinente en cuanto a su función tranquilizadora y aseguradora. De este modo, como en cualquier contrato o póliza de seguro, la asunción de riesgos no es asumida de forma abstracta, sino que se concreta e individualiza. Sin embargo, como ya he dicho, la individualización no se realiza en términos de individuocaso, sino en cuanto perfil de riesgo y de situaciones de riesgo... |
| Bureau of Justice
Assistance BJA # Offender Supervision with Electronic Technology: Community Corrections Resource U.S. Department of Justice 2009 (second edition) There are many types of electronic supervision technologies available for community corrections officers to include in their supervision plans. This chapter focuses on several forms of electronic supervision, which include: house arrest units, GPS, programmed contact systems, and remote alcohol monitoring... Combining the mobile monitoring and house arrest units, agencies identified their need to know where offenders are at specified times, besides knowing whether they are at home or not at home. The mobile monitoring units are an added benefit to the continuous signaling devices, but they require significant officer time to conduct drive-bys and they still provide limited location information. |
|
Mike Nellis |
|
Mike Nellis |
|
Pat
Best |
| Olivier Marie # The Best Ones Come Out First! Early Release from Prison and Recidivism. A Regression Discontinuity Approach Department of Economics, Royal Holloway University of London - September 2009 In this paper we exploit an administrative rule which makes offenders sentenced to less than three months in prison ineligible for the Home Detention Curfew (HDC) scheme in England and Wales to estimate the impact of early release on recidivism using a regression discontinuity (RD) approach. We have access to detailed data on all prisoners released between 2000 and 2006 and their past and future criminal history. We first obtain estimates controlling and matching on observable characteristics which find that the policy reduced recidivism by about 9 percent. The RD methodology takes into account the potential importance of unobservable characteristics. We find that the policy impacts remain relatively unchanged. However, when taking into account prison establishment unobserved characteristics, our results are weakened but still suggest that early release on electronic monitoring can reduce the likelihood of future arrest by 5 to 7 percent. |
|
James Robert Watt |
| Broward County -
Florida # Evaluation of the Pretrial Services Program Administered by the Broward Sheriff’s Office www.broward.org/ May 18, 2009 Since January 2008, when the Board of County Commissioners adopted a resolution expanding the Program: - Program expenditures increased by 40%; - The number of Program staff grew by 70%; - The average daily supervised client population went up by 35%; - The use of electronic monitoring has gone up by 31%; and - The Program has implemented specialized mental health supervision services, which serve an average daily caseload of 170 mentally ill clients, meets industry best practices and recent research indicates helps to reduce recidivism and improve clinical outcomes |
|
Christelle
Rey Nous postulions que le bracelet était une forme d'emprisonnement moins coercitive que la prison fermée, qu'il répondait aux buts visés par les fondateurs de projets au départ de cette entreprise. Notre hypothèse comportait, certes, une part de contrainte, mais dans une moindre mesure... Avec la quantité d'éléments, d'articles, d'études que nous avions trouvés sur le problème, il nous paraissait évident que le bracelet était davantage une délocalisation moderne, basée sur la confiance et prônant une meilleure réadaptation de l'individu après le passage sous cet objet de la modernité, qu'une nouvelle réalité panoptique... |
|
Brian
K. Payne, Matthew DeMichele, Nonso Okafo |
|
David Lyon #
Surveillance,
power, and everyday life |
| Juliet Lodge # Liberty and Security in the European Union: Foreword Journal of Contemporary European Research, 2009, 5 (2), pp. 140-147. Why doliberty and security matter? Why have they been seen as polar opposites? And why is the tension in reconciling individual and collective liberty with collective security so problematic? Without security, liberty is impossible. Without liberty, as we understand it in the European Union (EU), democracy is jeopardised... |
| Ministère de la
Justice | Direction de l'Administration Penitentiaire # L’exécution des décisions en matière pénale en Europe : du visible à l’invisible - Actes du colloque international, Lyon, 15 et 16 décembre 2008 www.justice.gouv.fr/ 2009 |
|
Marie-Sophie Devresse |
|
Robert
Pallitto, Josiah Heyman Specific programs such as retinal scanning and vehicle preclearance are analyzed according to the differential effects they generate in terms of risk, rights and speed of movement. These differentiations suggest that individuals and groups will be identified in unequal ways, and that they will in turn experience their mobility differently... |
|
Torin
Monahan |
|
Shauna
Bottos | Service Correctionnel Canada |
|
C.
Paterson The commercial markets in incarceration and social control have been driven by the dual forces of neoliberal globalisation and insecurity that dominate the western world in the twenty-first century. In England and Wales, despite offering the enticing promise of enhanced competition, reduced costs and improved service in criminal justice this has not been delivered. The market ideals of enhanced competition and service have been translated into an opaque, loosely accountable commercial duopoly, whilst costs have increased through a widening of the net of social control. |
|
Jack
Wagner |
|
Pierpaolo Cruz Bottini |
|
Nathalie
Bougeard Eviter la prison, préparer au mieux la sortie des détenus et réduire la population carcérale. Tels sont les objectifs visés par le placement sous surveillance électronique. Un peu plus de dix ans après la promulgation de la loi de décembre 1997, le bilan est positif. Mais attention, le placement sous surveillance électronique ne constitue pas une solution envisageable pour tous les détenus. |
|
Pilar
Otero González En los casos concretos de violencia doméstica el brazalete electrónico se está imponiendo de facto como auténtica alternativa a la prisión provisional para evitar, precisamente, la reiteración delictiva (uno de los tres supuestos para los que está previsto este instituto) |
|
Hamed
Al-Rjoub, Arwa Zabian, Sami Qawasmeh |
|
Keri
B. Burchfield, William Mingus Finally, these sex offenders reported many problems with formal barriers to local social capital in the form of parole restrictions. These parole restrictions, particularly house arrest and electronic monitoring, effectively served to cut off many people from any positive socializing outside of their homes. Furthermore, these restrictions made getting and keeping a job difficult, a direct result of the bureaucratic complexities of the electronic monitoring system. |
|
Leah
Satine |
| Beau Kilmer # The Future of DIRECT Surveillance: Drug and alcohol use Information from REmote and Continuous Testing Journal of Drug Policy Analysis,vol. 1, 2008 It is now possible for probation officers to detect probationer alcohol use remotely and continuously. This essay describes three devices intended to collect Drug and alcohol use Information from REmote and Continuous Testing, or what I call DIRECT surveillance. It also highlights some of the major questions associated with the implementation, consequences, and future of DIRECT surveillance. While most of the focus is on alcohol use among probationers and parolees, the essay does discuss the use of these technologies in other settings, and for other drugs. It also addresses issues related to other types of electronic monitoring which can be used separately or in conjunction with DIRECT surveillance (e.g., GPS). |
|
Robyn
Robertson, Ward Vanlaar, Herb Simpson | The Traffic
Injury Research Foundation (TIRF) |
|
Éric Heilmann |
|
Torin
Monahan, Tyler Wall |
|
Craig
Paterson |
|
Probation
in Europe Social monitoring (Net widening) - The advent of EM is accompanied by the resur-facing of a relic from sixties criminology. There is a seemingly widespread fear that introducing new forms of punishment with a low threshold will not replace existing punishments but will cause a greater number of people – who were living peace-fully until now - to be included in the sphere of the sentence. This fear is only partly justified, and there are hardly any comprehensive studies on the subject. Just defining this phenomenon is already creating great difficulties and nobody can deny that widening the social net can prove to be positive when the offender and/or society feel a benefit. |
|
Philip
Milburn |
| The Swedish
National Council for Crime Prevention # Extended use of electronic tagging in Sweden. The offenders´ and the victims´ view www.bra.se/ Report 2007:3 The significance of electronic monitoring in the criminal justice arena has increased in many countries. In Sweden, intensive supervision with electronic monitoring has existed since 1994 and has proved a solid alternative to prison sentences without the negative consequences of imprisonment. A pilot scheme was introduced on 1 April 2005, which means that intensive supervision with electronic monitoring has now been extended to new groups of sentenced offenders. |
|
Mark
Andrejevic |
|
Jean-Paul
Céré (Université de Pau, France) Le placement sous surveillance électronique, bien que fortement critiqué par quelques auteurs a connu une croissance réelle. Il faut dire que ses promoteurs lui assignent des objectifs particulièrement séduisants. Il s’agit d’une innovation qui touche plusieurs phases du procès pénal. La surveillance électronique peut-être utilisée évidemment entant que mode d’exécution de la peine la prison mais elle peut intervenir à d’autres stades du procès (avant le jugement). |
| House of Commons
| Committee of Public Accounts # The electronic monitoring of adult offenders. Sixty–second Report of Session 2005–06 The House of Commons 12 October 2006 Electronic monitoring, also known as tagging, allows offenders who might otherwise be imprisoned to be released on curfew, with restrictions imposed on their liberty. In England and Wales, courts use Curfew Orders as one element of a community sentence, with or without other measures. Prisoners are also released prior to their normal release date on Home Detention Curfews. Electronic monitoring is also used as a component of sentences for juveniles; however this report focuses on their use for adult offenders only. These account for nearly 80% of electronic monitoring cases. Curfew restrictions vary; but generally they require offenders to be at a given “curfew address” for up to 12 hours, usually overnight. Contractors use monitoring equipment, at curfew addresses, and devices attached to offenders’ ankles to monitor compliance with curfew conditions. Curfews can help with the rehabilitation of offenders by allowing them to have contact with their families and to work or attend education or training. They cost some £70 less per day on average than keeping an offender in prison and help limit the prison population. |
|
Jesse Jannetta #
GPS
Monitoring of High-Risk Sex Offenders. Description
