PrismaCarcere 

 1499 documenti:

| i dati | immigrazione-

filing | attuarialism... carceral geography | privatizzazione |

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Esistono all'interno di ogni società istituzioni di carattere residuale, ancor meno utili ai fini della conservazione del sistema di quanto non lo sia l'appendice per l'uomo, ma che sopravvivono perché ormai dotate quasi di una vita istituzionale propria, che consente di superare la schiacciante evidenza della loro scarsa funzionalità sociale... Le carceri nel tardo Novecento sono degli ottimi esempi. (Lawrence Stone, Viaggio nella storia, 1981)

 



The Sentencing Project
Mass Incarceration Trends
https://www.sentencingproject.org/ May 2024


Jacob Kang-Brown, Jess Zhang
# People in Jail and Prison in 2024
https://vera-institute.files.svdcdn.com/ October 2024


Susannah N. Tapp, Emilie J. Coen
# Criminal Victimization, 2023
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ September 2024


UNODC
# Prison Matters 2024: Global Prison Population and Trends; A Focus on Rehabilitation
United Nations, July 2024


Georgina Sturge
# UK Prison Population Statistics
commonslibrary.parliament.uk, 8 July 2024


Emily D. Buehler, Shelby Kottke-Weaver
# Sexual Victimization Reported by Adult Correctional Authorities, 2019–2020 – Statistical Tables
Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2024


Dipartimento per le Politiche Antidroga
# Relazione annuale al Parlamento sul fenomeno delle tossicodipendenze in Italia anno 2024 (dati 2023)
https://www.politicheantidroga.gov.it/ 25 giugno 2024


Grazia Zuffa, Franco Corleone, Stefano Anastasia, Leonardo Fiorentini, Marco Perduca, Maurizio Cianchella (eds)
# Il gioco si fa duro. XV Libro Bianco sulle Droghe. Gli effetti della legge antidroga. Edizione 2024 sui dati 2023
www.youcanprint.it/ giugno 2024


Marco Dugato, Cosimo Sidoti, Amelia G. Spinelli, Ernesto U. Savona / Transcrime
# Le traiettorie della devianza giovanile. Uno studio esplorativo a partire dai dati dell'USSM di Milano
https://www.transcrime.it/ Giugno 2024


Marcelo Aebi, Edoardo Cocco
# SPACE I - 2023 – Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Prison populations.
Council of Europe & University of Lausanne, 5 June 2024


Giuseppe Amarelli
# Sovraffollamento carcerario: aspettando l’efficientamento delle pene sostitutive, subito un indulto proprio condizionato
https://sistemapenale.it/ 21 maggio 2024


Marco Patarnello
# Violenze al Beccaria: il dito o la luna?
https://www.questionegiustizia.it/ 11 maggio 2024


Ministry of Justice
# Safety in Custody Statistics, England and Wales: Deaths in Prison Custody to March 2024 Assaults and Self-harm to December 2023
https://www.gov.uk/ 25 April 2024


Susannah N. Tapp, Alexandra Thompson; Erica L. Smith; Lizabeth Remrey
# Crimes Involving Juveniles, 1993–2022
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ April 2024


Antigone
# Nodo alla gola. XX Rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione
https://www.antigone.it/ 22 aprile 2024


Kevin Grassel, Kendra Jensen, Miguel Lizarde, Christine Kavanagh
# CDCR Recidivism Report Finds Recidivism Rates Drop
https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/ February 13, 2024


# Margherita Cassano, Corte Suprema di Cassazione, Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2023, Roma 25 gennaio 2024
# Luigi Salvato, Procuratore generale presso la Suprema Corte di Cassazione, Inaugurazione dell'anno giudiziario, Roma 25 gennaio 2024

# Intervento del Vice Presidente del Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura Avv. Fabio Pinelli, Roma 25 gennaio 2024

# Intervento del Ministro della Giustizia Carlo Nordio, Roma 25gennaio 2024

# Giuseppe Ondei, Relazione sull'amministrazione della giustizia nel Distretto della Corte di Appello di Milano, 27 gennaio 2024

 

Nicola Mazzacuva
# L’epoca della straripante ‘overcriminalization’: un possibile (immediato) rimedio
https://www.penaledp.it/ 18 Gennaio 2024


Justice and Home Affairs Committee
# Cutting crime: better community sentences
https://publications.parliament.uk/ 28 December 2023

 

Zhen Zeng
# Jail Inmates in 2022 – Statistical Tables
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ december 2023

 

Human Rights Watch
# “They Don’t Treat Us Like Human Beings”. Abuse of Imprisoned Women in Japan
https://www.hrw.org/14 november 2023

 

Magistratura Democratica
# Pena e carcere
magistraturademocratica.it, 13 novembre 2023

 

Dipartimento per la Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Adulti in area penale esterna
https://www.giustizia.it/ 2 novembre 2023

 

Ministry of Justice
# Justice in Numbers pocketbook
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ 27 October 2023

 

Cour des comptes
# Une superpopulation carcèrale persistante, une politique d'exècution des peines en question
https://www.ccomptes.fr/ Octobre 2023

 

FRA - European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
# Being Black in the EU – Experiences of people of African descent
https://fra.europa.eu/ 25 October 2023

 

Ministero dell'Interno - Servizio analisi criminale
# Criminalità minorile in Italia 2010-2022
Roma, ottobre 2023

 

Dipartimento per la Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Minorenni e giovani adulti in carico ai Servizi minorili
https://www.giustizia.it/ 16 ottobre 2023

 

Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale
# Studio del Garante nazionale sull'applicazione sperimentale delle nuove direttive per il circuito di media sicurezza
https://www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 29 settembre 2023

# DAP - Circolare 3693/6143 del 18 luglio 2022 - Circuito media sicurezza - Direttive per il rilancio del regime penitenziario e del trattamento penitenziario

 

Ministère de la Justice - Direction de l’Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique des établissements et des personnes écrouées en France
https://www.justice.gouv.fr/ Mise à jour le 30 août 2023

 

Garante Nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale - Ricerca e analisi di Emanuele Cappelli e Giovanni Suriano
# Studio sull'applicazione sperimentale delle nuove direttive per il circuito di media sicurezza
www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 29 settembre 2023


Ben Stickle, Steven Sprick Schuster
# Are Schools in Prison Worth It? The Efects and Economic Returns of Prison Education
American Journal of Criminal Justice, (2023) 48:1263–1294


US Department of Justice
# BJS releases preliminary statistics on incarcerated populations in 2022
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ September 20, 2023

 

Alexandra Thompson, Susannah N. Tapp
# Criminal Victimization, 2022
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ September 2023

Violent victimization includes rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. Despite the recent increase, the last three decades saw an overall decline in the violent victimization rate from 79.8 to 23.5 per 1,000 from 1993 to 2022.

 

Ministry of Justice
# Justice in Numbers pocketbook
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ 24 August 2023

 

Ministry of Justice
# Proven reoffending statistics quarterly bulletin, July to September 2021
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ 27 july 2023

 

Giulia Melani - Grazia Zuffa
# L'istituzione da superare. Rapporto di ricerca sulle case di lavoro in Italia
https://www.societadellaragione.it/ 24 luglio 2023

 

M. F. Aebi, E. Cocco, L. Molnar
# SPACE I - 2022 – Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Prison populations.
Council of Europe and University of Lausanne, 26 june 2023

 

Joe Russo, Samuel Peterson, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Dulani Woods, Brian A. Jackson
# Improving Employment Outcomes for the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Returning Citizens
https://www.rand.org/ Jun 26, 2023

 

Penal Reform International
# Global Prison Trends 2023
www.penalrefprm.org/ June 2023

 

Grazia Zuffa, Franco Corleone, Stefano Anastasia, Leonardo Fiorentini, Marco Perduca, Maurizio Cianchella (eds)
# La traversata del deserto. Quattordicesimo Libro Bianco sulle droghe, Gli effetti della legge antidroga. Edizione 2023 sui dati 2022
La società della ragione, forum droghe, Antigone, CNCA, ALC, CGIL, ARCI, LILA, Legacoopsociali

 

Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale
# Presentazione del Presidente
# Relazione al Parlamento 2023
# Raccomandazioni pareri atti d'intervento 2019-2023
# Convenzioni, norme, accordi

www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 15 giugno 2023

 

Francesco Gianfrotta
# L'annus horribilis dei suicidi in carcere: o si cambia o si muore
https://www.questionegiustizia.it/ 8 giugno 2023

 

Jean Casella and Alexandra Rivera, Solitary Watch - Jack Beck, Scott Paltrowitz, and Jessica Sandoval, Unlock the Box
# Calculating Torture
Solitary Watch and Unlock the Box, may 2023

 

Contrôleure générale des lieux de privation de liberté
# Rapport d’activité 2022. Dossier de presse
https://www.cglpl.fr/ 11 mai 2023

 

Ministry of Justice
# Justice in Numbers pocketbook
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/May 2023

 

Matthew R. Durose, Leonardo Antenangeli
# Recidivism of Females Released from State Prison, 2012–2017
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ April 2023

About 11% (45,100) of the 408,300 persons released from state prison in 2012 in 34 states were female. „ About 7 in 10 (69%) females released in 2012 were serving time for a property or drug offense, compared to about 5 in 10 (52%) males. Females (17%) were less likely than males (29%) to be serving time for a violent offense.

 

Larissa Caldeira, Barbara A. Sharp - Department of Corrections Washington State
# Evaluating the Efficacy of Thinking for a Change (T4C) in Reducing Recidivism
https://doc.wa.gov/ April 2023

 

Camera Penale di Roma
# 41-bis Tormento di Stato
https://www.camerapenalediroma.it/ Aprile-maggio 2023

 

Human Rights Watch
# Japan’s “Hostage Justice” System. Denial of Bail, Coerced Confessions, and Lack of Access to Lawyers
https://www.hrw.org/ March 2023

 

Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale
# Rapporto tematico sul regime detentivo speciale ex articolo 41-bis dell’ordinamento penitenziario
https://www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 20 marzo 2023

 

Gian Luigi Gatta
# Alternative al carcere
https://www.sistemapenale.it/ 21 marzo 2023

 

Mia Bird, Viet Nguyen, Ryken Grattet
# Recidivism Outcomes Under a Shifting Continuum of Control
American Journal of Criminal Justice (2023) 48:808–829

FIDH International Federation for Human Rights
# Thailand Annual Prison Report 2023
https://www.fidh.org/ March 2023

 

Roberto Cornelli
# L’emergere del paradigma penitenziario del “carcere duro”
https://www.sistemapenale.it/ 15 Marzo 2023

 

Antigone
# Dalla parte di Antigone. Primo Rapporto sulle donne detenute in Italia
https://www.antigone.it/ 8 marzo 2023

 

Ministry of Justice
# Prison population projections: 2022 to 2027
https://www.gov.uk/ 23 february 2023

 

Julia Burchett, Anne Weymbergh, Marta Ramat
# Prison and detention conditions in the EU
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, February 2023

# Pietro Curzio, Corte Suprema di Cassazione, Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2022, Roma 26 gennaio 2023
# Luigi Salvato, Procuratore generale presso la Suprema Corte di Cassazione, Inaugurazione dell'anno giudiziario, Roma 26 gennaio 2023
# Maria Masi, Presidente del Consiglio Nazionale Forense, Inaugurazione dell’anno giudiziario presso la Corte di Cassazione (Roma, 26 gennaio 2023)

 

Gabrielle Beaudry, Rongqin Yu, Owen Miller, Lewis Prescott-Mayling, Thomas R. Fanshawe, Seena Fazel
# Prediction of violent reoffending in people released from prison in England: External validation study of a risk assessment tool (OxRec)
Journal of Criminal Justice, 86, 2023

 

Dan A. Black, Jeffrey Grogger, Tom Kirchmaier, and Koen Sanders
# Criminal Charges, Risk Assessment, and Violent Recidivism in Cases of Domestic Abuse
University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper No. 2023-11, January 2023

 

Emily D. Buehler
# Substantiated Incidents of Sexual Victimization Reported by Adult Correctional Authorities, 2016–2018
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ January 2023

During 2016–18, adult correctional authorities reported 2,666 substantiated incidents of inmate sexual victimization by another inmate and 2,229 by staff (figure 1). Most (62% or 1,643) inmate-perpetrated incidents involved abusive sexual contact, while most (69% or 1,549) staff-perpetrated incidents  involved staff sexual misconduct.

 
Camera Deputati - Senato della Repubblica
# Relazione del Ministro sull’amministrazione della giustizia per l’anno 2022
www.giustizia.it/ 18 - 19 gennaio 2023

 

Garante Nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della liobertà personale (Emanuele Cappelli, Davide Lucia, Tiziana Fortuna, Giovanni Suriano, Nadia Cersosimo).
# Per un’analisi dei suicidi negli Istituti penitenziari
https://www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 5 gennaio 2023

 

Ann Carson
# Prisoners in 2021 – Statistical Tables
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ december 2022

 

Zhen Zeng
# Jail Inmates in 2021 – Statistical Tables
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ december 2022

 

Monica Cristina Gallo, Cecilia Blengino
# Giovani dentro e fuori. Un'indagine per conoscere la popolazione giovanile nella Casa Circondariale di Torino
Università degli Studi di Torino, dicembre 2022

 

Cesare Burdese
# Dare umanità e dignità all’ambiente fisico del carcere. Per superare una violazione sistematica della Costituzione
Torino 12 Dicembre 2022

 

European Commission
# Commission Recommendation of 8.12.2022 on procedural rights of suspects and accused persons subject to pre-trial detention and on material detention conditions
https://ec.europa.eu/ 8.12.2022

 

Roberto Cornelli
# Prima indagine sul personale lombardo della Polizia Penitenziaria (PolPen XXI)
https://sistemapenale.it/ 6 dicembre 2022
# POLPEN-XXI - Prima Indagine sulla Polizia Penitenziaria in Lombardia

 

Garante Nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale
# Per un’analisi dei suicidi negli Istituti penitenziari
https://www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ Roma, 5 dicembre 2022

 

Magistratura Democratica
# Report visita al Carcere di Sollicciano
https://www.magistraturademocratica.it/ 1 dicembre 2022
Il carcere è uno dei luoghi in cui un paese democratico misura il suo tasso di aderenza ai diritti universali dell’uomo. È il fulcro in cui l’uso della forza, regolato dallo Stato nel processo, cerca il suo più difficile equilibrio con l’umanità del trattamento sanzionatorio e con la risposta rieducativa che la Costituzione affida alle pene.

 

Ministère de la Justice
# Statistique des établissements des personnes écrouées en France
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1er novembre 2022

 

Amy D. Lauger, Michael B. Field
# Facility Characteristics of Sexual Victimization of Youth in Juvenile Facilities, 2018 – Statistical Tables
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ November 2022

 

Helen Fair, Roy Walmsley
# World Female Imprisonment List. Women and girls in penal institutions, including pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners
https://www.prisonstudies.org/ October 2022


Maria Cristina Frosali
# Le revoche delle misure alternative nell’ambito di competenza del Tribunale di Sorveglianza di Firenze
https://www.tribunalesorveglianza.firenze.it/2022


Transcrime - Ernesto U. Savona, Marco Dugato, Edoardo Villa - Direzione Centrale della Polizia Criminale del Dipartimento della Pubblica Sicurezza, Ministero dell’Interno - Dipartimento per la Giustizia Minorile e di Comunità Ministero della Giustizia
# Le Gang Giovanili in Italia
https://www.transcrime.it/ Ottobre 2022


Alexandra Thompson, Susannah N. Tapp
# Criminal Victimization, 2021
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ September 2022
From 1993 to 2021, the rate of violent victimization declined from 79.8 to 16.5 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. Violent victimization includes rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. During the most recent 10-year period from 2012 to 2021, the rate of violent victimization declined from 26.1 to 16.5 victimizations per 1,000, despite an increase between 2015 and 2018. The overall violent victimization rate did not change between 2020 and 2021.

 

Charles E. Loeffler, Daniel S. Nagin
# The Impact of Incarceration on Recidivism
Annual Review of Criminology, 2022

 

Mauro Palma
# Note e riflessioni sui suicidi in carcere
www.questionegiustizia.it/ 5 settembre 2022

 

Pennsylvania Department of Corrections
# Recidivism Report 2022
https://www.cor.pa.gov/ 08.31.2022
In our 2013 report, we found that 62% of releases from a Pennsylvania state prison in 2008 were re-arrested or reincarcerated within three years of release. In this report, we find that 64.7% of releases in 2016 were re-arrested or re-incarcerated within three years of release.


Department of Justice
# More then 374,000 persons held in State and Federal Prisons tested positive for covid-19 in 2020-21
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ august 25, 2022

 

ACLU - Jennifer Turner et al.
# Captive Labor. Exploitation of Incarcerated Workers
American Civil Liberties Union and the University of Chicago Law School Global Human Rights Clinic

 

Connor Brooks, Sean E. Goodison,
# Federal Deaths in Custody and During Arrest, 2020 – Statistical Tables
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ July 2022

 

House of Commons Justice Committee
# Women in Prison. First Report of Session 2022–23
https://committees.parliament.uk/ 26 July 2022

 

Prison Reform Trust
# Prison: the facts. Bromley Briefings Summer 2022
https://prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ July 2022

 

Camera dei Deputati

# Relazione annuale del Ministro della Giustizia al Parlamento sull’andamento dell’istituto della messa alla prova, trasmessa alle Presidenze della Camera e del Senato il 10 giugno 2022.

Roma, 10 giugno 2022

 

Associazione Antigone
# La calda estate delle carceri. Rapporto di metà anno sulle condizioni di detenzione in Italia
Roma. 28 luglio 2022

 

Jennifer L. Truman, Ph.D., and Rachel E. Morgan,
# Violent Victimization by Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, 2017–2020
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ June 2022

 

# Mauro Palma, Presentazione al Parlamento della Relazione 2022, Roma 20 giugno 2022

# Relazione annuale del Garante Nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale
# Mappe e dati
Roma, 20 giugno 2022

 

Stefano Anastasia, Franco Corleone, Leonardo Fiorentini, Marco Perduca, Grazia Zuffa (a cura di)
# La sfida democratica - Tredicesimo Libro Bianco sulle Droghe
Edizione 2022 sui dati 2021 - Giugno 2022

 

Seena Fazel, Matthias Burghart, Thomas Fanshawe, Sharon Danielle Gil, John Monahan, Rongqin Yu
# The predictive performance of criminal risk assessment tools used at sentencing: Systematic review of validation studies
Journal of Criminal Justice, 81, 2022

 

Penal Reform International - Thailand Institute of Justice
# Global Prison Trends 2022
https://cdn.penalreform.org/ may 2022

 

The Sentencing Project
# Incarcerated Women and Girls
www.sentencingproject.org/ may 2022

 

Giovanni Fiandaca
# Pericoloso e desocializzante: nella realtà il carcere è il veleno e non la medicina (Intervista di Valentina Stella)
Il Dubbio, 2 maggio 2022

 

Marco T. C. Stam, Hilde T. Wermink, Arjan A. J. Blokland, Jim Been
# The effects of imprisonment length on recidivism: a judge stringency instrumental variable approach
Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1 may 2023

 

Ministère de la Justice
# Statistique des établissements des personnes écrouées en France
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1er mai 2022

 
Richard Rosenfeld, Amanda Grigg (eds)
# The Limits of Recidivism: Measuring Success After Prison
National Academies of Sciences, April 2022

 

Shawn Bushway, Irineo Cabreros, Jessica Welburn Paige, Daniel Schwam, Jeffrey B. Wenger
# Barred from employment: More than half of unemployed men in their 30s had a criminal history of arrest
https://www.science.org/ 2022

Ministero della Giustizia
# Misure cautelari personali e riparazione per ingiusta detenzione. Dati 2021 - Relazione al Parlamento ex L, 16 aprile 2015, n. 47
Aggiornamento Aprile 2022

 

Antigone
# Il carcere visto da dentro. XVIII Rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione
https://www.antigone.it/ 28 Aprile 2022
In media vi è una percentuale pari a 2,37 reati per detenuto. Al 31 dicembre 2008 il numero di reati per detenuto era più basso di 1,97. Dunque diminuiscono i reati in generale, diminuiscono i detenuti in termini assoluti ma aumenta il numero medio di reati per persona. Al 31 dicembre 2021, dei detenuti presenti nelle carceri italiane, solo il 38% era alla prima carcerazione. Il restante 62% in carcere c’era già stato almeno un’altra volta. Il 18% c’era già stato in precedenza 5 o più volte. Tassi di recidiva dunque alti, su cui sarebbe utile che il ministero raccogliesse dati certi.

 

Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul femminicidio, nonché su ogni forma di violenza di genere
# La vittimizzazione secondaria delle donne che subiscono violenza e dei loro figli nei procedimenti che disciplinano l’affidamento e la responsabilità genitoriale
www.senato.it/l 20 aprile 2022

 

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)
# 31st General Report. 1 January - 31 December 2021
Council of Europe, April 2022

102. The Committee considers that, for every prison, there should be an absolute upper limit for the number of prisoners (“numerus clausus”), in order to guarantee the minimum standard in terms of living space, namely 6m² per person in single cells and 4m² per person in multiple-occupancy cells (excluding the sanitary annexe). Thus, whenever a prison has reached that limit, appropriate steps must be taken by the relevant authorities to ensure that a person, who has been newly remanded in custody or sentenced to imprisonment, is offered acceptable conditions of detention (including in terms of living space).

 

Marcelo F. Aebi, Edoardo Cocco, Lorena Molnar, Mélanie M. Tiago
# Space I - 2021 - Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics    # Key Findings
Council of Europe & University of Lausanne, 6 april 2022

 

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Health
# New Study Estimates Annual Cost of Incarcerating Adults Convicted of Child Sex Crimes Topped $5.4 Billion in 2021. The findings highlight financial cost of not preventing child sexual abuse
https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ March 25, 2022

The study estimates there were 127,282 incarcerated in 2021 in state prisons for sex offenses involving children, at an average annual cost of $34,191, for a total of $4.4 billion in spending at the state level. At the federal level, the study estimates there were 12,850 inmates incarcerated in federal prisons for child sex offenses in 2021, at an annual average cost per inmate of $39,521, a total of $508 million in spending. For the estimated 4,321 inmates with child victims in high-security sex offender civil commitment facilities, the study estimates an annual average cost per inmate of $139,489, a total of $538 million in annual spending after adjusting for individual cost fluctuations.

 

Rich Kluckow, Zhen Zeng
# Correctional Populations in the United States, 2020 – Statistical Tables
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ March 2022
At yearend 2020, an estimated 5,500,600 persons were under the supervision of adult correctional systems in the United States, 11% fewer than at the same time the previous year. This was the first time since 1996 that the total correctional population dropped to less than 5.6 million. About 1 in 47 adult U.S. residents (2.1%) were under some form of correctional supervision at the end of 2020, a decrease from 1 in 40 (2.5%) at the end of 2019.

 

Pietro Buffa
Confiteor penitenziario. Le opacità e le sconsiderate scelte che facilitano la violenza in carcere 
# 1/3 Quando la pietra delle immagini cade nello stagno dell’indifferenza (2 febbraio 2022)
# 2/3 Tra populismo giustizialista e corporativismo operante (4 marzo 2022)

# 3/3 La necessità di una riforma strutturale


https://dirittopenaleuomo.org/

 

Luigi Pagano, Claudia Pecorella
# Osservazioni a margine della Relazione finale della Commissione Ruotolo
https://sistemapenale.it/ 15 febbraio 2022

 

Rachel E. Morgan, Jennifer L. Truman
# Stalking Victimization, 2019
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ February 2022

 

Rachel E. Morgan, Alexandra Thompson
# The Nation’s Two Crime Measures, 2011–2020
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ February 2022
During the 10-year period from 2011 to 2020, the NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) rate of violent crime (including rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault) declined from 22.6 to 16.4 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. The rate increased from 2015 to 2018, then declined from 2018 to 2020. From 2011 to 2020, the NCVS rate of violent crime reported to police decreased from 11.1 to 6.6 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older, a decline of 40%...

 

Ignazio Juan Patrone (Comitato scientifico della Associazione Antigone)
# Delocalizzare i penitenziari e deportarvi i detenuti. La soluzione in salsa danese al sovraffollamento carcerario
www.questionegiustizia.it/ 3 febbraio 2022

 

Ministry of Justice
# Costs per place and costs per prisoner by individual prison
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ 27 january 2022

 

Steven Sprick Schuster, Ben Stickle
# Are Education Programs in Prison Worth It? A meta-analysis of the highest-quality academic research
https://www.mackinac.org/ January 24, 2023

 


# Pietro Curzio, Relazione sull'amministrazione della giustiza nell'anno 2021, Roma 21 gennaio 2022, www.cortedicassazione.it/ | # Sintesi
# Giovanni Salvi, Intervento nell’Assemblea generale della Corte sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2021, Roma 21 gennaio 2022, www.cortedicassazione.it/ | # Sintesi

# Giuseppe Ondei - Relazione Sull’amministrazione della giustizia nel Distretto della Corte di Appello di Milano, https://www.corteappello.milano.it/ 22 gennaio 2022 | # Discorso

 

Relazione della ministra della giustizia Marta Cartabia sull'amministrazione della giustizia
# Inaugurazione Anno Giudiziario 2022 - Comunicazione al Senato della Repubblica e alla Camera dei Deputati
www.giustizia.it/ 19 gennaio 2022

 

Edmondo Bruti Liberati
# Carcere da riformare: bisogna renderlo più umano
Il Dubbio, 18 gennaio 2022

 

Gian Luigi Gatta*
# Servono più risorse per offrire alternative al carcere
Il Sole 24 Ore, 11 gennaio 2022

 

E. Ann Carson
# Prisoners in 2020 – Statistical Tables
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ December 2021

 

Todd D. Minton, Zhen Zeng
# Jail Inmates in 2020 – Statistical Tables
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ December 2021

 

Danielle Kaeble
# Probation and Parole in the United States, 2020
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ December 2021

 

Lauren G. Beatty, Tracy L. Snell
# Profle of Prison Inmates, 2016
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ December 2021

 

# Commissione per l’innovazione del sistema penitenziario (Presidente Prof. Marco Ruotolo) - Relazione finale
Roma, 17 dicembre 2021
1. Composizione della Commissione, perimetro di azione e metodo di lavoro. – 2. I presupposti culturali del lavoro della Commissione. – 3. Le azioni possibili per l’innovazione del sistema penitenziario. Cenni e rinvio. – 4. Proposte per il miglioramento della quotidianità penitenziaria. – 4.1 Focus 1: gestione dell’ordine e della sicurezza. – 4.2 Focus 2: impiego delle tecnologie – 4.3 Focus 3: salute. – 4.4. Focus 4: lavoro e formazione professionale. – 4.5. Focus 5: tutela dei diritti. – 4.6 Focus 6: formazione del personale. – 5. Proposte di modifica al regolamento penitenziario per il miglioramento della qualità della vita nell’esecuzione penale. – 6. Proposte di modifica all’ordinamento penitenziario, al codice penale, al codice di procedura penale, al d.lgs. n. 286 del 1998 e alla l. n. 395 del 1990, per il miglioramento della qualità della vita nell’esecuzione penale. – 7. Proposte di direttive e circolari per il miglioramento della qualità della vita nell’esecuzione penale. – 8. Proposte di linee guida per la rimodulazione dei programmi di formazione del personale.

Insee Références
# Sécurité et société
https://www.insee.fr/ 09.12.2021


Kira Schacht
# How Europe’s prisons have fared in the Covid-19 pandemic
https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/ 6 december 2021
Prisons make fertile breeding grounds for viruses, yet administrations have revealed little about Covid-19 cases, deaths and vaccinations in Europe’s prisons. Data from 32 countries show the pandemic’s impact on prisons... Outbreaks in prisons affect not only the people who are confined or working there, but also the surrounding communities. “It's not a totally closed environment... People come in and out every day. Not only staff, but also service providers, lawyers, and prisoners themselves. So, if you’re not protecting prisons, you’re not protecting the community.”

 

France - Ministère de la Justice
# Mesure de l'Incarceration. Indicateurs clés au 1 décembre 2021
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1 décembre 2021
# Statistique des établissements des personnes écrouées en France
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1 décembre 2021

 

National Institute of Justice - NIJ
# Desistance From Crime. Implications for Research, Policy, and Practice
https://www.ojp.gov/ November 2021

 

Commissione Parlamentare di Inchiesta sul Femminicidio, nonché su ogni forma di violenza di genere
# Relazione su "La risposta giudiziaria ai femminicidi in Italia. Analisi delle indagini e delle sentenze. Il biennio 2017.2018"
Approvata il 18 novembre 2021 - https://sistemapenale.it/ 25nov21

 

Kristofer Bret Bucklen
# Desistance-Focused Criminal Justice Practice
National Institute of Justice, October 2021
A growing body of theoretical and empirical research has outlined a variety of mechanisms through which desistance works. At a very high level, most of the theories of the important mechanisms of desistance can be categorized as either ontogenetic or sociogenic focused. In other words, they tend to focus on factors either internal to the individual (ontogenetic) or external (societal) from the individual (sociogenic).

 

Damon M. Petrich, Travis C. Pratt, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Francis T. Cullen
# Custodial Sanctions and Reoffending: A Meta-Analytic Review
The University of Chicago, Crime and Justice, volume 50, September 2021.

 

Leonardo Antenangeli, Matthew R. Durose
# Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 24 States in 2008: A 10-Year Follow-Up Period (2008–2018)
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ September 2021


Barbara Oudekerk, Danielle Kaeble,
# Probation and Parole in the United States, 2019
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ July 2021
The number of adults on probation or parole in the United States decreased from 4,399,000 at year-end 2018 to 4,357,700 at year- end 2019. This 0.9% decline was solely driven by a reduction in probationers, who made up the majority (80%) of the community supervision population. During this period, the number of probationers fell from 3,540,000 to 3,492,900 (down 1.3%), while the number of parolees remained relatively steady, increasing slightly from 878,000 to 878,900 (up 0.1%). Among all adults in the U.S., about 1 in 59 were under some form of community supervision at year-end 2019.

 

Elisabet Moles-López, Fanny T. Añaños,
# Factors of Prison Recidivism in Women: A Socioeducational and Sustainable Development Analysis.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 582

 

Frédérique Cornuau, Marianne Juillard
# Mesurer et comprendre les déterminants de la récidive des sortants de prison
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ Infostat Justice, juil 2021

Antigone. Per i diritti e le garanzie nel sistema penale
# A partire da Santa Maria Capua Vetere, numeri, storie, proposte per un nuovo sistema penitenziario. Rapporto di metà anno 2021
https://www.antigone.it/ 29 luglio 2021

 

Matthew R. Durose and Leonardo Antenangeli
# Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012: A 5-Year Follow-Up Period (2012–2017)
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ July 2021
Among state prisoners released in 2012 across  34 states, 62% were arrested within 3 years, and 71% were arrested within 5 years. Among prisoners released in 2012 across 21 states with available data on persons returned to prison, 39% had either a parole or probation violation or an arrest for a new offense within 3 years that led to imprisonment, and 46% had a parole or probation violation or an arrest within 5 years that led to imprisonment.

 

Antigone
# L'isolamento penitenziario: norme, effetti sui detenuti, strumenti di monitoraggio. Manuale per i Meccanismo nazionali di prevenzione
www.antigone.it/ 2021

 

UNODC
# Nearly twelve million people imprisoned globally nearly one-third unsentenced with prisons overcrowded in half of all countries
www.unodc.org/ July 2021
At the end of 2019, an estimated 11.7 million persons were detained in prisons across the world. This is a population comparable in size to entire nations such as Bolivia, Burundi, Belgium, or Tunisia. • Since 2000, the population held in prison has increased by more than 25%. • Most persons detained in prison globally are men (93%) but - over the last 20 years – the number of women in prisons has increased at a faster pace (33% increase) than men (25% increase)....

 

Coordinamento Nazionale dei Magistrati di Sorveglianza - Conams

# Comunicato sui fatti del carcere di Santa Maria Capua Vetere

Roma, 5 luglio 2021

... riafferma l'altissimo valore non negoziabile della dignità di ogni persona umana e dell'nviolabilità dei corpi dei detenuti consacrata negli istituti millenari posti a fondamento dello Stato di diritto e della civiltà umana e giuridica...

 

Senato della Repubblica - Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul femminicidio, nonché su ogni forma di violenza di genere
# Rapporto sulla violenza di genere e domestica nella realtà giudiziaria. Analisi delle indagini condotte presso le procure della Repubblica, i tribunali ordinari, i tribunali di sorveglianza, il Consiglio superiore della magistratura, la Scuola superiore della magistratura, il Consiglio nazionale forense e gli ordini degli psicologi
www.senato.it/ Presentata il 23 giugno 2021

 

Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale. Meccanismo nazionale di prevenzione della tortura e dei trattamenti o pene, crudeli, inumani o degradanti
# Presentazione della quinta relazione al Parlamento

# Relazione al Parlamento 2021 - Parte 1 (Pag. 1-216)
# Relazione al Parlamento 2021 - Parte 2 (Pag. 217-360)

# Mappe e Dati
www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 21 giugno 2021

 

Jacob Kang-Brown, Chase Montagnet, Jasmine Heiss
# People in Jail and Prison in Spring 2021
https://www.vera.org/ June 2021
The total number of people incarcerated in state and federal prisons and local jails in the United States dropped 14 percent from around 2.1 million in 2019 to 1.8 million by June 2020, declining a further 2 percent by March 2021. This represents a 23 percent decline from a peak of 2.3 million people in 2008. The incarceration rate in the United States, including state and federal prisons and local jails, was 537 people behind bars per 100,000 residents in early 2021. This is down from a peak of 760 per 100,000 in 2008

 

Garante nazionale delle persone detenute
# Scheda sulla Relazione al Parlamento 2021
Roma, 7 giugno 2021

 

Laura M. Maruschak, Jennifer Bronson, Mariel Alper
# Indicators of Mental Health Problems Reported by Prisoners: Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ June 2021

 

Emily D. Buehler
# Sexual Victimization Reported by Adult Correctional Authorities, 2016–2018
https://bjs.ojp.gov/ June 2021

 

Ministère de la Justice
# Mesure de l'incarceration. Indicateurs clés au 1er juin 2021
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1 juin 2021

 

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
# 30th General Report of the CPT. 1 January - 31 December 2020
https://rm.coe.int/ 06.05.2021

 

Marcelo F. Aebi, Edoardo Cocco, Lorena Molnar, Mélanie M. Tiago
# SPACE I - 2021 - Updated on 19 April 2022
# Sintesi - Updated on 6/04/2022

https://wp.unil.ch/

 

Ministero della Giustizia
# Misure cautelari personali e riparazione per ingiusta detenzione. Dati 2020 - Relazione al Parlamento ex L, 16 aprile 2015, n. 47
Aggiornamento Aprile 2021

 

Dipartimento per la Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Adulti in area penale esterna in misura alternativa alla detenzione. Analisi statistica dei dati - Anno 2020
http://www.centrostudinisida.it/ 25 marzo 2021

 

Nicola Carr
# Critical perspectives on desistance
Probation Journal, 2021, 68(2)

... Building on the concept of ‘recovery capital’, Best et al. identify that ‘justice capital’, which includes the resources of institutions available to support effective rehabilitation, reintegration, and desistance, can be a useful way to think about the way in which criminal justice institutions and practices can be oriented towards supporting desistance. Importantly, they also explore how negative forms of capital including the absence of procedural fairness and poor treatment and conditions, can diminish any attempts to support desistance...

 

Lois M. Davis, John Linton
# What Corrections Officials Need to Know to Partner with Colleges to Implement College Programs in Prisons
www.rand.org/ 2021
Incarcerated adults who participate in a correctional education program while in prison had a 13% point reduction in their risk of recidivating after being released from prison. Those who participate in in-prison college programs are roughly half as likely to recidivate...  For every dollar invested in prison education programs, taxpayers save, on average, between $4 and $5 in three-year reincarceration costs...

 

# Aebi, M. F., & Tiago, M. M. (2021). SPACE I - 2020 – Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Prison populations. Strasbourg: Council of Europe (updated 8 march 2021)

# Marcelo F. Aebi and Mélanie M. Tiago, Prisons and Prisoners in Europe 2020: Key Findings of the SPACE I report, https://wp.unil.ch/ april 2021

 

Antigone
# Oltre il virus. XVII Rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione
www.antigone.it/ 12 marzo 2021

 

Tommaso Miele | Corte dei Conti - Sezione giurisdizionale per la Regione Lazio
# Inaugurazione dell'anno giudiziario 2021
www.corteconti.it/ 25 febbraio 2021
Oggi la nostra società è permeata da un giustizialismo alimentato da una sorta di voglia di vendetta, di odio sociale, che si sta quasi affermando come fine ultimo della giustizia e che sta offuscando quei sacri principi di diritto scritti a caratteri cubitali nella nostra carta costituzionale... Oggi sembrano essersi smarriti quei sacri principi quali la presunzione di non colpevolezza, il principio secondo cui “onus probandi incumbit ei qui dicit” e non viceversa, perché l’esercizio della funzione giurisdizionale deve essere finalizzato alla affermazione della giustizia e all’accertamento della verità e non alla vendetta, al diritto del cittadino ad una giustizia rapida, efficiente e soprattutto giusta, al diritto ad un giusto processo, al diritto ad una ragionevole durata del processo

 

Isabella Merzagora
# Il femminicidio e l'idealismo pervertito
www.sistemapenale.it/ 24 febbraio 2021
Il “femminicidio”, oltre ad essere “una parola orrenda” [1], non è qualsiasi omicidio di donna bensì, come ebbe a spiegare Diana Russell coniando il neologismo nel 1992, l’omicidio di una donna per il fatto di essere donna[2], quindi per esempio l’uccisione della partner infedele, o anche solo disobbediente, o in procinto di lasciare un marito magari dopo anni e decenni di soperchierie e di violenze. Questo fenomeno negli ultimi anni non mostra aumenti di rilievo; rispetto ad anni fa è persino in diminuzione, anche se bisogna considerare la complessiva diminuzione degli omicidi avvenuta nel frattempo.

 

Giovanni Fiandaca
# Il governo ora affronti la questione carceraria
Il Foglio, 22 febbraio 2021      

L'emergenza sanitaria da rischio contagio-Covid, ha riacceso i riflettori sui persistenti problemi e sulle persistenti esigenze inevase del pianeta carcere: il concreto rischio di contagi diffusi a tutt'oggi deriva, infatti, dal riemerso sovraffollamento, dalle tipiche condizioni di vita carceraria e dalla stessa conformazione strutturale di alcune vecchie prigioni con spazi molto angusti, nonché dalla situazione igienica non sempre a norma, che impediscono un sufficiente distanziamento sociale e l'adozione di tutti gli altri dispositivi di prevenzione più facilmente accessibili alle persone in libertà...

 

Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale
# Rapporto tematico sulle sezioni di Alta Sicurezza 2 (AS2)
www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 1 febbraio 2021
Il Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale (Garante nazionale) ha visitato, nella sua composizione collegiale, tutte quelle Sezioni del sotto-circuito di Alta sicurezza 2 (As2) che sono attualmente caratterizzate dalla diversità delle categorie delle persone ristrette, relativamente al contesto del reato commesso. In particolare, nelle sezioni oggetto di visita sono compresenti persone detenute per reati commessi nel contesto delle azioni armate degli anni Settanta e Ottanta, persone detenute perché imputate o condannate per reati inquadrabili nel complessivo fenomeno del terrorismo internazionale legato a integralismo religioso e persone prevalentemente imputate e in alcuni casi condannate per recenti azioni di antagonismo politico anche di tipo anarchico.

 

Jacob Kang-Brown, Chase Montagnet, Jasmine Heiss
# People in Jail and Prison in 2020
https://www.vera.org/ january 2020

The United States saw an unprecedented drop in total incarceration between 2019 and 2020. Triggered by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and pressure from advocates to reduce incarceration, local jails drove the initial decline, although prisons also made reductions. From summer to fall 2020, prison populations declined further, but jails began to refill, showing the fragility of decarceration. Jails in rural counties saw the biggest initial drops, but still incarcerate people at double the rate of urban and suburban areas. The number of people incarcerated in state and federal prisons and local jails in the United States dropped from around 2.1 million in 2019 to 1.8 million by mid-2020—a 14 percent decrease.

 

Anita Tun
# Clementine Jacoby combats recidivism through nonprofit Recidiviz
www.stanforddaily.com/ January 27, 2021
Ultimately, states that utilized Recidiviz’s resources released approximately 40,000 people early; in North Dakota alone, the state’s prison population decreased by 25% in one month... Jacoby’s work with Recidiviz builds on the wave of support for criminal justice reform intensified by Black Lives Matter protests this spring and summer. Activists have noted that although Black Americans make up about 13% of the United States population, they comprise about 33% of the population of state and federal prisons. # Cicero Spotlight | Clementine Jacoby | Recidiviz, Mar 24, 2020

 

Joe Mullah, Safya Khan-Ruf (eds)
# State of Hate. Far-Right Extremism in Europe
www.hopenothate.org.uk/ 16 february 2021
2020 saw a dramatic increase in the number of people engaging with conspiracy theories during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Across Europe we’ve witnessed the birth of a number of conspiracy theory-driven protest groups that have taken to the streets, driven by a strongly anti-elite, anti-lockdown and anti- vaccine agenda. Responsibility for the spread of conspiracy theories partially lies with digital platforms and social media, which has helped false information of all kinds spread faster and more aggressively...

 

Istat
# Autori e vittime di omicidio | Anni 2018-2019
www.istat.it/ 5 febbraio 2021
Omicidi in calo. Crescono quelli in famiglia: vittime soprattutto donne, uomini gli autori. Nel 2019 gli omicidi sono 315 (345 nel 2018): 204 uomini e 111 donne. Il 19,7% (di cui 17,6% maschi e 23,4% femmine) è composto da vittime straniere. Gli omicidi sono in calo fin dagli anni Novanta, soprattutto quelli dovuti alla criminalità organizzata (29 nel 2019, il 9,2% del totale). In ambito familiare o affettivo aumentano invece le vittime: 150 nel 2019 (47,5% del totale); 93 vittime sono donne (l’83,8% del totale degli omicidi femminili) Nei procedimenti giudiziari crescono gli imputati per omicidio in “contesti relazionali” (246 nel 2010, 271 nel 2018). 

 

# Pietro Curzio, Suprema Corte di Cassazione, Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2020, Roma 29 gennaio 2021

# Giovanni Salvi, Procura generale della Corte suprema di cassazione, Intervento nell’Assemblea generale della Corte
sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2020, Roma 29 gennaio 2021

# Relazione del Ministro sull’amministrazione della giustizia per l’anno 2020, ai sensi dell’art. 86, R.D. 30 gennaio 1941, n.12, Roma 29 gennaio 2021

# Nunzia Gatto, Procuratore Generale f.f. presso la Corte di Appello di Milano, Relazione sull’Amministrazione della Giustizia nel Distretto della Corte di Appello di Milano, 30 gennaio 2021

# Francesca Nanni, Procura Generale della Repubblica presso la Corte d’Appello di Milano, Intervento, Milano 30 gennaio 2021

 

Istat
# Delitti, imputati e vittime dei reati. Lacriminalità in Italia, attraverso una lettura integrata delle fonti sulla giustizia. Riedizione con dati aggiornati
www.istat.it/ 22 gennaio 2021
Il volume analizza la criminalità in Italia secondo una prospettiva multifonte che, grazie all’utilizzo a fini statistici di diverse fonti amministrative di polizia e di giustizia penale, consente una lettura integrata e fortemente articolata di un fenomeno caratterizzato da grande complessità. Tra i molti fenomeni criminosi, l’attenzione è qui posta maggiormente sui reati contro il patrimonio, sui reati informatici, su alcuni reati violenti e soprattutto sui soggetti che li compiono e le loro vittime. Le analisi approfondiscono gli aspetti territoriali e l’evoluzione nel tempo dei fenomeni, alla ricerca di connotazioni rilevanti, con un focus sulle caratteristiche socio-demografiche dei soggetti coinvolti, ma anche degli esiti giudiziari. Arricchiscono il volume due focus privilegiati, uno sui minorenni entrati nel percorso giudiziario penale, l’atro sui procedimenti e le condanne legate agli ecoreati.

 

Glauco Giostra
# Carceri, l'ingiusto prezzo di indecisioni calcolatrici
Avvenire, 29 novembre 2020
La questione carceraria aveva imboccato la giusta strada nella precedente legislatura: la maggioranza dell'epoca aveva meritoriamente promosso una riforma che intendeva responsabilizzare il condannato... La nuova, con un'operazione sciaguratamente ottusa, pensò bene di amputare la parte qualificante della riforma, immolandola sull'altare della "certezza della pena"; locuzione che in una stagione non lontana esprimeva una garanzia, mentre oggi suona come una minaccia di pena detentiva inalterabile, qualunque sia il cammino riabilitativo del condannato...

# Glauco Giostra, Disinnescare in modo sano la bomba-virus nelle carceri... Gli effetti della pandemia di Covid-19 sulla realtà dei penitenziari e le soluzioni possibili, Avvenire, 21 marzo 2020

 

Riccardo De Vito [Presidente di Magistratura democratica]
# Il carcere non è un posto sicuro: la pandemia dilaga, il governo riduca il sovraffollamento
Il Domani, 20 novembre 2020
Abbiamo bisogno di un carcere meno affollato per tutelare in maniera integrale la salute di chi è dentro. Anche dei detenuti più pericolosi, dei mafiosi, dei terroristi. Rinunciare a questo obiettivo ci porrebbe fuori dalla Costituzione, dalla democrazia, dalla civiltà. Una resa di questo tipo regalerebbe alla criminalità organizzata fiumi di consenso nel carcere e nei territori. Nelle galere, inoltre, coverebbe rancore anziché riflessione critica sul passato. Occorre far presto...

 

Sandra Berardi
# Carcere, covid e media: dall'emergenza sanitaria all'emergenza mafia.
www.intersezionale.com/ 13 novembre 2020

 

Associazione Avvocato di strada ODV
# Fine pena: la strada. Misure alternative e persone senza dimora
www.avvocatodistrada.it/ Novembre 2020
Di fatto, l’assenza di un’abitazione è di ostacolo sia nella fase pre-processuale per la scelta e l’applicazione delle misure cautelari, sia nella fase esecutiva della sanzione per trascorrere il periodo della pena al di fuori delle mura carcerarie... La relazione tra carcere e strada emerge anche per quanto riguarda i cosiddetti reati di povertà. È stato evidenziato, infatti, come non solo a livello italiano, ma anche internazionale, si stia diffondendo la criminalizzazione di condotte tipiche di persone che vivono in strada (come ad esempio dormire in un luogo pubblico o chiedere l’elemosina), attraverso l’uso di leggi e pratiche atte a limitare le loro attività e i loro movimenti. L’effetto finale è un trattamento altamente discriminatorio e ingiustificatamente punitivo verso le persone senza dimora.

 

Marcelo F. Aebi and Mélanie M. Tiago
# Prisons and Prisoners in Europe in Pandemic Times: An evaluation of the medium-term impact of the COVID-19 on prison populations
https://wp.unil.ch/ Strasbourg and Lausanne: 10 November 2020
In sum, the general trend observed in Europe is the following: The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by an overall decrease of European prison populations during the period of the lockdowns; that trend was stopped and, in several countries, reversed after the end of the lockdowns. The European trend can be explained combining three factors: A decrease in the activities of the criminal justice system... The release of inmates as a preventive measure to reduce the spread of COVID-19... The lockdowns produced a crime drop...

 

E. Ann Carson
# Prisoners in 2019
https://www.bjs.gov/ October 2020
At year-end 2019, an estimated 1,430,800 prisoners were under state or federal jurisdiction, a decrease of 2% from the 1,464,400 prisoners in 2018 and 11% from the peak of 1,615,500 prisoners in 2009. About 88% of all prisoners were under state jurisdiction and 12% were under BOP jurisdiction in 2019, with state prisoners accounting for 86% of the decline in the total prison population from 2018. By yearend 2019, the total prison population declined for the sixth consecutive year, and the federal prison population declined for the seventh consecutive year...

 

cepej
European judicial systems. CEPEJ Evaluation Report. 2020 Evaluation cycle (2018 data)
# Part 1 - Tables, graphs and analyses
# Part 2 - Country profiles
www.coe.int/ Strasbourg 22 october 2020

 

Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago, Yuji Z. Hashimoto
# Space Project: 2020 Update - 10th PC-CP Plenary Meeting, 13-14 October 2020
https://rm.coe.int/ Strasbourg, 13 October 2020

 

Reuters
# Dying Inside. The Data Behind Jail Deaths in America
www.reuters.com/ October 2020
The U.S. government collects detailed data on who’s dying in which jails around the country – but won’t let anyone see it. So, Reuters conducted its own tally of fatalities in America’s biggest jails, pinpointing where suicide, botched healthcare and bad jailkeeping are claiming lives in a system with scant oversight

 

Rachel E. Morgan, Jennifer L. Truman
# Criminal Victimization, 2019
www.bjs.gov/ September 2020
After rising from 1.1 million in 2015 to 1.4 million in 2018, the number of persons who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault dropped to 1.2 million in 2019. This is the first statistically significant decrease in the number of persons who were victims of violent crime excluding simple assault since 2015, and it corresponds with a decline in the number of victims of rape or sexual assault from 2018 to 2019.

 

Kelly Servick [Traduzione di Andrea Sparacino]
# Stati Uniti. Il virus offre un'opportunità per ripensare il carcere
Internazionale, 24 settembre 2020

I focolai negli istituti di pena evidenziano le disuguaglianze rispetto all'incidenza del virus. Tra gli afroamericani il tasso d'incarcerazione è più alto rispetto a quello tra i bianchi, e lo stesso vale per la durata delle condanne. Inoltre i detenuti presentano un tasso più elevato di malattie pregresse, un aspetto che li rende più esposti alle forme gravi di covid-19. Un altro elemento rilevante è il fatto che la salute dei detenuti è legata a quella della comunità che circonda i penitenziari. Il virus può entrare nelle strutture tramite i dipendenti (almeno 23mila persone che lavorano nelle carceri sono risultate positive) o essere portato dalle persone detenute per brevi periodi o trasferite da una struttura all'altra.

 

Denis Yukhnenko, Achim Wolf, Nigel Blackwood, Seena Fazel
# Recidivism rates in individuals receiving community sentences: A systematic review
PLoS ONE september 2019

 

Lanfranco Caminiti
# Francia. La pandemia in carcere ha scoperchiato il velo: sistema crudele e malato
Il Dubbio, 10 settembre 2020
All'inizio del 2020, 35 penitenziari sono stati considerati dalla giustizia francese come luoghi in cui le persone sono esposte a condizioni non dignitose... un terzo del "parco prigioni" è oggi considerato fatiscente... La Francia è stata condannata 18 volte dalla Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo, per le condizioni di detenzione che violano l'articolo 3 della Convenzione europea dei diritti dell'uomo (Cedu) che vieta la tortura e un trattamento disumano o degradante, e è stata "sollecitata" a adottare misure strutturali per porre fine al sovraffollamento delle carceri...

# Ministère de la justice – DAP | Mesure de l'incarceration - 1er juillet 2020

 

Ministero dell'Interno
# Dossier Viminale. Un anno di attività del Ministero dell'Interno
www.interno.gov.it/ 15 agosto 2020
Quest’anno, sui dati relativi al periodo di riferimento (1 agosto 2019 – 31 luglio 2020) incidono le limitazioni e i divieti imposti durante la fase acuta dell’emergenza sanitaria Covid-19 (9 marzo – 3 giugno 2020)...

 

Andrea Pugiotto
# Breve guida ragionata a un monstrum giuridico. Inumano, degradante, illegale. Il carcere duro va abolito. Il 41-bis, totem giustizialista fuori dalla Stato di diritto
www.ilriformista.it/ 14 agosto 2020
Non è più una norma giuridica, ma uno spartiacque tra chi è contro la criminalità organizzata e chi - per collusione o ignoranza del fenomeno o ingenuità compassionevole - non lo sarebbe abbastanza... Quando però una norma si eleva a simbolo, a lume votivo, svela la propria natura costituzionalmente borderline. Mi è già accaduto di dirlo, ma ripetere giova. Il simbolico e il diritto abitano mondi diversi: emotivo e irrazionale il primo, perché agìto da pulsioni profonde; ragionevole il secondo, perché frutto di scelte misurate e predeterminate.

 

Ministry of Justice
# HM Prison and Probation Service COVID-19 Official Statistics. Data to 7 August 2020
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ Ministry of Justice, 14 august 2020

 

Antigone
# Il carcere alla prova della fase 2. Salute, tecnologia, spazi, vita interna
www.antigone.it/ 10 agosto 2020

 

Daniela Vigoni
# Il carcere e l’emergenza covid-19: le misure sollecitate dagli organismi internazionali
processopenaleegiustizia.it/ 23 luglio 2020
Sono evidenti i pericoli che derivano dalla pandemia di Coronavirus in una comunità artificiale, chiusa e regolata da rigide regole come il carcere, in cui si devono implementare ulteriori eccezionali disposizioni a tutela della salute nella prospettiva non solo individuale, dei singoli detenuti e del personale di settore, ma anche collettiva, della comunità penitenziaria e dell’intera popolazione. Coniugare sicurezza e salute è tanto più complicato nei Paesi in cui sovraffollamento carcerario e precarie situazioni igienico- anitarie aggravano le difficoltà concrete di mettere in atto le modalità di distanziamento: le misure di prevenzione, protezione e controllo, infatti, rischiano di comprimere i diritti dei detenuti, rendendoli ancor più vulnerabili ed esponendoli anche al pericolo di maltrattamenti.

 

Nicholas Chan | NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research
# The impact of COVID-19 measures on the size of the NSW adult prison population
www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/ July 2020
Between 15 March and 10 May 2020 the NSW adult prison population decreased by 10.7% (1,508 people). Decreases in both the male and female custody population as well as the Aboriginal custody population were evident during this period. The majority of this decline was due to a drop in the remand population which fell by 21.2% (1,049 people). A smaller decline (6.1%) in the sentenced custody population was observed from 22 March The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with large falls in the NSW adult prison population. Most of this decline was due to a drop in remand receptions and increase in discharges to bail.

 

Cpt Comitato europeo per la prevenzione della tortura e delle pene o trattamenti inumani o degradanti
# Follow-up relativo alla situazione delle persone private della libertà personale nell’ambito dell’attuale pandemia di COVID-191
Strasbourg, 9 luglio 2020

 

Nasrul Ismail, Andrew Forrester
# The state of English prisons and the urgent need for reform
https://www.thelancet.com/ July 2020

The CPT report, and documented 63 328 incidents of self-harm in 2019—a record number—and a total that amounts to an increase of 63% since 2012... Incidents of assault increased by 53%... Episodes of prisoner on staff violenceincreased by 70%... The CPT recommended investing in smaller prisons, but the UK government resisted, instead planning further space to accommodate an additional 20 000 prisoners.5 Creating new space by building additional prisons will increase the prison population further, and such an approach is unlikely to improve prisoners’ health and wellbeing...

# CPT, Report to the United Kingdom Government on the visit to the United Kingdom carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 13 to 23 May 2019, 30 april 2020  # Executive Summary

 

Pietro Buffa
# Carcere e pandemia
https://dirittopenaleuomo.org/ 1 luglio 2020
Nel frattempo il carcere, come gli ospizi, sono luoghi ove la strategia esterna delbdistanziamento non potrà essere mai applicata perché la nostra modernità democratica, via via, li ha già distanziati dalla società stessa e li affolla di scarti sociali frutto dell’incapacità di prendersi cura veramente dei problemi essenziali. Contenitori di disagio affrontato con l’allontanamento oggi saliti all’onor delle cronache per gli effetti che il virus ha avuto nelle R.S.A. e che potenzialmente poteva generare anche negli istituti di pena.

 

Marco Musumeci, Francesco Marelli
# How organized crime is expanding during the COVID-19 crisis
http://unicri.it/ 29 June 2020
Over the last century, organized crime has demonstrated a remarkable capacity to rapidly adapt to mutated social, political and economic conditions. While in some cases this adaptation was the result of a reactive response to improved legislation targeting their interests, in many others it was ignited by the pursuit of new possibilities for economic profit. Examples in this sense include how quickly criminal groups adapted to new scenarios created, for instance, by geopolitical changes, the integration of global markets or the generalized use of the world wide web as a marketplace for a variety of licit and illicit goods and services.

 

Garante Nazionale dei diritti delle persone detenute o private della libertà personale
# Relazione al Parlamento 2020
http://www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ Roma 26 giugno 2020

 

Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago
# Prisons and Prisoners in Europe in Pandemic Times: An evaluation of the short-term impact of the COVID-19 on prison populations
http://wp.unil.ch/space/ Strasbourg and Lausanne: 18 June 2020

... More than 128,000 inmates were released in 20 member states as a preventive measure to reduce the spread of COVID-19: - The vast majority of these inmates (102,944) were released after 15th April in Turkey, a country that had until then the second biggest prison population in Europe. - The total numbers of releases, however, includes 10,188 inmates released in France, a country that reported all its releases and not only those related to the COVID-19 pandemic...

 

Simone Lonati, Carlo Melzi d'Eril
# Così il coronavirus è rimasto fuori dal carcere
lavoce.info, 11 giugno 2020

 

Antigone
# Il carcere al tempo del Coronavirus. XVI Rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione
www.antigone.it/ 22 maggio 2020

 

# UNODC, WHO, UNAIDS and OHCHR joint statement on COVID-19 in prisons and other closed settings
https://www.who.int/news-room/ 13 May 2020

We, the leaders of global health, human rights and development institutions, come together to urgently draw the attention of political leaders to the heightened vulnerability of prisoners and other people deprived of liberty to the COVID-19 pandemic, and urge them to take all appropriate public health measures in respect of this vulnerable population that is part of our communities.

 

J.J. Prescott, Benjamin Pyle, Sonja B. Starr
# Understanding Violent-Crime Recidivism
Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 95, Issue 4, 2020
This Article attempts to provide a better understanding of violent-crime recidivism to encourage policymakers to engage with the idea of releasing earlier many individuals who are serving sentences for violent crimes. Our synthesis of the recidivism literature and our new empirical analysis suggest that this population, especially individuals with prior homicide convictions who are older at release, are unlikely to reoffend, although they are somewhat more likely to commit new violent crimes relative to those released after serving time  for nonviolent offenses.

 

Garante delle persone sottoposte a misure restrittive della libertà personale della Regione Campania
# Relazione annuale 2019
Maggio 2020

 

Talha Burki
# Prisons are “in no way equipped” to deal with COVID-19
www.thelancet.com/ Vol 395, May 2, 2020

... Iran announced the release of 85000 prisoners in March. France and Italy have reduced their prison populations by 10000 and 6000, respectively. Chile has let out 1300 low-risk offenders, and states across the USA are releasing varying numbers of prisoners. “There is absolutely no doubt that this crisis calls for reducing overcrowding and finding alternatives to prison for people in particular categories, definitely those in pretrial detention for non-violent offences”, Broner told The Lancet.

 

EUROPOL
# Beyond the pandemic. How COVID-19 will shape the serious and organised crime landscape in the EU
www.europol.europa.eu/ 30 April 2020
Europol expects the impact of the current crisis on serious and organised crime and terrorism to unfold in three phases, equivalent to the shortterm/immediate outlook, a mid-term and long-term perspective.... Drug markets are resilient and adaptable... The trafficking of cannabis, cocaine, and heroin has continued throughout the pandemic, albeit at lower levels than before. After the withdrawal of lockdown and quarantine measures across the EU, it is expected that regular supply will resume at pre-pandemic levels with little or no id- or long-term impact.

 

Sarah Figgatt
# Reentry Reforms Are More Critical Than Ever Amid the Coronavirus Pandemic
www.americanprogress.org/ April 30, 2020
Therefore, crime and recidivism rates are not a measure of one’s criminality, but rather the resources and supports to which they do, or do not, have access. Reforming the U.S. reentry system is an opportunity to eliminate the factors that perpetuate the cycle of incarceration for justice-involved people. Additionally, reentry reforms benefit not only justice-involved people but also the communities that they return to following incarceration. When formerly incarcerated people have access to social support programs, such as food assistance and health care, recidivism rates fall, keeping people out of prison and their communities safer. Especially now, with the threat of prison or jail COVID-19 outbreaks spilling over into the broader community, releasing people from correctional facilities and reforming the U.S. reentry system would improve the safety and health of all community members.

 

Guido Travaini, Palmina Caruso, Isabella Merzagora
# Crime in Italy at the time of the pandemic
Acta Biomed 2020; Vol. 91, N. 2: 199-203
Nothing is more dynamic than crime, able to rapidly adapt to the changes of society, while trying to take advantage of them. In other words, delinquency seems to follow the economic and social growth of modern societies, replicating their mechanisms.With regard to the data published so far, according to the Ministry of Interior, the overall number of crimes committed in Italy has dropped significantly in March

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Adulti in area penale esterna. Analisi statistica dei dati 15 aprile 2020
www.giustizia.it/ Roma, 21 aprile 2020

 

E. Ann Carson
# Prisoners in 2018
www.bjs.gov/ April 2020
From the end of 2017 to the end of 2018, the total prison population in the United States declined from 1,489,200 to 1,465,200, a decrease of 24,000 prisoners. Tis was a 1.6% decline in the prison population and marked the fourth consecutive annual decrease of at least 1%. Te combined federal and state imprisonment rate, based on sentenced prisoners (those sentenced to more than one year), fell 2.4% from 2017 to 2018, declining from 441 to 431 prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents. Across a decade, the imprisonment rate—the proportion of U.S. residents who are in prison—fell 15%, from 506 sentenced prisoners in 2008 to 431 in 2018 per 100,000 U.S. residents

 

Penal Reform International
# Global Prison Trends 2020
https://cdn.penalreform.org/ April 2020
Over 11 million people are imprisoned globally, the highest numberyet. Around 102 countries reported prison occupancy levels of over 110 per cent. The magnitude of issues and associated human rights violations stemming from over-imprisonment became clear in efforts to prevent and contain outbreaks of COVID-19 in prisons. Almost ten years since their adoption, the UN Bangkok Rules on women prisoners and non-custodial alternatives for women remain largely unimplemented. The global female prison population doubled in twenty years, yet justice systems and institutions remain largely designed for a homogeneous male population. Prohibition-based drug policies have driven prison populations up. Over 2 million people are in prison for drug-related offences, 0.5 million of them serving a sentence for drug possession for personal use.

 

The Editorial Board
# No One Deserves to Die of Covid-19 in Jail. But more than 100 inmates already have.
www.nytimes.com/ April 23, 2020

 

Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago
# Prisons and Prisoners in Europe 2019: Key Findings of the SPACE I report
http://wp.unil.ch/ April 2020

 

Council of Europe - Commissioner for Human Rights
# COVID-19 pandemic: urgent steps are needed to protect the rights of prisoners in Europe
www.coe.int/ Strasbourg 06/04/2020

 

# Il Garante Nazionale nei giorni dell'emergenza Covid-19
http://www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 3 aprile 2020

 

European Prison Observatory
# Covid-19: What is happening in european prisons?
http://www.prisonobservatory.org/ April 3rd 2020

 

Congressional Research Service
# Federal Prisoners and COVID-19: Background and Authorities to Grant Release
https://crsreports.congress.gov/ April 2, 2020

 

Zhen Zeng
# Jail Inmates in 2018
www.bjs.gov/ March 2020
County and city jails in the United States held 738,400 inmates at midyear 2018 (table 1), a decline of 6% from 785,500 inmates held in 2008. Te midyear population remained relatively stable from 2011 to 2018. At midyear 2018, about one-third of jail inmates (248,500) were sentenced or awaiting sentencing on a conviction, while about two-thirds (490,000) were awaiting court action on a current charge or were held for other reasons.

 

Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) | OHCHR | WHO
# COVID-19: Focus on Persons Deprived of Their Liberty
27 March 2020

 

Michelle Bachelet
# Urgent action needed to prevent COVID-19 “rampaging through places of detention”
www.ohchr.org/ Geneva, 25 March 2020

 

Alessandro Albano, Francesco Picozzi
# L'importanza delle risorse inutilizzate: per un sistema penitenziario antifragile
BioLaw Journal 3/2020

 

Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago
# Prison Populations. SPACE I - 2019
25 March 2020

 

Associazione Nazionale Magistrati
# L'ANM sulla situazione delle carceri
www.associazionemagistrati.it/ 24 marzo 2020

 

Associazione Italiana dei Professori di Diritto Penale (AIPDP)
# Osservazioni e proposte del Consiglio direttivo AIPDP sull’emergenza carceraria da coronavirus, www.sistemapenale.it/ 23 marzo 2020

# Magistratura Democratica, Non aspettare, www.magistraturademocratica.it/ 23 marzo 2020

# Unione delle Camere Penali Italiane, Emergenza carcere: basta mistificazioni! www.camerepenali.it/ 20 marzo 2020

 

Comitato europeo per la prevenzione della tortura e delle pene o trattamenti inumani o degradanti (CPT)

# Principi relativi al trattamento delle persone private della libertà personale nell’ambito della pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19)

CPT/Inf(2020)13, pubblicato il 20 marzo 2020

 

Amanda Klonsky
# An Epicenter of the Pandemic Will Be Jails and Prisons, if Inaction Continues . The conditions inside, which are inhumane, are now a threat to any American with a jail in their county — meaning just about everyone.
www.nytimes.com/ March 16, 2020

 

E. Ann Carson, Mary P. Cowhig
# Mortality in Local Jails, 2000-2016 – Statistical Tables
Bureau of Justice Statistic, February 2020

 

E. Ann Carson, Mary P. Cowhig
# Mortality in State and Federal Prisons, 2001-2016 – Statistical Tables
Bureau of Justice Statistic, February 2020

 

# Relazione sull'amministrazione della Giustizia nell'anno 2019 del Primo Presidente Giovanni Mammone

# Intervento sull'amministrazione della Giustizianell'anno 2019 del Procuratore generale Giovanni Salvi

# Comunicazioni del Ministro della giustizia sull'amministrazione della giustizia, ai sensi dell'articolo86 del regio decreto 30 gennaio 1941, n. 12, come modificato dall'articolo 2, comma 29, della legge 25 luglio 2005, n. 150.

# Sintesi della Relazione del Ministro sull’amministrazione della giustizia per l’anno 2019, ai sensi dell’art. 86, R.D. 30 gennaio 1941, n.12

# Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria, Relazione del Ministero sull’amministrazione della giustizia anno 2019 - Roma, gennaio 2020

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità

# Adulti in area penale esterna. Analisi statistica dei dati15 gennaio 2020

Roma, 22 gennaio 2020

 

Vincenzo Giglio
# La solitudine dei numeri ultimi. I dati delle carceri italiane e dei “mondi” affini
Diritto Penale e Uomo, gennaio 2020
L’universo carcerario è fatto di molte più cose di quelle rilevate, classificate e archiviate. Non è colpa dei numeri che non ci sono, la colpa è di chi avrebbe dovuto raccoglierli, avendone avvertito l’importanza, e invece non l’ha fatto. Per questa grave negligenza di sistema non sappiamo niente, certamente niente di preciso e significativo, su una moltitudine di aspetti della vita degli esseri umani ristretti che pure sono per loro tanto importanti quanto per gli individui liberi...

 

Denis Yukhnenko, Shivpriya Sridhar, Seena Fazel
# A systematic review of criminal recidivism rates worldwide: 3-year update
Open Research 2020
Released prisoners are at higher risk of criminal recidivism than those serving non-custodial sentences... Although most of these recidivism events are non-violent (property crimes, violation of post-release conditions, etc.), released prisoners also have an elevated risk of violent recidivism, which are much more impactful because of high associated physical and psychological morbidity  

 

Erica L. Smith, Jessica Stroop
# Sexual Victimization Reported by Youth in Juvenile Facilities, 2018
www.bjs.gov/ December 2019
In 2018, an estimated 7.1% of youth in juvenile facilities reported being sexually victimized during the prior 12 months, down from 9.5% in 2012. This report defines sexual victimization as any forced or coerced sexual activity with another youth or any sexual activity with facility staff that takes place in a juvenile correctional facility. From 2012 to 2018, the percentage of youth reporting sexual victimization involving another youth declined from 2.5% to 1.9%, and the percentage reporting sexual victimization by facility staff declined from 7.7% to 5.8%.

 

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
# Criminal detention conditions in the European Union: rules and reality
Vienna, 11 dicembre 2019
Imagine suddenly losing control over your everyday life – and finding yourself in an environment devoid of free choice and privacy, but full of hostility and fear. This is a stark reality for many individuals in detention across the European Union. People who are detained – whether while awaiting trial or after conviction – are in many ways invisible. Subjected to a tightly controlled regimen, they have little say over when they eat, spend time outdoors, see a doctor, or even use the bathroom. As such, they are at particular risk of enduring fundamental rights violations.

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Adulti in area penale esterna Analisi statistica dei dati - 15 novembre 2019
www.giustizia.it/ 21 novembre 2019

 

Antoine Dulin
# La réinsertion des personnes détenues: l’affaire de tous et toutes
www.lecese.fr/ 26 novembre 2019
Pour l’Observatoire de la récidive et de la désistance, cette notion renvoie au « processus au cours duquel les activités délinquantes tendent à baisser, en termes de fréquence, de gravité, jusqu’à cesser». Elle est le résultat d’une interaction complexe, difficilement prévisible, entre de nombreux facteurs (psychologiques, cognitifs, mais aussi économiques et sociaux) qui sont autant de « tournants de l’existence».

 

Manfred Nowak
# United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty
https://www.ohchr.org/ November 2019
For All Invisible and Forgotten Children Deprived of Liberty... More than 7 million children are suffering in various types of child-specific institutions, immigration detention centres, police custody, prisons and other places of detention.

 

République Française - Ministère de la justice
# Statistiques de la population détenue et écrouée

# Statistique des établissements des personnes écrouées en France - situation au 1er octobre 2019
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1er october 2019

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Adulti in area penale esterna. Analisi statistica dei dati 15 ottobre 2019
Roma, 25 ottobre 2019

 

The European Prison Observatory
# Prisons in Europe. 2019 report on European prisons and penitentiary systems
http://www.antigone.it/ October 2019

 

Cecelia M. Klingele
# Measuring Change: From Rates of Recidivism to Markers of Desistance
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Fall 2019

 

The Sentencing Project
# U.S. Prison Population Trends: Massive Buildup and Modest Decline
www.sentencingproject.org/ September 2019
By yearend 2017, 1.4 million people were imprisoned in the United States, a decline of 7% since the prison population reached its peak level in 2009. This follows a nearly 700% growth in the prison population between 1972 and 2009... Alaska (39% decline since 2006)• New Jersey (38% decline since 1999)• Vermont (35% decline since 2009)• Connecticut (33% decline since 2007)• New York (32% decline since 1999)... If states and the federal government maintain this pace of decarceration, it will take 72 years—until 2091—to cut the U.S. prison population in half.

 

Philippe Bensimon
# La récidive: talon d’Achille en matière criminelle
Délinquance, justice et autres questions de société, 4 sept.2019

 

Dipartimento per la giustizia minorile e di comunità

# Adulti in area penale esterna - Aggiornamento al 15 settembre 2019
www.giustizia.it/ 18 settembre 2019

 

Ministero dell'Interno
# Dossier Viminale. Un anno di attività del Ministero dell'Interno. 1 agosto 2018 - 31 luglio 2019
www.interno.gov.it/ 15 agosto 2019

 

The Prison Reform Trust
# Prison_the facts. Bromley Briefings Summer 2019
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/
The economic cost of black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) over-representation in our prison system is estimated to be £234 million a year.43Research has found a clear direct association between ethnic group and the odds of receiving a custodial sentence. Black people are 53%, Asian 55%, and other ethnic groups 81% more likely to be sent to prison for an indictable offence at the Crown Court, even when factoring in higher not-guilty plea rates.44The number of Muslim prisoners has more than doubled over the past 16 years. In 2002 there were 5,502 Muslims in prison, by 2018 this had risen to 12,894. They now account for 16% of the prison population but just 5% of the general population

 

David J Harding, Jeffrey D Morenoff, Anh P Nguyen, Shawn D Bushway, Ingrid A Binswanger
# A natural experiment study of the effects of imprisonment on violence in the community
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Nat Hum Behav. 2019 July

 

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
# Global Study on Homicide 2019
www.unodc.org/ July 2019
The overall risk of suffering a violent death as a result of intentional homicide has been declining steadily for a quarter of a century. In 2017, there were 6.1 homicide victims per 100,000 population worldwide, compared with a rate of 7.4 in 1993. While gaps still remain in terms of the quality and availability of national data, these estimates are based on the latest and most comprehensive data submitted by Member States to UNODC up to 2017.

 

Ministère de la Justice
# Statistiques de la population détenue et écrouée - Mesure de l'incarceration
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1er juillet 2019

 

Forum Nazionale Giovani
# L'universo dimenticato. Popolazione carceraria e condizione detentiva
www.forumnazionalegiovani.it/ Luglio 2019

 

Antigone
# Numeri e criticità delle carceri italiane nell'estate 2019
www.antigone.it/ 25 luglio 2019

 

Dipartimento per la giustizia minorile e di comunità

# Adulti in area penale esterna - Aggiornamento al 15 luglio 2019
www.giustizia.it/ 18 luglio 2019

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Minorenni e giovani adulti in carico ai Servizi minorili. Analisi statistica dei dati - 15 luglio 2019
Roma, 17 luglio 2019

 

Mariel Alper, Matthew R. Durose,

# Recidivism of Sex Ofenders Released from State Prison: A 9-Year Follow-Up (2005-14)
Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2019

 

Marcelo F. Aebi, Yuji Z. Hashimoto, Mélanie M. Tiago
# Probation and Prisons in Europe, 2018: Key Findings of the SPACE reports
Council of Europe. Annual Penal Statistics, Updated version: 20 May 2019

Marcelo F. Aebi, Yuji Z. Hashimoto
# Persons under the supervision of Probation Agencies. SPACE II - 2018
Council of Europe. Annual Penal Statistics, Updated version: Updated on 21 May 2019

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Adulti in area penale esterna. Analisi statistica dei dati
www.giustizia.it/ 15 maggio 2019

 

Ministero della Giustizia. Direzione Generale di Statistica e Analisi
Tribunali e uffici di sorveglianza per adulti
# Provvedimenti di concessione di misure 2013-2017
# Provvedimenti di revoca delle misure concesse 2013-2017
Ministero della Giustizia, maggio 2019

 

Associazione Antigone
# Il carcere secondo la Costituzione. XV rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione
Roma, 16 maggio 2019

 

Jennifer Bronson, E. Ann Carson
# Prisoners in 2017
www.bjs.gov/ April 2019
The United States prison population declined from 1,508,129 at the end of 2016 to 1,489,363 at the end of 2017, a decrease of 1.2%. During the same period, the number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of federal correctional authorities decreased by 6,100 (down 3%), and the number of prisoners under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities fell by 12,600 (down 1%). Te imprisonment rate for sentenced prisoners was the lowest since 1997, at 440 prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages and 568 per 100,000 U.S. residents age 18 or older

 

CPT - European Committee for the Prevention of Tortureand Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
# 28th General Report of the CPT - 1 January - 31 December 2018
Council of Europe, April 2019

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Adulti in area penale esterna. Analisi statistica dei dati
www.giustizia.it/ Roma, 1 aprile 2019

 

Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago
# Prisons and Prisoners in Europe 2018: Key Findings of the SPACE I report
Université de Lausanne - Council of Europe

 

Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone detenute o private della libertà personale
# Relazione al Parlamento
www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 27 marzo 2019

 

Shadd Maruna, Ruth Mann
# Reconciling ‘Desistance’and ‘What Works’
www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/ February 2019
Both ‘what works’and ‘desistance’narratives are founded on a belief in what Maruna and King (2009) call ‘moral redeemability’. This is the assumption that people can change or that a person’s past is not his or her destiny. Under a moral redeemability belief system, ‘criminality’is not a permanent trait of individuals, but rather an adaptation to a person’s life circumstances that can be changed by altering thosecircumstances or self-understandings.

 

Bailey Gray, Doug Smith, Allison Franklin
# Return To Nowhere. The Revolving Door Between Incarceration and Homelessness
Texas Criminal Justice Coalition, February 2019
Homelessness and justice system involvement are inextricably linked: People experiencing homelessness are 11 times more likely to face incarceration when compared to the general population, and formerly incarcerated individuals are almost 10 times more likely to be homeless than the general public. In fact, the rate of homelessness among adult state and federal prison inmates is four to six times the annual rate of homelessness in the general population.

 

Ministry of Justice
# Offender Management Statistics Bulletin, England and Wales
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ 31 January 2019

 

Mariel Alper, Lauren Glaze
# Source and Use of Firearms Involved in Crimes: Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016
www.bjs.gov/ January 2019
An estimated 287,400 prisoners had possessed a firearm during their offense. Among these, more than half (56%) had either stolen it (6%), found it at the scene of the crime (7%), or obtained it off the street or from the underground market (43%). Most of the remainder (25%) had obtained it from a family member or friend, or as a gift. Seven percent had purchased it under their own name from a licensed firearm dealer.

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Adulti in area penale esterna. Analisi statistica dei dati 15 gennaio 2019
www.giustizia.it/ Roma, 28 gennaio 2019

 

Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone detenute o private della libertà personale
Rapporto tematico sul regime detentivo speciale ex articolo 41-bis dell'Ordinamento Penitenziario (2016-2018)
www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ Roma. 7 gennaio 2019

Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria: Osservazioni

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire, Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France. Situation au 1er janvier 2019

 

Rachel E. Morgan, Jennifer L. Truman
# Criminal Victimization, 2017
Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2018
From 1993 to 2017, the rate of violent victimization declined 74%, from 79.8 to 20.6 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older. Te survey indicated that the rate of violent victimization reported to police declined 73% during this period, from 33.8 to 9.2 victimizations reported to police per 1,000 persons age 12 or older...

 

Giovanni Mastrobuoni, Daniele Terlizzese
# Leave the Door Open? Prison Conditions and Recidivism
www.carloalberto.org/ December 2018

 

Kristina Lugo, Roger Przybylski
# Estimating the Financial Costs of Crime Victimization. Final Report
Justice Research and Statistics Association - December 2018
Despite reductions in U.S. crime rates in recent decades, crime victimization continues to be a pressing problem with enormous societal costs. Currently available national estimates of victimization costs are in the hundreds of billions of dollars each year – equivalent to between 2 percent and 6 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product. Understanding the costs of victimization and the components that comprise them can help policymakers and practitioners use resources more efficiently.

 

Partito Radicale Nonviolento Transnazionale Transpartito
# Dossier carcere
Roma, 7 Dicembre 2018

 

Marcelo F. Aebi, Léa Berger-Kolopp, Christine Burkhardt, Mélanie M. Tiago
# Prisons in Europe, 2005-2015 vol. 1      # vol. II
https://wp.unil.ch/ Lausanne, 30 June 2018 – Updated on 29 November 2018

 

Danielle Kaeble
# Time Served in State Prison, 2016
www.bjs.gov/ November 2018
Persons released from state prisons in 2016 served an average of 46% of their maximum sentence length before their first release. The average sentence length for persons released for murder or non-negligent manslaughter in 2016 was more than three times the average sentence length of other violent offenses and more than five times the average sentence length of any non-violent offenses. Among broader categories, the percentage of maximum sentence that prisoners served was highest for violent offenses (54%) and lowest for drug (41%) and other unspecified (36%) offenses. For offenders first released from state prison in 2016, the average sentence length for drug offenses was 4.0 years  for possession and 6.7 years for trafficking, and the  average time served was 15 months for possession and  26 months for trafficking.

 

Shelley S. Hyland
# Body-Worn Cameras in Law Enforcement Agencies, 2016
www.bjs.gov/ November 2018
In 2016, nearly half (47%) of the 15,328 general-purpose law enforcement agencies in the United States had acquired body-worn cameras (BWCs). By comparison, 69% had dashboard cameras and 38% had personal audio recorders... About 80% of the largest local police departments (employing 500 or more full-time sworn officers) had acquired BWCs, and 70% had at least started placing the BWCs service. In comparison, about 31% of local police  departments employing only part-time sworn officers  had acquired BWCs and had placed BWCs in service.