of the California Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation’s San Diego County Pilot Program The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), Division of Adult Parole Operations (DAPO) launched a pilot program in June of 2005 placing those sex offender parolees judged likeliest to commit further sex offenses on Global Positioning System (GPS) monitoring. The pilot provided for 80 sex offenders in San Diego County to be included in the program at any given time, and was designed to allow CDCR to obtain an initial level of experience with the GPS monitoring system and resolve as many implementation issues as possible before expanding the program throughout the remainder of the state. GPS devices utilize signals from orbiting satellites to determine their location with a high degree of accuracy. By placing a GPS receiver on a High-Risk sex Offender (HRSO) parolee, a parole agent receives a tremendous amount of information about parolee activities, allowing him or her to verify compliance with parole conditions such as curfews, and to investigate suspicious patterns of behavior. |
| J. Roberto Lilly # Issues beyond empirical EM reports Criminology & Public Policy | Volume 5, Issue 1, pages 93–101, February 2006 Electronic monitoring (EM) is not like other criminal justice fads. It is different. To understand this and EM's rapid development and staying power, it must b e located within a context broader than "the new surveillance." "The new surveillance" context, described by Marx and his colleagues, is a sub-context of the late 20th-century arms and security industry, a part of the military industrial complex identified by President Eisenhower in 1961. To more clearly and accurately locate EM's role in world-wide criminal justice, it must also be understood that it is part of a "corrections-commercial complex." This complex in turn is part of the transnational criminal justice enterprise which has direct connections to the modern arms and security industry. Recognition of these connections does not diminish the importance of the "technofallacies," but it does inform a broader context with which to assess them... |
| Kathy G. Padgett,
William D. Bales, Thomas G. Blomberg # Under surveillance: an empirical test of effectiveness and consequences of electronic monitoring Criminology & Public Policy | Volume 5, Issue 1, pages 61–91, February 2006 This study addresses the effectiveness of electronic monitoring (EM) for serious offenders supervised in the community. Using data on 75,661 offenders placed on home confinement in Florida from 1998 to 2002, we find that both radio-frequency and global positioning system monitoring significantly reduce the likelihood of technical violations, reoffending, and absconding for this population of offenders. Additionally, we find that offenders placed on home confinement with EM are significantly more serious than those placed on home confinement without EM, which casts doubt on the anticipated net-widening effect of this particular intermediate sanction. |
|
Matthew
K. Kucharson |
|
Marc Renzema, Evan Mayo-Wilson |
| Dominik Lehner # Electronic Monitoring: Big Brother is now watching you in Europe Probation in Europe. Bulletin of the Conférence Permanente Européenne de la Probation, n. 35, 2005 Although many countries make a very clear distinction between probation and social work, EM has contributed towards the realisation that different approaches, categorised for the sake of simplicity under the term ‘monitoring and assistance’, can be combined easily. Contrary to the practice in the USA, Europe has no EM programmes that are not accompanied by some form of social work in the broadest sense of the term. On its own, an electronic tag is no more than an instrument. While prisons involve a very high level of control, which does not leave sufficient room for social work, EM allows the resocialisation of the offender exactly where it should happen: in society. Here begins the research into the ideal combination of assistance and monitoring on the road towards an offender attaining freedom with full responsibility. |
|
Swedish
National Council for Crime Prevention, Information and
publication |
| Stefano Rodotà # Persona, libertà, tecnologia. Note per una discussione www.dirittoequestionipubbliche.org/ n. 5, 2005 È tempo di affermare alcuni principi come parte della nuova cittadinanza planetaria: libertà di accesso, libertà di utilizzazione, diritto alla conoscenza, rispetto della privacy, riconoscimento di nuovi beni comuni. È tempo che questi principi siano riconosciuti da una inedita Carta dei Diritti, in un Bill of Rights del nuovo millennio... |
|
Ministere
de la Justice | Direction des Affaires Criminelle et
de Graces | Direction de l'Administration
Pénitentiaire Néanmoins, au delà de cette critique bien connue, Monsieur GARAPON souligne que la surveillance électronique mobile est en adéquation avec notre temps dans la mesure où elle est davantage tournée vers une logique de prévention que de répression et vers la protection des victimes qui est une des évolutions les plus marquantes du droit pénal actuel. Ainsi, Monsieur GARAPON préconise d’adopter une approche pragmatique de ce dispositif technique en s’attachant à l’économie sociale qu’il permet, tant pour la société que pour l’individu pris en tant que victime et en tant que condamné. Avec une telle approche de la question, il est possible, selon lui, d’accéder à une mesure qui se révèlera moralement et politiquement acceptable. Effectivement, le placement sous surveillance électronique avec localisation par GPS, aussi appelée géo-localisation, s’inscrit dans un mouvement général de notre société, qui réclame toujours plus de sécurité par le renforcement de la surveillance. Il est à rapprocher notamment de la vidéo-surveillance qui se développe non seulement dans les lieux privés accueillant du public, tels que les banques et les supermarchés, mais également sur la voie publique à l’initiative des maires. Le passeport anthropométrique actuellement mis en place par les pays de la zone Schengen obéit également à cet objectif de sécurité et de surveillance. |
| Jenny Ardley # The theory, development and application of electronic monitoring in Britain Internet Journal of Criminology 2005 It would be of particular interest to compare the experience of someone in prison with that of someone sentenced to a curfew order (CO). Obviously prison is more punitive, but would individuals feel punished by a CO? Do wearers of electronic tags feel branded and stigmatised as criminals? |
|
Marietta Martinovic |
|
Marc
Renzema, Evan Mayo-Wilson |
| Mark A.R.
Kleinman # When Brute Force Fails: Strategic Thinking for Crime Control www.ncjrs.gov/ School of Public Affairs University of California at Los Angeles | March 31, 2005 |
|
Annika
Pallvik Fransson |
|
European
Commission Biometrics in fact are the only automatic tool that can verify the presence of a particular individual. Passwords and security cards can be shared or lost, but biometrics are an integral part of the individual... The scenarios naturally place biometric applications at the centre of attention but it should be noted that in a future digital society, biometrics will be part of a larger IST (or Ambient Intelligence) environment that includes RFIDs and other digital technologies. As the cost of biometric technologies comes down and people grow accustomed to using them through border control and other government applications, it is likely there will be a diffusion of biometrics into everyday life. |
|
Brian
K. Payne, Randy R. Gainey |
|
Scott
Christopher D’Urso |
|
Jeffrey
Rosen The Naked Machine is a technology that promises a high degree of security, but it demands a correspondingly high sacrifice of liberty and privacy, requiring all travelers to expose themselves nakedly, even though they raise no particular suspicions and pose no particular threats. Many people feel that this is a small price to pay in an age of terror: what’s a moment or two of embarrassment if terrorists are thwarted as a result? But the Naked Machine doesn’t have to be designed in a way that protects security at the cost of invading privacy... |
| Stefano Rodotà # L' occhio elettronico che sorveglia il mondo la Repubblica, 8 dicembre 2003 La sorveglianza si trasferisce dall' eccezionale al quotidiano, dalle classi "pericolose" alla generalità delle persone. La folla non è più solitaria e anonima. La digitalizzazione delle immagini, le tecniche di riconoscimento facciale consentono di estrarre il singolo dalla massa, di individuarlo e di seguirlo. La sorveglianza non conosce più confini. Questa continua esposizione a sguardi ignoti e indesiderati, incide sui comportamenti individuali e sociali... La sorveglianza sociale si affida ad una sorta di guinzaglio elettronico, il corpo umano viene assimilato ad un qualsiasi oggetto in movimento, controllabile a distanza con una tecnologia satellitare. Le derive tecnologiche assumono così tratti particolarmente inquietanti. |
|
Matt
Black, Russell G. Smith |
|
Marc
Renzema |
|
Ann H. Crowe, Linda Sydney, Pat Bancroft,
Beverly Lawrence |
| Stefano Rodotà # Una scommessa impegnativa sul terreno dei nuovi diritti. Discorso del presidente del Garante per la protezione dei dati personali tenuto l'8 maggio 2001 alla presentazione della Relazione per il 2001 www.interlex.it/ 15 maggio 2002 I cittadini mostrano di preoccuparsi assai del loro "corpo elettronico", di una esistenza sempre più affidata alla dimensione astratta del trattamento elettronico delle loro informazioni. Le persone sono ormai conosciute da soggetti pubblici e privati quasi esclusivamente attraverso i dati che le riguardano, e che fanno di esse una entità disincarnata. Con enfasi riduzionista, per molti versi pericolosa, si dice che "noi siamo le nostre informazioni". La nostra identità viene così affidata al modo in cui queste informazioni vengono trattate, collegate, fatte circolare |
|
Kath Dodgson, Philippa Goodwin, Philip
Howard, Siân Llewellyn-Thomas,Ed Mortimer, Neil
Russell, Mark Weiner |
|
Adrienne
Isnard |
|
Carl
Botan, Mihaela Vorvoreanu |
|
Mihaela
Vorvoreanu, Carl H. Botan |
|
Tony
Fabelo |
|
Pierre
Landreville |
| James Bonta,
Suzanne Wallace-Capretta, Jennifer Rooney # Electronic Monitoring in Canada Public Works and Government Services Canada 1999 When the recidivism rates of the EM offenders were compared to the probationers, we found no statistically significant differences. The recidivism rates for the EM offenders were 26.7% and it was 33.3% for the probationers. Introducing risk-needs into the analysis did not alter the general results. The adjusted rates were 27% and 31% (χ2 = .59). Although the sample size of the probationers was small, when the recidivism results from the prison comparison and risk-needs factors are considered, we are left to conclude that adding electronic monitoring to the supervision of offenders has little effect on recidivism. |
|
Ed
Mortimer, Chris May |
|
Jody
Klein-Saffran |
|
Michael Levy # Electronic
monitoring in the workplace: power through the
panopticon |
|
Steven
Flusty |
|
Selwin Raab |
| Ronald Corbett,
Gary T. Marx # Critique: No Soul In The New Machine: Technofallacies In The Electronic Monitoring Movement Justice Quarterly, Vol. 8 No. 3. September 1991 |
| Timothy P.