 

Emilio Dolcini
# Carcere, problemi vecchi e nuovi
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ Milano 5 novembre 2018
Il diritto penale ha una primaria funzione di garanzia del cittadino – anche di chi delinque – nei confronti dell’autorità pubblica; la Costituzione corrobora quella funzione di garanzia: garantisce il cittadino di fronte allo stesso diritto penale. Detto più semplicemente: la Costituzione indica una serie di cose che il legislatore non deve fare. Una sola volta la Costituzione ribalta questa prospettiva, prevedendo – in forma espressa – un obbligo di incriminazione. Così recita l’art. 13 co. 4: “È punita ogni violenza fisica e morale sulle persone comunque sottoposte a restrizioni di libertà”. Una previsione, dunque, con la quale, eccezionalmente, il Costituente anticipa valutazioni politico-criminali che normalmente sono rimesse al legislatore ordinario. Perché questa eccezionale anticipazione? Per ragioni storiche: per “la consapevolezza degli arbitri e delle violenze che, soprattutto da parte della polizia, erano stati perpetrati sotto il regime fascista”

 

Donatella Stasio
# La lezione di Dworkin: anche nella partita sulla sicurezza, la «briscola» è la tutela dei diritti fondamentali
Questione Giustizia, 30 ottobre 2018
Reati in calo, processi lenti, carceri affollate: un quadro che ci riporta indietro di dieci anni e riapre prospettive securitarie. Secondo il filosofo americano, il rispetto dei diritti umani non è un impiccio di cui liberarsi per placare la paura e riscuotere consensi

 

Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP
# Modifiche organizzative e gestionali della vita detentiva e aggressività. Una valutazione delle possibili relazioni intercorrenti
Ottobre 2018

 

# Projet de loi de programmation 2019-2022 et de réforme pour la justice : une réforme qui ne convainc pas
www.federationaddiction.fr/ Oct 2018

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire, Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France. Situation au 1er octobre 2018

 

Ministry of Justice
# Offender Management Statistics Bulletin, England and Wales. Quarterly April to June 2018. Prison population: 30 September 2018
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ Published 25 October 2018

83,005 prisoners in England and Wales as at 30 September 2018. The total prison population has decreased by 3%, compared with the same point in the previous year. 261,196 offenders on probation as at 30 June 2018. The number of offenders on probation at the end of June 2018 was stable (less than 1% decrease) compared to the same point in the previous year...

 

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime - UNODC
# Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders
www.unodc.org/ Vienna, 2018
At the level of the individual, recidivism is prevented when an offender desists from crime. “Desistance” refers to the process by which, with or without external intervention, offenders cease to engage in criminal conduct and maintain crime-free lives. A number of factors are associated with desistance from crime, such as the acquisition of new skills, full-time employment or significant life partnership. Changes in family and employment circumstances are key factors in accounting for desistance. However, while it seems plausible that desistance becomes less likely when problematic social circumstances increase, the causal relationship between these  factors and the absence of criminal behaviour are difficult to specify...

 

France
# Le Plan Pénitentiaire. Présentation
justice.gouv.fr/ Conseil des ministres du 12 septembre 2018

 

Lorena Allam, Calla Wahlquist and Nick Evershed
# The 147 dead: terrible toll of Indigenous deaths in custody spurs calls for reform. Exclusive: Guardian investigation of a decade of Indigenous deaths prompts calls for independent detention monitor
www.theguardian.com/ Mon 27 Aug 2018
147 Indigenous people have died over the decade and 407 have died since the end of the royal commission into deaths in custody in 1991 Indigenous people are dying in custody from treatable medical conditions, and are much less likely than non-Indigenous people to receive the care they need -- Agencies such as police watch-houses, prisons and hospitals failed to follow all of their own procedures in 34% of cases where Indigenous people died, compared with 21% of cases for non-Indigenous people -- Mental health or cognitive impairment was a factor in 41% of all deaths in custody. But Indigenous people with a diagnosed mental health condition or cognitive impairment, such as a brain injury or foetal alcohol syndrome disorder, received the care they needed in just 53% of cases...

 

Illinois Sentencing Policy Advisory Council (SPAC)
# The High Cost of Recidivism
www.icjia.state.il.us/ Summer 2018
If recidivism reduction strategies are successful, the savings generated become available for other uses — including more investment in programs that work within the criminal justice system, social service interventions that reduce the risk of future criminal behavior, and reentry programs for offenders returning to the community — that reduce the number of victimizations going forward. If recidivism is not addressed using research and cost-benefit analysis, the people of Illinois will continue to pay the high cost of maintaining the status quo

 

Ministry of Justice
# Guide to Offender Management Statistics England and Wales
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ July 2018

 

Matthew Heeks, Sasha Reed, Mariam Tafsiri, Stuart Prince
# The economic and social costs of crime. Second edition
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ Research Report 99, July 2018
The total costs of crime in England and Wales in the 2015/16 are estimated to be approximately £50bn for crimes against individuals and £9bn for crimes against businesses. Violent crimes make up the largest proportion of the total costs of individual crime – almost three quarters – but only one third of the number of crimes. This is mainly due to the higher physical and emotional costs to the victims of violent offences. These costs are particularly high for crimes that are more likely to result in emotional injuries, such as rape and violence with injury. The offence with the highest estimated unit cost is homicide (£ 3.2m). Rape (£39,360) has the highest estimated unit cost of non-fatal offences...

 

Georgina Sturge
# UK Prison Population Statistics
papers@parliament.uk, 23 July 2018
The prison population of England & Wales quadrupled in size between 1900 and 2017, with around half of this increase taking place since 1990. The Scottish prison population almost doubled in size since 1900 and rose 60% since 1990. The data series for Northern Ireland begins in 2000. Between 2000 and 2016/17 the prison population of Northern Ireland increased by 38%, although the prison population is currently at its lowest since 2010. To put the prison population in context, it is possible to calculate the number of prisoners per 100,000 people in the general population. At the most recent count there were: • 179 prisoners per 100,000 of the population in England and Wales in 2017 • 166 per 100,000 in Scotland (2016/17) and • 98 per 100,000 in Northern Ireland (2016/17).

 

Jacques Bigot et François-Noël Buffet (Sénateurs)
# Rapport d'Information Fait au nom de la commission des lois constitutionnelles, de législation, du suffrage universel, du Règlement et d’administration générale sur la nature des peines, leur efficacitéet leur mise en œuvre
http://www.senat.fr/ 2018

Près de la moitié des peines principales prononcées en 2016 par les juridictions judiciaires étaient des peines d’emprisonnement : 287 511 peines d’emprisonnement pour 582 142 peines prononcées. Outre 203 300 peines d’amende, seulement 63 362 peines « alternatives » ou de substitution ont été prononcées à titre principal... La place centrale accordée à l’emprisonnement apparaît paradoxale au regard de la saturation de la chaine pénale et carcérale qui conduit à aménagerde nombreuses peines d’emprisonnement ferme et donc à ne pas les exécuter sous la forme prononcée par les juridictions ; cette déconnexion croissante, et illisible, entre le prononcé et l’exécution des peines d’emprisonnement avait déjà été dénoncée en 2017 par le rapport de la mission d’information de votre commission sur le redressement de la justice « Cinq ans pour sauver la justice ! ».

 

Censis - FederSicurezza
# 1° Rapporto sulla filiera della sicurezza in Italia
www.censis.it/ Roma, 27 giugno 2018

Sul mercato della sicurezza... Lasciare troppo spazio alla libera iniziativa dei cittadini significherebbe, da un lato, incrementare le distanze sociali tra chi si può permettere i sistemi di difesa e chi no, e, dall’altro, andare incontro a pericolose derive giustizialiste della “sicurezza fai da te”...

 

U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice Programs - Bureau of Justice Statistics
# PREA Data Collection Activities, 2018
www.bjs.gov/ June 2018

 

ISTAT
# La percezione della sicurezza, Anni 2015-2016
www.istat.it/ 22 giugno 2018

 

Penal Reform International
# Global Prison Trends 2018
www.penalreform.org/ May 2018
Global Prison Trends 2018 is the fourth edition in Penal Reform International’s annual series, published in collaboration with the Thailand Institute of Justice. The report analyses trends in criminal justice and the use of imprisonment and, as in previous years, these show that while overall crime rates around the world have declined, the number of people in prison on any given day is rising... 2017   2016   2015

 

Cristina Rodríguez Yagüe
# Un análisis de las estrategias contra la sobrepoblación penitenciaria en España a la luz de los estándares europeos
Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología, 20.05.2018
La tasa de encarcelamiento en nueve años pasa de estar en 114 internos por 100.000 habitantes a 173. Claramente es el año 2009 el que supone una inflexión, pues a partir de entonces comienza un descenso de la población penitenciaria en centros españoles pero siempre sin recuperar los niveles de comienzos de siglo. Lógicamente esa tasa de encarcelamiento repercute en la tasa de sobreocupación , que ha llegado a alcanzar niveles alarmantes en estos años. Actualmente veremos que, gracias a una importante política de creación de nuevos centros penitenciarios, la densidad de la población ha disminuido hasta situarse, por regla general, en unos parámetros aceptables

 

United Nations - Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
# Report on the twenty-seventh session (8 December 2017 and 14-18 May 2018)
United Nations • New York, 2018

 

Elias Nosrati, Michael Ash, Michael Marmot, Martin McKee, Lawrence P King
# The association between income and life expectancy revisited: deindustrialization, incarceration and the widening health gap
International Journal of Epidemiology, 2018, 720–730
In the USA between 2001 and 2014, deindustrialization and incarceration subtracted roughly 2.5 years from the lifespan of the poor, pointing to their role as major health determinants. Future research must remain conscious of the upstream determinants and the political economy of public health. If public policy responses to growing health inequalities are to be effective, they must consider strengthening industrial policy and ending hyper-incarceration.

 

Donatella Stasio
# Carcere e recidiva, l'offensiva contro le statistiche per fermare il cambiamento (vero)
http://questionegiustizia.it/ 28 maggio 2018
Dieci anni ci sono voluti per tentare di riconciliare questo Paese con la sua migliore tradizione democratica e il suo più fecondo riformismo degli anni ’70, ancorché rimasto sulla carta, per riavvicinarlo agli standard di civiltà giuridica europei, per riscattare l’infamia di una condanna per «trattamenti inumani e degradanti», per ridurre lo scarto esistente tra il cosiddetto sentire comune e il patrimonio di valori costituzionali che, quello sì, dovrebbe essere “comune” ma purtroppo non lo è...

 

Mariel Alper, Matthew R. Durose, Joshua Markman
# 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014)
Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2018
Five in 6 (83%) state prisoners released in 2005 across 30 states were arrested at least once during the 9 years following their release. The remaining 17% were not arrested after release during the 9-year follow-up period. About 4 in 9 (44%) prisoners released in 2005 were arrested at least once during their first year after release. About 1 in 3 (34%) were arrested during their third year after release, and nearly 1 in 4 (24%) were arrested during their ninth year.

 

The Council of Economic Advisers
# Returns on Investments in Recidivism-reducing Programs
www.whitehouse.gov/ May 2018
CEA finds evidence that certain individual programs can reduce crime as well as reduce spending by lowering long-run incarceration costs. Programs that save at least one dollar in crime and incarceration costs for every dollar spent are deemed cost effective. More specifically, with a focus on rigorous studies of the programs that have been previously implemented, CEA finds that, on average, programs that address the prisoner’s mental health or substance abuse  problems may reduce the cost of crime by about $0.92 to $3.31 per taxpayer dollar spent on prison reform and long-run incarceration costs by $0.55 to $1.96, for a total return of $1.47 to $5.27 per taxpayer dollar

 

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales
# Annual Report 2017–18 - Presented to Parliament pursuant to Section 5A of the Prison Act 1952 as amended by Section 57 of the Criminal Justice Act 1982.
www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/ 2018

 

Jaeok Kim, Preeti Chauhan, Olive Lu, Meredith Patten
# Unpacking Pretrial Detention: An Examination of Patterns and Predictors of Readmissions
Criminal Justice Policy Review · May 2018
Recent estimates suggest that the number of individuals admitted to jails increased from 9.7 million in 1993 to 13.6 million in 2008. In 2015, there were 10.9 million individuals admitted to local jails in the United States and the average daily jail population was over 720,000. From 2005 to 2013, the number of unconvicted (i.e., pretrial) defendants held in local jails on any given day was over 450,000, and accounted for over 60% of the daily jail population. In New York City, which has one of the biggest jail systems in the country, approximately three quarters of admissions to the Department of Correction (DOC) in 2015 were for pretrial detention...

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire - Bureau des statistiques et des études (SDME - Me5)
# Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France. Situation au 1er mai 2018
www.justice.gouv.fr

 

Danielle Kaeble, Mary Cowhig
# Correctional Populations in the United States, 2016
Bureau of Justice Statistics, April 2018
An estimated 6,613,500 persons were under the supervision of U.S. adult correctional systems on December 31, 2016. The adult correctional population consists of persons held in prisons and jails and persons on probation and parole. The correctional population decreased 0.9% from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2016. From 2007 to 2016, the correctional population declined by an average of 1.2% annually, ranging from a decrease of 0.4% in 2008 to 2.1% in 2010. At year-end 2016, about 1 in 38 persons in the United States were under correctional supervision...

 

Mark Brown, Stuart Ross
# Mentoring, Social Capital and Desistance: A Study of Women Released from Prison
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 43(1):31-50 · April 2010 
...First, drawing upon desistance theory it attempts to develop a theoretical underpinning for mentoring practice with ex-offenders that would identify appropriate targets for mentoring practice, including the development of social capital or connectedness. Part two of the article utilises data from research on a women’s mentoring program in Victoria, Australia, to understand how one key dimension of desistance — social capital — is recognised by women as a domain of need and those women’s perceptions of the way mentoring may deliver gains in social connectedness and capital.

 

Aurélie Stoll, Manon Jendly
# (Re)connaître les mécanismes de la désistance : un état des savoirs
Jusletter 30, April 2018
Alors qu’il est empiriquement attesté que la criminalité est essentiellement l’affaire d’adolescents et de jeunes adultes et que la grande majorité d’entre eux finit par abandonner cette vie problématique, il est intéressant de constater que la désistance est la composante de l’étude des carrières criminelles qui a jusqu’à présent reçu le moins d’attention. Entendue comme un processus qui mène progressivement à l’arrêt de conduites délinquantes, elle constitue un champ de connaissances pourtant particulièrement prometteur pour revisiter les pratiques d’intervention contemporaines déployées auprès de personnes judiciarisées.

 

Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor
# Using evidence to build a better justice system: The challenge of rising prison costs
www.pmcsa.org.nz/ Auckland, New Zealand, 29 March 2018
The general context of prisons filling up with people on remand awaiting trial and of prisoners waiting longer for parole, relate to political decisions that ramp up being ‘tough on crime’ with no evidence of benefit. Beyond the incapacitation of a given individual (which keeps the general public ‘safe’ from that specific offender), prisons overall reduce public safety by their criminogenic effects (both on the individual and subsequent generations). Resources are overwhelmingly directed to those already in the criminal-justice system, not to the prevention of theirgetting there. Yet there is strong and compelling evidence that interventions for preschoolers and young children experiencing trauma and maltreatment, and showing challenging behaviours that underpin a pathway to offending, are effective. The younger the child at intervention, the more effective it is likely to be...

 

Jeffrey A. Butts, Vincent Schiraldi
# Recidivism Reconsidered: Preserving the Community Justice Mission of Community Corrections
www.hks.harvard.edu/ March 2018
Despite promising research on the potential for desistance-focused approaches to improve outcomes, community corrections agencies continue to rely on recidivism as the primary measure of their effectiveness... Our purpose in this discussion is not to end the use of recidivism as a justice system measure but to illustrate its limits and to encourage the development and use of more suitable measures — namely, positive outcomes related to the complex process of criminal desistance.

 

Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics
# Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago, Léa Berger-Kolopp, Christine Burkhardt , SPACE I 2016, Prison Populations

# Marcelo F Aebi, Julien Chopin, SPACE II 2016, Persons Serving Non-Custodial Sanctions and Measures in 2016, rev. 12.03.2018
www.coe.int/ 20.03.2018

# Executive_summary_march2018

 

Robin S. Engel, Robert E. Worden, Nicholas Corsaro, Hannah D. McManus, Danielle Reynolds, Hannah Cochran, Gabrielle T. Isaza, Jennifer Calnon Cherkauskas | IACP/UC Center for Research and Policy
# Deconstructing the Power to Arrest: Lessons from Research
www.theiacp.org/ March 15, 2018
It is a seemingly simple proposition that it is better for police to divert very low-risk offenders from the justice system, in which their involvement may have criminogenic effects, and to divert those with behavioral health and/or criminogenic needs away from the justice system and to ward supports and services that can better address their needs. It is not at all simple , however, to make that proposition a reality. Alternatives to arrest can take many different forms, not all of which are equally acceptable to street-level personnel. Well-founded diversion decisions require information thatofficers in the field typically lack and cannot easily acquire...

 

John F. Pfaff
# Criminal Punishment and the Politics of Place
Fordham Urban Law Journal, vol. XLV, 2018
The criminal justice system is not a single coherent “system,” but rather a somewhat—or sometimes extremely—chaotic collection of agencies, each responding to a unique set of incentives. And these incentives are, quite frequently, strongly shaped by who the constituents are, which is determined by where the constituents are. The two examples above highlight the need to account for place, and how thinking about where these agencies are helps us better understand what they are going to do,  and thus what sorts of reforms we may need to enact...

 

Zhen Zeng
# Jail Inmates in 2016
www.bjs.gov/ February 2018
At midyear 2016, about 740,700 inmates were confined in county and city jails in the United States. The midyear jail population (i.e., the number of inmates held in custody on the last weekday in June) remained relatively stable from 2011 to 2016 and below a peak of 785,500 in 2008, which was the highest count since 1982. There were 229 jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. esidents at midyear 2016, down from 259 per 100,000 residents at midyear 2007. Jails reported 10.6 million admissions during 2016, which was 14.5 times the size of the average daily population (ADP) in 2016 (731,300 inmates)...

 

Charles Falconer

# British justice is in flames. The MoJ’s fiddling is criminal. From prisons to probation and legal aid, the entire system is on the verge of collapse – and poor people bear the brunt. Act now, lord chancellor
www.theguardian.com/ Tue 6 Feb 2018
No one who knows anything about the justice system doubts it is in crisis, that the crisis is unprecedented, that it is rendering the system unable to perform its most basic functions. And that the victims of this are poor people. The prisons are as dangerous as they have ever been in modern times to prison officers and prisoners alike. The probation service has ceased to function in the face of a misconceived privatisation.

 

Human Rights Watch
# “I Needed Help, Instead I Was Punished”. Abuse and Neglect of Prisoners with Disabilities in Australia
www.hrw.org/ February 6, 2018

The statistics on how overrepresented people with disabilities are in prison—and especially how overrepresented certain groups of people with disabilities are—call into question the fairness and effectiveness of Australia’s justice system. People with disabilities, particularly a cognitive or psychosocial disability, are overrepresented in the criminal justice system in Australia—comprising around 18 percent of the country’s population, but almost 50 percent of people entering prison.

 

John Gramlich
# 5 facts about crime in the U.S.A.
www.pewresearch.org/ January 30, 2018
The two most commonly cited sources of crime statistics in the U.S. both show a substantial decline in the violent crime rate since it peaked in the early 1990s. One is an annual report by the FBI of serious crimes reported to police in approximately 18,000 jurisdictions around the country. The other is an annual survey of more than 90,000 households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, which asks Americans ages 12 and older whether they were victims of crime, regardless of whether they reported those crimes to the police.

 

Ministry of Justice
# Offender Management statistics quarterly, England and Wales. Quarter: July to September 2017, Prison population: 31 December 2017
www.gov.uk/ 25 January 2018

# Monthly Bulletin - December 2017

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire - Bureau des statistiques et des études (SDME - Me5)
# Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France. Situation au 1er janvier 2018
www.justice.gouv.fr

 

Amanda Y. Agan, Michael D. Makowsky
# The Minimum Wage, EITC, and Criminal Recidivism
www.nakedcapitalism.com/ January 9, 2018
Every year, more than 600,000 men and women are released from U.S. prisons; nearly one-third will return to prison within three years. The probability these individuals returnto prison is in part determined by the labor market opportunities they face upon release In the market for low and unskilled labor, releasedprisoners are likely to be on the margin of employment and may be particularly sensitive tochanges in low-wage labor market policie... we estimate how two major low-wage labor market policies, the minimumwage and earned income tax credits (EITCs), impact the probability a recently releasedprisoner returns to prison. We exploit variations in the levels and existence of these poli-cies across states combined with microdata from nearly six million individual prison releaserecords from 2000 to 2014 across 42 states to understand how these policies impact recidivism.

 

E. Ann Carson
# Prisoners in 2016
Bureau of Justice Statistics, January 2018
The number of prisoners under state and federal jurisdiction at year-end 2016 (1,505,400) was a 7% decrease (down 110,100 prisoners) from 2009 when the U.S. prison population peaked. Federal prisoners made up 13% of the total U.S. prison population at year-end 2016 but accounted for 34% of the decline in the total prison population. The number of federal prisoners decreased from 196,500 in 2015 to 189,200 in 2016. This was the fourth consecutive year of population decline among federal prisoners.

 

Ames Grawert, James Cullen
# Crime in 2017: Updated Analysis
Brennan Center for Justice

The overall crime rate in the 30 largest cities in 2017 is estimated to decline slightly from the previous year, falling by 2.7 percent. If this trend holds, crime rates will remain near historic lows. The violent crime rate will also decrease slightly, by 1.1 percent, essentially remaining stable. Violent crime remains near the bottom of the nation’s 30-year downward trend. The 2017 murder rate in the 30 largest cities is estimated to decline by 5.6 percent. Large decreases this year in Chicago and Detroit, as well as small decreases in other cities, contributed to this decline.

 

European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol)
# Internet Organized Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA) 2017
www.europol.europa.eu/ 2017
This year’s report highlights how cybercrime continues to grow and evolve, taking new forms and directions, as demonstrated in some of the attacks of unprecedented scale of late 2016 and mid- 017.It further highlights the progressive convergence of cyber and serious and organised crime, supported by a professional underground service economy

 

Eurostat
# Crime and criminal justice statistics Data extracted in May 2017
ec.europa.eu/ 23 jan 2018
The total number of prisoners across the EU-28 (excluding Belgium) rose slightly each year between 2008 and 2012, and then fell by 3.6 % in 2013 and by 3.5 % in 2014 and by 2.9 % in 2015. The prison population in 2015 was 6.4 % below what it had been in 2008. The number of prisoners with foreign citizenship (including other EU citizenship) rose somewhat faster in 2009 and 2010 across the EU-28 (excluding Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Malta and Sweden), but declined as from 2011. By 2015 it was 12.2 % below the 2008 level.

 

# Giovanni Mammone, Primo Presidente della Corte di cassazione, Relazione sull’amministrazione della Giustizia, 26 gennaio 2018

# Riccardo Fuzio, Procuratore generale della Corte suprema di cassazione , Intervento nell’Assemblea generale della Corte sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2017, 26 gennaio 2018

# Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria, Inaugurazione Anno Giudiziario 2018
# Dipartimento per la Giustizia Minorile e di Comunità, Inaugurazione Anno Giudiziario 2018

# Marina Anna Tavassi, Presidente della Corte di Appello di Milano, Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nel Distretto della Corte di Appello di Milano, 27 gennaio 2018

 

ACLU New Jersey
# A Vision to End Mass Incarceration in New Jersey
www.issuelab.org/ December 2017
The United States and New Jersey face a mass incarceration crisis. Although New Jersey has seen a recent decline in its incarcerated population, close to 35,000 people are still housed in its prisons and jails. In fact, despite the recent decline, the size of New Jersey's prison population increased by 278 percent between 1975 and 2015.hetey

 

Florence De Bruyn, Annie Kensey
# 50 ans d’études quantitatives sur les récidives enregistrées
www.justice.gouv.fr/ Décembre 2017
Ce Travaux & Documents présente, sous forme de fiches synthétiques et récapitulatives les recherches quantitatives réalisées en France depuis 50 ans en matière de récidives délictuelle et criminelle, officiellement enregistrées et judiciairement sanctionnées, ainsi que quelques recherches menées à l’étranger qui ont attiré notre attention par leur originalité. Cependant, nous ne saurions présenter ces études sans évoquer à minima le contexte dans lequel elles ont pu être produites. Comment la récidive devient-elle un objet d’études et pourquoi ? Pourquoi et comment quantifier la « récidive » ? Quels besoins cette quantification tente-t-elle de satisfaire ?

 

Observatoire de la Récidive et de la Désistance
# Rapport annuel del l'observatoire de la recidive et de la desistance
www.justice.gouv.fr/ 2017
La désistance est, en revanche, un sujet relativement nouveau en France. Sa seule évocation soulève des interrogations. Sa définition vient d’être arrêtée et elle figurera très bientôt dans le dictionnaire comme étant : « le processus par lequel une personne sort de la délinquance ». Cette sortie de la délinquance, qui s’inscrit dans une dynamique, résulte de la conjugaison de nombreux facteurs, endogènes et exogènes et caractérise un changement de vie profond et durable.

 

Rachel E. Morgan, Grace Kena
# Criminal Victimization, 2016
Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2017
In 2016, about half (51%) of serious violent crimes, including rape or sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault, were reported to police. In comparison, 42% of all violent crimes and 36% of property crimes were reported to police. Rates of violent victimization, serious violent victimization, and property victimization were higher in urban areas than in  suburban and rural areas in 2016. The rate of violent victimization in urban areas was 29.9 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older, compared to 15.4 per 1,000 in suburban and 21.7 per 1,000 in rural areas...

 

William H. Pryor, Jr., Rachel E. Barkow, Charles R. Breyer, Danny C. Reeves, Zachary C. Bolitho, J. Patricia Wilson Smoot, Kenneth P. Cohen, Glenn R. Schmit, Kim Steven Hunt, Kim Steven Hunt, Billy Easley II,
# The Effects of Aging on Recidivism Among Federal Offenders
www.ussc.gov/ United States Sentencing Commission; December 2017
Older offenders were substantially less likely than younger offenders to recidivate following release. Over an eight-year follow-up period, 13.4 percent of offenders age 65 or older at the time of release were rearrested compared to 67.6 percent of offenders younger than age 21 at the time of release. The pattern was consistent across age groupings, and recidivism measured by rearrest, reconviction, and reincarceration declined as age increased.

 

Andrew Bushnel
# Australia's Criminal Justice Costs: an International Comparison
Institute of Public Affairs, december 2017
Incarceration in Australia is growing rapidly. The 2016 adult incarceration rate was 208 per 100,000 adults, up 28 percent from 2006. There are now more than 36,000 prisoners, up 39 percent from a decade ago... Australian prisons are among the most expensive in the world. Among countries for which 2014 data is available, Australia had the fifth highest per prisoner annual prison cost. The cost of putting one person in prison for a year was $109,500. Only Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and Luxembourg had higher costs.

 

Jessica Jacobson, Catherine Heard, Helen Fair | ICPR
# Prison. Evidence of its use and over-use from around the world
2017 Institute for Criminal Policy Research
Whether you would end up in prison is also affected by who you are. For example, Roma people make up around 40% of Hungary’s prison population, despite representing only 6% of the national population; and Indigenous people in Australia represent 27% of adult prisoners while making up around 2% of all adult Australians. Across the board, poor and marginalised communities are overrepresented in prisons.

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Dati statistici
www.giustizia.it/ 15 novembre 2017

 

Cédric Mathiot
# Non, les peines alternatives ne sont pas deux fois plus efficaces que la prison ferme
www.liberation.fr/ 1 novembre 2017
... En raisonnant avec des personnes de profils comparables, le taux de condamnation à l’emprisonnement ferme des personnes condamnées à du SME (52%) est beaucoup plus proche de celui des sortants de prison (61%). Même chose si on regarde le taux de recondamnation simple : les sortants de prison ont été 72% à être recondamnés dans les cinq ans. Ils sont suivis de près par les condamnés à du SME (68%) ou à du sursis simple (62%). Ces chiffres montrent toujours que la prison ferme débouche davantage sur la récidive que les  peines non carcérales. Mais avec des chiffres moins spectaculaires. Mais plus honnêtes.

 

Observatoire de la récidive et de la désistance
# Rapport Annuel 2017
www.justice.gouv.fr / 2017
La récidive et la désistance: notions distinctes, notions complexes. Celui qui récidive peut être sorti de la délinquance. Celui qui ne récidive pas peut ne pas être sorti de la délinquance. Contrairement à la récidive, la désistance (plus récente en France qu’à l’étranger) se définit d’une manière plus dynamique et processuelle. Une personne considérée comme récidiviste (du fait qu’elle soit condamnée à nouveau pour une infraction commise quelques mois auparavant) peut être sortie de la délinquance dans le sens où elle est maintenant « passée à autre chose », notamment en s’engageant dans une vie familiale ou dans un travail. A l’inverse, une personne considérée comme non-récidiviste n’est pas nécessairement sortie de la délinquance : elle peut continuer les activités délinquantes (et devenir plus performante) sans se faire arrêter par la police.

 

HM Inspectorate of Probation for England and Wales
# Annual Report 2017 (Introduced by HM Chief Inspector of Probation Dame Glenys Stacey)
www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/ HM Inspectorate of Probation 2017
Yet in some CRCs, individuals meet with their probation worker in places that lack privacy, when sensitive and difficult conversations must take place. Some do not meet with their probation worker face-to face. Instead, they are supervised by telephone calls every six weeks or so from junior professional staff carrying 200 cases or more. I find it inexplicable that, under the banner of innovation, these developments were allowed...

[The Guardian...]

 

David J. Harding, Jeffrey D. Morenoff, Anh P. Nguyen, Shawn D. Bushway
# Short- and long-term effects of imprisonment on future felony convictions and prison admissions
http://www.pnas.org/ PNAS | October 17, 2017 | vol. 114 |no. 42
... Being sentenced to prison rather than probation increases the probability of imprisonment in the first 3 years after release from prison by 18 percentage points among nonwhites and 19 percentage points among whites. Further results show that such effects are driven primarily by imprisonment for technical violations of community supervision rather than new felony convictions. This suggests that more stringent postprison parole supervision (relative to probation supervision) increases imprisonment through the detection and punishment of low-level offending or violation behavior...

 

Prison Reform Trust
# Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ Autumn 2017
In 2016–17, two-thirds of prisons in England and Wales were overcrowded (79 of the 119 prisons). Nearly 21,000 people were held in overcrowded accommodation—almost a quarter of the prison population. The majority were doubling up in cells designed for one. This level of overcrowding has remained broadly unchanged for the last 14 years....

 

PEW Charitable Trusts
# Prison Health Care: Costs and Quality. How and why states strive for high-performing systems
www.pewtrusts.org/ Oct 2017
On a typical day, state prisons house more than a million people, many of whom have extensive and communicable health ailments. The manner in which services are provided affects state budgets because of the expensive treatments for some common conditions, the downstream costs of delayed or inadequate care, and the legal and financial consequences of being found to violate inmates’ constitutional rights to “reasonably adequate” care. Moreover, with nearly all incarcerated individuals eventually returning to society, treatment and discharge planning—especially for those with a substance use disorder, mental illness, or infectious disease—play an important role in statewide anti- recidivism and public health efforts. Taken together, these realities call for the attention of policymakers and administrators.

 

Michela Finizio, # Ecco la mappa dei reati: 284 denunce ogni ora. Nel 2016 si conferma il calo generale dei delitti (7,4%), ilsole24ore.it/ 9 ottobre 2017

Maurizio Fiasco, # Alt al mercato speculativo della paura, ilsole24ore.it/ 9 ottobre 2017

 

Parlamento europeo | 2014-2019
# Sistemi carcerari e condizioni di detenzione. Risoluzione del Parlamento europeo del 5 ottobre 2017 sui sistemi carcerari e le condizioni di detenzione (2015/2062(INI)
www.europarl.europa.eu/

 

DAP Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria

# Circolare sull'organizzazione del circuito detentivo speciale previsto dall'art. 41 bis O.P.
2 ottobre 2017

 

Federico Olivo
# La recidiva nell'esecuzione penale: grande menzogna oppure ricerca da approfondire?
www.sappe.it/ Settembre 2017

... Peccato però che in Italia, nessuno, né il Parlamento, né il Governo, nemmeno il Ministro della Giustizia in carica, tuttora, abbiano minimamente idea del tasso effettivo di recidiva del sistema penale italiano.

 

Giacomo Di Gennaro, Riccardo Marselli (a cura di)
# Criminalità e sicurezza a Napoli. Secondo rapporto
Federico II University Press, Napoli 2017

 

David Roodman
# The impacts of incarceration on crime
Open Philanthropy Project, September 2017
My best estimate is that the best estimate of the impact of additional incarceration on crime in the United States today is zero. Incarceration can be thought of as affecting crime before, during, and after: before incarceration, in that stiffer sentences may deter offending; during, in that people inside prison cannot physically commit crime outside; and after, in that having been incarcerated may shift one’s chance of reoffending. The first is here called “deterrence,” the second “incapacitation,” and the third “aftereffects.” In short, incarceration’s “before” effect is mild or zero while the “after” cancels out the “during”.

 

Giorgio Alleva
# Audizione alla Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul femminicidio, nonché su ogni forma di violenza di genere
# Allegato

www.istat.it/ Roma, 27 settembre 2017
In generale, la quota di straniere che dichiara di aver subito violenza fisica o sessuale è pressoché identica a quella delle donne italiane (31,3% – 644 mila donne, contro 31,5% – 6 milioni 144 mila donne). Si attestano sopra la media le donne moldave, che superano il 35 per cento (37,3%), le romene (33,9%) e le ucraine (33,2%), mentre le percentuali sono più basse della media fra le donne marocchine (21,7%), albanesi (18,8%) e cinesi (16,4%).

 

United States Government Accountability Office (GAO)
# Costs of Crime. Experts Report Challenges Estimating Costs and Suggest Improvements to Better Inform Policy Decisions
www.gao.gov/ September 2017

 

Laura Jaitman (ed)
# The Costs of Crime and Violence New Evidence and Insights in Latin America and the Caribbean
https://publications.iadb.org/ 2017
What exactly are the social costs of crime and how can we measure them? These costs certainly include the direct costs as a result of crime: injury, damage, and loss. There are also costs in anticipation of crime, such as public and private expenditure on security. And there are costs in response to crime, such as the cost of the criminal justice system. We should also take into account other indirect or intangible costs such as changes in behavior due to the fear of crime or the costs to the families of victims. Indeed, there are probably many other consequences of crime that are costly and should be considered, including the possibility that what people are willing to pay to reduce crime may sometimes even be much higher than what the aggregate costs of crime to society actually turn out to be.

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Dati Statistici - Aggiornamento
www.giustizia.it/ 15 settembre 2017

 

Ronald D’Amico, Christian Geckeler, Hui Kim
# An Evaluation of Seven Second Chance Act Adult Demonstration Programs: Impact Findings at 18 Months
www.ncjrs.gov/ September 2017
Being assigned to the program group did not reduce involvement with the criminal justice system in the 18 months after random assignment. Whether recidivism was measured using survey or administrative data, those in the program group were no less likely to be re-arrested, reconvicted, or re-incarcerated; their time to re-arrest or re-incarceration was no shorter; and they did not have fewer total days incarcerated (including time in both prisons and jails)....

 

Ames C. Grawert, James Cullen | Brennan Center for Justice
# Crime in 2017: A Preliminary Analysis
www.brennancenter.org/ September 6, 2017
- The overall crime rate in 2017 is projected to decrease slightly, by 1.8 percent. If this estimate holds, 2017 will have the second-lowest crime rate since 1990. - The violent crime rate is projected to decrease slightly, by 0.6 percent, essentially remaining stable. - The 2017 murder rate is projected to be 2.5 percent lower than last year. This year’s decline is driven primarily by decreases in Detroit (down 25.6 percent), Houston (down 20.5 percent), and New York (down 19.1 percent). Chicago’s murder rate is also projected to fall, by 2.4 percent...

 

ISTAT
# Delitti, imputati e vittime dei reati. Una lettura integrata delle fonti sulla criminalità e giustizia
Istituto nazionale di statistica, 2017

 

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)
# Report to the Italian Government on the visit to Italy carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 8 to 21 April 2016  # Executive summary
https://rm.coe.int/ Strasbourg, 8 September 2017
The CPT recommends that the Italian authorities pursue their efforts to eradicate prison overcrowding. The CPT would like to be informed about the steps taken by the Italian authorities in order to curb the growth of the prison population registered since the beginning of 2016... The CPT is critical of the use of medical seclusion rooms for the prolonged isolation of inmates with self-harming and/or suicidal tendencies; notably, the potential it represents for physical ill-treatment, the degrading manner of its application (such as inmates being left in only their underwear), the absence of adequate monitoring by health-care staff and the inadequate recording of such measures...

 

Maartje van der Woude, Vanessa Barker, Joanne van der Leun
# Crimmigration in Europe
European Journal of Criminology 2017, Vol. 14(1)
Links between crime, security, migration and integration are far from new, but since the ‘asylum crisis’ of the 1990s they have become more established, resulting in a series of policy and legislative reforms targeting migrants in member  states. These developments, which are now rapidly accelerating, seem to fit into the broader trend for which scholars have coined the term crimmigration, the growing merger of crime control and immigration control...

 

Gianpiero Dalla Zuanna, Alessandra Minello
# Assassini di genere
lavoce.info, 23.08.2017
L’Italia è il paese sviluppato dove le donne corrono il minor rischio di essere uccise. Infatti, nel periodo 2004-2015 ci sono stati in Italia 0,51 omicidi volontari ogni 100 mila donne residenti, contro una media di 1,23 nei trentadue paesi europei e nordamericani per cui si dispone di dati Unodc. Le differenze sono ampie. I paesi della ex-Urss e gli Usa sono quelli dove le donne sono più a rischio, con tassi quattro volte superiori rispetto all’Italia, mentre i più sicuri sono gli stati dell’Europa meridionale, con l’Italia al 32esimo e ultimo posto per tasso di omicidi. 

 

Prison Reform Trust
# Prison: the facts. Bromley Briefings
www.thebromleytrust.org.uk/ Summer 2017
The prison system as a whole has been overcrowded in every year since 1994. Overcrowding affects whether activities, staff and other resources are available to reduce risk of reoffending, as well as distance from families and other support networks. At the end of May 2017, 76 of the 117 prisons in England and Wales were overcrowded—holding 9,496 people more than they were designed to. 20,995 people were held in overcrowded accommodation on average in 2015–6—nearly a quarter of the prison population. The majority were doubling up in cells designed for one. This level of overcrowding has remained broadly unchanged for the last 12 years.

 

Roy Walmsley | WPB | ICPR
# World Female Imprisonment List. Women and girls in penal institutions, including pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners - Fourth edition
www.prisonstudies.org/ 2017
In around four-fifths of prison systems female prisoners constitute between 2 and 9% of the total prison population. Just nineteen systems have a higher percentage than that. The jurisdictions with the highest proportions are Hong Kong-China (20.8%), Laos (18.3%), Macau-China (15.4%), Qatar (14.7%), Kuwait (13.8%), Thailand (13.3%), Myanmar(12.3%), United Arab Emirates (11.7%) and South Sudan (10.9%) ...

 

Parliamentary Ombudsman
# Women in Prison. A thematic report about the conditions for female prisoners in Norway
https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/ 2017
More than 200 women are held in Norwegian prisons at any time. This makes up 5.2 per cent of all inmates, which is somewhat above the average proportion of women in the total prison population in Europe. Globally, the number of women in prison has increased considerably over the past ten years, while it has remained relatively stable in Norway.

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France
www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1er août 2017

 

Senato della Repubblica - Ufficio Valutazione Impatto
# Oltre le sbarre La questione carceraria e 10 anni di politiche di contrasto al sovraffollamento cronico
www.senato.it/ Luglio 2017

 

Associazione Antigone
# Pre-Rapporto 2017 sulle carceri
www.associazioneantigone.it/ 27 luglio 201

 

Don Stemen
# The Prison Paradox: More Incarceration Will Not Make Us Safer
https://www.vera.org/ July 2017


Colson Center for Christian Worldview, the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, the National Association of Evangelicals, and Prison Fellowship
# Responding to Crime & Incarceration: A Call to the Church
www.prisonfellowship.org/ 2017

 

Don Stemen
# The Prison Paradox: More Incarceration Will Not Make Us Safer
www.vera.org/ July 2017
Despite two decades of declining crime rates and a decade of efforts to reduce mass incarceration, some policymakers  continue to call for tougher sentences and greater use of incarceration to reduce crime. It may seem intuitive that increasing incarceration would further reduce crime: incarceration not only prevents future crimes by taking people who commit crime “out of circulation” (incapacitation), but it also may dissuade people from committing future crimes out of fear of punishment (deterrence). In reality, however, increasing incarceration rates has a minimal impact on reducing crime and entails significant costs...

 

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)
# Public statement concerning Belgium
Strasbourg, 13 July 2017
However, for 12 years, the CPT has consistently expressed its deep concern regarding the serious consequences which can result from industrial action by prison staff in Belgium. These consequences have a direct impact (for prolonged periods) on the detention conditions, health and security of the persons placed under their responsibility. They entail, in particular, almost continuous confinement of inmates in cells in conditions already deemed intolerable, serious disruption in the distribution of their meals, a dramatic deterioration of their personal hygiene conditions and conditions in cells, frequent cancellation of daily outdoor exercise, serious restrictions on their access to health care and a virtual halt to their contacts with the outside world (including with lawyers)...

 

Frieder Dünkel
# European penology: The rise and fall of prison population rates in Europe in times of migrant crises and terrorism
European Journal of Criminology 2017, Vol. 14(6) 629–653
Research results testing the hypothesis that prison population rates are higher or increase if crime rates, particularly for serious crimes (which usually attract a custodial sentence), are high or increase are mixed. In some countries a confirming development was found (for example, Germany); in others, however, there was actually evidence of an inverse correlation: an increase in crime rates and decrease in prison populations, or, as in the USA and England & Wales, an increase in prison population rates and a decrease in crime. In recent years Aebi, Linde and Delgrande (2015) have found a positive correlation between the development of (serious) crime and prison population rates for some West European countries. Nevertheless, the correlations are rather weak and not always clear. There is, however, a stronger correlation between the fall in prison population rates and declining crime rates in some countries such as Germany and the Netherlands

 

David Crowe
# Measuring the cost of crime
https://igees.gov.ie/ 8 june 2017

 

The Sentencing Project
# Trends in U.S. Corrections
http://sentencingproject.org/ June 2017

 

Corrective Services, Australia
# Persons in Corrective Services
http://www.abs.gov.au/

 

Giulia Mentasti,
# Carcere e sanzioni non detentive in Europa: i rapporti Space I e Space II 2015
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 25 maggio 2017

Quanto ai tipi di reato per i quali sono state pronunciate le condanne, al primo posto si collocano i reati connessi alle sostanze stupefacenti (18,7%), seguiti a breve distanza da furto (16,2%), omicidio (13,2%) e rapina (12,6%). Tra le informazioni più rilevanti, si segnalano: la durata media delle detenzioni, stabilizzata, come l’anno precedente, intorno ai sette mesi; il tasso medio di mortalità, che nel corso del 2014 è stato di 27 deceduti ogni 10.000 detenuti (un punto inferiore rispetto al precedente anno); tra le cause di morte, il suicidio è tuttora ampiamente presente, pur se in attenuazione rispetto al passato, con un tasso di 7,2 suicidi ogni 10.000 detenuti...

 

Chris Mai, Ram Subramanian
# The Price of Prisons: Examining State Spending Trends, 2010-2015
Vera Institute of Justice, May 2017
In 2015, among the 45 responding states, the total state expenditure on prisons was just under $43 billion. Because the size of states and state prison systems vary widely, there is likewise variation between each states’ total prison costs, ranging from $65 million in North Dakota, to more than $8 billion (a fifth of the total prison spending in the United States) in California—the largest state prison system in the country...

 

Penal Reform International
# Global Prison Trends 2017
https://cdn.penalreform.org/ May 2017
The Global Prison Trends 2017 report is the third in our annual series, and provides an overview of key developments in criminal justice and prison policy and practice over the past 12 months. It shows that the overall trend of a reduction in crime rates has continued over the past year. However, despite this, the world does not feel a safer place...

# Global Prison Trends 2016

 

Ashley Nellis | The Sentencing Project
# Still Life. America’s Increasing Use of Life and Long-Term Sentences
www.sentencingproject.org/ May 2017
The number of people serving life sentences in U.S. prisons is at an all-time high. Nearly 162,000 people are serving a life sentence – one of every nine people in prison. An additional 44,311 individuals are serving “virtual life” sentences of 50 years or more. Incorporating this category of life sentence, the total population serving a life or virtual life sentence reached 206,268 in 2016. This represents 13.9 percent of the prison population, or one of every seven people behind bars.

 

Associazione Antigone
# XIII rapporto sulle condizioni di detenzione
www.associazioneantigone.it/ 25 maggio 2017

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France
www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1er mai 2017

 

Le Monde - Editorial
# La politique pénale et carcérale française est un échec
www.lemonde.fr/ 03.04.2017
Notre taux d’incarcération (98,3 détenus pour 100 000 habitants) n’est inférieur à la moyenne européenne que parce que celle-ci inclut des pays qui emprisonnent en masse (la Russie et la Turquie ). La vérité est plus brutale, telle que la décrivait le regretté Me Thierry Lévy : en France, la prison ne se limite pas à la privation de liberté. Dans notre entendement collectif, elle doit faire souffrir au-delà de l’enfermement.

 

Par M. Philippe Bas, Président-rapporteur, Mme Esther Benbassa, MM. Jacques Bigot, François-Noël Buffet, Mme Cécile Cukierman, MM. Jacques Mezard et François Zocchetto, Sénateurs
# Cinq ans pour sauver la justice! Rapport d'Information Fait au nom de la commission des lois constitutionnelles, de législation, du suffrage universel, du Règlement et d’administration générale par la mission d’information sur le redressement de la justice
https://www.senat.fr/ 4 avril 2017

 

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
# 26th General Report of the CPT. 1 January - 31 December 2016
Council of Europe, April 2017

 

Senato della Repubblic a
# Emergenza carceri. Tra sovraffollamento cronico, condanne UE e legislazione svuota-penitenziari
Senato - Servizio Studi, N. 161 - aprile 2017
Il sovraffollamento carcerario sembra destinato ad affliggere, ciclicamente, il sistema penitenziario italiano... Ancora a marzo 2017, tuttavia, il Garante nazionale dei detenuti, nella sua relazione annuale al Parlamento, ha segnalato il permanere di criticità inaccettabili nel sistema penitenziario, soprattutto in relazione ai livelli di trattamento delle persone vulnerabili e malate, livelli «definibili appropriatamente con gli aggettivi “inumano” e “degradante”» utilizzati dalla CEDU...

# Damiano Aliprandi, Le donne delinquono meno degli uomini ma in carcere trovano condizioni peggiori, Il Dubbio, 6 aprile 2017

 

Zoé Lauwereys
# Prisons surpeuplées : ce que proposent les candidats à la présidentielle
www.leparisien.fr/ 31 mars 2017
La France a battu un nouveau record en 2017. Au 1er mars 2017, 69.430 personnes étaient détenues alors que les établissements pénitentiaires ont une capacité d’accueil de 58.664 places opérationnelles. Dans le même temps, la maison d’arrêt de Villepinte (Seine-Saint-Denis) se dit «dans l’impossibilité physique d’accueillir plus de détenus» avec un taux d’occupation de 201%.

 

Miikka Vuorela
# The historical criminal statistics of Finland 1842–2015 – a systematic comparison to Sweden
International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, March 2017
The purpose of the study is to illustrate the availability and significance of the long criminal justice time series in the Nordic countries and describe the long-term trends in crime and crime control in Finland and Sweden. As such, the article attempts to provide an overview of the Finnish criminality and control policy during the past 200 years. Due to the nature of the research questions, the following analysis will be a macro-level introduction to the trends in crime and criminal policy and their existing explanations. The article forms a part of a larger project aiming to the collection of available criminal justice statistics in the Nordic countries (excluding Iceland)...

 

Laurette Cretin, Odile Timbart, Maël Löwenbrück
# Une approche individualisée de la multi condamnation
Infostat Justice, n. 151, Mars 2017
Sur l’ensemble des personnes condamnées entre 2005 et 2014, 58 % ne présentent qu’une seule condamnation (mono condamnés) alors que 42 % en affichent plusieurs (multi condamnés). Parmi ces multi condamnés, les trois quarts ont deux, trois ou quatre condamnations (respectivement 43 %, 20 % et 12 %)... 

 

Le Contrôleur général des lieux de privation de liberté | Adeline Hazan
# Rapport d’activité 2016     # Images
www.cglpl.fr/ 2017

 

Garante Nazionale dei diritti delle persone detenute o private della libertà personale
# Relazione al Parlamento 2017
Roma 21 marzo 2017

 

Mark Motivans
# Federal Justice Statistics, 2013 -Statistical Tables
Bureau of Justice Statistics, March 2017

 

Peter Wagner, Bernadette Rabuy
# Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2017
www.prisonpolicy.org/ March 14, 2017
The American criminal justice system holds more than 2.3 million people in 1,719 state prisons, 102 federal prisons, 901 juvenile correctional facilities, 3,163 local jails, and 76 Indian Country jails as well as in military prisons, immigration detention facilities, civil commitment centers, and prisons in the  U.S. territories. And we go deeper to provide further detail on why people are locked up in all of those different types of facilities...

 

Julie Reitano - Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics
# Adult correctional statistics in Canada, 2015/2016
www.statcan.gc.ca/ March 1, 2017

In 2015/2016, there were on average 120,568 adult offenders on a given day, in either custody or in a community program among the 11 reporting provinces and territories for which both custody and community data were available. This represents a rate of 438 offenders per 100,000 adult population, a decrease of 3% from the previous year and a decline of 16% compared to 2011/2012. In contrast, the number of adults charged with a crime by police in Canada increased 3% between 2014 and 2015. However, between 2011 and 2015, there was a 1% decline in the number of adults charged.  A large majority of adults (80%) under correctional supervision in the provinces and territories in 2015/2016 were under community supervision such as probation and conditional sentences. The remaining 20% were in custody.

 

Aaron Chalfin, Justin McCrary
# Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature
Journal of Economic Literature 2017, 55(1), 5–48
We review economics research regarding the effect of police, punishments, and work on crime, with a particular focus on papers from the last twenty years. Evidence in favor of deterrence effects is mixed. While there is considerable evidence that crime is responsive to police and to the existence of attractive legitimate labor-market opportunities, there is far less evidence that crime responds to the severity of criminal sanctions. We discuss fruitful directions for future work and implications for public policy.

 

David Cole
# The Changing Politics of Crime and the Future of Mass Incarceration
http://academyforjustice.org/ February 11, 2017
Today “smart on crime” has replaced “tough on crime.” Rather than simply being tougher than the next guy, politicians and government officials increasingly seek solutions that are based on evidence and reason rather than heated rhetoric and demagoguery. To that end, this project brings together a who’s who of experts in criminal law, and asks each contributor to offer both a concise diagnosis of the problems in their particular area of expertise and, more importantly, a prescription for practical reforms.

 

Office for National Statistics
# Focus on violent crime and sexual offences, England and Wales: year ending Mar 2016.
www.ons.gov.uk/ Release 9 February 2017
Females were victims in 53% of violence against the person offences and 90% of rape offences recorded by the
police. Over a third (35%) of violence against the person offences against females were suspected to be committed by
an intimate partner, compared with 10% of violent offences against males. Of violence against the person offences recorded by the police, 16% were identified as alcohol-related, as were 9% of sexual offences.

 

Council of Europe
# Europe’s prison population falls, but there is no progress in tackling overcrowding, says annual Council of Europe survey
Press release - DC031(2017)
# SPACE I: report   # SPACE II: report

 

Demos & Pi e Osservatorio di Pavia per Fondazione Unipolis
# L’Europa sospesa tra inquietudine e speranza. Il decennio dell’incertezza globale. Rapporto sulla sicurezza e l’insicurezza sociale in Italia e in Europa. Significati, immagini e realtà. Percezione, rappresentazione sociale e mediatica della sicurezza
www.demos.it/ Febbraio 2017

 

Massimo De Pascalis
# Come liberarsi della necessità del carcere. Uno sguardo alle detenzioni brevi ed altro
Ristretti Orizzonti, 22 febbraio 2017

Anche se sono state introdotte procedure per monitorare e garantire la fruibilità dello spazio minimo tollerabile determinato dalla Cedu, non possiamo non riconoscere che le politiche penitenziarie messe in campo stanno riproducendo gli stessi effetti che nella storia penitenziaria sono seguiti ad ogni indulto: al repentino abbassamento della popolazione detenuta segue un costante e progressivo aumento che ripropone sempre le stesse criticità di Sistema. Sovraffollamento, promiscuità, violazione dei diritti umani, precarie condizioni igienico sanitarie degli istituti, conflittualità diffuse...

 

Dan Bilefsky
# Dutch Get Creative to Solve a Prison Problem: Too Many Empty Cells
www.nytimes.com/ Feb. 9, 2017
About a third of Dutch prison cells sit empty, according to the Ministry of Justice. Criminologists attribute the situation to a spectacular fall in crime over the past two decades and an approach to law enforcement that prefers rehabilitation to incarceration. “The Dutch have a deeply ingrained pragmatism when it comes to regulating law and order,” said René van Swaaningen, professor of criminology at Erasmus School of Law in Rotterdam, noting the country’s relatively liberal approach to “soft” drugs and prostitution. “Prisons are very expensive. Unlike the United States, where people tend to focus on the moral arguments for imprisonment, the Netherlands is more focused on what works and what is effective.” 

 

Roberto Cornelli, Oriana Binik, Massimiliano Dova, Annalisa Zamburlini
# ProbACTION- Promuovere il cambiamento culturale nell’ambito della giustizia
Fondazione Cariplo, gennaio 2017

 

Rosa Raffaelli | European Parliament - Civil Liberties
# Prison conditions in the Member States: selected European standards and best practices
www.europarl.europa.eu/ January 2017
In 2014, prisons across the EU were holding over half a million inmates, including both convicted persons, serving their final sentence, and persons accused of a crime. Living conditions in prisons are regulated by numerous laws and guidelines: from constitutional provisions to national criminal and penitentiary laws and international law principles. Relevant human rights provisions include, in particular, those protecting the right to personal liberty and clarifying the grounds on which it may be restricted (for instance Art. 5, ECHR; Art. 6, EU Charter of Fundamental Rights), and those prohibiting torture and other forms of inhumane and degrading treatment or punishment (Art. 3, ECHR; Art. 4, EU Charter).

 

Fabio Bartolomeo, Magda Bianco (eds) | Ministero della Giustizia - ItaliaDecide
# La performance del sistema giudiziaria italiano. Un confronto con i principali sistemi giudiziari europei
www.italiadecide.it/ gennaio 2017

 

Giovanni Canzio - Primo Presidente Corte Suprema di Cassazione

# Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2016

Roma, 26 gennaio 2017

Pasquale Ciccolo - Procuratore generale della Corte suprema di cassazione, # Intervento nell’Assemblea generale della Corte sull’amministrazione della giustizia nell’anno 2016, Roma, 26 gennaio 2017

Marina Anna Tavassi Presidente della Corte di Appello di Milano, # Relazione sull’amministrazione della giustizia nel Distretto della Corte di Appello di Milano, Assemblea Generale – Milano, 28 gennaio 2017

 

Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria

# Relazione del Ministero sull’amministrazione della giustizia anno 2016. Inaugurazione dell’Anno Giudiziario 2017
26 Gennaio 2017

Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento per la giustizia minorile e di comunità
# Relazione del Ministero sull’amministrazione della giustizia anno 2016. Inaugurazione dell’Anno Giudiziario 2017
26 Gennaio 2017

 

# Comunicazioni sull’amministrazione della giustizia del Ministro Andrea Orlando -- Senato della Repubblica, 18 gennaio 2017
# Relazione del Ministero sull'amministrazione della giustizia Anno 2016 -- Inaugurazione dell'Anno Giudiziario 2017
# Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria
# Dipartimento per la Giustizia Minorile e di Comunità

 

Observatoire International des Prisons O.I.P. – Section Belge
# Notice 2016. Pour le droit à la dignité des personnes détenues
http://oipbelgique.be/ 2017

Le 7 août 2015, les détenus étaient 10.946. En 2014, on comptait 11.769 détenus, et en 2013, 11.732 détenus. La diminution de la population carcérale (qui n’est pas constante) nous parait s’expliquer essentiellemen par l’ouverture d’un hôpital pour internés (partenariat public/privé, environ 200 places) mais surtout par l’augmentation toujours constante des personnes placées sous surveillance électronique. Ils étaient 1.887 en moyenne par jour en 2015, pour 1.071 en 2013 ou encore 1.807 en 2014 (142 en 2001!). Le 7 mars 2016, le nombre de détenus en prison étaient de 11062. Il était de 10250 en octobre 2016...

 

Ministère de l'Intérieur
# Insécurité et délinquance en 2016: premier bilan statistique
www.interieur.gouv.fr/ Janvier 2017

 

Eileen Baldry, Sophie Russell
# The Booming Industry continued: Australian Prisons. A 2017 update
www.disabilityjustice.edu.au/ 17 january 2017
There were 38,845 full time inmates (sentenced and unsentenced) in prisons in Australia on census date 30th June 2016, a rise of 6% over the previous year (ABS 2016). The most useful method of representing and comparing the number of prisoners over time is the rate per 100,000 of the adult population. Using this representation, the rate was 208 prisoners per 100,000 in 2015 (388 per 100,000 males and 33 per 100,000 females), an increase from 30 June 2004 when it was 159 per 100,000...

 

François-Xavier Gomez
# Au Brésil, les prisons surpeuplées sont une aubaine pour le crime organisé
www.liberation.fr/ 7 janvier 2017
Fin 2014, il y avait 622 000 prisonniers dans le pays. Ce sont les derniers chiffres disponibles. La surpopulation atteint 167% en moyenne, et dans certains centres elle est très supérieure... Quelle serait la solution ? Une réforme du système judiciaire, l’application de peines de substitution à l’enfermement, de la liberté surveillée aux travaux d’intérêt général. Et une évolution de la législation sur les stupéfiants. La plupart des détentions concernent la possession de petites quantités de drogue...

 

Rachel Kleinfeld
# Reducing All Violent Deaths, Everywhere. Why the Data Must Improve
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 2017
At between 370,000 and 450,000 homicides annually over the past decade according to WHO and UNODC numbers, about three-quarters of violent deaths globally are homicides. To put it in perspective, more people are killed by homicide each year than the higher estimates for five years of the brutal war in Syria.

 

European Court of Human Rights
# Annual Report. 2016 Provisional version
www.echr.coe.int/ 2017

 

E. Ann Carson, Elizabeth Anderson
# Prisoners in 2015
www.bjs.gov/ December 2016
At yearend 2015, the United States had an estimated 1,526,800 prisoners under the jurisdiction of state and federal correctional authorities. This was the smallest U.S. prison population since 2005 (1,525,900 prisoners). The prison population decreased by more than 2% from the number of prisoners held in December 2014. This was the largest decline in the number of persons under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities since 1978...

 

Jeremy Travis, Preeti Chauhan, Ervin M. Balazon, Shannon Tomascak, Celina Cuevas, Olive Lu, Quinn O. Hood, Todd Warner, Adam G. Fera
# Trends in Admissions to the New York City Department of Correction, 1995-2015
http://misdemeanorjustice.org/ December 13, 2016
A Vera Institute of Justice report found that annual admissions for jails nearly doubled between 1983 to 2013, growing from six million to 11.7 million. Further, they Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the number of admissions to local jails increased by 20 percent from 1999 to 2013... in February, 2015, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation launched the Safety and Justice Challenge. This initiative seeks to reduce over-incarceration by creating more effective local justice systems and reducing the population of jails. Sixteen counties, three cities, and one state are now participating in the Safety and Justice Challenge. These initiatives complement the ground-breaking work of the Obama Administration in focusing on pretrial justice issues, augmented by the White House data-driven initiative. On a conceptual and operational level, this new focus on pretrial justice and jail incarceration is linked to the parallel national discussion about ways to reduce prison populations...

 

James Austin, Lauren-Brooke Eisen, James Cullen, Jonathan Frank, Inimai Chettiar | Brennan Center for Justice
at New York University School of Law
# How Many Americans Are Unnecessarily Incarcerated?
www.brennancenter.org/ December 9, 2016
Of the 1.46 million state and federal prisoners, an estimated 39 percent (approximately 576,000 people) are incarcerated with little public safety rationale. They could be more appropriately sentenced to an alternative to prison or a shorter prison stay, with limited impact on public safety. If these prisoners were released, it would result in cost savings of nearly $20 billion per year, and almost $200 billion over 10 years. Alternatives to prison are likely more effective sentences for an estimated 364,000 lower-level offenders — about 25 percent of the current prison population. Research shows that prison does little to rehabilitate and can increase recidivism in such cases. Treatment, community service, or probation are more effective...

 

Danielle Kaeble, Lauren Glaze
# Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015
www.bjs.gov/ December 2016
At yearend 2015, an estimated 6,741,400 persons were under the supervision of U.S. adult correctional systems, about 115,600 fewer persons than yearend 2014. This was the first time since 2002 (6,730,900) that the correctional population fell below 6.8 million. The population declined by 1.7% during 2015, which was the largest decline since 2010 (down 2.1%). Additionally, the decrease was a change from a 3-year trend of stable annual rate declines of about 0.6% between 2012 and 2014. About 1 in 37 adults in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision at the end of 2015. 

 

Jamiles Lartey
# Quarter of inmates could have been spared prison without risk, study says
www.theguardian.com/ Sun 11 Dec 2016
Study of 1.5 million prisoners finds that drug treatment, community service, probation or fines would have served as more effective sentences for many... A quarter of the US prison population, about 364,000 inmates, could have been spared imprisonment without meaningfully threatening public safety or increasing crime, according to a new study.

 

The Sentencing Project
# Repurposing: New Beginnings for Closed Prisons
www.sentencingproject.org/ December 14, 2016
Since 2011, at least 22 states have closed or announced closures for 94 state prisons and juvenile facilities, resulting in the elimination of over 48,000 state prison beds1) and an estimated cost savings of over $345 million.2) The opportunity to downsize prison bed space has been brought about by declines in state prison populations as well as increasing challenges of managing older facilities. Reduced capacity has created the opportunity to repurpose closed prisons for a range of uses outside of the correctional system, including a movie studio, a distillery, and urban redevelopment.

 

Matthew Friedman, Ames Grawert, James Cullen | Brenna Center for Justice
# Crime in 2016: Updated Analysis
www.brennancenter.org/ December 2016

Crime: The overall crime rate in 2016 is projected to remain the same as in 2015, rising by 1.3 percent. Twelve cities are expected to see drops in crime. These decreases are offset by Chicago (rising 9.1 percent) and Charlotte (17.5 percent). Nationally, crime remains at an all-time low. • Violence: The violent crime rate is projected to rise slightly, by 5.5 percent, with half the increase driven by Los Angeles (up 13.3 percent†) and Chicago (up 16.2 percent†). Even so, violent crime remains near the bottom of the nation’s 30-year downward trend. • Murder: The murder rate is projected to rise by 13.1 percent this year, with nearly half of this increase attributable to Chicago alone (234 of 496 murders)...

 

Australian Bureau of Statistics
# Prisoners in Australia, 2016
www.abs.gov.au/ 08/12/2016

 

Benjamin Monnery
# Prison, reentry and recidivism: micro-econometric applications
Université Lumière Lyon 2 - Thèse de Doctorat (NR) de Sciences Economiques, 29 novembre 2016
Regarding the recidivism equation, the estimates for Fast-Track are large, negative and significant (except for the ± 5 years bandwidth) : focusing on the ± 3 years bandwith, the results suggest that experiencing incarceration through a fast-track procedure reduces probability of recidivism in the 5 years after release by 34% points on average.

 

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts
# Fine Time Massachusetts: Judges, Poor People, and Debtors’ Prison in the 21st Century
Massachusetts Senate, November 7, 2016

 

Wendy Sawyer # Punishing Poverty: The high cost of probation fees in Massachusetts, www.prisonpolicy.org/ December 8, 2016
Probation service fees in Massachusetts cost probationers more than $20 million every year. People are placed on one of two tiers of probation: supervised and administrative, and they are currently charged $65 and $50 per month, respectively. With an average probation sentence of 17-20 months, a Massachusetts resident sentenced to probation is charged between $850$ 1,300 in monthly probation service fees alone — on top of many other court fines and fees.

 

James Austin, Gregory D. Squires
# The ‘Startling’ Link Between Low Interest Rates and Low Crime
https://thecrimereport.org/ December 6, 2016
When interest rates go up, crime goes up. When interest rates go down, crime goes down... Crime rates are linked to social and economic pressures and structures. That is, they reflect and reinforce various social phenomena that are not subject simply to the choices that individuals make. Access to well-paying jobs, decent and affordable housing, adequate education, public transportation, healthy food, guaranteed health care, smaller and planned families are all factors that reduce stress. Interest rates constitute one of the best predictors of crime rates.

 

Raffaella Sette
# La recidiva in Italia: riflessioni per il monitoraggio del fenomeno
Rivista di Criminologia, Vittimologia e Sicurezza – Vol. X – N. 3 – Settembre-Dicembre 2016


Daniel P. Mears, Joshua C. Cochran, William D. Bales, Avinash S. Bhat
# Recidivism and Time Served in Prison
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 106 | Issue 1 Article 5, Winter 2016
We describe the data, which include information about 90,423 inmates who served varying lengths of time in Florida prisons, and the analyses, which rely on generalized propensity score modeling to address confounding and to estimate the functional form of the time served and recidivism relationship. Results of the analyses reveal a curvilinear relationship: greater time served initially increases recidivism but then, after approximately one year, decreases it, and, after approximately two years, exerts no effect; estimation of the effects associated with prison durations of more than five years are uncertain...

 

Rebecca Stone
# Desistance and Identity Repair: Redemption Narratives as Resistance to Stigma
Brit. J. Criminol., 56, 956-975, 2016
Recent research has examined the role of the narrative construction of identity in desistance from criminal offending and substance use. The narrative identity theory of desistance was developed with a population of male offenders. The present analysis explores the applicability of the theory to a sample of substance-using pregnant women and mothers, a highly stigmatized and increasingly criminalized group. The analysis of in-depth interview data reveals that desisting women constructed narrative identities that emphasized their moral agency and resisted the stigmatizing discourse surrounding substance-using mothers. The results support the narrative identity theory of desistance by demonstrating its applicability to a population for which the theory was not specifically designed and have implications for future research on identity theories of desistance as well as offender supervision practices.

 

Todd D. Minton, Zhen Zeng
# Jail Inmates in 2015
www.bjs.gov/ December 2016
The average daily population (ADP) of jail inmates in 2015 (721,300) remained stable from 2011 to 2015 after peaking in 2008 (776,600). The ADP jail population count is a fraction of the number of inmates flowing into jail each year. In 2015, there were 10.9 million admissions to jails. From 2008 to 2015, the volume of admissions to jails steadily declined. The number of admissions to jail in 2015 was nearly 15 times the size of ADP in 2015...

 

Danielle Kaeble and Thomas P. Bonczar
# Probation and Parole in the United States, 2015
www.bjs.gov/ December 2016
At yearend 2015, an estimated 4,650,900 adults were under community supervision—a decrease of 62,300 offenders from yearend 2014. 1 About 1 in 53 adults in the United States was under community supervision at yearend 2015. This population includes adults on probation, parole, or any other post-prison supervision, with probationers accounting for the majority (81%) of adults under community supervision.

 

Illinois State Commission on Criminal Justice and Sentencing Reform
# Final Report (parts I & II)
www.icjia.state.il.us/ December 2016
While criminal punishment generally has a broad deterrent effect, research does not support the assumption that increasing prison sentences is an effective or efficient way to increase deterrence, particularly if sentences are already lengthy.27 Research also suggests that high rates of incarceration can weaken deterrence by making the experience of incarceration more common. This is particularly problematic for communities that experience both high levels of crime and incarceration. The risk to public safety is that when potential offenders see prison as a normal experience, the threat of incarceration has less power to deter

 

Dipartimento Politiche Antidroga
# Relazione sui dati relativi allo stato delle tossicodipendenze in Italia (Anno 2015 e primo semestre 2016)
Comunicata alla Presidenza del Senato il 6 dicembre 2016

 

John Attard
# Prison violence is the worst I have seen in my 30-year career
www.theguardian.com/ 3 december 2016
In my 29 years of working for the prison service – now called the National Offender Management Service – I have seen many things, from truly stunning acts of compassion to extreme acts of violence. But the violence I have seen in the last four years is the worst I have witnessed. The impact has been stark: self-inflicted deaths have doubled, violence has increased, serious assaults on our staff are at their highest level for at least a decade and we have seen riots and prisoners escaping...

 

Ministry of Justice
# Prison Safety and Reform
www.gov.uk/government/publications/ November 2016
Almost everyone we lock up will one day be released back into our communities. However, once released too many prisoners will go on to reoffend. Currently, almost half of all prisoners are reconvicted within a year of release. The cost of reoffending by former prisoners is estimated to  be up to £15 billion a year. n 2010 the National Audit Office estimated the cost to the economy of re-offending of those released from custody to be between £9 billion to £13.5 billion. We have subsequently uprated this figure to up to £15 billion to reflect 2016 prices...

 

Istat
# Stalking sulle donne. Anno 2014
www.istat.it/ 24 novembre 2016
Tra le donne che hanno un ex partner si stima che il 21,5% delle 16-70enni (pari a 2 milioni 151 mila) abbia subito comportamenti persecutori da parte di un ex partner nell’arco della propria vita. Se si considerano le donne che hanno subito più volte gli atti persecutori queste sono il 15,3%, mentre quelle che hanno subito lo stalking nelle sue forme più gravi4 sono il 9,9%. Nell’arco della propria vita, lo stalking subito da parte di altre persone è invece del 10,3%, per un totale di circa 2 milioni 229mila donne. Complessivamente dunque sono circa 3 milioni 466 mila le donne che hanno subìto stalking da parte di un qualsiasi autore, pari al 16,1% delle donne. 

 

OSSIF - Associazione Bancaria Italiana ABI
# Rapporto intersettoriale sulla Criminalità predatoria. Rapine e furti in Banca e in altri settori esposti: Poste, Tabaccherie, Farmacie, Distribuzione Moderna, Esercizi commerciali, Distributori di carburante, Trasporto Valori
www.ossif.it/ Novembre 2016

Sulla base dei dati operativi del Dipartimento di Pubblica Sicurezza del Ministero dell’Interno, le rapine denunciate in Italia nel corso del 2015 sono state 34.9571, pari ad un decremento del 10,9% rispetto al 2014. Il dato conferma il calo dei reati che già aveva caratterizzato lo scorso anno (-10,3% rispetto al 2013)...

 

Associazione Openpolis
# Dentro o fuori. Il sistema penitenziario italiano tra vita in carcere e reinserimento sociale
www.openpolis.it/ N. 9 novembre 2016

 

Senato della Repubblica - Commissione straordinaria per la tutela e la promozione dei diritti umani
# Audizione del Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone detenute o private della libertà personale
www.senato.it/ Resoconto sommario n. 105 del 08/11/2016
Mauro PALMA tra le criticità da segnala i trasferimenti dei detenuti poiché spesso non viene meno la continuità dei percorsi e dell'osservazione della persona detenuta... Emilia ROSSI, segnala gli aspetti sanitari, quelli del lavoro e le attività di socializzazione... che anche la gestione dei malati psichiatrici nelle carceri rappresenta una forte criticità poiché, ad esempio, i protocolli con le ASL non sempre vengono applicati.

 

Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria
# Eventi critici negli Istituti Penitenziari - Anno 2015
www.giustizia.it/ novembre 2016

 

Giovanni Torrente
# La popolazione detenuta in Italia tra sforzi riduzionisti e nuove tentazioni populiste
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 27 ottobre 2016
1. La popolazione detenuta in Italia sino alla sentenza "Torreggiani". - 2. L'Italia del dopo Torreggiani e la diminuzione del numero di detenuti. - 3. Cosa ha reso possibile il processo di de-carcerizzazione? - 4. Verso un ritorno del populismo penale?

 

Jennifer L. Truman, Rachel E. Morgan
# Criminal Victimization, 2015
www.bjs.gov/ October 2016
In 2015, U.S. residents age 12 or older experienced an estimated 5.0 million violent victimizations,  according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). There was no statistically significant change in the rate of  overall violent crime, defined as rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault, from 2014 (20.1 victimizations per  1,000 persons age 12 and older) to 2015 (18.6 per 1,000). However, the rate of violent crime in 2015 was lower than in 2013 (23.2 per 1,000). From 1993 to 2015, the rate of violent crime declined from 79.8 to 18.6 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older...

 

Nicolas Bocquet
# Les prisons provençales parmi les plus surpeuplées de France
www.laprovence.com/ Jeudi 06/10/2016

Au 1er août 2016... 68 819 incarcérés pour un total de condamnées de 80 023 (11 204 non détenus : en surveillance électronique ou en placements extérieurs). Trop souvent pointée du doigt pour la surpopulation de ses prisons, en mars un rapport du Conseil de l’Europe plaçait la France en 7e position des pires pays européens. Les chiffres sont alarmants puisque que la moyenne de densité nationale est de 117,6% (différence entre la capacité et le nombre de détenus), soit 10 312 détenus en trop. Les données nous indiquent même, très officiellement, que les maisons d’arrêts françaises proposent 1 515 matelas au sol (soit une progression de 56% par rapport à 2015). La question se pose alors, où dorment les 8 797 détenus restants ?

 

Il Ministro della Giustizia

# Atto d'indirizzo politico-istituzionale per l'anno 2017

www.giustizia.it/ 28 settembre 2016 | on line 13 ottobre 2016

 

Andrea Baiguera Altieri
# Devianza reale e devianza percepita in Occidente. Osservazioni generali
www.diritto.it/ 11 ottobre 2016

In buona sostanza, è controproducente creare o tentare di creare una società criminologicamente asettica, nella quale sia eliminata ogni minima forma di infrazione. L’ ossessione della repressione penale non tiene conto delle componenti etiche ed antropologiche delle devianze, che spesso non sono reati veri e propri, bensì gesti esasperati di rabbia, dolore e disperazione culturale ed interiore.

 

Philippe Robert
# Les paradoxes de la récidive
http://journals.openedition.org/ Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines, 2016
Toutes les études s’accordent pour constater que la fréquence et la rapidité de la récidive s’effondrent après 25-30 ans. Quand on parle de “carrière” délinquante, on imagine facilement qu’elle dure toute la vie. C’est, en fait, rare. Stephen Farrall parle d’une des rares certitudes de la recherche : statistiquement, la délinquance se concentre de manière disproportionnée sur deux décennies de la vie, entre dix et trente ans, avec un sommet vers la fin de la première. Est-ce à dire que l’adulte fait devient plus capable d’échapper à la perspicacité des institutions pénales ou que la délinquance concerne surtout une brève période de l’existence ? Seul le recours à des données extra-pénales – comme des enquêtes déclaratives de délinquance autoreportée – pourrait trancher entre ces deux acceptions.

 

Observatoire international des prisons
# Construction de prisons: droit dans le mur
https://oip.org/ Conférence de presse 20/09/2016
 

 

Ministero dell'Interno
# Dal Viminale un anno di attività del Ministero dell'Interno
www.interno.gov.it/ 15 agosto 2016

 

Ministère de la Justice - Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France
www.justice.gouv.fr/ situation au 1er août 2016

 

Illinois Sentencing Policy Advisory Council
# Illinois Results First. A Cost-Benefit Tool for Illinois Criminal Justice Policymakers
www.icjia.state.il.us/ Summer 2016
Programs that reduce the risk that individuals released from prison will commit additional crimes create measureable outcomes in terms of less victimization, lower government costs, and other economic benefits. The critical question for policymakers is: Do the benefits of a program outweigh the costs? 

 

California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
# 2015 Outcome Evaluation Report. An Examination of Offenders Released in Fiscal Year 2010-11
http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/ August 2016
Between July 1, 2010 and June 30, 2011 (Fiscal Year 2010-11), 95,690 offenders were released from a California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation  (CDCR) adult institution and tracked for three years following the date of their release. The three-year return to prison rate for the 95,690 offenders who comprise the Fiscal Year 2010-11 release cohort is 44.6 percent, which is a 9.7 percentage point decrease from the  Fiscal Year 2009-10 rate of 54.3 percent. Fiscal Year 2010-11 marks the fifth consecutive year  the three-year return-to-prison rate has declined and  is the most substantial decrease to-date

 

Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation State of California
# Monthly Report of Population As of Midnight July 31, 2016
www.cdcr.ca.gov/ August 1, 2016

 

Ministry of Justice - Offender Management Statistics Bulletin, England and Wales
# Quarterly January to March 2016 with Prison Population as at 30 June 2016 

www.gov.uk/ 28 July 2016

 

Prison Reform Trust
# Bromley Briefings Summer 2016
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ 2016

 

Best, David, Irving, James and Abertson, Katherine
# Recovery and desistance : what the emerging recovery movement in the alcohol and drug area can learn from models of desistance from offending
Addiction Theory and Research, 25, (1), 1-10, 2016

Desistance has been defined as a process involving 'the long term abstinence from criminal behaviour among those for whom offending had become a pattern of behaviour'. Desistance originated as a central component of life-course and criminal career criminology... Pathways out of offending, through attachment to stable employment, romantic, family relationships and the associated social status afforded to those persons transitioning from offending generated a new approach based on the mediating effects of informal social controls, social processes and social bonds...

 

U.S. Department of Education, Policy and Program Studies Service
# State and Local Expenditures on Corrections and Education
www2.ed.gov/ July 2016
The United States has only 5 percent of the world’s population but more than 20 percent of the world’s incarcerated population. Linkages exist between educational attainment and incarceration. For example, two-thirds of state prison inmates have not completed high school. Young black men between the ages of 20 and 24 ho do not have a high school diploma (or an equivalent credential) have a greater chance of being incarcerated than of being employed...

 

James Austin, Lauren-Brooke Eisen, James Cullen, Jonathan Frank
# How Many Americans Are Unnecessarily Incarcerated?
www.brennancenter.org/ Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, 2016
America’s experiment in mass incarceration has failed. Of the 1.46 million state and federal prisoners, an estimated 39 percent (approximately 576,000 people) are incarcerated with little public safety rationale. They could be more appropriately sentenced to an alternative to prison or a shorter prison stay, with limited impact on public safety. If these prisoners were released, it would result in cost savings of nearly $20 billion per year, and almost $200 billion over 10 years. This sum is enough to employ 270,000 new police officers, 360,000 probation officers, or 327,000 school teachers. It is greater than the annual budgets of the United States Departments of Commerce and Labor combined.

 

Andrew Coyle, Catherine Heard, Helen Fair
# Current trends and practices in the use of imprisonment
International Review of the Red Cross (2016), 98 (3), 761–781.
Today, there are well over 10 million prisoners worldwide, of whom around half are in the United States, China, Russia and Brazil. The number is likely to be closer to 11 million, given that the World Prison Brief (a) holds no prisoner statistics for Eritrea, North Korea or Somalia, because of the difficulty of accessing data on these States, and (b) holds no data on some States’ remand or pretrial detainees – most significantly China’s – as these data are not published. This estimated 10 to 11 million does not include people detained in police or other administrative detention where there  has been no formal decision to chargeor prosecute.

 

Antigone
# Pre-Rapporto 2016 sulle condizioni detentive
www.associazioneantigone.it/ 28 luglio 2016

 

Adam Taylor
# The Netherlands has a strange problem: Empty prisons
The Washington Post, July 8, 2016

 

Grahame Allen, Noel Dempsey
# Prison Population Statistics
House of Commons, Briefing Paper Number SN/SG/04334, 4 July 2016

 

European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice | Cepej
# European judicial systems Efficiency and quality of justice
www.coe.int/ CEPEJ Studies No. 23 Edition 2016 (2014 data)

 

European Committee on Crime Problems (CDPC) | Directorate General Human Rights and Rule of Law
# White paper on prison overcrowding.
www.coe.int/ Strasbourg, 30 June 2016

 

Joshua A. Markman, Matthew R. Durose, Ramona R. Rantala, Andrew D. Tiedt
# Recidivism of Offenders Placed on Federal Community Supervision in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010
www.bjs.gov/ June 2016
During fiscal year 2005, approximately 43,000 offenders were placed on federal community supervision, including nearly a quarter (23%) who were directly sentenced to probation and more than three-quarters (77%) who began a term of supervised release following a prison sentence. Overall, 35% of these offenders were arrested within 3 years and 43% were arrested within 5 years of placement on community supervision.