Cadigan # Electronic Monitoring in Federal Pretrial Release Federal Probation. A Journal of Correctional Philosophy and Practice, March 1991 |
|
Keith
W. Cooprider, Judith Kerby |
|
Doug Owston, Keeping People Out of Prisons, Conference Proceedings series, no. 11, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 1990 |
| Andrea Pugiotto # La proibizione sessuale in carcere non è diversa dalla castrazione Voci di dentro, n. 49 Ottobre 2023 |
| Carmelo Cantone # L’impiego della forza fisica da parte del personale di polizia penitenziaria: ciò che accade, ciò che non deve accadere Https://osep.jus.unipi.it/ 3 Giugno 2023 |
|
Alessia
Dulbecco |
|
Anna Maratea |
| Silvia Talini # Un passo decisivo verso la garanzia della sessualità intramuraria? https://www.sistemapenale.it/ 17 marzo 2023 1. Delimitazione del perimetro di indagine – 2. L’irrinunciabilità di un bilanciamento, in concreto, tra valori costituzionali – 3. La negazione del diritto alla sessualità quale violenza fisica e morale sulle persone ristrette negli istituti penitenziari – 4. La “tendenza” del regime penitenziario sovranazionale – 5. La sentenza della Corte costituzionale n. 301 del 2012: un precedente superabile. |
| Valerian Benazeth # Les travaux sur la désistance. Étendre l’examen des parcours de changement pour renforcer le soutien aux trajectoires de sortie Déviance et Société 2023/1 (Vol. 47), 121-149 |
| Daria Denti,
Alessandra Faggian # The Council woman’s Tale.Countering Intimate Partner Homicides by electing women in local councils. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ LSE. Paper n. 31. April 2022 Intimate Partner Homicides (IPHs) represent the most extreme violence against women, yet evidence on their socioeconomic determinants is scarce. This paper contributes to fill this gap focusing on Italy, where the ratio IPHs over total female homicides increased by more than 20% in ten years. We build a unique microregional dataset of IPHs between 2012 and 2019. Our instrumental variable model finds that the share of local female political representatives had a substantial negative effect on IPHs. As instrument we exploit exogenous geography of soil composition given its persistent effects on gender-biased cultural norms through historical agricultural practices. Places with more women in local public office experience lower IPHs, due to more gender-equal cultural norms. Spatial spillovers of female political representation do not play any effect. Results have policy implications, as they suggest that female political representation might have positive effect in IPHs reduction, by influencing the transmission of gender norms. |
| Commissione
ministeriale per l'Architettura penitenziaria # Il carcere della Costituzione Edizione Autorizzata con atto del 29/10/2021 |
| Giovanni Boniolo,
Giuseppe Gennari # Note su giurisprudenza e probabilità: fra leggi di natura e causalità www.sistemapenale.it/ 12 ottobre 2021 1. Introduzione. – 2. Le leggi di natura, queste sconosciute. – 3. Causalità: non basta la parola! – 4. Non tutte le probabilità sono uguali. – 4.1. L'interpretazione classica. – 4.2. L'interpretazione frequentista. – 4.3. L'interpretazione soggettivistica. – 5. Conclusioni. |
| Christopher Lewis # The Paradox of Recidivism Emory Law Journal, 70, 6, 2021 |
| Unesco # Education in prison. A literature review UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, 2021 |
| European
Commission # EU Justice Scoreboard 2021 https://ec.europa.eu/ 08 July 2021 |
| Alessandro
Albano, Mauro Palma (a cura di) # In gabbia - Da dove quaderno 3 www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ novembre 2020 |
|
# Henry John Woodcock, I detenuti al 41bis non sono troppi?, Il Fatto Quotidiano, 6 novembre 2020 # Giancarlo Caselli, 41-bis. I sei errori di Woodcock, Il fatto quotidiano, 8 novembre 2020 # Giuseppe Gargani, La cultura giurisdizionale non prevede l'esaltazione del "carcere duro", Il Dubbio, 17 novembre 2020 # Andrea Pugiotto, Caro Caselli, sul 41bis sbagli, ci porti allo stato d'eccezione, 19 novembre 2020 |
|
Cesare Burdese (intervista a Pietro Buffa) #
Un
carcere rimane un carcere, ma occorre umanizzarlo
|
Diogo Britto,
Paolo Pinotti, Breno Sampaio
# The
Effect of Job Loss and Unemployment Insurance on
Crime in Brazil
https://www.iza.org/ May 2020
| Antonio Chiocchi # Tempo senza spazio e spazio senza tempo. Carcere, filosofie della pena, pratiche punitive www.lavorodiricerca.altervista.org/ 3^ ed. aprile 2020 |
| Roberto
Cornelli # Contro il panpopulismo. Una proposta di definizione del populismo penale www.sistemapenale.it/ 9 marzo 2020 1. Populismo ed eccedenza emotiva. – 2. Paura, emozioni e penalità. – 2.1. Volenti o nolenti la paura è al centro della penalità moderna. – 2.2. La paura nella politica. – 2.3. La politica della paura. – 2.4. Pressione popolare e legislazione penale. – 3. Una proposta di definizione. – 3.1. Eccedenza e democrazia costituzionale. – 3.2. Il populismo contemporaneo. – 3.3. Il campo penale come luogo privilegiato. – 4. Non tutto è populismo penale. – 5. In conclusione. |
|
ISTAT 0,57per 100mila il tasso di omicidi in Italia nel 2018. Nel 2017 il valore era pari a 0,59 contro un tasso medio europeo di1,03; meglio dell’Italia solo il Lussemburgo. Nei primi anni Novanta, si contavano 5 vittime di sesso maschile per ogni donna uccisa. Nel 2018 si sono invece verificati 212 omicidi di uomini e 133 di donne (corrispondenti rispettivamente a un tasso di 0,72 e 0,43 omicidi per 100mila abitanti dello stesso sesso). |
| Francesco
Basentini - Capo del Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione
Penitenziaria # Linee programmatiche Roma, 18 febbraio 2020 |
| World
Economic Forum # The Global Risks Report 201914th Edition www3.weforum.org/ 2019 |
|
Luigi
Iorio (ed), Maria Cristina Pisani, Riccardo Polidoro,
Pasquale Bronzo, Michele Masulli, Andrea Conte |
|
Istat |
|
Francesca
Oggionni |
| Antigone # Prendiamoci la Libertà. Cosa fare quando si esce dal carcere www.antigone.it/ 15 febbraio 2019 |
| Domenico Alessandro
dè Rossi # Architettura penitenziaria, diritti umani e qualità della salute. L'affettività in carcere: modelli da ripensare Giurisprudenza Penale, 2019 |
|
WIT
- Women in Transition |
| Pasquale Bronzo # Lavoro e risocializzazione www.lalegislazionepenale.eu/ 12 novembre 2018 |
|
Oscar
Chander, Pierandrea Volpato, Nadia Rozestraten, Debora
Mosca, Giorgia Bisterzo |
| Liat Ben‑Moshe # Dis‑epistemologies of Abolition Critical Criminology (2018) 26:341–355 |
|
Liat Ben‑Moshe |
|
Elisabetta
Grande # Gun Violence by the Numbers [June 2018], https://everytownresearch.org/ # Livio Pepino, Quale legittima difesa?, https://volerelaluna.it/ 11 giugno 2018 # Riccardo De Vito, Il nuovo governo e l’illusione repressiva, https://volerelaluna.it/11/06/2018 |
|
Giorgio
Alleva |
|
James
McGuire |
|
Giuseppe Caputo |
| Alys V. Brown # Are the U.K.’s Payment-by-Results Programs Right for U.S. Prisons? Emory International Law Review, vol. 33, 2018 |
|
Jackson
G. Lu, Julia J. Lee, Francesca Gino, Adam D. Galinsky We propose that air pollution can increase criminal and unethical behavior by increasing anxiety. Analyses of a 9-year panel of 9,360 U.S. cities found that air pollution predicted six major categories of crime... Three experiments established the causal effect of psychologically experiencing a polluted (vs. clean) environment on unethical behavior. Consistent with our theoretical perspective, results revealed that anxiety mediated this effect. Air pollution not only corrupts people’s health, but also can contaminate their morality |
|
European
Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) |
|
Police
Executive Research Forum |
| Agenzia
Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna # Sicurezza è libertà. Intelligence e cultura della sicurezza a dieci anni dalla riforma www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it/ Dicembre 2017 La quantità di dati che produciamo raddoppia ogni anno: nel 2016 abbiamo generato tanti dati quanti ne erano stati prodotti nell’intera storia dell’umanità fino al 2015. Ogni minuto nel mondo si effettuano centinaia di migliaia di ricerche su Google e di ‘post’ su Facebook, che contengono informazione, la quale rivela cosa facciamo, proviamo e pensiamo: chi siamo... Big Data... Cyber Security... |
| Stati Generali
Lotta Alle Mafie # Raccolta dei lavori dei Tavoli Tematici Milano 23-24 novembre 2017 |
|
Enrico
Scoditti |
|
Amnesty
International Netherlands and Open Society Foundations |
| Lord Michael Farmer # The Importance of Strengthening Prisoners' Family Ties to Prevent Reoffending and Reduce Intergenerational Crime https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ August 2017 The Ministry of Justice’s own research shows that for a prisoner who receives visits from a family member the odds of reoffending are 39% lower than for those who do not... This report is not sentimental about prisoners’ families, as if they can, simply by their presence, alchemise a disposition to commit crime into one that is law abiding. However, I do want to hammer home a very simple principle of reform that needs to be a golden thread running through the prison system and the agencies that surround it. That principle is that relationships are fundamentally important if people are to change... |