 

Washington State Institute for Public Policy
# Correctional education (basic or post-secondary) in prison.
# Benefit-cost technical documentation
www.wsipp.wa.gov/ June 2016

 

# Adult Criminal Justice, may 2015

# What Works and What Does Not? Benefit-Cost Findings from WSIPP, February 2015

 

Washington State Institute for Public Policy
# Benefit-cost technical documentation
www.wsipp.wa.gov/ June 2016
WSIPP’s benefit-cost model is an integrated set of computational routines designed to produce three related benefit- cost summary statistics for each policy option we analyze: a net present value, a benefit-to-cost ratio, and a measure of risk associated with these bottom-line estimates. Each of the summary measures derives from the same set of estimated cash or resource flows over time. In simplest form, the model implements a standard economic calculation of the expected worth of an investment by computing the net present value of a stream of estimated benefits and costs that occur over time...

 

U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice Programs - Bureau of Justice Statistics
# PREA Data Collection Activities, 2016
www.bjs.gov/ June 2016

 

Osservatorio europeo delle droghe e delle tossicodipendenze (EMCDDA)
# Relazione europea sulla droga. Tendenze e sviluppi
Osservatorio europeo delle droghe e delle tossicodipendenze, 2016
L’analisi qui presentata descrive un mercato europeo della droga che si conferma resiliente, con alcuni indicatori, per la cannabis e gli stimolanti in particolare, attualmente in ascesa. Nel complesso, dai dati relativi all’offerta si evince che la purezza o la potenza della maggior parte delle sostanze illecite sono elevate o in aumento. La maggioranza dei recenti dati relativi all’indagine sulla prevalenza mostra a sua volta modesti aumenti nel consumo stimato delle sostanze stupefacenti più comunemente assunte...

 

Franco Corleone, Stefano Anastasia, Leonardo Fiorentini (a cura di)
# 7° Libro Bianco sulla legge sulle droghe. Dopo UNGASS 2016. Un anno di cambiamento nel mondo. Proposte per superare lo stallo in Italia, in Parlamento e nel Paese  #  ... in pillole
La società della ragione - Forum Droghe - Antigone - CNCA | Collaborazione: CGIL, Comunità di San Benedetto al Porto, Gruppo Abele, Itaca, ITARDD, LegaCoopSociali, LILA, Associazione Luca Coscioni | Prima edizione - Giugno 2016

 

Marzio Barbagli
# Sempre meno omicidi in Italia
www.lavoce.info/ 24giugno 2016

.... Il tasso più basso di sempre... Il numero di omicidi commessi nel nostro paese scende costantemente da 24 anni. Un cambiamento importante che dovrebbe rimettere in discussione idee molto diffuse sulla violenza nella società italiana, l’influenza della lunga crisi economica e il divario Nord-Sud. L’affermazione dello Stato

 

Dipartimento Giustizia minorile e di comunità | Maria Stefania Totaro, Viviana Condrò, Monica Nolfo, Irene Pergolini
# Analisi dei flussi di utenza dei Servizi della Giustizia Minorile. Anno 2015
Roma, giugno 2016

 

E. Ann Carson, William J. Sabol
# Aging of the State Prison Population, 1993–2013
www.bjs.gov/ May 2016
The number of prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities increased 55% over the past two decades, from 857,700 in 1993 to 1,325,300 in 2013. During the same period, the number of state prisoners age 55 or older increased 400%, from 3% of the total state prison population in 1993 to 10% in 2013. Between 1993 and 2003, the majority of the growth occurred among prisoners ages 40 to 54, while the number of those age 55 or older increased faster from 2003 to 2013. In 1993, the median age of prisoners was 30; by 2013, the median age was 36. The changing age structure in the U.S. state prison population has implications for the future management and care of inmates.

 

Fair Trials
# A Measure of Last Resort? The practice of pre-trial detention decision making in the EU
www.fairtrials.org/ 26 May 2016

Within the European Union, there are over 120,000 people being detained in pre-trial detention. That’s more than 1 in 5 people held in prison that haven’t yet been found guilty of any crime...

 

Ministero della Giustizia
# Analisi statistica dell'istituto della prescrizione in Italia

# Allegato A: La prescrizione nei distretti
www.giustizia.it/ 7 maggio 2016

 

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment CPT
# 25th General Report of the CPT | 1 January - 31 December 2015
Council of Europe, April 2016

 

Comité interministériel de prévention de la délinquance
# Prévention de la récidive. Guide pratique
La documentation Française, 2016

 

Jason Furman
# Economic Perspectives on Incarceration and the Criminal Justice System
www.whitehouse.gov/ April 25, 2016

 

Sandeep Gopalan, Mirko Bagaric
# Progressive Alternatives to Imprisonment in an Increasingly Punitive (and Self-Defeating) Society
Seattle University Law Review, vol. 40:57, 2016

 

 Bureau of Justice Statistics | Zhen Zeng, Margaret Noonan, E. Ann Carson, Ingrid Binswanger, Patrick Blatchford, Hope Smiley-McDonald, Chris Ellis

# Assessing Inmate Cause of Death: Deaths in Custody Reporting Program and National Death Index

www.bjs.gov/ April 2016

The Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP) is an annual Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) data collection. The DCRP collects national, state, and incident-level data on persons who died while in the physical custody of the 50 state departments of corrections or the approximately 2,800 local adult jail jurisdictions nationwide. The DCRP began in 2000 under the Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-297), and it is the only national statistical collection to obtain comprehensive information about deaths in adult correctional facilities. BJS uses DCRP data to track national trends in the number and causes (or manners) of deaths occurring in state prison or local jail custody.

 

Stefano Cinotti, Beatrice Lippi, Salvatore Nasca, Susanna Rollino
# La messa alla prova in Toscana: analisi statistica dalla sua emanazione ad oggi
Uepe Toscana - Aprile 2016

 

Antigone - Per i diritti e le garanzie nel sistema penale
# Galere d'Italia XII - Rapporto di Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione
www.associazioneantigone.it/ 15 aprile 2016

# Caterina Pasolini, Carceri italiane sovraffollate e costose. E chi ha misure alternative non sgarra, La Repubblica, 16 aprile 2016

 

Senato della Repubblica - Commissione straordinaria per la tutela e la promozione dei diritti umani
# Rapporto sul Regime Detentivo Speciale. Indagine conoscitiva sul 41-bis
www.senato.it/ Aprile 2016

 

Texas Department of Criminal Justice
# Offender Orientation Handbook
www.tdcj.state.tx.us/ April 2016
This handbook is designed to provide the offender population with general information along with a standard for acceptable behavior. Offenders who do not behave in an acceptable manner could be charged with a specific disciplinary offense. The disciplinary offenses are listed in the TDCJ Disciplinary Rules and Procedures for Offenders Handbook. The standards for acceptable behavior by offenders are listed in this handbook, apply to all offenders.

 

Executive Office of the President of the United States
# Economic Perspectives on Incarceration and the Criminal Justice System
www.whitehouse.gov/ April 2016

To weigh the relative crime-reducing benefits of different policies, CEA conducted a “back-of-the-envelope” cost-benefit analysis of three policies: increasing the prison population, expanding the police force, and raising the minimum wage... In assessing each of these policy changes we bound the policy’s impact on crime drawing on estimates from leading studies. For the social cost of crime, we use a central estimate from the literature of $33,000 per crime, which subsumes the varying costs of different types of crime but facilitates straightforward and transparent calculations.

 

Julio César Magàn Zevallos
# Overcrowding in the Peruvian prison system
International Review of the Red Cross (2016), 98 (3), 851–858.
The prison population grew by almost 30,000 people in less than five years, a 60.9% increase. In other words, during this period the Peruvian prison system has had to accommodate 6,000 additional inmates each year. Although prison capacity has also increased over the same period, it has not expanded at the same rate as the prison population; the  percentage difference amounts to 128%, according to data from the Unit of Statistics at the Peruvian National Penitentiary Institute (Instituto Nacional Penitenciario, INPE).1 Just to maintain overcrowding at a stable level, the prison service would have to build a new 500-bed prison every month.

 

Emilio Dolcini
# L’Europa in cammino verso carceri meno affollate e meno lontane da accettabili standard di umanità
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 16 Marzo 2016
Al 1° settembre 2014 la popolazione penitenziaria in Europa consta di 1.600.324 persone (erano 1.679.217 nel 2013). Il tasso medio di carcerazione (numero di detenuti per 100.000 abitanti) - preferisco usare la dizione 'tasso medio', anche se propriamente si tratta della 'mediana', della quale il documento sottolinea la maggiore attendibilità rispetto alla 'media', in quanto non influenzata da valori molto alti o molto bassi - è 124 (era 134 nel 2013: la diminuzione è pari al 7%)...

 

Martine Herzog-Evans
# Law as an extrinsic responsivity factor: What’s just is what works!
European Journal of Probation, Vol. 8(3), 2016

 

United States Sentencing Commission | Patti B. Saris, Charles R. Breyer, Dabney L. Friedrich, Rachel E. Barkow, William H. Pryor, Michelle Morales, J. Patricia Wilson Smoot, Kenneth P. Cohen, Glenn R. Schmit
# Recidivism Among Federal Offenders: A Comprehensive Overview
www.ussc.gov/ March 2016
Studies have repeatedly shown that older offenders at sentencing are at lower risk for reoffending, and the Commission’s research confirms these  findings.56 Offenders sentenced when younger than twenty-one had a 71.1 percent rearrest rate, compared to 14.0 percent of offenders who are sentenced after age sixty. Age at release also is associated with different rates of recidivism. Those released into the community who were below age twenty-one had the highest rearrest rate, 67.6 percent. Conversely, those oldest at age of release, over sixty years old, had the lowest  recidivism rate, 16.0 percent

 

Mia Bird, Sonya Tafoya, Ryken Grattet, Viet Nguyen
# How Has Proposition 47 Affected California’s Jail Population?
Public Policy Institute of California, 2016
Proposition 47 reduced the penalties associated with certain drug and property crimes by preventing prosecutors from charging these offenses as felonies in most cases. The proposition passed with strong support from California voters in November 2014. In the months that followed, jail populations declined sharply, driven primarily by a reduction in individuals being held or serving time for Prop 47 offenses. Based on a sample of California county jail systems, we estimate a 50 percent decline in the number of individuals being held or serving sentences for Prop 47 offenses. This change drove an overall decline in the jail population of 9 percent in the year following the proposition’s passage...

 

Frieder Dünkel
# The Rise and Fall of Prison Population Rates in Europe
European Society of Criminology, Nesletter, 2016/2

... And there is a great deal of uncertainty about future developments: the refugee problem could lead to a new wave of incarceration and the moderate crime policy development in some countries, such as Germany, could be reversed by terrorist acts and influence the penal climate...

 

Direzione Nazionale Antimafia e Antiterrorismo
# Relazione annuale sulle attività svolte dal Procuratore nazionale e dalla Direzione nazionale antimafia e antiterrorismo nonché sulle dinamiche e strategie della criminalità organizzata di tipo mafioso nel periodo 1° luglio 2014 – 30 giugno 2015 Febbraio 2016

 

Andrea Orlando # Comunicazioni del guardasigilli sull’amministrazione della giustizia - www.giustizia.it/ Roma, Camera dei Deputati - mercoledì 20 gennaio 2016

# Relazione del Ministero sull’amministrazione della giustizia anno 2015 - Inaugurazione dell’Anno Giudiziario 2016

 

DAP Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria

# Situazione al 31 dicembre 2015

www.giustizia.it/ Statistiche

Detenuti presenti e capienza regolamentare degli istituti penitenziari per regione di detenzione - Detenuti presenti per posizione giuridica - Detenuti per classi di età - Tipologia di reato - Detenuti presenti e capienza regolamentare degli istituti penitenziari - Detenuti presenti condannati per pena inflitta e per pena residua - Misure alternative, lavoro di pubblica utilità, misure di sicurezza, sanzioni messa alla prova - Permessi premio concessi ai detenuti - Detenuti presenti stranieri per area geografica - Detenuti presenti per titolo di studio - Detenuti presenti per numero di figli - Detenuti presenti per regione di nascita - Detenuti presenti per regione di residenza

 

Kamala D. Harris | Attorney General California Department of JustiCe
# Homicide in California 2015
# Crime in California 2015
https://openjustice.doj.ca.gov/ 2015

 

Istat
# Annuario statistico italiano 2015. Giustizia, criminalità e sicurezza (Periodo di riferimento Anno 2014)
www.istat.it/ 29 dicembre 2015

 

Marcelo F. Aebi, Mélanie M. Tiago, Christine Burkhardt
# SPACE I – Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Prison populations. Survey 2014
Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 23 December 2015

Marcelo F. Aebi, Julien Chopin
# SPACE II - Council of Europe: Persons Serving Non-Custodial Sanctions and Measures in 2014
Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 15 December 2015      ...

 

Grazia Parisi, Gennaro Santoro, Alessio Scandurra
# La custodia cautelare: analisi delle misure alternative e del processo decisionale dell’autorità giudiziaria in Italia
Dicembre 2015

 

Robert E. Fay, Mamadou Diallo
# Developmental Estimates of Subnational Crime Rates Based on the National Crime Victimization Survey
www.bjs.gov/ December 17, 2015
Developmental Estimates of Subnational Crime Rates Based on the National Crime Victimization Survey presents rates of violent and property crime victimization for the 50 states and select metropolitan statistical areas, generated using small-area estimation (SAE) methods. The report describes the statistical modeling approach used to produce state- evel estimates from the National Crime Victimization Survey data and auxiliary data sources. It compares SAE victimization rates for the 50 states from 1999 to 2013 to FBI crime rates from the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. It shows trends in criminal victimization rates for each state from 1999 to 2013. State-level estimates of intimate partner  violence are also presented.

 

Margaret Noonan, Ingrid A. Binswanger, Patrick J. Blatchford, Hope Smiley-McDonald, Chris Ellis
# Linking Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP) and National Death Index (NDI) data: Assessing Cause of Death (COD) Data Reported to the DCRP
http://sites.usa.gov/ 2015
The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) has collected, analyzed and reported on deaths in the U.S. correctional system annually since the passage of the Death in Custody Reporting Act (2000 DICRA, PL. 106-297) to address public concerns about the safety and humane treatment of suspects, defendants, and offenders while in contact with or under the control or supervision of criminal justice agencies. The 2000 DICRA required local jails, state prisons, and state, and local law enforcement agencies to report information on the circumstances of each death occurring while offenders were in custody or of persons in the process of arrest to the Department of Justice. The Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP) began in 2000.

 

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)
# Living space per prisoner in prison establishments: CPT standards
Strasbourg, 15 December 2015
The CPT’s basic minimum standard for personal living space in prison establishments is: | 6m² of living space for a single-occupancy cell + sanitary facility | 4m² of living space per prisoner in a multiple-occupancy cell + fully-partitioned sanitary facility | at least 2m between the walls of the cell | at least 2.5m between the floor and the ceiling of the cell

 

William D. Bales, Catie Clark, Samuel Scaggs, David Ensley, Philip Coltharp, Alexa Singer, Thomas G. Blomberg
# An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Prison Work Release Programs on Post-Release Recidivism and Employment
www.ncjrs.gov/ December 1, 2015
The Florida Department of Corrections (FDC) reports that 27% or nearly 1 in 3 inmates released from a Florida prison returns to custody within three years of release. The state of Florida spends an average of 2.1 billion dollars per year on corrections costs (FDC, 2013a). With a large number of inmates being rearrested after release from prison and the additional burden of high correctional costs, it is important to identify options that both reduce recidivism and lower correctional budget expenditures.

 

Todd D. Minton, Scott Ginder, Susan M. Brumbaugh, Hope Smiley-McDonald, Harley Rohloff | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Census of Jails: Population Changes, 1999–2013
www.bjs.gov/ December 2015

From 1999 to 2013, the number of inmates in local jails increased by 21%, from 605,943 to 731,570. During this period, the growth in the jail population was not steady, as the jail confined population peaked in 2008 at 785,533 then declined to its 2013 level.

 

Ministère de la Justice | Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France
www.justice.gouv.fr/ Situation au 1er décembre 2015

 

House of Commons Justice Committee
# Appointment of HM Chief Inspector of Prisons and HM Chief Inspector of Probation. Third Report of Session 2015–16
www.publications.parliament.uk/ 25 November 2015

 

Scott Graves
# Corrections Spending Through the State Budget Since 2007-08: Still High Despite Recent Reforms
California Budget & Policy Center, November 2015
California has substantially reduced the numbers of incarcerated adults and parolees from their peak levels in 2007. The number of adults incarcerated in state prisons or other facilities, which stood at 173,312 in mid-2007, fell to 128,900 by mid-2015, a nearly 26 percent reduction. The number of adults on parole – people who are under the supervision of state parole agents following release from prison – registered an even steeper decline, falling from 126,330 in mid-2007 to 45,473 in mid- 2015, a drop of 64 percent.

 

Danielle Kaeble, Laura M. Maruschak, Thomas P. Bonczar | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Probation and Parole in the United States, 2014
www.bjs.gov/ November 2015
The small decline (down 1%) observed in the adult community corrections population was due to the drop in the probation population. The probation population declined from an estimated 3,910,600 offenders at yearend 2013 to 3,864,100 at yearend 2014, falling by about 46,500  offenders. The decline in the adult community corrections population was slightly offset by a small increase in the parole population, which grew from about 855,200 offenders at  yearend 2013 to 856,900 at yearend 2014.

 

Shelley Hyland, Ph.D., Lynn Langton, Ph.D., Elizabeth Davis | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Police Use of Nonfatal Force, 2002–11
www.bjs.gov/ November 2015
A greater percentage of persons who experienced the use of force (44%) had two or more contacts with police than those who did not experience force (28%). Blacks (14%) were more likely than Hispanics (5.9%), and slightly more than whites (6.9%) to experience nonfatal force during street stops. Blacks (1.4%) were twice as likely as whites (0.7%) to experience force during contacts involving a personal search.

 

The Sentencing Project
# Fewer Prisoners, Less Crime: A Tale of Three States
http://sentencingproject.org/ November 2015
Although the pace of criminal justice reform has accelerated at both the federal and state levels in the past decade, current initiatives have had only a modest effect on the size of the prison population. But over this period, three states – New York, New Jersey, and California – have achieved prison population reductions in the range of 25%. They have also seen their crime rates generally decline at a faster pace than the national average.

 

Heather M. Harris
# Do Cellmates Matter? A Study of Prison Peer Effects under Essential Heterogeneity
www.ncjrs.gov/ November 2015

The current study has sought to establish whether average prison peer effects can be held accountable for some portion of the failure of incarceration to reduce reoffending. The null average prison peer effects identified by the current study cannot account for prison effects that appear, on average, criminogenic. Within the null average prison peer effects estimated lies tremendous variation in marginal prison peer effects. Some MPPEs appear to exert significant criminogenic effects on reoffending. Others appear to exert crimino-suppressive effects. That substantial variation in the estimated marginal prison peer effects remained despite the inclusion of numerous controls suggests the potential for bias in previous peer effect estimates...

 

César Muñoz
# Pernambuco’s Privatized Prisons
Folha de São Paulo, October 20, 2015
Brazil’s prisons hold more than 607,000 people in facilities designed for about 377,000. Pernambuco’s prisons are the most overcrowded in the country, with three inmates for each official space.

 

Sam Taxy, Julie Samuels, and William Adams | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Drug Offenders in Federal Prison: Estimates of Characteristics Based on Linked Data
www.bjs.gov/ October 2015
This study is based on 94,678 offenders in federal prison at fiscal yearend 2012 who were sentenced on a new U.S. district court commitment and whose most serious offense (as classified by the Federal Bureau of Prisons) was a drug offense. Almost all (99.5%) drug offenders in federal prison were serving sentences for drug trafficking. Cocaine (powder or crack) was the primary drug type for more than half (54%) of drug offenders in federal prison. Race of drug offenders varied greatly by drug type. Blacks were 88% of crack cocaine offenders, Hispanics or Latinos were 54% of powder cocaine offenders, and whites were 48% of methamphetamine offenders.

 

Stanford Law School
# Proposition 47 Progress Report: Year One Implementation
www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/ October 2015

Since the enactment of Proposition 47 on November 14, 2014, the number of people incarcerated in California’s prisons and jails has decreased by approximately 13,000 inmates, helping alleviate crowding conditions in those institutions. Proposition 47 has also reduced the number of jail inmates released from custody early due to overcrowding and should generate over $150 million in state savings this fiscal year. County governments stand to save even more money: over $200 million annually, in aggregate.

 

Corte dei Conti - Sezione centrale di controllo sulla gestione delle Amministrazioni dello Stato
# L’attività del Commissario straordinario del governo per le problematiche connesse all’affollamento degli istituti carcerari
www.corteconti.it/ Deliberazione 30 settembre 2015, n. 6/2015/G

Rispetto ai 462,769 ml assegnati nel periodo 2010-2014 appena 52,374 ml (l’11,32 per cento circa) risultano essere stati spesi. La differenza, di 410,395 ml, è stata rimessa... In ordine ai nuovi posti detentivi che avrebbero dovuto essere resi disponibili, si evidenza che i nuovi posti creati con i vari interventi immobiliari dei Commissari sono stati, alla fine del 2014, soltanto n. 4.415, molti di meno (il 37 per cento), dunque, rispetto alle menzionate previsioni corrette di n. 11.934, che dovrebbero raggiungere poi, entro il 2016, con successive ultimazioni di n. 1.768 posti, il totale di n. 6.183 (pari al 51,81 per cento delle suddette previsioni). E’ da ritenere che la messa a disposizione dei residui n. 5.751 posti potrebbe essere assicurata solo a partire dal 2017-2018.

 

Social News
# Carceri, comprese quelle autocostruite che ci isolano dalla realtà
www.socialnews.it/ Settembre 2015

 

E. Ann Carson
# Prisoners in 2014
Bureau of Justice Statistics,September 2015
At yearend 2014, the United States held an estimated 1,561,500 prisoners in state and federal correctional facilities, a decrease of approximately 15,400 prisoners (down 1%) from December 31, 2013. A third (34%) of the decrease was due to fewer prisoners under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), which declined for the second consecutive year. Prisoners sentenced to more than 1 year in state or federal prison declined by almost 1% (down 11,800 prison inmates) from yearend 2013 (1,520,400) to yearend 2014 (1,508,600). The number of prisoners housed in private facilities in the United States decreased by almost 2% in 2014 to 131,300 prison inmates...

 

Sandra Susan Smith
# Recidivism, Desistance, and Reentry: A Brief Review of the Literature
Department of Sociology | University of California-Berkeley, 2015
Whereas recidivism is the continuation of offending post sanction, desistance is now commonly conceptualized as the causal process by which criminal or deviant behavior stops. Empirically, however, desistance is typically measured as the failure to engage in criminal behavior, or the state of not offending, usually after a three-year period. But because desistance is a process and not a discrete event, it is best measured using longitudinal data that charts a gradual decline in criminal involvement.

 

Lucia Dalla Pellegrina, Margherita Saraceno
# Accesso alla giustizia in carcere: alcune evidenze basate su un “questionario fra pari”
Souq - Casa della Carità, Milano, 30 settembre 2015
L’accesso alla giustizia, nella sua accezione più generale, risulta limitato e difficile per i detenuti. Gli ostacoli al pieno accesso ai diritti fondamentali e di cittadinanza e i limiti alla risoluzione delle questioni legali colpiscono in prevalenza soggetti che sono già maggiormente vulnerabili perché stranieri o privi di una rete di supporto all’esterno del carcere quale, ad esempio, la famiglia. Benché gli istituti di detenzione organizzino servizi a supporto della risoluzione dei problemi legali e amministrativi dei reclusi, la detenzione rappresenta in sé il paradosso dell’essere “dentro il sistema giustizia” ed esserne al contempo esclusi.

 

Marwan Mohammed
# Sortir de la délinquance
Idées économiques et sociales, Septembre 2015, n° 181

Toutefois, dans de nombreuses recherches, il est possible de repérer un certain nombre de processus favorables à la désistance. Le premier facteur explicatif étant l’âge. Nous savons qu’hormis les jeunes souffrant de troubles spécifiques, les conduites transgressives s’affirment à la  préadolescence, s’intensifientnsuite pour atteindre un pic vers 15-17 ans (selon les territoires nationaux), se maintiennent à un niveau élevé jusqu’au tournant de la vingtaine avant de décroître... Dans nos sociétés salariales, l’occupation d’un emploi stable et satisfaisant est essentielle à la pérennisation de la désistance. Sortir d’une carrière délinquante s’effectue au regard d’un double mouvement, d’une dialectique entre l’usure (pression judiciaire, peines familiales, coûts psychologiques, humains, financiers, etc.) que provoquent de telles conduites et l’ouverture sociale, c’est-à-dire la possibilité de se projeter vers un statut social acceptable.

 

Magnus Lofstrom, Brandon Martin
# Public Safety Realignment: Impacts So Far
www.ppic.org/ PPIC Public Policy Institute of California, September 2015
Realignment—one of the most significant changes in California corrections in decades—is approaching the four-year mark. Prompted by a federal court mandate to reduce overcrowding in California’s expensive prison system, the reform was premised on the idea that locals can do a better job through increased use of evidence-based practices. Realignment shifted administrative and funding responsibility for many lower-level offenders from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation to county jail and probation systems. The reform was expected to lower incarceration rates, improve recidivism trends, and lower costs...

 

Caroline Touraut,

# L’administration pénitentiaire, 1945, 1975, 2015. Naissance des réformes, problématiques, actualité.Actes des Journées d’études internationales organisées par la Direction de l’administration pénitentiaire (DAP)

www.justice.gouv.fr/ 14 et 15 décembre 2015

 

Oliver Roeder, Lauren-Brooke Eisen, Julia Bowling (Foreword by Joseph E. Stiglitz)
# What Caused the Crime Decline?
www.brennancenter.org/ Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, 2015
Public and political pressure to effectively fight crime and improve public safety has been used to justify mass incarceration despite the economic, human, and moral toll. However, as this report finds, during the past two decades the approach of using incarceration as a one-size fits all punishment for crime has passed the point of diminishing returns to actually reduce crime. 

 

Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenzaria

# Misure alternative alla detenzione - I Semestre 2015 : 30 giugno 2015
Dati ripartiti per cittadinanza | Dati nazionali per tipologia | Dati ripartiti per età | Dati ripartiti per sesso | Dati ripartiti per zone geografiche | Dati ripartiti per tipologia reato | Misure alternative, lavoro di pubblica utilità, misure di sicurezza, sanzioni sostitutive e messa alla prova | Revoche

www.giustizia.it/ 4 settembre 2015

 

Gustavo Robles, Gabriela Calderon, Beatriz Magaloni
# The Economic Consequences of Drug Trafficking Violence in Mexico
https://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/ August, 2015
The results from our instrumental variable regression show that an increase of 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in a municipality is related to: a decrease in the proportion of people working by about 2 and 3 percentage points in the current and next quarter respectively; an increase in the proportion of unemployed people by about a 0.5 percentage points; a decrease in the proportion of people owning a business by about .4 percentage points; and a decrease in the proportion self-employed by about 0.5 percentage points. Moreover, an increase of one homicide per 100,000 inhabitants decreases the average municipal income by 1.2% in the current and following quarter...

 

Lila Kazemian
# Straight Lives. The Balance between Human Dignity, Public Safety, and Desistance from Crime
Research & Evaluation Center, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, August 2015
Desistance from crime is defined as a process involving a series of cognitive, social, and behavioral changes leading up to the cessation of criminal behavior. The value and importance of studying desistance, particularly for intervention efforts after the onset of offending, have been stressed abundantly in the literature. Predictors of desistance highlighted in the literature include the strength and quality of bonds to sources of informal social control, human agency and the development of a prosocial identity, expressing hope for the future, reduced associations with friends who engage in offending, increased interactions with prosocial coworkers, and reduced substance use...

 

Illinois Sentencing Policy Advisory Council
# Illinois Results First. The High Cost of Recidivism
www.icjia.state.il.us/ Summer 2015
If recidivism reduction strategies are successful, the savings generated become available for other uses—including more investment in programs that work within the criminal justice system, social service interventions that reduce the risk of future criminal behavior, and reentry programs for offenders returning to the community—that reduce the number of victimizations going forward. If recidivism is not addressed using research and cost-benefit analysis, the people of Illinois will continue to pay the high cost of maintaining the status quo

 

Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento per la giustizia Minorile
# Dati statitici - 15 agosto 2015
www.giustiziaminorile.it/

# La sospensione del processo e messa alla prova (art. 28 D.P.R. 448/88) - Anno 2014
www.giustiziaminorile.it/ Roma giugno 2015

 

Ministère de la Justice | Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique mensuelle des personnes écrouées et détenues en France
www.justice.gouv.fr/ Situation au 1er juillet 2015

 

Ministero dell'Interno
# Dal Viminale. Un anno di attività del Ministero dell'Interno
www.interno.gov.it/ 15 agosto 2015

# Ministero dell'Interno, Calano i delitti commessi: variazioni % parziali 2014 - 2015, www.interno.gov.it/ agosto 2015

 

Antigone in Carcere
# Pre-rapporto sulle condizioni di detenzione    

# Venti proposte...
www.associazioneantigone.it/ 30 luglio 2015

 

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales
# Annual Report 2014–15 - Presented to Parliament pursuant to Section 5A of the Prison Act 1952 as
amended by Section 57 of the Criminal Justice Act 1982

www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/ Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 14 July 2015

You were more likely to die in prison than five years ago. More prisoners were murdered, killed themselves, self-harmed and were victims of assaults than five years ago. There were more serious assaults and the number of assaults and serious assaults against staff also rose... Most deaths were from natural causes and the increase can, to some extent, be explained by the aging prison population. However, taking into account differences in age and gender, the mortality rate in prison remained significantly higher than that of the general population. 

 

Ministero della Giustizia | Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria

# Relazione al Parlamento sullo stato di attuazione delle disposizioni di legge relative al lavoro dei detenuti ai sensi dell’art.20 ultimo comma della legge 26 luglio 1975 n.354. Anno 2014.

1° Luglio 2015

 

Gobierno de España | Ministerio del Interior
# Anuario Estadistico del Ministerio del Interior 2014 - Instituciones Penitenciarias
www.interior.gob.es/ Junio 2015

 

Stephen Farrall, Fergus McNeill
# Desistance Research and Criminal Justice Social Work
www.cep-probation.org/ 2015

 

The Economist
# Americans Prisons. The Right Choices
www.economist.com/ Jun 20th 2015
No country in the world imprisons as many people as America does, or for so long. Across the array of state and federal prisons, local jails and immigration detention centres, some 2.3m people are locked up at any one time. America, with less than 5% of the world’s population, accounts for around 25% of the world’s prisoners. The system is particularly punishing towards black people and Hispanics, who are imprisoned at six times and twice the rates of whites respectively. A third of young black men can expect to be incarcerated at some point in their lives. The system is riddled with drugs, abuse and violence. Its cost to the American taxpayer is about $34,000 per inmate per year; the total bill is around $80 billion.

 

Australian Crime Commission
The Costs of Serious and Organised Crime in Australia 2013-14. Methodological Approach
www.acic.gov.au/ Commonwealth of Australia 2015 
Infographic...     Chris Dawson...
... includes, in its ‘Costs as a consequence of crime’ section, some elements that would have been considered quite ‘third-order’ impacts in early attempts to measure the costs of crime. Along with ‘traditional’ elements such as property losses and medical and mental health care costs, they include victims’ productivity losses, household services, lost school days, pain and suffering and lost quality of life, victim support services, tort claim expenses and ‘long-term consequences.’ ...

 

Seena Fazel, Achim Wolf
# A Systematic Review of Criminal Recidivism Rates Worldwide: Current Difficulties and Recommendations for Best Practice
PLoS ONE 10(6) 2015
Recidivism is a broad term that refers to relapse of criminal behaviour, which can include a range of outcomes, including rearrest, reconviction, and reimprisonment. We identified recidivism data for 18 countries. Of the 20 countries with the largest prison populations, only 2 reported repeat offending rates. The most commonly reported outcome was 2-year reconviction rates in prisoners. Sample selection and definitions of recidivism varied widely, and few countries were comparable. Recidivism data are currently not valid for international comparisons. Justice Departments should consider using the reporting guidelines developed in this paper to report their data.

 

Fondazione David Hume | A cura di Rossana Cima e Luca Ricolfi e con i contributi di Dario Di Pierro, Riccardo De Caria, Caterina Guidoni e Barbara Loera
# Criminalità in Italia, Dossier II, 2015
Fondazione DAVID HUME per Il Sole 24 ORE - 2015
Esiste una “insicurezza sommersa” legata alla microcriminalità. E tuttavia, le sensazioni di insicurezza dei cittadini dipendono in parte dai livelli oggettivi di pericolo ‒ quindi dall’effettivo peso dei reati e dell’illegalità nel contesto sociale ‒ e in parte sono invece collegate ai livelli di fiducia e di tranquillità economica e sociale che pervadono la nazione, nonché dal peso che i mezzi di comunicazione di massa danno alla criminalità. Quando un cittadino si sente insicuro, anche indipendentemente dalle condizioni oggettive di pericolosità del suo ambiente di vita, si comporta come se lo fosse.

 

ISTAT
# La violenza contro le donne dentro e fuori la famiglia. Anno 2014
www.istat.it/ 5 giugno 2015
La violenza contro le donne è fenomeno ampio e diffuso. 6 milioni 788 mila donne hanno subìto nel corso della propria vita una qualche forma di violenza fisica o sessuale, il 31,5% delle donne tra i 16 e i 70 anni: il 20,2% ha subìto violenza fisica, il 21% violenza sessuale, il 5,4% forme più gravi di violenza sessuale come stupri e tentati stupri. Sono 652 mila le donne che hanno subìto stupri e 746 mila le vittime di tentati stupri.

 

United States Government Accountability Office
# Justice Could Better Measure Progress Addressing Incarceration Challenges
www.gao.gov/ June 2015
Department of Justice (DOJ) has implemented three key initiatives to address the federal incarceration challenges of  overcrowding, rising costs, and offender recidivism, which includes the return of offenders to prison after release. The Smart on Crime Initiative involves multiple DOJ components and has five key goals, one of which involves prioritizing the prosecution of the most seriouscases... DOJ’s Smart on Crime Initiative, new Clemency Initiative, and BOP’s RSD are positive steps in addressing long-standing federal incarceration challenges, and DOJ has taken some initial steps to measure its efforts in these areas.

 

Prison Reform Trust
# Why focus on reducing women’s imprisonment?
http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ 2015
Women in prison are highly likely to be victims as well as offenders. More than half (53%) report having experienced emotional, physical or sexual abuse as a child, compared to 27% of men. A similar proportion report having been victims of domestic violence. Both figures are likely to be an under-estimate. Women can become trapped in a vicious cycle of victimisation and criminal activity. Their situation can be worsened by poverty,
substance dependency or poor mental health. Leaving the relationship doesn’t guarantee that domestic violence will stop. The period when a  woman is planning or making her exit is often the most dangerous time for her and her children.

 

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)
# European Drug Report. Trends and Developments
www.emcdda.europa.eu/ 2015

 

Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento per la giustizia Minorile
# Dati statitici - 31 maggio 2015
www.giustiziaminorile.it/
La criminalità minorile è connotata dalla prevalenza dei reati contro il patrimonio e, in particolare, dei reati di furto e rapina. Frequenti sono anche le violazioni delle disposizioni in materia di sostanze stupefacenti, mentre tra i reati contro la persona prevalgono le lesioni personali volontarie

 

Prison Reform Trust
# Prison: the facts. Bromley Briefings Summer 2015
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ May 2015

 

Ragnar Kristoffersen
# Relapse study in the correctional services of the Nordic countries. Key results and perspectives
http://euro-vista.org/ EuroVista, vol. 2, n. 3, 2015
The most important finding in this study is that it demonstrates that reoffending rates among different offender groups inside the correctional services is a reflection of national differences in the criminal sanction system and the dispersion and the proportion of offender groups serving in prison compared to those serving in the probation.

 

Christian Henrichson, Joshua Rinaldi, Ruth Delaney | VERA Institute of Justice
# The Price of Jails: Measuring the Taxpayer Cost of Local Incarceration
www.safetyandjusticechallenge.org/ May 2015
The jail is one of a community’s largest investments and its funding is drawn from the same sources that support public hospitals, schools, social services, roads, and many other essential functions of local government. It is exactly for this reason that counties and cities are well positioned to reinvest jail savings into programs and services that will help keep many people, especially those who are poor or have serious mental illness, from entering or staying in jail in the first place. And, in terms of public safety, this is a much better investment.

 

J. Richard Couzens, Tricia A. Bigelow
# Proposition 47. “The Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act”
www.courts.ca.gov/ May 2016

 

Boderick Bennet
# An Offender's Perspective of Correctional Education Programs in a Southeastern State
http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/ Walden University, April 2015
The purpose of this multiple case study was to examine the lived experiences of 20 offenders involved in correctional education programs while incarcerated to explore their correctional education experience within the context of postincarceration employment. The theoretical foundation of this study was based on Bandura’s self-efficacy theory...

 

Lila Kazemian, Jeremy Travis
# Imperative for Inclusion of Long Termers and Lifers in Research and Policy
Criminology & Public Policy, Volume 14, Issue 2, 2015
Time in prison is assessed through two main indicators of success or failure: behaviors in prison (correctional risk) and postrelease outcomes (community risk). The concept of desistance, which we regard as a process involving a series of cognitive, social, and behavioral changes leading up to the cessation of criminal behavior, cuts across these two dimensions. Yet, the desistance literature has largely ignored changes that occur during periods of incarceration...

 

Penal Reform International
# Global Prison Trends 2015. Special Focus - Drugs and imprisonment
www.penalreform.org/ 2015
Growing prison populations throughout the world (though not in every country) place an enormous financial burden on governments and at a great cost to the social cohesion of societies. It is estimated that more than 10.2 million people, including sentenced and pre-trial prisoners, were held in penal institutions worldwide. 144 out of every 100,000 people of the world were therefore in prison at that time. Prison populations are growing in all five continents. In the last 15 years the estimated world prison population has increased by some 25-30 per cent but at the same time the world population has risen by over 20 per cent. The world prison population rate has risen by about six per cent from 136 per 100,000 of the world population to the current rate of 144

 

Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte - Garante regionale delle persone sottoposte a misure restrittive della libertà personale
# Prima relazione annuale delle attività svolte
http://www.cr.piemonte.it/ 31 marzo 2015
Occorre però avere presente che le criticità ed illegalità del sistema penitenziario italiano non sono confinabili nel mero problema di sovraffollamento, ma anche e soprattutto riguardano l'efficacia del periodo di detenzione rispetto all'obiettivo, individuale e collettivo, della pena.

 

Jessica Benko
# The Radical Humaneness of Norway’s Halden Prison. The goal of the Norwegian penal system
is to get inmates out of it

New York Times, March 26, 2015

 

Annie Kensey
# Quelques considérations sur les récidives
Espaces et sociétés, 2015/3, n. 162
Le concept de désistance, exporté et importé du Canada, a été récemment introduit en France. Marwan Mohammed a employé le syntagme de « sorties de délinquance » qui nous semble le plus approprié... on relève que l’arrêt de la délinquance est le fait des individus eux-mêmes et de leurs capacités, mais aussi des contextes et ressources disponibles que les personnes (re)trouvent à leur sortie (accessibilité du marché du travail, opportunités d’emploi, famille, etc.).

 

Roger Abravanel, Stefano Proverbio, Fabio Bartolomeo | «Osservatorio per il monitoraggio degli effetti sull’economia delle riforme della giustizia»
# Misurare la performance dei tribunali
www.giustizia.it/ Roma, 26 marzo 2015

 

Camera dei Deputati
# Relazione sullo svolgimento da parte dei detenuti di attività lavorative o di corsi di formazione professionale per qualifiche richieste da esigenze territoriali (anno 214)
Presentata dal Ministro della giustizia, 20 marzo 2015

 

Garante delle persone private della libertà personale | Regione Emilia-Romagna
# Relazione annuale delle attività svolte - 2014
Marzo 2015

 

Tapio Lappi-Seppälä
# Why Some Countries Cope with Use of Imprisonment? Explain Differences and Pondering the remedies
http://www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ March 2015

 

Istat
# I detenuti nelle carceri italiane - anno 2013
www.istat.it/ 19 marzo 2015

Sia per chi è in attesa di una sentenza definitiva sia per i condannati il reato più frequente è la produzione e spaccio di stupefacenti, seguito dalla rapina e dal furto (Tavola 12). Per chi è in custodia cautelare, rispetto a chi è condannato, si collocano più in alto di qualche posizione nella graduatoria l’associazione di stampo mafioso, l’estorsione, e l’associazione per delinquere. Per effetto delle modifiche normative, gli imputati per il reato di produzione e spaccio di stupefacenti in carcere sono diminuiti dal 40,1% del 2011 al 35,9% del 2013.

 

 

Associazione Antigone
# XI Rapporto Nazionale sulle Condizioni di Detenzione
www.osservatorioantigone.it/ 17 marzo 2015
I detenuti presenti al 28 febbraio 2015 sono 53.982. Il 31 dicembre 2014 erano 53.623. I detenuti nelle carceri europee sono 1 milione 737 mila. In calo di circa 100 mila unità rispetto all’anno precedente... Gli ingressi in carcere dalla libertà sono stati 50.217 nel 2014. Ben 92.800 nel 2008 in piena ondata securitaria (era Roberto Maroni il ministro degli Interni). Ovvero in sei anni sono diminuiti di 42.683 unità...

 

 

Ministero della Giustizia | Dipartimento dell’Organizzazione Giudiziaria
# Censimento speciale giustizia penale
www.giustizia.it/ 14 marzo 2015
a) Relazione di Mario Barbuto (Capo del Dipartimento dell’Organizzazione Giudiziaria); b) Relazione del direttore generale della Direzione Statistiche Fabio Bartolomeo; c) Analisi dei flussi e delle pendenze nel settore penale a dicembre 2014; d) Elenco dei Tribunali italiani in ordine alfabetico con oltre 20 parametri; e) Elenchi speciali dei Tribunali in base agli indici più significativi; f) Elenco delle Corti d’Appello in base a 18 parametri; g) Elenco degli Uffici della Procura della Repubblica in ordine alfabetico con 15 parametri; h) Elenchi speciali delle Procure in base agli indici più significativi

 

 

European Commission
# The 2015 EU Justice Scoreboard
http://ec.europa.eu/ Brussels, 09 March 2015
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Central Bank, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions COM(2015) 116 final. The Justice Scoreboard contributes to identifying potential shortcomings and good practices and aims to present trends on the functioning of the national justice systems over time. While the Scoreboard presents comparative information on Member States’ justice systems based on a number of particular indicators, it is not intended to present an overall single ranking, or to promote any particular form of justice system

 

Ineke Pruin, Frieder Dünkel
# Better in Europe? European responses to young adult offending
www.barrowcadbury.org.uk/ March 2015
The age-crime curve can be regarded as a universal phenomenon. Yet it is far from invariant; the age-crime curves tend to peak earlier if we look at police-recorded data compared to data on convictions. The reason for this lies partly in the time which lies between the offence and the conviction, and partly in diversion schemes for first-time offenders which limit the number of younger persons appearing before the courts. Further analyses have shown that age-crime curves vary for different offences, genders or ethnic groups – again, not in their patterns of rise, peak and fall, but with respect to their peak-ages. For example, the age-crime curve for violence tends to peak later than that for property crime. The differences between males and females reveal that the peak is earlier for female than for male suspects or convicts...

 

Brian A. Jackson, Joe Russo, John S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Richard Silberglitt,
George B. Drake, John S. Shaffer, Mikhail Zaydman, Brian G. Chow
# Fostering Innovation in Community and Institutional Corrections. Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs for the U.S. Corrections Sector
www.ncjrs.gov | www.rand.org | 2015
Meeting all of these goals requires innovation—changes in technologies, policies, training, and practices—to enable better performance. In the ideal case, innovations can help achieve multiple goals simultaneously. For example, recent RAND analysis of the effects of correctional education programs showed that they have the potential to reduce recidivism and that the money spent to carry out the programs was more than compensated by reductions in the number of offenders who would have otherwise returned to prison, saving states and localities significant costs of reincarceration. However, in other cases, innovation requires new technologies or organizational practices, and in an era of tight budgets, the resources necessary to make these innovations possible can be scarce.  

 

Duren Banks, Lance Couzens, Caroline Blanton, Devon Cribb
# Arrest-Related Deaths Program Assessment. Technical Report
www.bjs.gov/ March 2015
RTI calculated the size of the law enforcement homicide population in the United States and the ARD ( Arrest-Related Deaths) program coverage using two methods to estimate the lower and upper bounds of ARD coverage. We found that over the study period from 2003 through 2009 and 2011, the ARD program captured, at best, 49% of all law enforcement homicides in the United States. The lower bound of ARD program coverage was estimated to be 36%. These findings indicate that the current ARD program methodology does not allow a census of all law enforcement homicides in the United States.

 

CEJFE: Centro de Estudios Jurídicos y Formación Especializada
# Tasa de reincidencia penitenciaria 2014. Área de Investigación y Formación Social y Criminológica
www.recercat.cat/ Año 2015

 

 

Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria

# Statistiche al 28 febbraio 2015

www.giustizia.it
Detenuti presenti | Detenuti presenti per posizione giuridica | Detenuti stranieri distribuiti per nazionalità e sesso | Detenuti presenti e capienza regolamentare degli istituti penitenziari | Eventi critici negli istituti penitenziari - Serie storica degli anni: 1992-2014 | Misure alternative, lavoro di pubblica utilità, misure di sicurezza e sanzioni sostitutive - Anno 2014 | Misure alternative alla detenzione - Dati nazionali per tipologia - Anno 2014 | Condannati a misure alternative e ad altre misure - Dati ripartiti per tipologia reato - Anno 2014 | Misure alternative alla detenzione - Dati ripartiti per cittadinanza - Anno 2014

# Statistiche su detenute madri, lavoro e formazione professionale in carcere

 

Ministero della Giustizia | Dipartimento per la Giustizia Minorile
# Dati Statistici
www.giustizia.it/ 28 febbraio 2015

 

 

Unipolis | Osservatorio Europeo sulla Sicurezza
# Nella "terra di mezzo" fra terrore globale e paure quotidiane. 8° Rapporto sulla sicurezza e l'insicurezza sociale in Italia e in Europa
www.fondazioneunipolis.org/ Febbraio 2015
Nonostante tutto, non si assiste alla drammatizzazione del sentimento sociale che avevamo osservato nel passato recente. Le paure non si traducono in Paura. Le incertezze non si condensano in una nube di Grande Incertezza, com’era avvenuto negli ultimi anni. Certo, il grado di insicurezza resta molto elevato. Le paure globali, l’inquietudine economica e il rifiuto della politica colpiscono la maggioranza della popolazione. Ma senza toccare i picchi osservati alla fine del 2012. E, comunque, si coglie qualche segno di scongelamento del clima d’opinione. Diciamo che prima era plumbeo, ora è divenuto grigio...

 

Timothy Williams
# Jails Have Become Warehouses for the Poor, Ill and Addicted, a Report Says
www.nytimes.com/ Feb. 11, 2015

Jails across the country have become vast warehouses made up primarily of people too poor to post bail or too ill with mental health or drug problems to adequately care for themselves, according to a report issued Wednesday.

 

Ram Subramanian, Ruth Delaney, Stephen Roberts, Nancy Fishman, Peggy McGarry | Vera Institute of Justice
# Incarceration's Front Door: The Misuse of Jails in America
http://www.vera.org/ February 2015
There are more than 3,000 jails in the United States, holding 731,000 people on any given day—more than the population of Detroit and nearly as many people as live in San Francisco.1 This number, high as it may be, is only a one-day snapshot. In the course of a typical year, there are nearly 12 million jail admissions—equivalent to the populations of Los Angeles and New York City combined and nearly 19 times the annual admissions to state and federal prisons.

 

The Pew Charitable Trusts
# Most States Cut Imprisonment and Crime
www.pewtrusts.org/ Jan 2015
Over the past five years, the majority of states have reduced their imprisonment rates while experiencing less crime. The relationship between incarceration and crime is complex, but states continue to show that it is possible to reduce both at the same time...

 

Joan Petersilia, Francis T. Cullen
# Liberal But Not Stupid: Meeting the Promise of Downsizing Prisons
Stanford Journal of Criminal Law and Policy 1 (2015)
Our call for a “criminology of downsizing” is thus an admonition to scholars to invent the knowledge and analytical tools needed to guide practical efforts to lower inmate populations. The creation of this criminology will not be achieved through platitudes, wishful thinking, and scholarship flowing only from armchairs and desktop computers. Easy solutions to downsizing do not exist. This essay thus is intended to be sobering, instructive, and directive...

 

Roberta Palmisano

# La detenzione femminile

www.giustizia.it/ Roma, Gennaio 2015

 

 

European Court of Human Rights | Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme
# Analysis of statistics 2014
http://www.echr.coe.int/ January 2015

 

Mark Motivans
# Federal Justice Statistics, 2011–2012
Bureau of Justice Statistics, January 2015
During fiscal year 2012, the number of suspects arrested for a federal offense declined to 172,248 after reaching a record 181,726 suspects in 2009. From 1994 to 2012, the number of suspects arrested by federal law enforcement more than doubled, from 80,450 in 1994 to 172,248 in 2012 ...

 

Zach Weissmueller
# California's 'Cruel and Unusual' Prisons. Despite court orders and ballot initiatives, Golden State prisons remain criminally overcrowded
http://reason.com/ Jan. 31, 2015
"Drug policy is the major driver of mass incarceration, both in California and nationwide," says Lynne Lyman, California state director of the Drug Policy Alliance. She points to the massive increase in the state and federal prison population following the 1980s ramp-up of the war on drugs. In California prisons alone, there are more than 11,000 inmates incarcerated for drug-related crimes, accounting for almost 9 percent of the total prison population. More than half of those were sentenced under the three-strikes law.

# Sharon Bernstein, California's Prison Population Is Finally Down, But Will It Last? www.huffingtonpost.com/ 01/29/2015

# Matt Sledge, California Voters Deal Blow To Prisons, Drug War, www.huffingtonpost.com/ 11/05/2014

 

The PEW Charitable Trusts
# Growth in Federal Prison System Exceeds States’. Federal imprisonment rate, taxpayer costs soar as states curtail expansion, protect public safety
www.pewtrusts.org/ Jan 2015
Between 1980 and 2013, the federal imprisonment rate increased 518 percent, from 11 inmates for every 100,000 U.S. residents to 68. During the same period, annual spending on the federal prison system rose 595 percent, from $970 million to more than $6.7 billion in inflation-adjusted dollars... Prison expenditures grew from 14 percent of the Justice Department’s total outlays to 23 percent, increasingly competing for resources with law enforcement and national security programs.

 

Ministère de la Justice - Direction de l'administration pénitentiaire
# Statistiques trimestrielles de la population prise en charge en milieu ouvert . Mouvements au cours du 4ième trimestre 2014 - Situation au 1er janvier 2015
www.justice.gouv.fr/ 2015

 

 

Andrea Orlando
# Intervento del guardasigilli Andrea Orlando sull’amministrazione della giustizia nel 2014
Camera dei Deputati, lunedì 19 gennaio 2015

 

Bernadette Rabuy, Peter Wagner
# Screening out Family Time: The for-profit video visitation industry in prisons and jails
http://static.prisonpolicy.org/ January 2015
Family contact is one of the surest ways to reduce the likelihood that an individual will re-offend after release, the technical term for which is “recidivism.” More contact between incarcerated people and their loved ones — whether in-person, by phone, by correspondence, or via video visitation — is clearly better for individuals, better for society, and even better for the facilities. As one Indiana prison official told a major correctional news service: “When they (prisoners) have that contact with the outside family they actually behave better here at the  facility.”

 

Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria
# Presenze 31 dicembre 2014
# Misure alternative 31 dicembre 2014

# Detenuti italiani e stranieri presenti e capienze per istituto - aggiornamento al 31 dicembre 2014
www.giustizia.it

 

ISTAT - Dipartimento per la Giustizia Minorile
# I giovani nelle strutture minorili della giustizia - Anno 2013
www.istat.it/ 29 dicembre 2014
I minori sono nell’80% dei casi italiani e nell’89% maschi; tuttavia, sia la percentuale di femmine sia quella degli stranieri sul totale è aumentata tra il 2011 e il 2013. Più della metà dei ragazzi in carico ha un’età compresa tra 16 e17 anni (52,8%), il 22,9% ha 14-15 anni con una prevalenza di ragazze straniere, infine il 23,7% ha già compiuto i 18 anni2 (Prospetto 2 e Tavola 3). I 14-17enni presi in carico sono 15.315, pari allo 0,7% del totale della popolazione minorile residente in Italia in questa fascia di età.

 

Istat
# Annuario statistico italiano 2014. Giustizia criminalità e sicurezza. Periodo di riferimento Anno 2013
www.istat.it/ martedì 23 dicembre 2014

 

Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria
# Eventi Critici negli Istituti Penitenziari. Anno 2014
Sezione Statistica dell’Ufficio per lo Sviluppo e la Gestione del Sistema Informativo Automatizzato, Statistica ed Automazione di supporto dipartimentale.

 

Lauren E. Glaze, Danielle Kaeble
# Correctional Populations in the United States, 2013
Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2014
An estimated 6,899,000 persons were under the supervision of adult correctional systems at yearend 2013, down from 6,940,500 at yearend 2012 (figure 1). The decrease of 41,500 offenders in 2013 resulted in the number of persons under correctional supervision falling below 6.9 million for the first time since 2003. The decline in the population during 2013 (down 0.6%) was less than 1% for the second consecutive year, down from 2.1% in 2010 when the fastest annual decline in the population was observed. About 1 in 35 adults in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision at yearend 2013. This rate was unchanged from 2012, when it dropped to the lowest rate observed since 1997.

 

Marcelo F Aebi, Natalia Delgrande, Yann Marguet
# Have community sanctions and measures widened the net of the European criminal justice systems?
Punishment & Society, 2015, Vol. 17(5) 575–597
The results show that both the number of persons serving community sanctions and the number of inmates have continuously increased in almost all European countries during the period studied. A comparison with the evolution of crime rates shows that the latter cannot explain such trends and suggests that, instead of being alternatives to imprisonment, community sanctions have contributed to widening the net of the European criminal justice systems. 

 

Russell Smith, Penny Jorna, Josh Sweeney, Georgina Fuller
# Counting the costs of crime in Australia: A 2011 estimate
Research and public policy series No. 129. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2014
In 2011, the total costs of crime in Australia were estimated to be $47.5b, or 3.4 percent of national GDP. Between 2001 and 2011, there has been an estimated 49.5 percent increase in total costs, although inflation increased by 33 percent during this period (RBA 2013). In terms of national GDP, the costs of crime have actually decreased by 1.1 percentage points over the deacde. Over the decade between 2001 and 2011, all categories of police-recorded crime declined, except assault, sexual assault and shop theft. Police recorded crime statistics for attempted murder, robbery, burglary  and vehicle theft all declined by at least 50 percent between 2001 and 2011.

 

# Aebi, M.F. & Delgrande, N. (2015). SPACE I – Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Prison populations. Survey 2013. Strasbourg: Council of Europe


# Council of Europe | Annual Penal Statistics – SPACE II - 2013 | Strasbourg 14/05/2014

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France - situation au 1er décembre 2014
www.justice.gouv.fr/

 

Ministero della Giustizia
# Report Situazione Penitenziaria
www.giustizia.it/ Dicembre 2014

Nonostante la riduzione di circa 12.000 detenuti il numero dei soggetti trattati dal sistema penale è rimasto stabile...

 

Chiara Mancuso
# Uno sguardo 'oltremanica': strategie di contrasto del sovraffollamento carcerario nel modello inglese
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 16 Dicembre 2014

1. Premessa. - 2. Variazioni nel calcolo della popolazione penitenziaria inglese in relazione al sistema di misura adottato. - 3. Recenti interventi in materia penitenziaria: la custodia cautelare. - 4. Sentenze custodiali come rimedio residuale del sistema e generalizzato ricorso a misure alternative o sospensive della pena. - 5. Automatica operatività della scarcerazione preventiva come principio generale dell'esecuzione della pena. - 6. Interventi di edilizia penitenziaria e privatizzazione delle carceri.

 

Centro nazionale per il volontariato | Fondazione volontariato e partecipazione
# La Certezza Del Recupero. I costi del carcere e il valore delle misure alternative
http://www.centrovolontariato.net/ Dicembre 2014

 

Rachel E. Morgan, Britney J. Mason | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Crimes Against the Elderly, 2003–2013
http://www.bjs.gov/ november 2014
This report describes crimes against persons age 65 or older, by victim and incident characteristics. Data are from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), and the U.S. Census Bureau. In 2003–13—  The rates of nonfatal violent crime (3.6 per 1,000 persons) and property crime (72.3 per 1,000) against elderly persons were lower than those of younger persons. 

 

Patricia O'Brien
# The case for closing down women’s prisons
http://theconversation.com/ 6 November 2014
...So what is the alternative to jailing women at the rate we do? In the UK, advocates propose community sentences for nonviolent offenders, and housing violent offenders in small custodial centers near their families. There is evidence these approaches can work in the US. Opportunities to test alternatives to prison are increasing across the states and some have demonstrated beneficial results for the women who participated. For example, state-funded Project Redeploy in Illinois...

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France situation au 1er novembre 2014
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/

 

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales
# Annual Report 2013–14
www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/ 21 october 2014

At the end of April 2013, the total prison population stood at 84,083 which was 96% of the usable operational capacity of 87,930. On 28 March 2014 the total population had unexpectedly increased above projections to 85,252 which was 99% of the usable operational capacity of 85,972.7 These population pressures had become particularly intense from the autumn of 2013..

 

European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI)
# European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics
www.heuni.fi/ 2014 (Fifth edition)

 

Giovanni Mastrobuoni, Daniele Terlizzese
# Rehabilitation and Recidivism: Evidence from an Open Prison
October 2014

We also find evidence that even for inmates who are not involved in work outside being exposed to prison conditions that emphasize responsibility and guarantee freedom of movement, conditions respectful of human dignity, productive use of time, are effective in reducing recidivism. Policies to that effect seem easier to implement, and are almost surely cost effective. Finally, we do not find robust evidence that peer effects are an important driver of our results. This suggests that scaling up the experience of Bollate, even by weakening somewhat the selection criteria, and adopting similar standards in other prisons, might not risk to undermine the positive results so far observed.

# Slides di sintesi - Milano marzo 2015

 

Office for National Statistics
# Crime in England and Wales, Year Ending June 2014
www.ons.gov.uk/ 16 October 2014
Latest figures from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) show that, for the offences it covers, there were an estimated 7.1 million incidents of crime against households and resident adults (aged 16 and over) in England and Wales for the year ending June 2014. This represents a 16% decrease compared with the previous year’s survey, and is the lowest estimate since the survey began in 1981.

 

Erinn J. Herberman, Thomas P. Bonczar
# Probation and Parole in the United States, 2013
Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 2014
At yearend 2013, an estimated 4,751,400 adults were under community supervision—a decline of about 29,900 offenders from yearend 2012. About 1 in 51 adults in the United States was under community supervision at yearend 2013. The community supervision population includes adults on probation, parole, or any other post-prison supervision.

 

Margaret E. Noonan, Scott Ginder

# Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons, 2000–2012 - Statistical Tables
http://www.bjs.gov/ October 2014

Margaret E. Noonan, Scott Ginder
Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons, 2000-2011 - Statistical Tables
www.bjs.gov/ Bureau of Justice Statistics, August 2013

 

E. Ann Carson | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Prisoners in 2013
www.bjs.gov/ September 2014
On December 31, 2013, the United States held an estimated 1,574,700 persons in state and federal prisons, an increase of approximately 4,300 prisoners (0.3%) from 2012. This was the first increase reported since the peak of 1,615,500 prisoners in 2009... Prisoners sentenced to more than a year under the jurisdiction of state or federal correctional authorities increased by 5,400 inmates from 2012 to 2013. However, the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities decreased by less than 1% between 2012 and 2013, from 480 prisoners per 100,000 U.S. residents in 2012 to 478 per 100,000 in 2013.

# Maria Lombardi Stocchetti, Il carcere negli U.S.A., oggi: una fotografia. Il Rapporto "Prisoners in 2013" (U.S. Department of Justice, 30.09.2014), www.penalecontemporaneo, 23 dicembre 2014

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire | Bureau des études et de la prospective
# Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France
www.justice.gouv.fr/ 1er septembre 2014

 

Florence de Bruyn, Annie Kensey
# Durées de détention plus longues, personnes détenues en plus grand nombre (2007-2013)
Cahiers d’études pénitentiaires et criminologiques, septembre 2014, n. 40

 

Jennifer L. Truman, Lynn Langton | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Criminal Victimization, 2013
www.bjs.gov/ September 2014
In 2013, U.S. residents age 12 or older experienced an estimated 6.1 million violent victimizations and 16.8 million property victimizations, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ (BJS) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). After two consecutive years of increases, the overall violent crime rate (which includes rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault) declined slightly, from 26.1 victimizations per 1,000 persons in 2012 to 23.2 per 1,000 in 2013.

 

Hans-Jörg Albrecht, Jörg-Martin Jehle (Eds.)
# National Reconviction Statistics and Studies in Europe
Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014
Recidivism belongs to the main categories of criminology, crime policy and criminal justice. If the target of preventing offenders from reoffending is taken seriously crime policy should be measured by success of certain penal sanctions in terms of relapses. Also institutions that deal directly with crime and offenders need to get basic information on the consequences of their actions; particularly when decisions have to be based on a prognosis they should refer to general knowledge about offender groups at risk of reoffending. All these are reasons why – besides the conventional crime and criminal justice statistics, that don´t allow to follow further offending – representative recidivism studies are needed.

 

Governement of Western Australia | Office of the Inspector of Custodial Services
# Recidivism rates and the impact of treatment programs
www.oics.wa.gov.au/ September 2014
Western Australia has high recidivism rates. On average over the past decade, 40 to 45 per cent of people have returned to prison within two years of being released.  Given Western Australia has a prisoner population of approximately 5000, a recidivism  rate of 40 per cent equates to approximately 2000 people returning to prison in under  two years. It costs, on average, around $120,000 per annum to keep one prisoner in  prison. Thus, for every ten prisoners who do not return to prison for just one year, the  projected saving in direct costs alone is over $1 million...

 

France - Ministère de la Justice
# Les chiffres-clés de la Justice
Ministère de la Justice 2014

 

Prisons and Probation Ombudsman for England and Wales | Nigel Newcomen
# Annual Report 2013–2014
http://mojppo.wpengine.com/ September 2014

We were notified of 256 deaths in 2013–14 (17 of which were not investigated as they were outside our remit). We started 239 investigations, 48 (25%) more than last year.• There were 90 apparently self-inflicted deaths, 64% more than the previous year. • The major increase in self-inflicted deaths was among adult male prisoners. There were 6 self-inflicted deaths of those aged 18–21 years, an increase from 2 deaths last year, but the biggest rise was among 25- to 30-year-olds who accounted for 22 (24%) self-inflicted deaths (an increase from 8 last year). • 130 deaths were from natural causes (7% more than last year) and 9 were classified as ‘other non-natural’.

 

Regione del Veneto
# Giustizia, Legalità e Sicurezza: tessuto di tutti i diritti. Statistiche Flash
Anno 14 - Settembre 2014
I carcerati sono prevalentemente uomini, giovani e con un'istruzione medio-bassa. Gli stranieri nelle carceri venete sono il 58%, una percentuale importante, ma che in parte si spiega considerando che, rispetto agli italiani, gli stranieri riescono a usufruire meno delle misure alternative al carcere (a livello nazionale il 13% contro il 31% degli italiani), perché spesso sprovvisti dei requisiti per poterle chiedere, come un ambiente familiare idoneo, un alloggio e un lavoro adeguato.

 

Peter Wagner, Leah Sakala, Josh Begley
# States of Incarceration: The Global Context: World Incarceration Rates If Every U.S. State Were A Country
www.prisonpolicy.org/ 2014

 

Roy Walmsley
# World Pre-trial/Remand Imprisonment List (second edition)
ICPS International Centre for Prison Studies

 

Douglas N. Evans
# The Debt Penalty. Exposing the Financial Barriers to Offender Reintegration
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, August 2014

Financial debt associated with legal system involvement is a pressing issue that affects the criminal justice system, offenders, and taxpayers. Mere contact with the criminal justice system often results in fees and fines that increase with progression through the system. Criminal justice fines and fees punish offenders and are designed to generate revenue for legal systems that are operating on limited budgets. However, fines and fees often fail to accomplish this second goal because many offenders are too poor to pay them...

 

Linda Keena, Chris Simmons
# Rethink, Reform, Reenter: An Entrepreneurial Approach to Prison Programming
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2014
This study highlights the need for more cognitive-based educational programming with prerelease inmates. These programs are an important first step in increasing employability. The findings suggest that a substantial number of inmates are willing to approach reentry in new ways. Not only did the participants grasp the concepts, they applied them. The evaluation showed the problem may not be that inmates are unable to find jobs, but illuminates poor preparation of inmates to reenter society. Perceived changes in personal and cognitive development helped these inmates secure gainful employment and they may now have the ambition to move forward from there

 

Todd D. Minton, Daniela Golinelli
# Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013 - Statistical Tables
Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2014 (Revised August 12, 2014)
The jail incarceration rate—the confined population per 100,000 U.S. residents—declined slightly between midyear 2012 (237 per 100,000) and 2013 (231 per 100,000). This decline continues a downward trend from a high of 259 jail inmates per 100,000 residents in 2007

 

Jeremy Travis, Bruce Western (eds)
# The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences
www.nap.edu/ The National Academies Press, 2014

After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States more than quadrupled during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The ...

 

FRA Europen Agency for Fundamental Rights
# Violence against women: an EU-wide survey Main results
http://fra.europa.eu/ European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014
This report is based on interviews with 42,000 women across the 28 Member States of the European Union (EU). It shows that violence against women, and specifically gender-based violence that disproportionately affects women, is an extensive human rights abuse that the EU cannot afford to overlook... One in 10 women has experienced some form of sexual violence since the age of 15, and one in 20 has been raped. Just over one in five women has experienced physical and/or sexual violence from either a current or previous partner, and just over one in 10 women indicates that they have experienced some form of sexual violence by an adult before they were 15 years old. Yet, as an illustration, only 14 % of women reported their most serious incident of intimate partner violence to the police, and 13 % reported their most serious incident of non-partner violence to the police.

 

Michael Tonry
# Why Crime Rates Are Falling Throughout the Western World
http://scholarship.law.umn.edu/ The University of Chicago, 2014
Crime rates have moved in parallel in Western societies since the late Middle Ages. Homicide rates declined from 20 to 100 per 100,000 population in western Europe to one per 100,000 in most Western countries by the beginning of the twentieth century. Crime rates in major cities and in countries fell from the early nineteenth century until the middle of the twentieth. From the 1960s to the 1990s, rates for violent and property crimes rose in all wealthy Western countries. Since then, rates in all have fallen precipitately for homicide, burglary, auto theft, and other property crimes...

 

Manuel Eisner
# From Swords to Words: Does Macro-Level Change in Self-Control Predict Long-Term Variation in Levels of Homicide?
The University of Chicago, 2014

Over the past decade the idea that Europe experienced a centuries-long decline in homicide, interrupted by recurrent surges and at different speeds in different parts of the continent, became widely acknowledged. So far explanations have relied mostly on anecdotal evidence, usually broadly relying on Norbert Elias’s theory of the “civilizing process.” One major general theory of large-scale fluctuations in homicide rates, selfcontrol theory, offers a wide range of hypotheses that can be tested with rigorous quantitative analyses. A number of macro-level indicators for societal efforts to promote civility, self-discipline, and long-sightedness have been examined and appear to be strongly associated with fluctuations in homicide rates over the past six centuries.

 

Ministero dell'Interno
# Dal Viminale. Un anno di attività del Ministero dell’Interno
www.interno.gov.it/ Roma, 15 agosto 2014

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire

# Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France - situation au 1er août 2014

http://www.justice.gouv.fr/

# Statistiques trimestrielles de la population prise en charge en milieu ouvert Situation au 1er avril 2014

 

Gobierno de España | Ministerio del Interior
# Anuario Estadistico del Ministerio del Interior 2013 - Instituciones Penitenciarias
www.interior.gob.es/ Julio 2014

 

England and Wales - Ministry of Justice
# Offender Management Statistics Quarterly – January to March 2014
Statistics bulletin - 31 July 2014

 

Todd D. Minton
# Jails in Indian Country, 2013
Bureau of Justice Statistics, July 2014
At midyear 2013, a total of 2,287 inmates were confined in Indian country jails—a 3.3% decrease from the 2,364 inmates confined at midyear 2012. |  The number of inmates admitted into Indian country jails during June 2013 (10,977) was five times the size of the average daily population (2,141). |  Since 2010, about 31% of inmates in Indian country jails have been confined for a violent offense, a decline from about 39% in each year between midyear 2004 and 2009. |  Nearly 2 in 10 inmates were held for public intoxication at midyear 2013.

 

Equipo de Fallecimientos en Prision - Observatorio de Carceles Federales - PPN
# Informe Estadistico sobre Muertes en Prision
http://ppn.gov.ar/ Julio de 2014

(Argentina) Este documento presenta los resultados de la aplicación del Procedimiento para la Investigación y Documentación de Fallecimientos en Prisión, ante cada muerte de detenidos bajo custodia del SPF registrada, desde el 1º de enero de 2009 hasta el 30 de junio de 2014.

 

Observatoire national de la délinquance et des réponses pénales ONDRP
# Criminalité et délinquance enregistrées en juin 2014
www.inhesj.fr/ 07.2014

 

Tribunale di Sorveglianza di Messina
# Ordinanza del 16 luglio 2014
Sollevata questione di legittimità costituzionale in merito ai nuovi criteri di accertamento della pericolosità sociale del seminfermo di mente: «non costituisce elemento idoneo a supportare il giudizio di pericolosità sociale la sola mancanza di programmi terapeutici individuali»

 

Roy Walmsley
# World Pre-trial/Remand Imprisonment List (second edition)
www.prisonstudies.org/ 18.06.2014
Two and a half million people in pre-trial detention and other forms of remand imprisonment are recorded in this List. In addition it is believed that there are about 250,000 such prisoners in China and, taking account of those in the countries on which official information is unavailable and of those pre-trial detainees in police facilities who are omitted from national totals, there will be close to three million held in pre-trial detention and other forms of remand imprisonment throughout the world.

 

Ministére de la Justice
# Prévention de la récidive et individualisation des peines. Chiffres-clés
www.justice.gouv.fr/Juin 2014
Alors que 61% des sortants de prison sont réincarcérés dans les 5 ans, seules 32% des personnes condamnées à une peine d’emprisonnement avec sursis mise à l’épreuve sont recondamnées à la prison ferme. Le choix de la peine en fonction du profil des personnes au moment du jugement est avancé pour contester ces résultats. Or, ces études se fondent sur de grands échantillons de population et les plus avancées mettent en place des dispositifs statistiques à partir de nombreux critères (antécédents judiciaires, âge, nationalité, etc.) pour prendre en compte cet effet de sélection par le juge. Leurs conclusions vont dans le même sens et affirment que les peines alternatives sont effectivement plus efficaces que la prison pour prévenir la récidive.

 

Philip Milburn, Ludovic Jamet
# Prévention de la récidive : les services de probation et d’insertion français dans la tourmente »,
Champ pénal/Penal field, Vol. XI | 2014
Les services de probation français et leurs acteurs ont connu des évolutions majeures au cours des quinze dernières années, notamment depuis que les agents ont vu leur statut d« éducateur pénitentiaire » de l’administration pénitentiaire évoluer vers celui de « Conseillers pénitentiaires  d’insertion et de probation et d’insertion » (CPIP), dont la relation hiérarchique avec les juges d’application des peines (JAP) a été supprimée. Des transformations plus récentes, moins statutaires mais davantage organisationnelles, contribuent à faire évoluer encore la réalité de leur activité, voire de leurs missions. Le début de ce changement peut être situé en 2005, lorsque ce secteur d’action publique pénale fut renommé « prévention de la récidive ».

 

Carrie Pettus-Davis, Matthew W. Epperson
# From Mass Incarceration to Smart Decarceration
https://csd.wustl.edu/ Center for Social Development, CSD Working Papers No. 14-31, 2014
A prolonged era of mass incarceration has led to staggering rates of imprisonment in the United States, particularly among some of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups. Given the rising social and economic costs of imprisonment and tight public budgets, this trend is beginning to reverse... Smart Decarceration will be proactive, transdisciplinary, and empirically driven. Effective decarceration will be occurring when (1) the incarcerated population in U.S. jails and prisons is substantially decreased; ( 2) e xisting racial and economic disparities in the criminal justice system are redressed; and (3) public safety and public health are maximized...

 

Istat - Cnel
# Rapporto Bes 2014: il benessere equo e sostenibile in Italia
http://www.misuredelbenessere.it/ giugno 2014
I reati da cui si può ricavare un guadagno economico (furti, rapine, truffe, estorsioni, spaccio di sostanze stupefacenti, usura, ricettazione, ecc.) sono aumentati a partire dal 2010, mentre diminuiscono i reati a carattere non economico, fatta eccezione per l’aumento delle lesioni e delle minacce denunciate nel 2011 e nel 2012. Tra i reati denunciati sono, in particolare, i furti in abitazione ad avere avuto un’impennata nel 2012, con un aumento del 40% rispetto al 2010. Si riducono ulteriormente, invece, gli omicidi, sebbene solo tra gli uomini e non tra le donne. Dal 2011 diminuisce anche la percezione di sicurezza, soprattutto per le donne, così come aumenta la percezione del rischio della zona in cui si vive da parte delle famiglie, in particolare nel 2013.

 

National Reentry Resource Center
# Reducing Recidivism: States Deliver Results
https://csgjusticecenter.org/ June 8, 2014
Efforts to reduce recidivism are grounded in the ability to accurately and consistently collect and analyze various forms of data. To that end, states have developed increasingly sophisticated and comprehensive recidivism tracking methods. By improving the accuracy and consistency of data collection, using more timely measures, and expanding the types of recidivism metrics that are tracked as well as the populations to which these metrics are applied, states are now better positioned to understand and respond to recidivism trends. This brief highlights seven states in which recidivism has significantly decreased according to several different measures. These same states have also experienced reductions in violent crime rates over the last decade. The recidivism data included in this brief is not meant to be compared state by state; it is meant to show individual examples of state successes across various recidivism measures.

 

Jesenia M. Pizarro, Kristen M. Zgoba, Sabrina Haugebrook
# Supermax and Recidivism: An Examination of the Recidivism Covariates Among a Sample of Supermax Ex-Inmates
The Prison Journal, Vol. 94(2) 180–197, 2014
The findings show that when compared with ex-supermax inmates who did not recidivate, those who did were younger, more likely to be serving time for a drug offense, and had a history of prior incarcerations and disciplinary infractions while incarcerated. Time to recidivate, however, was significantly predicted by gang membership, length of sentence, and prior substance abuse history

 

Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP
# Detenuti lavoranti alle dipendenze dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria - Situazione al 30 giugno 2014 - Serie storica semestrale degli anni: 1991 - 2014
www.giustizia.it - www.ristretti.org

 

Martin Maximino
# The effects of prison education programs: Research findings
https://journalistsresource.org/ June 3, 2014
The overall “meta-analytic findings indicate that participation in correctional education programs is associated with a 13 percentage-point reduction in the risk of reincarceration three years following release. Thus, correctional education programs appear to far exceed the break-even point in reducing the risk of reincarceration.

 

Steven Raphael
# The New Scarlet Letter? Negotiating the U.S. Labor Market with a Criminal Record
W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2014

I explore the labor market prospects of the growing population of former prison inmates in the United States. In particular, I document the specific challenges created by the characteristics of this population and the common hiring and screening practices of U.S. employers. In addition, I discuss various policy efforts to improve the employment prospects and limit the future criminal activity of former prison inmates either through improving the skills and qualifications of these job seekers or through the provision of incentives to employers to hire such individuals.

 

Ministero della Giustizia - Direzione Generale di Satistica
# STALKING. Indagine statistica attraverso la lettura dei fascicoli dei procedimenti definiti con sentenze di primo grado
Roma, Giugno 2014
Dall’indagine statistica emerge che il 92% dei processi trae origine da una denuncia della persona offesa, il gran parte delle volte raccolta dall’autorità di PG. In 7 casi su 100 la querela è stata conseguente all’arresto o fermo dell’imputato in flagranza del reato di stalking o di reato connesso...

 

Brigitte Poulailler, Mael Theulière, Odile Timbart
# Le travail d'intérêt général, 30 ans après sa création
Infostat Justice (Bulletin d’information statistique), n. 129, Juin 2014
Le nombre de TIG prononcés a doublé en 20 ans, mais semble se stabiliser depuis 2005, il représente 4 % de l'ensemble des peines prononcées chaque année. Il est deux fois plus fréquent en matière de vols-recels et trois fois plus en matière d'outrages ou de dégradations. Les condamnés qui bénéficient de cette peine sont nettement plus jeunes que pour les autres peines (24 ans en moyenne)...

 

Council of State Governments Justice Center
# Reducing Recidivism: States Deliver Results
http://csgjusticecenter.org/ New York: Council of State Governments Justice Center, June 2014
Research shows that correctional programs with the greatest impact on recidivism sort individuals based on their risk of reoffending. Risk and need assessment tools examine both static (historical and/or demographic) and dynamic (changeable) criminogenic needs (also known as criminogenic risk factors) that research has shown to be associated with criminal behavior and make someone more likely to reoffend. The assessment produces a risk score that allows programs to sort individuals based on risk levels in a consistent and reliable manner, tailor interventions, and prioritize resources for those who are at higher risk of reoffending.

 

Dipartimento Giustizia Minorile
# Dati Statistici - 31 Maggio 2014
www.giustizia.it
L’utenza dei Servizi minorili è prevalentemente maschile; le ragazze sono soprattutto di nazionalità straniera e provengono dall’area dell’ex Jugoslavia e dalla Romania.  La criminalità minorile è connotata dalla prevalenza dei reati contro il patrimonio e, in particolare, dei reati di furto e rapina. Frequenti sono anche le violazioni delle disposizioni in materia di sostanze stupefacenti, mentre tra i reati contro la persona prevalgono le lesioni personali volontarie.

 

# Prévention de la recidve et individualisation de la peine_ chiffres clés
www.justice.gouv.fr/ Réforme pénale : chiffres clés – mai 2014

> 0,4% des infractions en cause sont des crimes, 93,9% des délits > Les infractions routières représentent 36,2% des délits > L’emprisonnement ferme réprime 1 délit sur 5 > Les peines de substitution représentent 11% des réponses pénales > 96% des peines d’emprisonnement ferme prononcées contre les délits sont des  peines inférieures à 3 ans, 78% des peines inférieures à 1 an  > La durée moyenne de la partie ferme des peines prononcées en matière de délit  est de 7,7 mois

 

Melissa S. Kearney, Benjamin H. Harris, Elisa Jácome, and Lucie Parker
# Ten Economic Facts about Crime and Incarceration in the United States
The Hamilton Project, May 2014
1. Crime rates have steadily declined over the past twenty-five years. 2. Low-income individuals are more likely than higher-income individuals to be victims of crime. 3. The majority of criminal offenders are younger than age thirty. 4. Disadvantaged youths engage in riskier criminal behavior. 5. Federal and state policies have driven up the incarceration rate over the past thirty years. 6. The U.S. incarceration rate is more than six times that of the typical OECD nation. 7. There is nearly a 70 percent chance that an African American man without a high school diploma will be imprisoned by his mid-thirties. 8.Per capita expenditures on corrections more than tripled over the past thirty years. 9. By their fourteenth birthday, African American children whose fathers do not have a high school diploma are more likely than not to see their fathers incarcerated. 10. Juvenile incarceration can have lasting impacts on a young person’s future.