| Riccardo De Vito # L’orologio della società e la clessidra del carcere. Riflessioni sul tempo della pena Questione Giustizia, 1, 2017 La Costituzione non ammette forme verbali diverse dal futuro per coniugare la pena. Il diritto a un futuro, preso sul serio, ha persino comportato la nascita di una figura di magistrato specializzato, dedito alla verifica del protrarsi della pretesa punitiva... Un interrogativo diventa cruciale: il tempo costituzionale della pena e il tempo dell’istituzione coincidono? L’esecuzione penale richiede un giudice con arnesi scientifici diversi da quello di cognizione... Non si tratta più di mettere a fuoco un punto del passato, ma di vedere in presa diretta il tempo della pena, per verificare se la percezione che il condannato a del proprio cambiamento coincida con quella dell’ordinamento; per accertare, in sostanza, se «il tempo personale combaci con quello costituzionale» della risocializzazione. |
|
Mario
Calderini Il primo Social Impact Bond, realizzato nel Regno Unito e destinato al contenimento del fenomeno delle recidive tra i detenuti condannati a pene brevi nel carcere di Peterborough, non solo ha raggiunto l’obiettivo sociale oggetto dell’intervento ma ha anche consentito la restituzione per intero del capitale investito e la distribuzione agli investitori di un rendimento finanziario non del tutto trascurabile. Le aspettative erano particolarmente elevate perché il fratellastro del Sib di Peterborough, il programma legato al Sib della prigione di Riker’s Island negli Stati Uniti, era stato interrotto prematuramente per manifesta impossibilità di raggiungere l’obiettivo sociale prefissato |
| Raffaela De Felice # Il social Impact Bond di Peterborough? Ufficiale: ripagherà gli investitori www.vita.it/ 31 luglio 2017 Nel carcere inglese ridotta la recidiva del 9% rispetto ad un gruppo di controllo nazionale. Ciò ha significato un superamento del 7,5 % rispetto al target individuato dal Ministero della Giustizia. Così i 17 investitori del Peterborough Social Impact Bond riceveranno un ritorno pari al capitale investito a cui andrà sommato un ulteriore 3% annuo per il periodo dell’investimento. |
| Susan Sturm, Haran
Tae # Leading with Conviction: The Transformative Role of Formerly Incarcerated Leaders in Reducing Mass Incarceration Center for Institutional and Social Change - Columbia Law School - 2017 The leaders with conviction have developed the capacity to mobilize unusually diverse forms of social capital—a term scholars use to refer to resources that are shared through networks of relationships. The leaders use their social capital both as an engine of mobility for those affected by mass incarceration and as a vehicle for catalyzing change. Their varied knowledge and experience equip them to speak the language of many different communities. They build trust with people who have experienced consistent stigmatization and dispel myths among people who hold stereotypes that have prevented them from learning the realities of the criminal justice system. They overcome the barriers to communication that flow from the widespread stigmas and stereotypes associated with having a criminal record... |
|
Marwan
Barghouti Some 1,000 Palestinian prisoners have decided to take part in this hunger strike, which begins today, the day we observe here as Prisoners’ Day. Hunger striking is the most peaceful form of resistance available. It inflicts pain solely on those who participate and on their loved ones, in the hopes that their empty stomachs and their sacrifice will help the message resonate beyond the confines of their dark cells. |
|
Glauco
Giostra Molti penseranno che vi sia una forte componente utopistica nel ritenere che questa crisalide degli Stati Generali si possa schiudere presto e compiutamente e farsi norme, organizzazione, struttura, professionalità, mentalità. Confidiamo che il futuro possa in gran parte dissolvere questa preoccupazione. Di certo, comunque vadano le cose, quello degli Stati Generali non resterà mai un lavoro inutile. «L’utopia» – diceva Edoardo Galeano – «è come l’orizzonte. Cammino due passi e si allontana di due passi. Cammino dieci passi e si allontana dieci passi. E allora a che cosa serve l’utopia? A questo: serve per continuare a camminare |
|
European
Commission - Commissione Staff Working Document In Italy, there is a significant regional variation in the efficiency of the justice system. The average duration of civil cases in 1st instance may vary from 11 months in Aosta (Veneto) to 5 years and 7 months in Lamezia Terme (Calabria), while the rates of cases lasting over 3 years span from 3% in Rovereto (Trentino-Alto Adige) to 68% in Foggia (Puglia). Although efficiency of the Italian justice system is a broader issue (Abravanel, et al., 2015)18, judicial performance in low-growth regions with average length of the civil court case of 996 days and 40% of cases longer than 3 years is far worse than in the rest of the country... |
| Human Rights
Committee # Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Italy Adopted by the Committee at its 119th session (6 - 29 March 2017) |
|
Human
Foundation - Fondazione Sviluppo e Crescita CRT |
Politecnico di Milano - Università di Perugia - KPMG -
DAP - Istituto Lorusso e Cutugno di Torino. # Francesca Calò,
Impatto sociale: servono più dati certi, Vita, 10
aprile 2017 # Stephen Sinclair, Neil Mchugh, Michael J. Roy, SIBs don’t work for complex problems because they’re unaccountable to service users, http://blogs.lshtm.ac.uk/ March 1, 2017 |
| Danielle Sered # Accounting for Violence. How to Increase Safety and Break Our Failed Reliance on Mass Incarceration https://www.vera.org/ February 2017 The country cannot incarcerate its way out of violence. As a violence intervention strategy, prison fails to deliver the safety, justice, and accountability all people deserve, and at great human and financial cost. Increasingly, this message is being shared not only by justice reformers, but by crime survivors themselves. |
|
Tom
Gotsis |
| Donatella Stasio # Giustizia e comunicazione www.questionegiustizia.it/ 22 febbraio 2017 Esiste anche una “contaminazione positiva” tra magistratura e media o, se si preferisce, tra giustizia e comunicazione. Una contaminazione “necessaria” e “doverosa”, perché la giustizia – per come spesso viene rappresentata e per come si rappresenta – non suscita nell’opinione pubblica quel sentimento di fiducia, che è un bene vitale per una democrazia moderna, al di là delle critiche che ad essa si possono muovere come potere, come servizio, come funzione... |
|
Barack
Obama |
| Eurispes # Rapporto Italia 2017 - Comunicato stampa www.eurispes.eu/ Giovedì, 26 gennaio 2017 |
| Giuseppe Melchiorre
Napoli # Il controllo del giudice sulla proporzionalità dell’azione dell’amministrazione penitenziaria www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 25 gennaio 2017 1. La natura ‘bivalente’ del principio di proporzionalità. – 2. Il controllo giurisdizionale sull’uso del potere pubblico. – 3. La tutela giurisdizionale e il parametro di giudizio della proporzionalità. – 3.1. Struttura ‘quadripartita’ e ambiti di operatività del parametro di controllo della proporzionalità. – 4. Modalità ed esiti del controllo sulla proporzionalità dell’azione amministrativa nell’ambito della procedura su reclamo di cui all’art. 35-bis o.p. – 4.1. La tutela risarcitoria e il rimedio compensativo ex art. 35-ter o.p. – 5. Conclusioni. |
|
Pietro
Ichino |
| Associazione
Nazionale Magistrati - Commissione Permanente di studio in
materia di Esecuzione Penale e Carcere # Sintesi dei lavori della Commissione. Indicazioni e proposte Roma, 13 gennaio 2017 |
| Demoskopika # Femminicidio. Quindici violenze sessuali al giorno www.demoskopika.eu/ 24 novembre 2016 Ben 23 mila casi consumati, quasi 6 mila le vittime minorenni, poco più di 22 mila le persone denunciate e arrestate dalle forze di polizia. Resta impunito oltre 1 reato su 4. Per quasi il 30% degli episodi commessi resta sconosciuto l’autore. Sono circa 23 milioni gli italiani che chiedono la mano pesante per gli stupratori. |
|
Antonio
Cuciniello |
|
Pedro
Oliver Olmo |
| Mbongisent Mdakane # Defying the odds of recidivism: Ex-offenders' narratives of desistance University of South Africa, October 2016 |
|
Demoskopika |
| Filippo Antonelli # Il crimine del colletto bianco. Dagli scandali bancari alla criminalità transnazionale Università degli Studi di Bologna, 2016 ... Per contrastare questa particolare tipologia di reati l’atteggiamento delle istituzioni è di primaria importanza. È chiaro che se professionalità e specifiche competenze tecniche sono qualità necessarie per portare a termine i reati economici, coloro che sono preposti a combatterli debbono possedere i medesimi requisiti... |
|
Rob
Canton | United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for
the Prevention and the Treatment of Offenders |
| Roberto Cornelli # La paura nel campo penale questionegiustizia.it, 7 settembre 2016 |
| Center for American
Progress (CAP) # Unjust: How the Broken Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems Fail LGBTQ Youth www.lgbtmap.org/ August 2016 LGBTQ youth are overrepresented in juvenile detention centers: the percentage of LGBT and gender nonconforming youth in juvenile detention is double that of LGBTQ youth in the general population. LGBTQ youth, particularly LGBTQ youth of color, face discrimination and stigma that lead to criminalization and increased interactions with law enforcement and the criminal justice system. |
| Lucio Landi,