 

Robert Weisberg
# Meanings and Measures of Recidivism
Southern California Law Review, 87:785, 2014

 

Ministero degli Affari Esteri
# Annuario Statistico 2014
SISTAN Sistema Statistico Nazionale 2014

 

Andrea Orlando

# L'Europa ci osserva, ma la mia è una riforma totale. Intervista a cura di Eleonora Martini
Il Manifesto, 29 maggio 2014
Facciamo chiarezza sui numeri? I posti disponibili sono circa 40 mila, come sostengono i Radicali e Antigone, o più di 44 mila, come sostiene il Dap? Il dato su cui metto la mano sul fuoco è il numero di detenuti, che sono incontrovertibilmente scesi di circa 7 mila unità dai tempi della sentenza Torreggiani e di quasi 10 mila dai 69 mila del 2010. Mentre è molto più difficile avere un dato certo sui posti effettivamente disponibili, un numero che varia in funzione della momentanea disponibilità delle strutture penitenziarie, ma mi sento di dire che siamo significativamente oltre 40 mila. Anche se su questo capitolo i risultati dei nostri sforzi non sono ancora soddisfacenti.

 

Antigone
# Carceri disumane. Non si fermi lo sguardo europeo
Roma, 27 maggio 2014

 

Glauco Giostra
# La politica della paura che affolla le nostre carceri
Pagina99, 25 maggio 2014

 

Radicali Italiani | Rita Bernardini, Laura Arconti, Deborah Cianfanelli
# Caso Torreggiani e altri contro Italia (No. 43517/09). Informazioni messe a disposizione da Radicali Italiani in virtù dell’art. 9 comma 2 del Regolamento del Comitato dei Ministri per la sorveglianza dell’esecuzione delle sentenze e dei
termini di conciliazione amichevoli

Maggio 2014

 

Council of Europe | Unil Université de Lausanne |  Institut de criminologie et de droit pénal | Marcelo F. Aebi, Natalia Delgrande
# SPACE I – Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Prison populations.
Strasbourg: Council of Europe, April 2014
# SPACE I 2012 Executive Summary, April 2014

# SPACE II: Persons Serving Non-Custodial Sanctions and Measures in 2012 - Survey 2012
Strasbourg, 29 April 2014

 

Matteo De Longis
# Il problema del sovraffollamento nelle carceri persiste: pubblicato il report del Consiglio d'Europa
www.duitbase.it/ Diritti Umani in Italia, Venerdì, 16 Maggio 2014

 

Rémi Josnin
# Une approche statistique de la récidive des personnes condamnées
Infostat Justice (Bulletin d’information statistique), n. 127, Avril 2014
Le fait de récidiver et la rapidité avec laquelle un condamné va récidiver sont influencés par deux facteurs majeurs :  l’âge et la présence d’antécédents judiciaires. Plus un condamné est jeune (moins de 26 ans), plus il aura de risques de récidiver et plus il le fera rapidement. De même, un condamné déjà récidiviste sera aussi plus enclin et plus prompt à récidiver. La récidive des personnes condamnées est par ailleurs influencée par la nature de l’infraction qu’elles commettent. La condamnation en récidive sanctionne souvent (38 %) le même type d’infraction que la condamnation initiale

 

Matthew R. Durose, Alexia D. Cooper, Howard N. Snyder
# Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010
www.bjs.gov/ Bureau of Justice Statistics, April 2014

About two-thirds (67.8%) of released prisoners were arrested for a new crime within 3 years, and three-quarters (76.6%) were arrested within 5 years. Within 5 years of release, 82.1% of property offenders were arrested for a new crime, compared to 76.9% of drug offenders, 73.6% of public order offenders, and 71.3% of violent offenders. More than a third (36.8%) of all prisoners who were arrested within 5 years of release were arrested within the first 6 months after release, with more than half (56.7%) arrested by the end of the first year...

 

# Audizione del Ministro della Giustizia Andrea Orlando in Commissione Giustizia del Senato della Repubblica 23 Aprile 2014

Se anche ci si volesse disinteressare della condizione inflitta ad uomini e donne, se pure si volesse ignorare il richiamo che viene da giurisdizioni internazionali alle quali abbiamo volontariamente aderito, è impossibile rimuovere un dato: il nostro è un sistema costoso che non produce sicurezza se lo si compara con gli altri sistemi del nostro continente.

 

B'Tselem - The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories

# Statistics on Palestinians in the custody of the Israeli security forces

www.btselem.org/ April 2014
At the end of April 2014, 5,021 Palestinian security detainees and prisoners were held in Israeli prisons, 373 of them from the Gaza Strip. An additional 1,333 Palestinians were held in Israel Prison Service facilities for being in Israel illegally, 21 of them from the Gaza Strip. The IPS considers these Palestinians – both detainees and prisoners – criminal offenders.


# Statistics on Palestinians in the custody of the Israeli security forces 1 jan 2014

 

J. M. Delarue | Contrôleur général des lieux de privation de liberté
# Recommandations en urgence du Contrôleur général des lieux de privation de liberté du 26 mars 2014 relatives au quartier des mineurs de la maison d’arrêt de Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone
Journal Officiel de la République Francaise, 23 avril 2014

 

HM Inspectorate of Probattion

# Inspection of Adult Offending Work. An aggregate report on the first six inspections: a focus on violent offending
www.justice.gov.uk/ HMI Probation April 2014
In these inspections we have focused on the quality of work in cases where the primary offence is one of violence. Nationally, work with those who have offended violently forms a significant part of the caseload of Probation Trusts; around 40% are identified as having an index (principal) offence involving violence. This rises to around 43% when robbery is included – robbery is categorised separately  by the National Offender Management Service. By contrast, work with those who offend sexually forms only a small percentage of the national caseload. This aggregate report draws on the data from those inspections, where we examined 437 cases

 

Ministry of Justice
# Progress of Action Plan Submitted to the Department for the Execution of Judgements of the ECHR (Judgment Torreggiani and others v/Italy 43517/09)
Service de l'execution des arrets de la CEDH - DH-DD(2014)471 - 03 Avr. 2014 |
Distributed at the request of Italy

 

Garante delle persone private della libertà personale | Regione Emilia-Romagna
# Relazione annuale delle attività svolte - 2013
Marzo 2014

 

Annie Kensey
# Statistiques pénitentiaires et parc carcéral, entre désencombrement et suroccupation
Criminocorpus. Revue d'Histoire de la justice, des crimes et des peines, mars 2014
La tendance générale à l’augmentation du nombre de personnes détenues s’accompagne cependant d’une tendance inverse du nombre des entrées en détention (tableau 3). Cela signifie que l’indicateur de durée moyenne de détention a considérablement augmenté, passant de 8,6 mois en 2007 à 11,5 mois en 2013, soit 3 mois de plus en 6 ans.

 

Lois M. Davis, Jennifer L. Steele, Robert Bozick, Malcolm Williams, Susan Turner, Jeremy N. V. Miles, Jessica Saunders, Paul S. Steinberg
# Correctional Education in the United States. How Effective Is It, and How Can We Move the Field Forward?
www.rand.org/ 2014
• Correctional education (CE) improves the chances that adult inmates released from prison will not return and may improve their chances of postrelease employment. • Adult CE programs can be cost-effective when it comes to recidivism, yielding about five dollars on average in cost savings for each dollar spent. • Several of the evaluated CE programs for incarcerated juveniles show promise; the field is ripe for larger-scale randomized trials...


# Second Chance Act of 2007: Community Safety Through Recidivism Prevention

 

Lois M. Davis, Jennifer L. Steele, Robert Bozick, Malcolm V. Williams, Susan Turner, Jeremy N. V. Miles, Jessica Saunders, Paul S. Steinberg
# How Effective Is Correctional Education, and Where Do We Go from Here? The Results of a Comprehensive Evaluation
www.rand.org/ 2014
The results of the meta-analysis are truly encouraging. Confirming the results of previous  meta-analyses—while using more (and more recent) studies and an even more rigorous approach to selecting and evaluating them than in the past—the study show that correctional education for incarcerated adults reduces the risk of post-release reincarceration (by 13 percentage points) and does so cost-effectively (a savings of five dollars on reincarceration costs for every dollar spent on correctional education). And when it comes to post-release employment for adults—another  outcome key to successful reentry—researchers find that correctional education may increase such employment.

 

Open Society Foundation
# Presumption of Guilt: The Global Overuse of Pretrial Detention
www.opensocietyfoundations.org/ 2014
The global overuse of pretrial detention is a massive, if largely unnoticed, form of human rights abuse. It directly affects at least 15 million people each year, many of whom will wait months or even years—in conditions worse than those experienced by sentenced prisoners—for their day in court... excessive and arbitrary pretrial detention is not just a human rights violation, but also the nexus of other abuses and ill effects. The overuse of pretrial detention is linked to torture, corruption, and the spread of disease; it stunts economic development and undermines the rule of law...

 

Sabine Cessou
# Prisons across Europe: lessons to be learned from UK's neighbours.
www.theguardian.com/ 29 april 2014
Prison populations have fallen in the Netherlands, Sweden and Germany but elsewhere it is a mixed picture. The Netherlands has more prison staff than prisoners. Sweden is shutting down jails because prisoner numbers have fallen by 10% in under a decade. In Germany, the decline is even starker: a fall of almost 20% since 2005...

 

Luca Rinaldi
# Il mondo dietro le sbarre. Più di 10 milioni di detenuti nel mondo, in Africa circa il 90% è in attesa di giudizio
www.linkiesta.it, 13 aprile 2014
Sono milioni i detenuti nel mondo. Secondo i dati raccolti dall’International Centre of Prison Studies,
sarebbero poco più di dieci milioni. Le strutture carcerarie maggiormente affollate sono quelle africane, dove si toccano picchi di 500 detenuti per 100 posti disponibili. Tra i Paesi europei invece, secondo gli ultimi dati disponibili del Consiglio d’Europa [4], trovano i primi posti della classifica per affollamento delle carceri Cipro, Serbia e Italia (dato medio, circa 140 detenuti ogni 100 posti disponibili), seguiti da Ungheria e Grecia.

 

Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP

# Detenuti presenti - aggiornamento al 31 marzo 2014

www.giustizia.it/ 1 aprile 2014

# Misure alternative, lavoro di pubblica utilità, misure di sicurezza e sanzioni sostitutive - Dati al 31 marzo 2014

www.giustizia.it/ 1 aprile 2014

 

Senato - Commissioni 2^ (Giustizia) e 14^ (Politiche dell'Unione Europea) e II (Giustizia) della Camera dei Deputati)
# Audizione di membri della Commissione libertà civili, giustizia e affari interni del Parlamento europeo
Mercoledì 27 marzo 2014

Stiamo affrontando il problema del sovraffollamento non soltanto per gli effetti che produce e che produrrà la sentenza Torreggiani come sentenza pilota, ma che in realtà deriva da altre condanne (si pensi alla sentenza Sulejmanovic di qualche tempo fa), ma perché ci obbliga l'articolo 27 della nostra Costituzione, che non solo ci impone di ragionare intorno allo spazio da dedicare a ciascun detenuto, come fa la sentenza Torreggiani, ma soprattutto ci induce a ragionare sulla funzione della pena, quella rieducativa e risocializzante.

 

Carolyn W. Deady
# Incarceration and Recidivism: Lessons from Abroad
www.salve.edu/pellcenter/ March 2014
Over 50% of prisoners in the United States will be back in jail within three years of their release. Looking at recidivism in a sample of other countries, the U.S. rate does not appear exceptional. prisoners in the United States are often incarcerated for a lot longer than in other countries. For instance, burglars in the United States serve an average of 16 months in prison compared with 5 months in Canada and 7 months in England. With an emphasis on punishment rather than rehabilitation, U.S. prisoners are often released with no better skills to cope in society and are offered little support after their release, increasing the chances of reoffending. 

 

Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs - European Parliament | Alessandro Davoli, Rosa Raffaelli
# Background information for the LIBE delegation to Italy on the situation of prisons – 26-28 March 2014
www.europarl.europa.eu/studies (Manuscript completed in march 2014)
Prison overcrowding is not only the result of higher crime rates or improved effectiveness in investigating crimes and sanctioning perpetrators. The problem is also related to the excessive length of criminal proceedings and the subsequent pre-trial detention and, above all, it is related to the insufficient use of non-custodial measures.  It is important to underline that the fight against overcrowding in prisons is not only a matter of achieving better material conditions, but also of giving offenders good and human conditions respecting their dignity, with a view to achieving an effective rehabilitation, thus reducing the risk of recidivism with certain positive consequences in terms of increased social security.

 

UNODC
# Global Study on Homicide 2013. Trends, Contexts, Data
www.unodc.org/ March 2014

 

Council of Europe - CPT | European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
# Report to the Croatian Government on the visit to Croatia carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 19 to 27 September 2012
http://www.cpt.coe.int/ Strasbourg, 18 March 2014

 

# Council of Europe anti-torture committee calls on Croatia to reduce prison overcrowding - Press release 18 march 2014

In a report published today on its last visit to Croatia, the Council of Europe’s anti-torture committee ( CPT) has called on the authorities to improve material conditions in prisons and to reduce overcrowding, notably at the Zagreb County Prison, which was 225% over its 400 bed capacity...

 

European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice - Commission européenne pour l'efficacité de la justice (CEPEJ)
# Study on the functioning of judicial systems in the EU Member States
http://ec.europa.eu/ Strasbourg, 14 March 2014
Italy: Total annual approved public budget allocated to all courts (including prosecution and legal aid) per capita: 76,65 euros. This ratio is higher than the EU average of 62,22 euros per capita and higher than the EU median of 47,43 euros per capita. According to 2012 data, the number of professional judges sitting in courts in Italy is 6 347, which is 5 % less  than in 2010. This represents 11 judges per 100 000 inhabitants (less than the EU median of 19 judges per 100 000 inhabitants). In Italy, there are 226 202 lawyers (this category does not include the legal advisors), which is 7% more than in 2010.  This data represents 379 lawyers (without legal advisers) per 100 000 inhabitants (higher than the EU  median of 106 lawyers per 100 000 inhabitants) and 35,6 lawyers per professional judges. 

 

European Commission - Directorate-General for Justice # The EU Justice Scoreboard: A tool to promote effective justice and growth, http://ec.europa.eu/ 2013

 

Peter Wagner, Leah Sakala
# A Prison Policy Initiative briefing
www.prisonpolicy.org/ March 12, 2014
More than 2.4 million people in 1,719 state prisons, 102 federal prisons, 2,259 juvenile correctional facilities, 3,283 local jails, and 79 Indian Country jails as well as in military prisons, immigration detention facilities, civil commitment centers, and prisons in the U.S. territories... In addition to the 688,000 people released from prisons each year, almost 12 million people cycle through local jails each year...

 

# J. F. | Minneapolis, America's prison population | Who, what, where and why, www.economist.com/ Mar 13th 2014

 

# Italia: suicidi e decessi dei detenuti: 2000-2014 (9 marzo)

www.ristretti.it

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire | Bureau des études et de la prospective (PMJ5)
# Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France
www.justice.gouv.fr/ Situation au 1er mars 2014

 

Charlie Bishop | OxPolicy
# Politics Behind Bars. The Effect of Political Engagement on Prisoners
www.oxpolicy.co.uk/ 2.28.2014
The current prison population is 85,389.2 This is up from 84,424 prisoners 12 months ago.3 This is an imprisonment rate of 149 prisoners per 100,000 people.4 4.6% of prisoners are female and 95.4% are male.5 Prisons are operating at 99% operational capacity. 1% of prisoners are under the age of 18. 46.9% of adults are reconvicted within one year of being released. If they are serving a sentence of less than 12 months this increases to 58.5%. There is little variation between sexes. 58% of young people (aged 18-20) are reconvicted within one year. This figure is higher again for children (aged 10-17) at 72.3%.

 

Paolo Buonanno, Francesco Drago and Roberto Galbiati
# How much should we trust crime statistics? A comparison between EU and US
https://spire.sciencespo.fr/ LIEPP Working Paper, February 2014, nº19
Measuring crime is a challenging and crucial task since it is a necessary condition for a correct assessment its determinants and then for the formulation of crime control policies. In a cross-country framework, there are several issues to consider. First, reported crimes underestimate the true (unobserved) number of committed crimes. This fact may be a source of bias in inferential analysis. In particular, measurement error can bias the estimates of the effect of those determinants of criminal activity that are correlated with the extent of under reporting... 

 

Fondazione Leone Moressa

# Carceri italiane: 3 su 4 sono sovraffollate

www.fondazioneleonemoressa.org/ 21 febbraio 2014

Le carceri sovraffollate in Italia sono 156 su 205 (76%). In molti casi i detenuti ospitati sono più del doppio rispetto alla capienza dell’istituto. Guida questa classifica Modena (con 556 detenuti su 221 posti disponibili), seguita da Busto Arsizio (397 su 167) e dal carcere femminile di Pozzuoli (209 detenute su 89 posti). Di contro, molti istituti italiani ospitano un numero di detenuti molto inferiore rispetto alla propria capienza: la più alta percentuale di “posti liberi” si registra a Gorizia (73%), Arezzo (82%) e Crotone (93%).

 

España | Ministerio del Interior
# Numero de internos en los centros penitenciarios. Evolucion semanal
www.acaip.es/ 21.02.2014

 

Giulia Cella
# Presa in carico dei soggetti devianti (detenuti, internati, persone sottoposte a misure alternative) e terzo settore Lo stato attuale nel territorio regionale dell’Emilia-Romagna
Ufficio del Garante per le persone private della libertà personale della Regione Emilia‐Romagna - Dipartimento di Scienze giuridiche dell’Università di Bologna, Gennaio 2014
C’è chi sostiene che le misure alternative rappresentano forse uno strumento di decarcerizzazione, ma non costituiscono un mezzo attivo di reinserimento sociale perché la loro efficacia sarebbe prevalentemente dipendente dall’entità effettiva del capitale sociale del condannato. Si può anche convenire sul punto, ma questo non toglie validità ad un elemento decisivo: allo stato attuale del nostro sistema penale disponiamo di questa “scatola degli attrezzi”. Le misure alternative costituiscono, oggi, l’unica alternativa alla carcerizzazione che non si traduca, molto semplicemente, nella mera rinuncia dello Stato all’esercizio dello jus puniendi.

 

Lynne Lyman
# Governor Brown Given Another Chance to Offer Real Solutions to Prison Overcrowding in California
www.huffingtonpost.com/ 02/12/2014

When LA Times reporter Paige St. John tweeted that private prison industry leader Corrections Corporation of America's (CCA) stock took a nose dive after the federal judges announced they would give California two additional years to reduce the state prison population to 137 percent of design capacity...

 

Urban Institute | Nancy LaVigne, Samuel Bieler, Lindsey Cramer, Helen Ho, Cybele Kotonias, Deborah Mayer, David McClure, Laura Pacifici, Erika Parks, Bryce Peterson, Julie Samuels
# Justice Reinvestment Initiative State Assessment Report
www.urban.org/ January 2014
Probationers and parolees were returning to jail and prison for failing to comply with the terms of community supervision, either by committing new crimes or by violating the terms of their release. Justice system analysis in 17 JRI states found that the revocation of supervision was a key population and cost driver. In some JRI (Justice Reinvestment Initiative) states, a substantial portion of revocations—sometimes more than half—was for technical violations rather than new crimes.

 

DAP Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenzaria

# Quadro statistico al 31 dicembre 2013 | # Serie storica 1991-2013
www.giustizia.it -|- www.ristretti.org | gennaio 2014

- Detenuti presenti - 31 dicembre 2013  ...per posizione giuridica  Ingressi dalla libertà  Detenuti condannati per pena inflitta ... per pena residua  Detenuti italiani e stranieri presenti e capienze per istituto  Indice di affollamento, per Istituto  Legge 199/2010   Permessi premio  Detenuti per area di provenienza  Detenuti stranieri presenti - Detenuti per tipologia di reato... per stato civile... per classi di età... per titolo di studio... Detenuti per numero di figli   Detenuti per regionedi nascita...  per regione di residenza  Numero di suicidi, per Istituto  Confronto con Dossier “Morire di carcere” - Anno 2013  Numero di tentati suicidi, per Istituto  Numero di atti autolesionistici, per Istituto - Anno 2013

 

Pierre V. Tournier
# Temps passé sous écrou, temps passé en détention (2001-2012) - Estimations -
http://pierre-victortournier.blogspot.fr/ Janvier 2014
Au-delà de ces effectifs à une date donnée (statistique de stock), nous publions régulièrement, dans le tableau de bord d’OPALE, des données de flux d’entrées sous écrou et un indicateur de la durée moyenne du placement sous écrou. Nous avons introduit cet indicateur, dans le champ pénal, au début des 1980. Il est calculé à partir de la formule fondamentale en analyse démographique : P = E x d

 

Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria
# Le Moschee negli Istituti di Pena
Sezione III – Analisi e Monitoraggi 2013

Sulla base delle nazionalità di appartenenza dei soggetti si è potuto, inoltre, stimare che circa 13.500 provengono da Paesi tradizionalmente di religione musulmana... Attraverso una verifica più approfondita si è constatato che, dei detenuti di origine musulmana, ben 8.732 sarebbero osservanti, ossia effettuano la preghiera secondo i precetti della propria religione, mentre 4.768 sembrerebbero non interessarsene. Dei detenuti osservanti è risultato che 181 svolgono la funzione di Imam e pertanto conducono la preghiera, 29 si sono posti in evidenza come promotori di iniziative riguardanti l’esercizio del culto e 19 i sono detenuti convertiti all’islam durante la detenzione.

 

 

Lauren E. Glaze, Erinn J. Herberman
# Correctional Populations in the United States, 2012
Bureau of Justice Statistics December 2013
At yearend 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders, down by about 51,000 offenders during the year (figure 1). The decrease observed during 2012 marked the fourth consecutive year of decline in the correctional population. However, this was the smallest decrease (down 0.7%) since the correctional population first declined in 2009, reversing a three-year trend of increasing rates of decline that started in 2009 and continued through 2011. About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision at yearend 2012, the lowest rate observed since 1997.

 

Laura M. Maruschak, Thomas P. Bonczar | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Probation and Parole in the United States, 2012
www.bjs.gov/ December 2013
During 2012, the number of adults under community supervision declined for the fourth consecutive year. At yearend 2012, an estimated 4,781,300 adults were under community supervision, down 40,500 offenders from the beginning of the year. About 1 in 50 adults in the United States was under community supervision at yearend 2012. The community supervision population includes adults on probation, parole, or any other post-prison supervision.

 

Erica L. Smith, Alexia Cooper | U.S. Department of Justice | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Homicide in the U.S. Known to Law Enforcement, 2011
www.bjs.gov/ December 2013
In 2011, an estimated 14,610 persons were victims of homicide in the United States, according to FBI data on homicides known to state and local law enforcement . This is the lowest number of homicide victims since 1968, and marks the fifth consecutive year of decline. The homicide rate in 2011 was 4.7 homicides per 100,000 persons, the lowest level since 1963. This homicide rate was also 54% below its peak of 10.2 per 100,000 persons in 1980 and 17% below the rate in 2002 (5.6 homicides per 100,000).

 

E. Ann Carson, Daniela Golinelli (BJS Statisticians)
# Prisoners in 2012. Trends in Admissions and Releases, 1991–2012
www.bjs.gov/ Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2013
Between 1978 and 2009, the number of prisoners held in federal and state facilities in the United States increased almost 430%, from 294,400 on December 31, 1978, to 1,555,600 on December 31, 2009. This growth occurred because the number of prison admissions exceeded the number of releases from state prisons each year. However, in 2009, prison releases exceeded  admissions for the first time in more than 31 years, beginning the decline in the total yearend prison population. Admissions to state and federal prisons declined by 118,900 offenders (down 16.3%) between  2009 and 2012. In 2012, the number of admissions (609,800) was the lowest since 1999, representing a 9.2% decline (down 61,800 offenders) from 2011.

 

Marie Crétenot
# From national practices to European guidelines: interesting initiatives in prisons management
European Prison Observatory. Detention conditions in the European Union, december 2013
The European Prison Observatory (EPO) was launched in Rome in February 2013 and operates in 8 countries (France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Spain). Through quantitative and qualitative analysis, the EPO monitors and analyses the present conditions of the different national prison systems and the related systems of alternatives to detention in Europe, comparing these conditions to the international norms and standards relevant for the protections of inmates’ fundamental rights, particularly the European Prison Rules (EPR) of the Council of Europe

 

Fondazione Giovanni Michelucci | Garante regionale delle persone sottoposte a misure restrittive
della libertà personale della Toscana
# Il carcere al tempo della crisi
Consiglio regionale della Toscana - Firenze, dicembre 2013
Alessandro Margara: Punti interrogativi | Franco Corleone: Si sa tutto, non si fa nulla | Mauro Palma: La tutela dei diritti fondamentali in carcere | Jonathan Simon: I diritti fondamentali e lo Stato penale: le Corti possono fermare la carcerazione di massa? | Richard Garside: Strategie per fermare la crescita della popolazione detenuta nel Regno Unito | Iñaki Rivera Beiras, Monica Aranda Ocaña: Il carcere in Spagna al tempo della crisi | Nils Christie: La riparazione dopo le atrocità. È possibile? | Marella Santangelo: L’architettura del carcere. Tendenze attuali e stato dell’arte | Massimo Pavarini: Dalla Repubblica della decarcerizzazione alla distribuzione selettiva della sicurezza | Melissa Costagli: Gli Standard del CPT e la detenzione in Toscana | Saverio Migliori, Alessio Scandurra: I numeri della detenzione in Italia e in Toscana | Commissione ministeriale per le questioni penitenziarie: Relazione al Ministro di Giustizia sugli interventi in atto e gli interventi da programmare | Comitato Nazionale di Bioetica: La salute dentro le mura | Messaggio alle Camere del Presidente della Repubblica sulla questione carceraria

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France - situation au 1er décembre 2013
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/

 

# Statistiques trimestrielles de la population prise en charge en milieu ouvert Situation au 1er juillet 2013

 

 

Istat
# Annuario statistico italiano 2013 - Giustizia
www.istat.it/ 19 dicembre 2013

I reati più comuni (il condannato che ha commesso più delitti è stato classificato secondo quello per cui la Legge prevede la pena più grave) sono stati anche per il 2011 il furto e i delitti in materia di sostanze stupefacenti (12,6 e 11,1 per cento rispettivamente, percentuali sostanzialmente invariate rispetto al 2010). Per l’80,4 per cento dei condannati la sentenza ha previsto la pena della reclusione (ed eventualmente una sanzione pecuniaria), mentre nel rimanente 19,6 per cento dei casi è stata comminata solo una multa. Tra i condannati per delitto iscritti nell’anno 2011, circa la metà (49.0 per cento) aveva precedenti penali, dato anche questo sostanzialmente invariato rispetto al 2010...

 

Intervita
# Quanto Costa il Silenzio? Indagine nazionale sui costi economici e sociali della violenza contro le donne
www.intervita.it/ 2013
Sommando il totale dei costi stimati dell’amministrazione della giustizia civile, penale e minorile con quello per la detenzione carceraria, il totale dei costi giudiziari per la violenza contro le donne ammonta a 421,3 milioni di Euro. 

 

Antigone - Per i diritti e le garanzie nel sistema penale
# X Rapporto Nazionale sulle Condizioni di Detenzione - L'Europa ci guarda
Edizioni Gruppo Abele 2013

Capienza regolamentare: 47.649 posti. Da tempo Antigone sostiene però che il numero effettivo dei posti disponibili sia decisamente inferiore, intorno ai 37.000, dato ora confermato dalla stessa Ministra Cancellieri: “Questa storia del numero dei posti letto in carcere è tutta vera, avete  ragione voi. Sono effettivamente meno”. Sovraffollamento: 134,4%, ovvero in 100 posti sarebbero detenute più di 134 persone. È uno dei valori più alti in Europa, ma se si fa riferimento alla capienza effettiva stimata da Antigone, e confermata dalla Ministra, questa percentuale schizza ad oltre il 173%...

 

Vladimiro Polchi
# Carceri, "Una macchina costosa indifferente di fronte al suo fallimento" con meno posti letto di quelli dichiarati
www.repubblica.it/ 19 dicembre 2013

 

California Department of Corrections And Rehabilitation
# Realignment Report. An Examination of Offenders Released from State Prison in the First Year of Public Safety Realignment
www.cdcr.ca.gov/ Office of Research December 2013

California’s Public Safety Realignment Act of 2011 transferred jurisdiction and funding for managing lower-level criminal offenders from the State to the counties. Under Realignment, for example, certain offenders began serving their felony sentences in jail rather than prison. Realignment also changed California’s system of community corrections.

 

Australian Bureau of Statistics
# Prisoners
www.abs.gov.au/ 5 Dec 2013
Prisoners selected characteristics by selected most serious offence/charge - selected characteristics, 1997–2013 - age by sex - most serious offence/charge and sex by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status ... most serious offence/charge by legal status and sex - most serious offence/charge by legal status, prior imprisonment and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status | Sentenced Prisoners sex by most serious offence, 2003–2013 ... most serious offence by sentence length ... Unsentenced Prisoners most serious charge by time on remand...

 

Roy Walmsley - International Centre for Prison Studies ICPS

# World Prison Population List 10th edition

www.prisonstudies.org/ 21 november 2013
More than 10.2 million people are held in penal institutions throughout the world, mostly as pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners or as sentenced prisoners. Almost half of these are in the United States (2.24m), Russia (0.68m) or China (1.64m sentenced prisoners). In addition at least 650,000 are reported to be in pre-trial or ‘administrative’ detention in China and 150,000 in North Korea (D.P.R.K.); if these were included the world total would be more than 11 million.

# World Prison Population List (ninth edition) 19.07.2011

# World Prison Population List (eighth edition) 30.01.2009

# World Prison Population List (7th Edition) 30.01.2007

# World Prison Population List (6th Edition) 30.01.2005

 

# Eurostat Prison Population 1999-2009

# Eurostat Prison Population 2001-2010

 

Joan Petersilia, Sara Abarbanel, John Butler, Mark Feldman, Mariam Hinds, Kevin Jason, Corinne Keel, Matt Owens, Camden Vilkin
# Voices from the Field: How California Stakeholders View Public Policy Safety Realignment
www.law.stanford.edu/ Stanford Law School November 2013
Passage of California’s Public Safety Realignment Act (AB 109) initiated the most sweeping correctional experiment in recent history. Launched on October 1, 2011, Realignment shifted responsibility for most lower-level offenders from the state to California’s 58 counties. By mid-2013, more than 100,000 felons had been diverted from state prison to county jail or probation.

 

Roberta Palmisano
# Prison overcrowding: the Italian experience
www.era.int/ Strasbourg, 14-15 November 2013

 

Joël Creusat
# Les délais de la mise à exécution des peines d’emprisonnement ferme
Infostat Justice (Bulletin d’information statistique), n. 124, Novembre 2013
Une peine d’emprisonnement ferme sur deux est mise à exécution à moins de 3,7 mois. Toutefois, ce délai varie en fonction du type de procédures ayant conduit à la condamnation. Ainsi, 30 % des peines sont exécutées à l’audience, donc sans délai et dans les autres cas une peine sur deux est exécutée à moins de 7,4 mois. En outre, le délai de mise à exécution peut être multiplié par deux, si le condamné (absent à son procès) est recherché par les services de Police ou de Gendarmerie. Les peines les plus lourdes sont exécutées le plus rapidement et l’aménagement de la peine retarde peu la mise à exécution.

 

Ministry of Justice

# Prison Population Projections  2013 – 2019 England and Wales

www.gov.uk/ 7 november 2013

By the end of June 2019, the prison population is projected to be 77,300 in the Scenario 1 projection, 81,800 in the Scenario 2 projection and 86,600 in the Scenario 3 projection.

 

Christopher T. Lowenkamp, Marie VanNostrand | Laura and John Arnold Foundation ljaf
# Exploring the Impact of Supervision on Pretrial Outcomes
http://arnoldfoundation.org/ November, 2013
The time it takes to process a case from arrest to disposition can differ substantially from one case to the next. This means that some defendants have significantly more time during which they might fail to appear or be arrested for new criminal activity than others. In order to control for this time differential, a measure was created called “time at risk in the community” (commonly referred to as “time at risk”). This measure simply captured the number of days from the date of release from jail to the date of case disposition.

 

Robert Weisberg, Lisa T. Quan
# Assessing Judicial Sentencing Preferences After Public Safety Realignment: A Survey of California Judges
www.law.stanford.edu/ Stanford Law School - Stanford Criminal Justice Center- November 2013
Public Safety Realignment (“AB 109”) made drastic changes to California’s criminal justice system by transferring authority for the supervision of most non-violent, nonserious, and non-sexual offenders from the state to the 58 counties. This study aims to better examine the perceived effect of AB 109 on Superior Court (trial) judges in California who sentence offenders... The responses revealed judicial preferences that emphasize a desire to deploy sentencing to manage offenders. The preferences generally aim at a combination of a “taste of jail” and rigorous community supervision, whether that is a traditional felony probation sentence...

 

Istat

# I condannati con sentenza definitiva nel periodo 2000-2011
www.istat.it/ 18 novembre 2013

Pene superiori a 10 anni (mediana della distribuzione) per i reati punibili con la reclusione sono state comminate solo nelle sentenze in cui il delitto più grave è l’omicidio volontario o il sequestro di persona a scopo di rapina o estorsione16. La maggior parte dei delitti considerati, invece, ha comportato una reclusione inferiore a un anno. Pene di reclusione mediana tra 1 e 2 anni sono invece più spesso comminate nelle sentenze in cui il delitto più grave è l’impiego di denaro di provenienza illecita, l’usura, il peculato, l’associazione per delinquere, i delitti previsti dalle leggi sull’uso e la detenzione di armi, la corruzione, le violazioni delle leggi in materia di stupefacenti e sostanze psicotrope. Condanne con pene mediane di reclusione più alte, tra 2 e 5 anni, sono state assegnate in anni recenti in sentenze aventi come reato più grave la concussione, la rapina, l’estorsione, il riciclaggio, la violenza sessuale.

 

Rémi Josnin
# La récidive plus fréquente et plus rapide chez les jeunes condamnés
www.insee.fr/
 France, portrait social 2013

En 2004, 500 000 personnes ont fait l’objet d’une condamnation pour un délit ou une contravention « grave », inscrite dans le casier judiciaire. Parmi elles, quatre sur dix ont déjà des antécédents judiciaires au moment de la condamnation de 2004. Entre 2004 et 2011, si l’on exclut les infractions à la circulation routière, qui constituent un cas de récidive fréquent et atypique, 38 % des condamnés ont récidivé. Ce taux de récidive atteint 59 % pour les condamnés présentant des antécédents judiciaires. Environ 40 %des récidivistes retournent devant la Justice pour la même infraction que celle sanctionnée en 2004.

 

Richard Orange 
# Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets

The Guardian, Monday 11 November 2013
Decline partly put down to strong focus on rehabilitation and more lenient sentences for some offences... Prison numbers in Sweden, which have been falling by around 1% a year since 2004, dropped by 6% between 2011 and 2012 and are expected to do the same again both this year and next year.

 

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales
# Annual Report 2012–13
www.justice.gov.uk/ 23 October 2013

The total prison population fell from 87,868 at the end of March 2012 to 84,596 at the end of March 2013, a welcome fall of almost 4%.  The extent to which the total prison population was overcrowded or operating above its certified normal accommodation in use fell from 11% to 7.1%

 

Annamaria Cancellieri

# Audizione del guardasigilli Annamaria Cancellieri in Commissione Giustizia Camera
www.giustizia.it giovedì 17 ottobre 2013
 # Allegati

Il reato per il quale è ristretto il maggior numero di detenuti è quello di produzione e spaccio di stupefacenti. Per tali fattispecie sono ristrette ben 23.094 persone (di queste 14.378 sono condannate definitivamente mentre 8.657 sono in custodia cautelare e 59 internate); il secondo reato è la rapina con 9.473 presenze (5.801 sono i definitivi, 3564 i giudicabili e 108 gli internati); il terzo reato è l’omicidio volontario con 9.077 presenze (6.049 sono i definitivi, 2.792 i giudicabili e 236 gli internati); il quarto è l’estorsione con 4.238 presenze (2.180 sono i definitivi mentre 1.982 sono i giudicabili e 76 gli internati); il quinto reato, come detto, è il furto con 3.853 presenze (1.952 sono i definitivi, 1.824 i giudicabili e 77 gli internati); il sesto reato è la violenza sessuale con 2.755 presenze (2.001 sono i definitivi, 709 i giudicabili e 45 gli internati); il settimo è la ricettazione con 2.732 presenze (1.897 sono i definitivi, 809 i giudicabili e 26 gli internati).

 

ACLU American Civil Liberties Union of New Mexico
# Inside the Box: The Real Costs of Solitary Confinement in New Mexico's Prisons and Jails
http://nmpovertylaw.org/
October 2013
The American Bar Association deines long-term solitary coninement as longer than 30 days.14 According to the NMCD, in 2013 the combined average length of stay for prisoners conined to Levels V and VI in New Mexico’s “supermax” is 1,072 days – that is, almost three years... in the Santa Fe County Jail, on December 21, 2012, almost 20 percent of the prisoners – ive out of 28 – had been held in solitary coninement for more than 6 months... It is crucial to note that 95 percent of prisoners are eventually released to the public.29 How these prisoners are treated while detained plays a substantial role in determining how they will adjust to public life and whether or not they re-engage in criminal activity once released. Those who have experienced extreme solitary coninement, and especially those with mental illness, re-enter society ill-equipped to handle the “free world” in a healthy, constructive way.

 

European Commission
# The EU Justice Scoreboard.A Tool to Promote Effective Justice and Growth

http://ec.europa.eu/ European Union 2013
The objective of the EU Justice Scoreboard (‘the Scoreboard’) is to assist the EU and the Member States to achieve more effective justice by providing objective, reliable and comparable data on the functioning of the justice systems of all Member States. Quality, independence and efficiency are the key components of an 'effective justice system'. Providing information on these components in all Member States contributes to identifying potential shortcomings and good examples and supports the development of justice policies at national and at EU level.

 

England and Wales - Ministry of Justice
# Offender Management Statistics Quarterly Bulletin April to June 2013
Statistics bulletin 31 October 2013

30 september 2013: Prison population 84,488 | Under sentence 71,113 | The total annual probation caseload (court orders and pre and post release supervision) increased by 39% between 2000 and 2008 to 243,434. Since then the probation caseload has fallen year on year, reaching 224,823 at the end of 2012

 

Alan Travis
# Jail population spike threatens whole system, governors warn. Chiefs remind justice secretary Chris Grayling that rise in inmates follows decision to close four prisons
The Guardian, Wednesday 16 October 2013

A sudden rise in the jail population in England and Wales is threatening the stability of the system, prison governors have warned. They say the spike in the number of inmates, to 84,832, has led to some jails reaching their capacity just as the justice secretary, Chris Grayling, has ordered prison closures. Eoin Mclennan-Murray, the president of the Prison Governors Association (PGA), said he was concerned that an increase of 635 extra prisoners had come over the past four weeks, as four prisons had were earmarked for closure. He said the usable capacity of the prison system in England and Wales was 86,058 places, but many spare cells were in young offenders' institutions and women's prisons, and were unsuitable for adult male prisoners.

 

Lauren Galik and Julian Morris
# Smart on Sentencing, Smart on Crime: An Argument for Reforming Louisiana’s Determinate Sentencing Laws
https://reason.org/ Reason Foundation, Policy Study 425. October 2013
Nonviolent offenders who pose little or no threat to society are routinely sentenced to exceedingly long terms in prison with no opportunity for parole, probation or suspension of sentence, in most cases as a direct result of the state’s  determinate sentencing laws. These prisoners consume disproportionate amounts of Louisiana’s scarce prison resources... The study suggests... reforms that might be described as “smart on sentencing, smart on crime.”...

 

Emmanuel Brillet
# Vieillesse(s) carcérale(s)
Cahiers d’études pénitentiaires et criminologiques, octobre 2013 - n. 38
Cette définition extensive de la « vieillesse », se justifie – selon Kuhlmann et Ruddell – par le fait que « les personnes incarcérées sont plus que proportionnellement susceptibles d’avoir adopté des styles de vie nocifs pour la santé préalablement à leur incarcération : consommation prolongée de drogues ou d’alcool, rapports non protégés » ; à quoi s’ajoutent « les effets à long-terme de la pauvreté : régimes alimentaires déséquilibrés, conditions de logement précaires, faible suivi sanitaire ».