Corrado Pollastri (eds) | Ufficio Parlamentare di Bilancio # L’efficienza della giustizia civile e la performance economica www.upbilancio.it/ Focus Tematico n° 5 / 22 luglio 2016 |
|
Laurent
Lemasson |
|
Giuseppe
Ricotta |
| Gary Kleck, Dylan
Jackson # What Kind of Joblessness Affects Crime? A National Case–Control Study of Serious Property Crime J Quant Criminol (2016) 32:489–513 |
|
Maria
Vittoria Monaco, Riccardo Miccoli Cinquantacinque dei duecentocinque istituti penitenziari attualmente utilizzati a scopo detentivo in Italia risalgono a prima del XIX secolo e sono strutture non edificate per la specifica funzione detentiva ma successivamente adattate a tale scopo... Gli istituti penitenziari a disposizione Radiale presenti sul nostro territorio rappresentano il 10% del patrimonio detentivo e risalgono alla fine XIX secolo... Tra il 1980 ed il 1990 sono stati realizzati gli ultimi complessi penitenziari attualmente utilizzati. Alcune di queste strutture, otto in tutto il territorio, hanno visto tempi di realizzazione così prolungati che in alcuni casi hanno necessitato di interventi di restauro prima ancora di essere effettivamente funzionanti. |
|
Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |
|
OECD
| Peter Ramsden, Antonella Noya, Stellina Galitopoulou |
| Office of Social
Impact Investment # Technical guide: Outcomes measurement for social impact investment proposals to the NSW Government www.osii.nsw.gov.au/ June 2016 |
|
Davide
Pellecchia |
| Assemblée Nationale
- Group de travail sur la détention # Repenser la prison pour mieux réinsérer. Rapport n. 808 www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ 21 mars 2018 Au-delà du caractère daté et partiel des éléments épidémiologiques disponibles, il manque une analyse qualitative fine de la souffrance psychique, de l’évolution des troubles au cours de la détention et de l’effet pathogène potentiel de l’incarcération. Comme le relevait le professeur Frédéric Rouillon dans son enquête épidémiologique de 2006, « dans un contexte d’emprisonnement (privation de liberté, de l’environnement familial, de sexualité, etc.), [la]souffrance psychique ne relève (...) pas nécessairement d’un état pathologique ». Le constat, évident pour les troubles anxio-dépressifs, se vérifie aussi pour les troubles psychotiques car « la perte de contact avec la réalité est un élément central de tout trouble psychotique » et « la vie carcérale est un facteur de risque majeur de déréalisation ». |
|
Demoskopika |
|
Marco
Hafner, Jirka Taylor, Emma Disley, Sonja Thebes, Matteo
Barberi, Martin Stepanek, Mike Levi |
| Ian Loader # Why Penal Moderation Howard League for Penal Reform - Commission on English Prisons Today, 2016 The idea of penal moderation operates, first and foremost, in the terrain of public culture and debate where it seeks to inculcate a sense of restraint in how our society talks about and delivers punishment. In so doing, it connects with, and builds upon, the moral ambivalence that many citizens feel towards punishing – an ambivalence that rarely registers in current penal debate. Punishment, in other words, is capable of evoking anger, resentment and a passionate desire to inflict harm on the criminal wrongdoer, or to have the state do so on our behalf. |
|
Center
for American Progress (CAP) - Movement Advancement
Project (MAP) When the criminal justice system operates as it should, people are charged, tried, and sentenced without bias. But too frequently, LGBT people are unfairly tried. Their sexual orientation and gender identity are often used against them by prosecutors, judges, and even defense attorneys. In a survey of LGBTQ youth engaged in survival sex in New York City, 44% reported their experience with court personnel as negative, including being called by incorrect pronouns or hearing negative comments about their gender identity or sexual orientation. LGBT people often do not receive adequate counsel or representation—and they can face substantial discrimination from juries. As a result, LGBT people are overrepresented in juvenile justice facilities, adult correctional facilities, and immigration detention facilities. |
|
Vera
Institute In the academic year 2009 to 2010, fewer than 71,000 prisoners in 43 states participated in postsecondary education programs— just six percent of the total state prison population in the United States. .. |
| Alexandre Roig # Crime and Money: Monetary Hierarchy in Prison www.booksandideas.net/ 28 January 2016 How do commodities and monies circulate in prison where trade, whether monetary or not, is forbidden? Drawing from a collective ethnographic research, this essay discusses the social mechanisms that lead to the ranking of people and objects that money objectivizes, thus casting light on the social dynamics at play in the carceral system. |
|
Franca
Maino, Maurizio Ferrera (a cura di) |
| Istat - fio.PSD -
Caritas Italiana # Le persone senza dimora. Anno 2014 # Anno 2011 www.istat.it/ 10 dicembre 2015 |
|
Isabelle
F.-Dufour, Renée Brassard, and Joane Martel |
|
# Nicolas Carrier, Justin Piché, Actualité de l’abolitionnisme # Laura Aubert, Philippe Mary. L’abolition par la réforme. Dépénaliser en contexte d’intensification pénale ? # Claire Delisle, Maria Basualdo, Adina Ilea, Andrea Hughes, The International Conference on Penal Abolition (ICOPA). Exploring Dynamics and Controversies as observed at ICOPA 15 on Algonquin Territory # Vincenzo Ruggiero, L’héritage abolitionniste #
Mechthild Nagel, Trafficking with abolitionism.
An examination of anti-slavery discourses # Nicolas Carrier, Justin Piché, Des points aveugles de
la pensée abolitionniste dans le monde universitaire.
Enjeux récurrents et émergents |
| Luigi Manconi # Per l’abolizione del carcere www.ilponterivista.com/ Il Ponte, 21 agosto 2015 |
|
Carlo
Valentini |
| VERA Institute of
Justice # Impact Evaluation of the Adolescent Behavioral Learning Experience (ABLE) Program at Rikers Island www.vera.org/ July 2015 Vera determined that the program did not lead to reductions in recidivism for participants. The change in recidivism for the eligible 16- to 18-year-olds, adjusted for external factors, was not statistically significant when compared to the matched historical comparison group... |
|
Ministero
dell'Interno |
|
IN/ARCH
Istituto Nazionale di Architettura |
|
Allegra
M. McLeod |
|
Zelia
A. Gallo |
|
Heller,
Sara B., Anuj K. Shah, Jonathan Guryan, Jens Ludwig,
Sendhil Mullainathan, Harold A. Pollack |
|
Thomas
Ugelvik |
|
Ministero della Giustizia # Stati generali dell'esecuzione penale - Presentazione Milano Bollate, 19 maggio 2015 |
| Ministero della
Giustizia # Relazione al Parlamento sullo stato di attuazione del programma di edilizia penitenziaria Camera dei Deputati, 13 maggio 2015 |
|
Transcrime
| Marco Dugato, Stefano Caneppele, Serena Favarin,
Martina Rotondi |
|
Federica
Lanotte |
|
Roger
Abravanel, Stefano Proverbio, Fabio Bartolomeo
(elaborazione di) |
| Andrea Perrone,
Tommaso Bardelli, Pauline Bernard, Rachele Greco # Lavoro e perdono dietro le sbarre. La cooperativa Giotto nel carcere Due Palazzi di Padova www.secondowelfare.it/ 3, 2015 Proprio nel momento in cui ci preoccupiamo della inefficienza degli strumenti della sussidiarietà verticale fino al punto di rischiare di buttare via il bambino con l’acqua sporca, occorre guardare con particolare attenzione anche all’altra componente della sussidiarietà, quella orizzontale con cui si cerca di uscire dalla rigida contrapposizione tra il «pubblico» e un privato inteso soltanto come mercato [Dalla Prefazione di Giovanni Maria Flick] |
|
Manila
Di Gennaro |
|
Cesare
Burdese |
| Giuseppe Melchiorre
Napoli # Il principio di proporzionalità nell'esecuzione penitenziaria. Poteri amministrativi autoritativi e diritti della persona detenuta www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 6 febbraio 2015 1. Il principio di proporzionalità nella legge sull'ordinamento penitenziario. - 2. Il fondamento costituzionale del principio di proporzionalità. - 3. La proporzionalità come autonomo canone dell'azione amministrativa e autonomo parametro di giudizio della sua legittimità. - 4. Gli ambiti di operatività del principio di proporzionalità: l'attività amministrativa di natura autoritativa. - 4.1. L'attività di prestazione di pubblico servizio: il trattamento rieducativo. - 5. La struttura del principio di proporzionalità. - 5.1. La capacità tecnica di realizzare la finalità pubblica: l'idoneità. - 5.2. Tra i parimenti idonei, il più mite: la necessarietà (o indispensabilità). - 5.3. La determinazione della dimensione dell'intervento: adeguatezza, inadeguatezza e rinuncia alla realizzazione della finalità pubblica. - 5.4. L'equilibrio tra efficacia e mitezza: la proporzionalità in senso stretto. - 6. Il giudizio prognostico sulla proporzionalità dell'azione amministrativa. - 7. Conclusioni. |
|
Michael
Mueller-Smith |
| Camera dei Deputati
- Senato della Repubblica - XVII Legislatura | Commissione
Parlamentare di inchiesta sul fenomeno delle mafie e sulle
altr associazioni criminali, anche straniere # Relazione sulle disposizioni per una revisione organica del Codice antimafia e delle Misure di prevenzione di cui al Decreto Legislativo del 6 settembre 2011, n. 159 Approvata dalla Commissione nella seduta del 22 ottobre 2014 - Comunicata alle Presidenze il 20 novembre 2014 |
| Rosario Tortorella
- SIDIPE # Intervento al Convegno "Il governo delle carceri" Roma 11 novembre 2014 |
|
Lynn
Langton, Jennifer Truman |
| # La finanza che
include: gli investimenti ad impatto sociale per una
nuova economia. Rapporto Italiano della Social Impact
Investment Task Force istituita in ambito G8 www.socialimpactinvestment.org/ 15 settembre 2014 Una partnership pubblico-privato consente al Governo britannico di catalizzare investitori privati su un progetto che mira alla riduzione del tasso di recidiva nelle carceri. L’investitore privato finanzia il progetto e riceve la sua remunerazione solo nel caso di conseguimento dell’obiettivo sociale. Il risparmio di spesa pubblica ottenuto dal Governo britannico, in ragione dell’abbattimento del tasso di recidiva, viene condiviso dal Governo con l’investitore privato, che, da tale risparmio, consegue il suo rendimento. Si sta facendo strada anche un approccio continentale all’impact investing. Infatti, nell’Europa continentale, l’investimento ad impatto sociale si sviluppa con una connotazione differente: una forte tradizione dell’imprenditorialità sociale. In questo contesto, è la domanda il driver degli investimenti ad impatto sociale e il rendimento corrisposto agli investitori può essere calmierato rispetto a quello medio di mercato. |
| Vincenzo Mannella
Vardè, Stefano Padovano (eds) # 2004-2013 - Legalità e sicurezza. Dieci anni di criminalità in Liguria. Ottavo rapporto sulla sicurezza urbana in Liguria www.osservatoriosicurezza.unige.it/ 2014 |
|
Bureau
of Justice Statistics |
| Pierre V. Tournier
# Sanctionner sans emprisonner. Naissance de la contrainte pénale Centre d’Histoire Sociale du XXe siècle, Archives Volume 1 17 Juillet 2014 |
|
Alessandro
Pedrotti, Marion Rottensteiner (eds) | Cesare Burdese,
Silvia Mondino, Claudio Sarzotti, Alessio Scandurra |
|
Dipartimento
per la Giustizia Minorile (D.G.M.) | Save the Children Si attesta al 66% la quota dei minori del circuito della giustizia minorile coinvolti nell’indagine che ha svolto attività lavorative precoci. Nel 73% dei casi si tratta di giovani italiani; mentre il restante 27% è rappresentato per lo più da ragazzi di origine straniera, nati in Italia o arrivati in diverse fasce di età. Save the Children Italia Onlus e Associazione B. Trentin, # Game Over. Indagine sul lavoro minorile in Italia (Dati preliminari), http://images.savethechildren.it/ Giugno 2013 |
|
Alexis
Halkovic |
|
Ross
L. Matsueda, Maria S. Grigoryeva |
|
RAND
Corporation |
| David Scott # Prison research: appreciative or critical inquiry? Criminal Justice Matters · March 2014 When undertaking fieldwork in conflictual environments, such as the prison, ‘taking sides’ is an inevitable part of the research process and this moral and political dilemma is often phrased in terms of ‘whose side are you on?’. Significantly there appears to be a tendency in some recent prison officer studiesto sidestep this moral quandary and present value commitments as unproblematic. |
|
David
W. Frank |
|
Steven
Raphael, Michael A. Stoll |
|
Véronique
Le Goaziou |
|
Erin
E. Buckels, Paul D. Trapnell, Delroy L. Paulhus |
|
Andrew S. Pollis |
|
Giovanni
Mastrobuoni |
|
Ian
Brunton-Smith, Kathryn Hopkins |
|
Nick
Hardwick - HM Chief Inspector of Prisons |
| Osservatorio
Europeo sulla Sicurezza # “La Grande Incertezza”. Rapporto sulla sicurezza e l’insicurezza sociale in Italia e in Europa. Significati, immagine e realtà Percezione, rappresentazione sociale e mediatica della sicurezza www.fondazioneunipolis.org/ Febbraio 2014 La criminalità è ancora in testa nell’agenda dell’insicurezza... Nell’evoluzione degli ultimi sette anni è possibile distinguere tre picchi di attenzione alla criminalità. Il primo, nel 2007-2008 corrisponde all’emergenza criminalità caratterizzata dal connubio criminalità- immigrazione. A cavallo del 2010-2011 troviamo il secondo picco, la passione criminale con la serializzazione dei casi criminali (dal caso Scazzi in poi). Dal secondo semestre 2012 abbiamo il terzo picco: la cronaca nera, ossia il ritorno alla classica pagina dedicata ai reati notiziabili per efferatezza, gravità o coinvolgimento di soggetti “importanti” (vip, minori, ecc.) senza un plot narrativo unificante come ad esempio è avvenuto nel corso del 2012 con gli omicidi di genere. All’interno di questa forma di presentazione sono i crimini violenti a dominare l’agenda dei reati, nonostante nel 2013 si sia registrato il tasso di omicidi più basso dall’Unità d’Italia... |
|
Groupe
National de Concertation Prison |
|
Fabio
Bravo |
|
Giada
Ceri (ed) |
|
Erica
L. Smith, Alexia Cooper | Bueau of Justice Statistics |
|
Helen
Dunbabin |
|
Center
for Health and Justice at TASC |
|
Christina
Quinlan, Jane Mulcahy | Liza Costello (ed) |
| Andrew Beauchamp,
Stacey Chan # The Minimum Wage and Crime www2.bc.edu/ Boston College, November 18, 2013 Research in “the new economics of the minimum wage” shows that increases in the minimum wage displace lower-skill workers and cause higher levels of unemployment among youth and workers with weak labor attachment. Moreover, increases in the minimum wage raise the probability that teenagers will be idle: they are more likely to leave school and, conditional on not being in school, more likely to be unemployed. Numerous studies have shown that idle youth are more likely to engage in crime, whether because they are not in school or not working. |
|
ABI
Associazione Bancaria Italiana | Direzione Centrale
della Polizia Criminale OSSIF
- Divisione Progetti Speciali di ABI Servizi SpA -
Ottobre 2013 |
|
Brian
Francis, Leslie Humphreys, Stuart Kirby, Keith Soothill |
| Transcrime # La criminalità nelle aree metropolitane. Progetto sperimentale per la costruzione e analisi degli hot spot della criminalità nel comune di Milano www.transcrime.it/ 2013 |
|
Martine
Kaluszynski |
|
Fondazione
Cariplo | Avanzi - Sostenibilità per Azioni |
|
Marie
Gottschalk |
|
Direction
de l’administration pénitentiaire (Paris, 3-4 novembre 2011) Journées
d’études internationales organisées par la Direction de
l’administration pénitentiaire avec le concours de
l’équipe ANR « Sciencepeine » et de l’École de Droit de
Sciences Po. |
| Ministere de
l'Interieur # Etude Nationale sur les morts Violentes au Sein du Couple www.familles-enfance-droitsdesfemmes.gouv.fr/ 2013 |
|
Franca
Maino, Maurizio Ferrera (a cura di) |
|
Pasquale
Giuseppe Macrì, Yasmin Abo Loha, Giorgio Gallino,
Santiago Gascò, Claudio Manzari, Vincenzo Mastriani,
Fabio Nestola, Sara Pezzuolo, Giacomo Rotoli |
|
Christopher
Slobogin |
|
Aurelie
Ouss, Alexander Peysakhovichyz |
| Peter Dodenhof # Opening Up a Pipeline. Education Program Helps Pave the Way for Prisoner Reentry http://johnjayresearch.org/ Fall 2012 |
| Fondazione Giovanni
Michelucci - Fiesole (Italy) # “Art and Cultur in Prison” project Edited by Fondazione Giovanni Michelucci 2012 |
|
Andrew
Beauchamp, Stacey Chan |
|
Denis
W Jones |
|
EUP
news
Debra
Watson
Aaron
Sussman
AELE
Law Enforcement Legal Center |
|
Lukas Muntingh | CSPRI Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative http://cspri.org.za/ 2013 |
|
Lukas Muntingh, Gwenaëlle Dereymaeker | CSPRI Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative # Understanding
impunity in the South African law enforcement agencies |
| Marco Ruotolo # Diritto alla sicurezza e sicurezza dei diritti www.democraziaesicurezza.it/ anno III, n. 2, 2013 |
| Keramet A. Reiter # The Most Restrictive Alternative: The Origins, Functions, Control, and Ethical Implications of the Supermax Prison, 1976-2010 http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ Spring 2012 Concrete, steel, artificial light, complete technological automation, near-complete sensory deprivation, and total isolation – these are the basic conditions of supermaximum security prisons in the United States. “Supermax” prisoners remain alone twenty-three to twenty-four hours a day, under fluorescent lights that are never turned off. Meals arrive through a small slot in an automated cell door. Prisoners have little to no human contact for months, years, or even decades at a time |
|
International
Assoc of Chiefs of Police |
| Paolo Pinotti # The economic costs of organized crime: evidence from southern Italy Banca d'Italia - Working papers Number 868 - April 2012 The present study provides the first available evidence on the economic costs of organized crime. The empirical exercise applies a transparent and intuitive policy evaluation method, originally devised by Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003), to study the economic effects of organized crime in two Italian regions recently exposed to this phenomenon. The results suggest that the aggregate loss implied by the presence of organized crime amounts to a significant reduction of GDP per capita and goes mainly through a reallocation from private economic activity to (less productive) public investment... |
| Elena Bianchini,
Sandra Sicurella # Progettazione dello spazio urbano e comportamenti criminosi Rivista di Criminologia, Vittimologia e Sicurezza – Vol. VI – N. 1 – Gennaio-Aprile 2012 |
|
Forum
européen pour la sécurité urbaine (Efus) |
|
Lukas Muntingh, Clare Ballard | CSPRI Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative # Report on Children in Prison in South Africa http://cspri.org.za/ 2012 |
|
Lukas
Muntingh | CSPRI Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative
|
|
United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |
| Lucia Beltramini # La negazione della violenza nella costruzione della mascolinità UNiversità degli Studi di Trieste (phd) 2010/2011 |
|
Censis |
|
Gabriele
Prati, Sara Boldrin |
|
Peter
Duersch, Julia Muller |
| Bobbie Ticknor,
Sherry Tillinghast # Virtual Reality and the Criminal Justice System: New Possibilities for Research, Training, and Rehabilitation Journal of Virtual Worlds Research · July 2011 Some argue that the idea of a virtual world dates back as early as Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. In this famous piece, Plato described a group of prisoners who watched shadows on the wall of a cave. He then contemplated whether the prisoners would accept the shadows as real or as an imposter of reality. This remains a crucial question of the virtual experience in the modern world... |
| Emma Disley,
Jennifer Rubin, Emily Scraggs, Nina Burrowes, Deirdre
Culley - RAND Europe # Lessons learned from the planning and early implementation of the Social Impact Bond at HMP Peterborough www.gov.uk/ 2011 |
|
Maria
Sapouna, Catherine Bisset, Anne-Marie Conlong | Justice
Analytical Services Scottish Government |
|
National
Institute of Justice |
|
Natascia Mattucci |
|
Liat
Ben-Moshe |
|
D.
A. Andrews, James Bonta, J. Stephen Wormith |
|
Katrin
Ackermann, Kaye N. Ballantyne, Manfred Kayser |
|
Dan
Berger |
|
Filippo
Gabellini Nelle nuove localizzazioni il processo costitutivo di un rapporto tra città e carcere è infinitamente più lento e complicato a causa della maggiore lontananza dalla rete di servizi, che possono operare per rendere il carcere meno separato, e dal tessuto associativo che opera per favorire processi di ricucitura sociale e culturale. In questa situazione il carcere accentua il suo ruolo di luogo escludente e scansato. L’unica connessione territoriale ricercata per la cittadelle della pena è quella infrastrutturale, come la vicinanza a nodi stradali importanti: il carcere vicino all’autostrada. Per le nuove carceri manca, generalmente, qualsiasi ricerca di contestualizzazione e la progettazione di spazi di cerniera col territorio circostante... |
|
Stefaan
De Clerck |
| Ian Loader # For penal moderation. Notes towards a public philosophy of punishment Theoretical Criminology, 2010 I begin by describing the value and role of a public philosophy of punishment and setting out the constitutive elements of penal moderation as a candidate for such a philosophy. These elements are restraint, parsimony and dignity. I then indicate how penal moderation might be put to work as an intervention in contemporary cultures and practices of punishment— by naming excess, drawing lessons from ‘moderate’ times and places, emphasizing that punishment is a social and political choice, and reconfiguring the relation between penal practice and ‘public’ opinion. I conclude by assessing two contrasting—if not mutually exclusive— styles of penal moderation that I term moderation-by-stealth and moderation-as-politics. My claim is that while the former offers a route to short-term reform, the latter is ultimately more consist . |
|
Paolo Buonanno, Matteo M. Galizzi # Advocatus,
et non latro? Testing the Supplier-Induced-Demand
Hypothesis for Italian Courts of Justice |
|
Justin Piché and Kevin Walby # Dialogue
on the Status of Prison Ethnography and Carceral
Tours: An Introduction |
|
Dale
Spencer |
| Grégory Salle,
Gilles Chantraine # Le droit emprisonné? Sociologie des usages sociaux du droit en prison Politix, 87/2009 Le rapport de la prison au droit se présente avec l’évidence de l’antinomie. Que l’on souscrive toujours ou non au concept d’institution totale élaboré par Erving Goffman, affirmer que la prison concrétise un espace d’exception au droit commun revient à énoncer une banalité sociologique, juridique et même médiatique... |
|
F.
Schoenaers, D. Delvaux, C. Dubois, S. Megherbi |
|
Roger
Matthews |
| Richard C. Dieter
(Executive Director) # Smart on Crime: Reconsidering the Death Penalty in a Time of Economic Crisis. National Poll of Police Chiefs Puts Capital Punishment at Bottom of Law Enforcement Priorities https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/ A Report from the Death Penalty Information Center, October 2009 Referring to the costs of the death penalty often evokes a response that money is irrelevant when it comes to justice and a safer society. But the death penalty is not essential to those goals, as the 15 states in the U.S. and the growing majority of countries in the world without the death penalty have demonstrated. Even states with the death penalty rarely use it. Justice can be achieved far more reliably and equitably without the death penalty. There are more e#cient ways of making society safer. |
|
Eric
Maurin, Aurelie Ouss |
|
Corrado
Marcetti |
|
Ernesto
U. Savona |
|
Olmo
P. Oliver La protesta se hace bioprotesta cuando logra expresar la comunicabilidad del cuerpo implicado en la misma. La bioprotesta se expresa a través de una gramática corporal que genera significados culturales y políticos. Ahora bien, como forma de expresión tendrá más garantías de éxito si se estructura en el marco cultural del preso político... |
| Christy Visher,
Sara Debus, Jennifer Yahner # Employment after Prison: A Longitudinal Study of Releasees in Three States www.urban.org/ October 2008 We explore the reality of finding employment after release from prison from the perspective of 740 former male prisoners in Illinois, Ohio, and Texas. Interviews were conducted as part of a comprehensive, longitudinal study of prisoner reentry entitled Returning Home: Understanding the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry, which examined factors that contribute to successful or unsuccessful reintegration into the community . |
|
Massimo
De Pascalis |
|
Caleb
Smith |
|
Greg Hannah, Lindsay Clutterbuck, Jennifer Rubin # Radicalization or Rehabilitation. Understanding the challenge of extremist and radicalized prisoners Rand Europe 2008 |
|
Jacques-Henri
Robert |
|
Simona Pasquali #
Risultati
delle ricerche-intervento compiute sul fenomeno del
burnout degli operatori penitenziari
nell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria |
| Roberto M. Gennaro # Religioni in carcere Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 1, 2008 1. I termini del problema. – 2. Un’esperienza empirica. – 3. La situazione all’esterno dei penitenziari. – 4. La situazione all’interno dei penitenziari. – 5. Gli islamici. – 6. L’imam. – 7. I cattolici. – 8. Le altre confessioni. – 9. La religione e il diritto penale. – 10. Conclusioni. |
|
Andrés
Aedo Henríquez El siguiente artículo trabajará sobre un concepto central que es la idea de “adaptación”, bajo la hipótesis de que estas instituciones totales -por defecto- aceptan que su función es dirigir las “conductas” de los sujetos, los cuales deben amoldarse al funcionamiento de la institución y de la llamada “subcultura carcelaria”. Desde ese punto, tomaré un conjunto de categorías presentes en diferentes ramas de las ciencias sociales como la antropología, la sociología y la psicología social con la idea de preparar una descripción, que pueda dar cuenta de las formas de interacción al interior del sistema, generalizando y radicalizando los resultados de la aplicación de la noción de adaptación, extrayendo las consecuencias lógicas de esta operación. Cuando sea pertinente mostraré algunos datos necesarios para ir describiendo el ajuste entre la teoría que se propone y los resultados de algunas investigaciones realizadas en Gendarmería de Chile, este esbozo de teoría es por lo tanto sólo un intento de poder mostrar un modelo pertinente para la comprensión general de los recintos penitenciarios en nuestro país. |
|
Giacomo
Cantini ... Le commissioni esplicitamente propongono di stimolare l’implementazione del metodo APAC nello Stato, offrendone una valutazione positiva e sostenendo che nelle strutture gestite dall’APAC le condizioni dei detenuti, l’applicazione delle norme legislative vigenti e quindi la possibilità di effettivi processi di riabilitazione sono maggiormente garantite. Il metodo APAC, proposto dall’associazione omonima, è l’esempio forse più eclatante di come il sistema carcerario brasiliano sia caratterizzato dalla presenza di un’innovativa partnership tra stato e società civile organizzata, dimostrando che può esistere una “terza via” rispetto sia all’amministrazione pubblica che alla amministrazione da parte di privati del sistema penitenziario. |
|
Thomas
J. Miles, Jens Ludwig This essay provides an economist’s perspective on criminological research into incapacitation effects on crime. Our central argument is that criminologists would do well to substantially scale back the enterprise of trying to estimate the various behavioral parameters central to a micro- evel approach to measuring incapacitation effects, including the annual rate of offending outside of prison (λ) and the lengths of criminal careers... |
|
Francesco Drago, Roberto Galbiati, Pietro Vertova # L’Effetto Deterrente
del Carcere: Evidenza da un Esperimento Naturale |
|
Mariella
Fracasso, Gabriele Codini, Isabella Merzagora Betsos,
Margherita Gallina, Daniela Camorali, Daniela Antarelli,
Laura Signorino, Monica Introvini, Marco Introvini,
Paula Petra Merino |
|
Andrea
Procaccini |
| IReR Istituto
Regionale di Ricerca della Lombardia # Indagine sulla realizzazione di politiche integrate per la sicurezza nelle città. La percezione degli operatori dei servizi di Polizia Locale e delle forze di Polizia Nazionale www.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/ Milano, febbraio 2007 |
|
Avi
Brisman |
| Amanda
Burgess-Proctor # Intersections of Race, Class, Gender, and Crime. Future Directions for Feminist Criminology Feminist Criminology, Volume 1 Number 1, January 2006 27-47 More than 30 years after the first scholarship of its kindwas produced, feminist studies of crime are more commonplace than ever before. Two recent milestone events—the 20th anniversary of the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Women and Crime and the creation of this journal, the official publication of the division—provide the perfect opportunity to reflect on what lies ahead for feminist criminology. In this article, the author argues that the future of feminist criminology lies in our willingness to embrace a theoretical framework that recognizes multiple, intersecting inequalities. Specifically, the author maintains that to advance an understanding of gender, crime, and justice that achieves universal relevance and is free from the shortcomings of past ways of thinking, feminist criminologists must examine linkages between inequality and crime using an intersectional theoretical framework that is informed by multiracial feminism |
|
Conseil
de l’Europe |
|
Alison
Liebling, Shadd Maruna (eds) ... Nightingale laments the fact that ‘criminology is much less studied than insectology’ and argues that: ‘It would be of immense importance if the public had kept before them the statistics, well worked out, of the infl uence of punishment on crime or of reformatories and industrial schools on juvenile offenders.’ Armed with such knowledge, she believed, no rational society would support a system of ‘reformation’ that made its subjects more likely to offend upon their release than they were prior to admittance... |
|
Giovanni
Fiandaca 1. Premesse generali. – 2. L’inevitabile interazione tra conoscenze scientifiche e sapere giuridico nella prassi penalistica attuale. – 3. La problematica della causalità. – 4. La problematica dell’imputabilità. – 5. Considerazioni finali. |
|
Patrick
Bayer, Randi Pintoff, David E. Pozen The analysis is based on data on over 8,000 individuals serving time in 169 juvenile correctional facilities during a two-year period in Florida. These data provide a complete record of past crimes, facility assignments, and arrests and adjudications in the year following release for each individual. We find strong evidence of peer effects for various categories of theft, burglary, and felony drug and weapon crimes; the influence of peers primarily affects individuals who already have some experience in a particular crime category... |
|
Matt
DeLisi, Mark T. Berg, Andy Hochstetler |
|
Lance
Lochner |
|
Lance
Lochner, Enrico Moretti |
| Sergio D'Elia,
Maurizio Turco # Tortura Democratica. Inchiesta su "la comunità del 41bis reale". Prefazione di Marco Pannella www.partitoradicale.it/ 2002 |
|
Daniel
P. Mears |
|
Albert
Bandura |
|
Manuel
Eisner The present paper examines secular trends of homicide rates by means of a systematic re-analysis of all available quantitative studies on pre- modern homicide. The results confirm, first, that homicide rates have declined in Europe over several centuries. Second, the empirical evidence shows, that unequivocal decline began in the early seventeenth century. Third, the data indicate that the secular decline begins with the pioneers of the modernization process, England and Holland, and slowly encompasses further regions. |
| Pascal Décarpes # Prison et medias: une relation ambivalente et conflictuelle qui stigmatise Universite Lille II - Octobre 2001 |
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Lorna
A. Rhodes |
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Mark
A. Cohen |
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Albert
Bandura |
| Shadd Maruna # Going straight: Desistance from crime and life narratives of reform in Amia Lieblich, Ruthellen Josselson eds, 1997 |
| Vincenzo Guagliardo # Dei dolori e delle pene. Saggio abolizionista e sull'obiezione di coscienza Sensibili alle foglie, ottobre 1997 |
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Giuseppe Mosconi # Tempo sociale e tempo del carcere Sociologia del Diritto”, n. 2 1996, pp. 89-105 - Il carcere perpetua a livello simbolico, in modo deformato, un tempo ormai desueto, quello quantificato e mercificato della prima società industriale. - Il carcere riproduce, a livello strutturale ed esperienziale, in modo rovesciato, il tempo della società post-industriale, le sue aporie e Contraddizioni, e le tensioni che per esse si sviluppano. - Per tutto questo la struttura e l’esperienza del tempo nel carcere risulta profondamente sfasata rispetto a quelle della società esterna. |
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Alvaro Pires Il faudra plus d'un siècle à la criminologie pour se débarrasser de ce double «effet Quételet »: à la fois transfiguration d'allure savante d'un mythe social - «la criminalité comme produit d'une petite minorité» - et justification savante d'une idéologie des chercheurs, «les statistiques pénales comme reflet de la fréquence relative de la criminalité»... L'expression chiffre noir désigne le terrain non occupé par la justice pénale. Certes, ce terrain est souvent investi par d'autres formes de régulation sociale et juridique (droit civil et administratif). Mais, cette «surface-sans-justice-pénale» a hanté le criminologue et les mouvements sociaux |
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Paul Gendreau, Mario Paparozzi, Tracy
Little, Murray Goddard # Le point sur la persistance du comportement criminel, FORUM - Recherche sur l'actualité correctionnelle, La récidive, Volume 5, numéro 3, 1993 |
| William Spelman # Abandoned Buildings: Magnets for Crime Journal of Criminal Justice Vol. 21, pp. 481-495 (1993) In economically distressed neighborhoods, abandoned houses and apartments can become hangouts for thieves, drug dealers, and prostitutes. In one low-income Austin, Texas neighborhood, 41 percent of abandoned buildings could be entered without use of force; of these open buildings, 83 percent showed evidence of illegal use by prostitutes, drug dealers, property criminals, and others. Crime rates on blocks with open abandoned buildings were twice as high as rates on matched blocks without open buildings. Even if 90 percent of the crimes prevented are merely displaced to the surrounding area, securing abandoned buildings appears to be a highly cost-effective crime control tactic for distressed neighborhoods. |
| Office des
Nations Unies à Vienne | UNESCO # Education de base dans les prisons www.unesco.org/ 1992 Dans sa résolution 1990/20 du 24 mai 1990, le Conseil économique et social des Nations Unies a recommandé, entre autres choses, que tous les détenus aient accès à l'éducation, notamment à des programmes d'alphabétisation, à l'éducation de base, à la formation professionnelle, à des activités créatives, religieuses et culturelles, à l'éducation physique et aux activités sportives, à un enseignement social, à l'enseignement supérieur et à des services de bibliothèque. Dans cette même résolution, il a prié le Secrétaire général de l'ONU, sous réserve que des ressources extrabudgétaires soient disponibles, d'élaborer un manuel sur l'éducation dans les prisons... |
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Robert J. Sampson and W. Byron Groves #
Community Structure and Crime: Testing
Social-Disorganization Theory |
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Charles Tilly War Making and State Making as Organized Crime From Bringing the State Back In | edited by Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 169–191 |
| Angelo Maria
Valenti # Le misure alternative. Profili comparati e internazionali Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, nn. 3, 4 / 1979 |
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Robert
Martinson |
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Gary
S. Becker Although the word "crime" is used in the title to minimize terminological innovations, the analysis is intended to be sufficiently general to cover all violations, not just felonies-like murder, robbery, and assault, which receive so much newspaper coverage-but also tax evasion, the so-called white- collar crimes, and traffic and other violations. Looked at this broadly, "crime" is an economically important activity or "industry," notwithstanding the almost total neglect by economists... |
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Gresham
M. Sykes, David Matza |
| Il Ponte # Carceri: esperienze e documenti Anno V, n. 3, Marzo 1949 Le carceri italiane.... rappresentano l'esplicazione della vendetta sociale nella forma più atroce che si sia mai avuta: noi crediamo di aver abolita la tortura, e i nostri reclusori, sono essi stessi un sistema di tortura la più raffinata; noi ci vantiamo di aver eliminato la pena di morte dal codice penale comune, e la pena di morte che ammanniscono a goccia a goccia le nostre galere è meno pietosa di quella che era data per mano del carnefice; noi ci gonfiamo le gote a parlare di emenda dei colpevoli, e le nostre carceri sono fabbriche di delinquenti, o scuole di perfezionamento dei malfattori.... (F. Turati) |
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Donald
Clemmer |
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