 

Prison Reform Trust
# Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ Autumn 2013

On 11 October 2013, the prison population in England and Wales was 84,078. In 1992-93, the average prison population was 44,628. England and Wales has an imprisonment rate of 149 per 100,000 of the population. France has an imprisonment rate of 102 per 100,000 and Germany has a rate of 83 per 100,000. Between 2002 and 2012, the prison population in England and Wales grew by 14,830 or 21%. During this period the number on remand fell by 13%, while those sentenced to immediate custody rose by 28%. 26,386 new prison places were provided between 1997-98 and 2011-12. Prisons are getting larger, with a drive to close small community and open prisons, build larger jails and add additional capacity to existing establishments. There are now 28 prisons in England and Wales holding more than 1,000 men each...

 

Magnus Lofstrom
# Incarceration and Crime: Evidence from California’s Realignment Sentencing Reform
Public Policy Institute of California, October 2013
We assess the effects of a recent reform in California that caused a sharp and permanent reduction in the state’s incarceration rate. We exploit the large variation across California counties in the effect of this reform on county‐specific prison incarceration rates. We find very little evidence of an effect of the large reduction in incarceration rates on violent crime and evidence of modest effects on property crime, auto theft in particular. These effects are considerably smaller than existing estimates in the literature based on panel data for periods of time when the U.S. incarceration rate was considerably lower. We corroborate theses cross‐county results with a synthetic‐cohort analysis of state crime rates in California. This state‐wide analysis confirms our findings from the county‐level analysis. In conjunction with existing published research, the results from this study support the hypothesis of a crime‐prison effect that diminishes with the scale of incarceration. 

 

Joseph Murray, Daniel Ricardo de Castro Cerqueira, Tulio Kahn
# Crime and violence in Brazil: Systematic review of time trends, prevalence rates and risk factors
Aggression and Violent Behavior, Volume 18, Issue 5, September–October 2013
Between 1980 and 2010 there were 1 million homicides in Brazil. Dramatic increases in homicide rates followed rises in inequality, more young men in the population, greater availability of firearms, and increased drug use. Nevertheless, disarmament legislation may have helped reduce homicide rates in recent years. Despite its very high rate of lethal violence, Brazil appears to have similar levels of general criminal victimization as several other Latin American and North American countries. Brazil has lower rates of drug use compared to other countries such as the United States, but the prevalence of youth drug use in Brazil has increased substantially in recent years.

 

Valentina Calderone

# Carceri, i numeri della vergogna
l'Unità, 9 ottobre 2013
Con un tasso di sovraffollamento del 136 per cento, nelle carceri italiane sono ospitati 64.758 detenuti (al 30 settembre 2013), contro una capienza regolamentare di 47.615. Gli stranieri sono 22.770 e le donne 2.821. Se leggiamo i dati sulle presenza con riferimento alla posizione giuridica, scopriamo che ben 12.333 persone sono in carcere ancora in attesa di primo giudizio e che altre 12.302 stanno aspettando una sentenza definitiva. I condannati in tutti e tre i gradi - a esclusione degli internati e di quelli la cui posizione è al momento indefinibile - sono invece 38.845. Questo significa che quasi il 40 per cento dei detenuti nelle nostre carceri sono da presumersi non colpevoli, così come recita l'articolo 2 della Costituzione. Altra nota dolente, il ricorso alle misure alternative...

 

Franck Johannès
# La surpopulation carcérale, un problème inextricable en période de disette budgétaire
Le Monde | 28.09.2013
67.088 détenus, pour 57.473 places... Le problème des prisons est le clou dans la chaussure de tous les gardes des sceaux, mais l'impasse, aujourd'hui, est totale. Pour la deuxième année consécutive, le budget de l'administration pénitentiaire (3,236 milliards d'euros) est supérieur à celui de la justice judiciaire. Et c'est encore très insuffisant.

 

Instituto Nacionalde Estadistica INE | Notas de prensa
# Estadística de Condenados: Adultos / Estadística de Condenados: Menores - Año 2012
www.ine.es/ 19 de septiembre de 2013
El número de personas condenadas por sentencia firme inscritas en el Registro Central de Penados se situó en 221.063, un 0,2% menos que el año anterior. El número de menores condenados por sentencia firme inscritos en el Registro Central de Sentencias de Responsabilidad Penal de los Menores fue 16.172, un 5,1% inferior al del año 2011. Los delitos contra la seguridad vial fueron los más numerosos en el caso de los condenados adultos (38,7% de los delitos) y los robos,  en el caso de los menores (41,3%). El 54,3% de las penas impuestas, tanto principales como accesorias, fueron penas privativas de otros derechos. El 25,9% fueron penas privativas de libertad, el 19,4% penas de multa y el 0,4% expulsiones del territorio nacional. Entre las penas privativas de otros derechos, la más frecuente fue la de inhabilitación  especial para empleo (18,6% del total). Entre las penas privativas de libertad, la más frecuente fue la pena de prisión (25,5% del total).

 

Alessandro Maculan, Daniela Ronco, Francesca Vianello
# Prisons in Europe: Overview and Trends
European Prison Observatory, september 2013

 

Institute for Policy Analysis of Conlict (IPAC)
# Prison Problems: Planned and Unplanned Releases of Convicted Extremists in Indonesia
IPAC Report No.2, 2 September 2013

 

Ted Goertzel, Ekaterina Shohat, Tulio Kahn, André Zanetic, and Dmitriy Bogoyavlenskiy
# Homicide Booms and Busts: A Small-N Comparative Historical Study
Homicides Studies, 2013
Homicide booms and busts are long-term phenomena that can best be studied with comparative historical methods. They cannot easily be explained by enduring socioeconomic inequalities because these persist during boom and bust periods alike. Historical changes that may help to lower homicide rates in the long run sometimes cause homicide booms in the short term. Modern policing methods have helped to end homicide booms without first resolving underlying social problems, but this may be possible only when the conditions are propitious.

 

UN Human Rights | Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
# “Unspeakable atrocities” reported by the UN Inquiry into the Human Rights Situation in North Korea
http://www.ohchr.org/ 17 september 2013
... He cited a host of alleged abuses, ranging from abductions, torture and a policy of inter-generational punishment to arbitrary detention in prison camps marked by deliberate starvation and “unspeakable atrocities.”
“We heard from ordinary people who faced torture and imprisonment for doing nothing more than watching foreign soap operas or holding a religious belief,” said Kirby, a retired Australian judge with broad international experience...

 

Amnesty International
# North Korea: New images show blurring of prison camps and villages
www.amnesty.org/ 7 march 2013
Hundreds of thousands of people—including children—are held in political prison camps and other detention facilities in North Korea. According to former detainees prisoners are forced to work in slave-like conditions and are frequently subjected to torture and other ill-treatment

 

International Centre for Prisons Studies

# Democratic Republic of North Korea

 

Ram Subramanian, Alison Shames
# Sentencing and Prison Practices in Germany and the Netherlands: Implications for the United States
www.vera.org/ Vera Institute of Justice, 2013
Normalize the conditions within prison. In the United States, many jurisdictions, like Michigan, Ohio, and others, have begun the process of “reentry” at the prison gate, reordering priorities, housing assignments, and programming based on what will be needed after prison... Total control, hard cells, and inadequate programming do not and cannot prepare well the more than 95 percent of prisoners who will return to our communities.

 

Nigel Newcomen | Prisons and Probation Ombudsman (PPO) for England and Wales
# Annual Report 2012–2013
www.ppo.gov.uk/ September 2013
Complaints:  5,374 complaints were received this year, 80 more than last year. Of these 4,894 (91) were about the Prison Service, 369 (7%) were about the Probation Service and 111 (2%) were about immigration detention.

 

The Howard League for Penal Reform
# Revealed: The true scale of overcrowding in prisons in England and Wales
www.howardleague.org/ 2 september 2013
Almost 20,000 prisoners were kept in overcrowded cells last year, figures obtained by the Howard League for Penal Reform reveal today (2 September). New research by the charity illustrates the true scale of prison overcrowding in England and Wales – showing that the problem is far greater than ministers have suggested. The figures show that, during the financial year 2012-13, about 19,140 prisoners on average were forced to share a cell designed for one person. A further 777 prisoners were made to sleep three to a cell, when the cells were designed to accommodate only two. Official government prison population announcements mask the full extent of overcrowding because they do not state how many cells are holding more prisoners than they are designed to. The worst-affected prison in England and Wales was Wandsworth, where on a typical day 835 prisoners were forced to share cells which contain an open toilet.

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire | Bureau des études et de la prospective
# Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France | situation au 1er septembre 2013
www.justice.gouv.fr/
Densité carcérale: - 7 établissements ou quartiers ont une densité supérieure ou égale à 200 %, - 30 établissements ou quartiers ont une densité supérieure ou égale à 150 et inférieure à 200 %, - 58 établissements ou quartiers ont une densité supérieure ou égale à 120 et inférieure à 150 %, - 29 établissements ou quartiers ont une densité supérieure ou égale à 100 et inférieure à 120 %, - 127 établissements ou quartiers ont une densité inférieure à 100 %

 

Stéfan Lollivier, Christophe Soullez (Sous la direction de)
# INHESJ  / ONDRP – Synthèse du Rapport 2013 La criminalité en France
www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/ 2013

 

Eurostat | Gert Bogers, Athina Karvounaraki, Steve Clarke, Cynthia Tavares
# Trafficking in human beings
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ 2013 edition

 

México Evalúa, Centro de Análisis de Políticas Públicas
# La cárcel en México: ¿Para qué?
www.mexicoevalua.org/ Agosto 2013
Usamos la cárcel intensiva e irracionalmente. En nuestros códigos, el 95 por ciento de los delitos tiene contemplada la prisión. En los hechos, no existen sanciones alternativas a la cárcel porque no existen los mecanismos ni la infraestructura para hacerlas operables. En nuestro ambiente de opinión tan agraviado por el crimen, insistimos en la cárcel como castigo ejemplar para todo tipo de delitos. Sin embargo, en el caso de delitos menores y no violentos, otros mecanismos de sanciones pudieran ser más efectivos y menos onerosos en términos sociales y económicos. Las cárceles mexicanas en su condición actual son espacios propicios al contagio criminógeno.

 

Department of Corrections - New Zealand
# Prison facts and statistics - June 2013
www.corrections.govt.nz/ 30 August 2013
This page shows statistical information on the: number of prisoners in each prison; total prison population | Breakdowns of the prison population by: ages; offence type; ethnicity; security classification; percentage of prisoners on life or preventive detention sentences

 

Dan Roberts, Karen McVeigh 
# Eric Holder unveils new reforms aimed at curbing US prison population. Reversing years of tough Washington rhetoric, attorney general calls levels of US incarceration 'ineffective and unsustainable
theguardian.com, Monday 12 August 2013
Reversing years of toughening political rhetoric in Washington, attorney general Eric Holder declared that levels of incarceration at federal, state and local levels had become both "ineffective and unsustainable." The Department of Justice will now instruct prosecutors to side-step federal sentencing rules by not recording the amount of drugs found on non-violent dealers not associated with larger gangs or cartels. "Our system is in many ways broken," Holder told the American Bar Association in San Francisco. "As the so-called war on drugs enters its fifth decade we need to ask whether it has been fully effective and usher in a new approach." "Too many Americans go to too many prisons for far too long and for no truly good law enforcement reason," he said, adding later: "We cannot simply prosecute or incarcerate our way to becoming a safer country."

 

Steve Clarke
# Trends in crime and criminal justice, 2010
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/ Statistics in focus 18/2013
The latest collection of data indicates a general tendency towards a decrease in the levels of recorded crime across European Union Member States between 2007 and 2010. The number of most types of crimes recorded by the police in the European Union has fallen. While crimes linked to drug trafficking, robbery and violent crimes decreased between 3 and 6 % between 2007 and 2010, the number of motor vehicle thefts has fallen substantially faster over the same period (-23 %).  In contrast, domestic burglary is a category with a rising trend in the European Union. Compared to 2007, 7 % more cases of domestic burglary were reported in 2010.

 

Pierre V. Tournier

# Population sous écrou, population détenue au 1er juillet 2013 : nouveaux records
http://pierre-victortournier.blogspot.it/
« Arpenter le Champ pénal » (ACP) | vendredi 26 juillet 2013
Au 1er juillet 2013, le nombre de personnes sous écrou est de 80 700 (France entière) : 17 318 prévenus détenus, 51 251 condamnés détenus (soit 68 569 personnes détenues), 10 846 condamnés placés sous surveillance électronique en aménagement de peine, 629 condamnés placés sous surveillance électronique en fin de peine et 656 condamnés en placement à l’extérieur, sans hébergement pénitentiaire. Le taux de placement sous écrou est de 123 pour 100 000 habitants et le taux de détention de 105 pour 100 000 habitants.

 

House of Commons Justice Committee
# Women offenders: after the Corston Report. Second Report of Session 2013-14
www.publications.parliament.uk/ 15 July 2013
Five years after the March 2007 publication of Baroness Corston’s report A review of women with particular vulnerabilities in the criminal justice system (hereafter “the Corston Report”), which made a series of recommendations to drive improvement in the women's criminal justice agenda, we decided to hold an inquiry to review progress and examine current strategy and practice with respect to female offenders and those at risk of offending...

 

E. Ann Carson and Daniela Golinelli BJS
# Prisoners in 2012 - Advance Counts
http://www.bjs.gov/ July 2013
The U.S. prison population declined for the third consecutive year, falling to an estimated 1,571,013 prisoners at yearend 2012. This was down 27,770 prisoners (1.7%) from yearend 2011. California had the greatest population decline, with 15,035 fewer prisoners than in 2011 in part due to the state’s Public Safety Realignment policy

 

Erica Goode
# U.S. Prison Populations Decline, Reflecting New Approach to Crime
New York Times | July 25, 2013
The prison population in the United States dropped in 2012 for the third consecutive year, according to federal statistics released on Thursday, in what criminal justice experts said was the biggest decline in the nation’s recent history, signaling a shift away from an almost four-decade policy of mass imprisonment. The number of inmates in state and federal prisons decreased by 1.7 percent, to an estimated 1,571,013 in 2012 from 1,598,783 in 2011, according to figures released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, an arm of the Justice Department. Although the percentage decline appeared small, the fact that it followed decreases in 2011 and 2010 offers persuasive evidence of what some experts say is a “sea change” in America’s approach to criminal punishment.

 

Vera Institute of Justice
# The Potential of Community Corrections: To Improve Communities and Reduce Incarceration
www.vera.org/ July 2013
Community corrections supervises people who are under the authority of the  criminal justice system but who are not in prison or jail. In 2009, more than five million people in the United States were supervised in the community by the criminal justice system. Community-based corrections supervision is less expensivethan prison or jail and can be a source of positive change for communities. By keeping individuals in the community and offering supervision, intervention, and services that are responsive to their risk and needs to prevent reoffending, community supervision can improve public safety and, with it, the viability of neighborhoods that are most affected by crime and large numbers of people returning from prison.

 

New Mexico Corrections Department (NMCD)
# Evidence-Based Programs to Reduce Recidivism and Improve Public Safety in Adult Corrections
www.nmlegis.gov/ July 2013
Ninety-five percent of incarcerated offenders will be released back into the community. About 50 percent of offenders will return to prison within five years... Reducing recidivism, even by just 10 percent, can save millions. Rigorous research has demonstrated that some programs and strategies can improve public safety and reduce recidivism...

 

House of Commons Justice Committee
# Older Prisoners
www.parliament.uk/ 16 July 2013
Older prisoners are the fastest growing group within the prison population; the number of those aged over 60 grew by 120% and those aged 50–59 by 100% between 2002 and 2013. The health and social care needs of older prisoners are not all the same. It is broadly recognised that many prisoners have the biological characteristics of those who are ten years older than them; they may have chronic health and mental health disorders as well as disabilities which, in the community, would be typical among those who are significantly older.

 

EU.R.E.S. Ricerche Economiche e Sociali
# L’omicidio volontario in Italia. Rapporto EURES 2013- Sintesi
www.eures.it/ luglio 2013

 

Ministry of Justice
# Prison population figures 01.01.2013 - 12.07.2013
www.gov.uk/ 16 July 2013

 

Ministero della giustizia | Dipartimento dell'amministrazione penitenziaria DAP | Ufficio per lo Sviluppo e la Gestione del Sistema Informativo Automatizzato - Sezione Statistica

# Bollettino Penitenziario n. 17

Dati aggiornati al 31 Dicembre 2012

Risorse dell'Amministrazione penitenziaria - Popolazione Detenuta - Reati - Lavoro e corsi professionali - Detenute madri ed asili nido - Benefici concessi alla popolazione detenuta - Eventi critici

 

 | Ufficio per lo Sviluppo e la Gestione del Sistema Informativo Automatizzato - Sezione statistica

# Caratteristiche socio-lavorative, giuridiche e demografiche della popolazione detenuta
Situazione al 30 Giugno 2013

Sesso - Età - Numero di figli - Stato civile - Grado di istruzione - Condizione lavorativa - Ramo di attività - Posizione professionale - Posizione giuridica - Durata della pena - Durata della pena residua - Distribuzione per regione di detenzione e regione di nascita - Distribuzione per regione di detenzione e regione di residenza

 

Ministero della Giustizia
# Corsi Professionali Serie Storica | Anni 1992 - 2013
30 giugno 2013

 

Istat
# I minorenni nelle strutture della giustizia. Anno 2011
2 luglio 2013
Sono 20.157 i minorenni autori di reato presi in carico nell’anno 2011 dagli Uffici di Servizio Sociale per i Minorenni. Nei Centri di prima accoglienza si contano 2.343 ingressi, nelle Comunità 1.926, in Istituti penali per i minorenni 1.246. Le principali aree geografiche da cui provengono i minori stranieri segnalati dall’Autorità Giudiziaria sono la Romania, il Marocco e la Tunisia, anche se con forti differenze di genere... La maggior parte delle ragazze proviene infatti dalla Romania, dalla Croazia, dalla Bosnia Erzegovina e dalla Serbia. I minori assistiti sono nell’83,8% dei casi italiani e nel 90% maschi. Più della metà ha 16-17 anni (51,8%), il 27,2% 18-215 e il 20,6% 14-15 anni. I 14-17enni presi in carico sono 14.600, pari allo 0,6% del totale della popolazione minorile residente in Italia in questa fascia di età.

 

Department of Justice Canada
# The Youth Criminal Justice Act: Summary and Background
http://www.justice.gc.ca/ 2013

 

Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP

Caratteristiche socio-lavorative, giuridiche e demografiche detenuti al 30 giugno 2013

www.giustizia.it

 

Prison Reform Trust
Prison: the facts
Bromley Briefings Summer 2013
The prison system as a whole has been overcrowded in every year since 1994. At the end of March 2013, 69 of the 124 prisons in England and Wales were overcrowded. Prison has a poor record for reducing reoffending – 47% of adults are reconvicted within one year of release. For those serving sentences of less than 12 months this increases to 58%. Nearly three quarters (73%) of under 18 year olds are reconvicted within a year of release. 41,875 people entered prison to serve sentences of less than or equal to six months in the year to September 2012.

 

Gavin Berman, Aliyah Dar
Prison Population Statistics
Library House of Commons 29 July 2013
On 26 July 2013 the prison population in England and Wales stood at 84,052, a 3% fall on the previous year...

 

Gavin Berman | Library House of Commons
Prison population statistics
www.parliament.uk | 28 June 2013

The prison population surpassed 80,000 for the first time in December 2006 and 85,000 in spring 2010. The prison population remained around this level until the sharp increase due to the remanding and sentencing of people alleged to have been involved in the riots in England in August 2011. The number of offenders in prison reached its current record high of 88,179 prisoners on 2 December 2011... Around 900 prisoners were being held for public disorder related offences in the immediate aftermath of the disorder... At the end of March 2013 the prison population was 83,769, a decrease of 4.3% on the previous year. The recent month end levels are the lowest recorded since December 2010.

 

The Correctional Investigator Canada | L’Enquêteur correctionnel Canada
# Annual Report of the Office of the Correctional Investigator 2012-2013
www.oci-bec.gc.ca/ june 28, 2013
I
n the 10 year period between March 2003 and March 2013, the incarcerated population has grown by close to 2,100 inmates, which represents an overall increase of 16.5%. During this period, the Aboriginal incarcerated population increased overall by 46.4%. Federally sentenced Aboriginal women inmates have increased by over 80% in the last 10 years. Visible minority groups (Black, Hispanic, Asian, East Indian and other ethnicities) behind bars increased by almost 75% over this period. As a subgroup, Black inmates have increased every year, growing by nearly 90% over the last 10 years. Meantime, Caucasian inmates actually declined by 3% over this same period.

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire | Bureau des études, de la prospective et des méthodes

# Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France

Situation au 1er juin 2013 www.justice.gouv.fr

 

Zakia Belmokhtar, Abdellatif Benzakri
# Les Français et la prison
Infostat Justice, n. 122, Juin 2013
La prison est pour les Français un univers inquiétant et sombre : plus d’un sur deux (53 %) pense qu’il lui est possible d’être mis un jour en prison, et plus des deux tiers (66 %) considèrent que les conditions de détention sont mauvaises, à l’exception de la prise en charge médicale des détenus jugée globalement satisfaisante. La prison n’est pas remise en cause dans ses fondements mais pour 71%des Français, elle doit changer, notamment en ce qui concerne les conditions de détention. L’univers carcéral reste méconnu : les caractéristiques de la population des détenus sont mal connues, les droits accordés aux détenus sont sous estimés.  Un des effets de la prison les plus décriés porte sur la récidive : pour les trois quarts des Français (77 %), la prison ne permet pas de lutter contre la récidive, et pour deux Français sur trois (64 %), les aménagements de peine sont perçus comme un levier d’action efficace pour éviter la récidive. Les prises de position des Français sur la prison sont très liées à leur connaissance du milieu carcéral : les plus concernés ou les plus informés sont les plus critiques.

 

INQUEST Working for truth, justice and accountability
# Preventing the deaths of women in prison: the need for an alternative approach
www.inquest.org.uk/ June 2013

INQUEST’s monitoring of deaths in custody in England and Wales over the last 30 years has been central to the identification of emerging trends and patterns, including the sharply upward trend of women’s deaths in prison between 1998 and 2003. INQUEST’s specialist casework, research and evidence based policy work was critical in generating public and parliamentary debate on women’s deaths in prison and directly influenced the Government’s decision to commission  Baroness Corston’s review following the deaths of 6 women at Styal prison in a twelve month period... The state’s responsibility for the deaths of the women featured in this report go beyond the prison walls and extend to failures in mental health and substance abuse provision, sentencing policies and a lack of investment in alternatives to custody...

 

Centre for Crime and Justice Studies
# The overuse of pre-trial detention: causes and consequences. Martin Schönteich examines arbitrary and excessive pre-trial imprisonment
www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/ cjm no. 92 June 2013
A near universal reason for the excessive use of pre-trial detention is a lack of coherence over how the presumption of innocence should be balanced against the need to protect the public. Even in places with a strong legislative and jurisprudential basis for protecting the presumption of innocence, it is more a principle than a reality. Often, there is little clarity as to what the concept means, or how it should be applied. This is aggravated by imprecise and restrictive laws in many places. Such laws are not produced in a vacuum; public pressure and populist politicians are often responsible for laws which limit the right to pre-trial release.

 

Todd D. Minton
# Jails in Indian Country, 2012
Bureau of Justice Statistics, Bulletin June 2013

Despite the overall stability in Indian country jail admissions, the 70 facilities that provided data in both years reported a 10% increase, from 10,463 admissions in June 2011 to 11,474 in June 2012. Specifically, 40 facilities reported either a decline or no change in their admissions, and 30 facilities reported an increase in their admissions. Over half of the increase in admissions came from the Navajo Department of Corrections - Chinle

 

Patrizio Gonnella

# I numeri di una giustizia al collasso
MicroMega | La pagina dei blog (05 giugno 2013)

... dati impietosi che indicano, numeri alla mano, come sia al collasso la nostra giustizia, sia civile che penale...

 

United States Government Accountability Office GAO | Bureau of Prisons
Improvements Needed  in Bureau of Prisons’ Monitoring and Evaluation of Impact of Segregated Housing
www.gao.gov/ May 2013
The overall number of inmates in the Bureau of Prisons’ (BOP) three main types of segregated housing units—Special Housing Units (SHU), Special Management Units (SMU), and Administrative Maximum (ADX)—increased at a faster rate than the general inmate population. Inmates may be placed in SHUs for administrative reasons, such as pending transfer to another prison, and for disciplinary reasons, such as violating prison rules; SMUs, a four-phased program in which inmates can progress from more to less restrictive conditions; or ADX, for inmates that require the highest level of security. From fiscal year  2008 through February 2013, the total inmate population in segregated housing units increased approximately 17 percent—from 10,659 to 12,460 inmates. By comparison, the total inmate

 

Direction de l’administration pénitentiaire
# L’aménagement des peines privatives de liberté : l’exécution de la peine autrement
www.justice.gouv.fr/ Collection Travaux & Document n°79, Mai 2013
L’inflation carcérale, une tendance de long terme. Commencer l’étude statistique d’un dispositif pénal au moment de son apparition conduit assez souvent à une évaluation assez optimiste des réalisations puisque la série part de presque rien, sinon d’une valeur nulle. Ainsi, la courbe des écroués non détenus qui reflète le développement des aménagements de peine sous écrou affiche avec constance depuis 2004 (début de la série en août) un taux d’accroissement  annuel à deux chiffres (par exemple 39,4 % entre le 1er septembre 2010 et le  1erseptembre 2011). Pour la période initiale, de 2004 à 2010, la série montre une progression géométrique, avec un doublement tous les deux ans.

 

Todd D. Minton | U.S. Department of Justice | Office of Justice Programs | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Jail Inmates at Midyear 2012 - Statistical Tables
www.bjs.gov/ May 2013
After three consecutive years of decline in the jail inmate population, the number of persons confined in county and city jails (744,524) increased by 1.2% (or 8,923 inmates) between midyear 2011 and midyear 2012. The majority of the increase occurred in California jails. Excluding the increase in California’s jail population, the nationwide jail population would have remained relatively stable during the period. The average daily population (ADP) in jails remained stable from 735,565 during the 12-month period ending June 30, 2011, and 735,983 during the 12-month period ending June 30, 2012. The jail incarceration rate—the confined population per 100,000 U.S. residents—remained stable between 2011 (236 per 100,000) and 2012 (237 per 100,000). The incarceration rate was down from a high of 259
jail inmates per 100,000 residents in 2007.

 

Tom Silver
# Breaking Out of the Prison Cycle
Harvard Political Review, May 23, 2013

Of all the costs of incarceration, the day-to-day expenses are perhaps the most difficult to ignore. By most estimates, the United States spends over $74 billion annually on its prisons. Ten states now spend more on imprisonment than they do on higher education— six times more, in the case of California. JoAnne Page, CEO of the Fortune Society, a New York-based nonprofit that specializes in prisoner reentry and alternatives to incarceration, told the HPR that these costs are increasing “more than anything else … [because] the average length of stay is going up.” Indeed, from 1990 to 2009, the average length of stay for prisoners increased by 2.9 years. As a result of this progression, the prison population is not only growing, but also aging.

 

Jo Hawley, Ilona Murphy, Manuel Souto-Otero | GHK
# Prison Education and Training in Europe Current State-of-Play and Challenges. A summary report authored for the European Commission by GHK Consulting.
http://ec.europa.eu/ May 2013
“He who opens a school door, closes a prison” (Victor Hugo). There is evidence that investing in prison education and training is worthwhile. For instance, a study assessing the costs and benefits of in-prison education to UK society found that the benefits were more than double the investment made. It is thus important to explore the quality and efficiency of current learning provision in European prisons.

 

Republic of South Africa | Mr. Sibusiso Ndebele, Minister of Correctional Services, Department Correctional Services
# Correctional Services Budget Vote Speech 2013/14
National Assembly, Cape Town • 29th May 2013
A
ccording to the latest National Offender Population Profile (September 2012), the major crime categories are economic, aggressive, sexual and narcotics. As at 27th May, South Africa’s inmate population was 152,514; 45,043 (29,5%) were remand detainees, and 107,471 were sentenced offenders. Offenders sentenced to life imprisonment increased from about 400 in 1994 to more than 11,000 in 2013. Foreign nationals comprise 8,973 inmates (4,087 sentenced and 4,886 un-sentenced). In addition, 65,931 offenders are outside correctional centres living in their respective communities; 48,716 are parolees, 15,491 are probationers (serving non-custodial sentences) and 1,724 are awaiting-trial.

 

Servizio studi del Senato | Ufficio ricerche sulle questioni istituzionali, sulla giustizia e sulla cultura
# Dati statistici relativi all'amministrazione della giustizia in Italia
dossier n. 11 - maggio 2013
Dato il tasso medio nella UE di detenzione per 100.000 abitanti a 127,7...,  rispetto a tale media, l'Italia registra un tasso più basso, pari a 112,6. A fronte di un tasso di detenzione relativamente basso, l'Italia registra un tasso di sovraffollamento delle carceri piuttosto alto. Tale circostanza si verifica, secondo il report ISTAT, "a causa sia dei detenuti in attesa di giudizio, che rappresentano il 43,1% nel 2010 contro una media europea del 27,1%, sia del minor utilizzo delle misure alternative al carcere (30,5 soggetti in misura alternativa per 100.000 abitanti contro i 199,2 per 100.000 abitanti della media europea)"

 

Matteo Mascia
# Aumentano i detenuti e crollano i finanziamenti al Dap. I numeri ufficiali assomigliano ad un bollettino di guerra. Parlamento e Governo devono intervenire
www.rinascita.eu 18 maggio 2013

La popolazione detenuta in Italia ha raggiunto cifre senza precedenti, ben superiori alle oltre 61mila presenze del luglio 2006, data dell'ultimo provvedimento di indulto. Al 31/03/2013 la popolazione detenuta è pari a 65.831 unità, 4.800 in più del giugno 2006. Alla dichiarazione dello stato di emergenza per il sovraffollamento carcerario, 13 gennaio 2010, nelle carceri italiane c'erano 64.791 persone, a fronte di una capienza di 44.073, con un tasso di affollamento del 147 per cento (147 detenuti ogni 100 posti).

 

Ministerio del Interior | Secretarìa General de Instituciones Penitenciarias
# Informe Epidemiologico sobre Mortalidad en II. PP. - Año 2012
www.acaip.es/ Area de Salud Publica - Mayo 2013

 

Acaip Agrupacion de los Cuerpos de la Administracion de Instituciones Penitenciarias
# Muertes en Prision. Mortalidad 2006/2012
www.acaip.es - 2013

 

Joan Petersilia, Jessica Greenlick Snyder
# Looking Past The Hype: 10 Questions Everyone Should Ask About California’s Prison Realignment
Calif. J. Politics Policy 2013; 5(2): 266–306
California’s Criminal Justice Realignment Act passed in 2011 shifted vast discretion for managing lower-level offenders from the state to the county, allocated over $2 billion in the first 2 years for local programs, and altered sentences for more than 100,000 offenders. Despite the fact that it is the biggest penal experiment in modern history, the state provided no funding to evaluate its overall effect on crime, incarceration, justice agencies, or recidivism. We provide a framework for a comprehensive evaluation by raising 10 essential questions: (1) Have prison populations been reduced and care sufficiently improved to bring prison medical care up to a Constitutional standard? (2) What is the impact on victim rights and safety? (3) Will more offenders participate in treatment programs, and will recidivism be reduced? (4) Will there be equitable sentencing and treatment across counties? (5) What is the impact on jail crowding, conditions, and litigation? (6) What is the impact on police, prosecution, defense, and judges? (7) What is the impact on probation and parole? (8) What is the impact on crime rates and community life? (9) How much will realignment cost? Who pays? (10) Have we increased the number of people under criminal justice supervision?

 

République française - CNCDH Commission Nationale Consultative des Droits de l'Homme
# Lutte contre la récidive: pour une approche globale
www.cncdh.fr/ 21.02.2013 - 14.05.2013

Les dix dernières années, nettement marquées par un basculement vers une politique répressive et ce qu’il est désormais commun d’appeler « le tout carcéral », n’ont pas fourni de solutions satisfaisantes en matière de lutte contre la récidive, au point qu’une majorité des acteurs s’accorde à en dénoncer les méfaits. Face à un système carcéral ayant aujourd’hui largement démontré ses limites, la CNCDH invite les pouvoirs publics à envisager un changement de paradigme profond afin de concilier éducation, répression et réinsertion. Au-delà du seul ministère de la Justice, la CNCDH appelle le Gouvernement à envisager une approche intégrée associant notamment les ministères de la famille, de l’éducation nationale et de l’intérieur, eux aussi pleinement concernés par la lutte efficace contre la récidive.

 

Garante delle persone sottoposte a misure restrittive della libertà personale della Toscana
# La detenzione in Toscana
Firenze, 14 maggio 2013

La situazione e' ''sostanzialmente identica'' al gennaio 2010 (anno della dichiarazione di 'stato di emergenza nazionale conseguente all'eccessivo sovraffollamento degli istituti penitenziari'): all'epoca in Toscana erano detenute 4.334 persone in 3.233 posti, con un tasso di affollamento del 134 per cento. Oggi quel tasso è del 127,2 per cento ed è condizionato dalla crescita della capienza del sistema penitenziario, in Toscana pari a 331 unità. Ma questa crescita di capienza dipende, secondo Margara, ''da un diverso calcolo degli spazi disponibili'' quindi questi dati del Dipartimento dell'amministrazione penitenziaria non appaiono attendibili.

 

Council of Europe COE - Marcelo F. Aebi, Natalia Delgrande

# Annual Penal Statistics. Space I. Survey 2011

Strasbourg 3 May 2013

 

# Annual Penal Statistics. Space II. Survey 2011 | Persons Serving Non-Custodial Sanctions and Measures in 2011 - Strasbourg 3 May 2013

 

#  Comunicato stampa 3 maggio 2013. Secondo un rapporto del Consiglio d’Europa, il sovraffollamento delle carceri costituisce un problema per la metà delle amministrazioni penitenziarie europee

 

Alberto Barbieri, Cecilia Francini, Novella Mori, Mariarita Peca, Marie Aude Tavoso, Marco
Zanchetta | Medici per i Diritti Umani
Arcipelago CIE. Indagine sui centri di identificazione ed espulsione italiani
Sintesi Maggio 2013

Nel solo perimetro dell’Unione Europea, la rete Migreurop stima la presenza di almeno 420 strutture di trattenimento ufficiali con una capienza totale di 37.000 posti40. E’ molto diffuso inoltre l’utilizzo di luoghi di detenzione che non compaiono nelle liste ufficiali, quali aeroporti, navi mercantili, campi, carceri statali. In alcuni Paesi, quali la Germania e l’Irlanda, le strutture carcerarie vengono spesso utilizzate per la detenzione degli stranieri, mentre in altri, come la Svizzera, la detenzione ha luogo all’interno di sezioni speciali degli istituti penitenziari ordinari. I luoghi di detenzione sono pertanto molto eterogenei sia per caratteristiche che per modalità di funzionamento. Le due tipologie più ricorrenti sono i centri in cui vengono trattenuti gli stranieri al momento dell’ingresso, quando il loro accesso al territorio è condizionato alla verifica dei requisiti di ingresso e soggiorno, e le strutture di detenzione ai fini dell’espulsione o del rimpatrio degli immigrati già presenti sul territorio in condizioni di irregolarità. La maggior parte dei centri svolgono entrambe le funzioni ed in molti casi sono preposti anche all’identificazione

 

MM. Jean-Yves Le Bouillonnec et Didier Quentin - Députés | Assemblée Nationale
# Rapport d’information relative à la mesure statistique des délinquances et de leurs conséquences
www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ Enregistré à la Présidence de l’Assemblée nationale le 24 avril 2013
Les statistiques des délinquances et de leurs conséquences, objet du présent rapport, ont pris une importance considérable dans le débat public. Tour à tour utilisées pour présenter un bilan favorable de l’action des gouvernements ou, au contraire, pour asseoir, à partir de l’état des lieux qu’elles fournissent, une nouvelle politique pénale, elles sont déraisonnablement mises en avant. La valorisation de ces statistiques, tant par les gouvernants que par les médias, est d’autant plus paradoxale que, comme vos rapporteurs entendent vous le démontrer, ces statistiques n’ont qu’une fiabilité très limitée et ne permettent  nullement de mesurer finement les délinquances.

 

ADALAH – The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel
# Statistics on Detainees and Prisoners in Israeli prisons

http://adalah.org | 10 April 2013:1
(Researcher: Adalah Attorney Rima Ayoub) - Total number of detainees and prisoners in Israel prisons: 17,666 1. Criminal detainees and prisoners: 12,682 Security detainees and prisoners: 4,984 a. Jewish security prisoners and detainees: 10 Security prisoners and detainees from the OPT, the occupied Golan Heights, and Israel, including Palestinian citizens of Israel: 4,804...

 

U.S. Department of Justice  DOJ | Office of the Inspector General  | Evaluation and Inspections Division
# The Federal Bureau of Prisons’ Compassionate Release Program
www.justice.gov/ April 2013

In the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, Congress authorized the Director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) to request that a federal judge reduce an inmate’s sentence for “extraordinary and compelling” circumstances. Under the statute, the request can be based on either medical or non-medical conditions that could not reasonably have been foreseen by the judge at the time of sentencing. The BOP has issued regulations and a Program Statement entitled “compassionate release” to implement this authority.3 This review assessed the BOP’s compassionate release program, including whether it provides cost savings or other benefits to the BOP.

 

Michelle S. Phelps
# The Paradox of Probation: Community Supervision in the Age of Mass Incarceration
Law & Policy, Vol. 35, Nos 1–2, January–April 2013
After four decades of steady growth, U.S. states’ prison populations finally appear to be declining, driven by a range of sentencing and policy reforms. One of the most popular reform suggestions is to expand probation supervision in lieu of incarceration. However, the classic socio-legal literature suggests that expansions of probation instead widen the net of penal control and lead to higher incarceration rates. This article reconsiders probation in the era of mass incarceration, providing the first comprehensive evaluation of the role of probation in the build-up of the criminal justice system. The results suggest that probation was not the primary driver of mass incarceration in most states, nor is it likely to be a simple panacea to mass incarceration. Rather, probation serves both capacities, acting as an alternative and as a net-widener, to varying degrees across time and place. Moving beyond the question of diversion versus net widening, this article presents a new theoretical model of the probation- rison link that examines the mechanisms underlying this dynamic. Using regression models and case studies, I analyze how states can modify the relationship between probation and imprisonment by changing sentencing outcomes and the practices of probation supervision. When combined with other key efforts, reforms to probation can be part of the movement to reverse mass incarceration.

 

Fondazione di ricerca Istituto Carlo Cattaneo

# Un'anomalia italiana: il sovraffollamento carcerario

Analisi e testo a cura di Asher Colombo - twitter: @ashercolombo | 29 marzo 2013

Le carceri italiane sono più affollate oggi che prima dell’indulto del 2006, e lo sono più che le
carceri delle altre democrazie europee. In alcuni istituti italiani si superano i 3 detenuti per posto, e l’80% degli istituti ha più detenuti che posti regolamentari. Il sovraffollamento carcerario non dipende dall’aumento dei detenuti: paesi con livelli di crescita della detenzione sensibilmente più alti del nostro controllano meglio di noi il sovraffollamento carcerario... L’analisi comparata, nel tempo e nello spazio, del caso italiano mostra che il nostro sistema penitenziario ha un grave e cronico problema di sovraffollamento, ma che a ottenere risultati apprezzabili e di medio periodo nel campo del controllo del problema del sovraffollamento carcerario non sono i paesi che hanno sperimentato riduzioni straordinarie della popolazione carceraria, i cui effetti possono essere tipicamente solo di breve periodo.

 

Benjamin Monnery
# Les déterminants du risque de récidive des sortants de prison : applications micro-économetriques sur données francaises
www.jma2014.fr/ Mars 2013
Cet article se propose d’étudier les principaux d´eterminants de la probabilité instantanée de récidive des sortants de prison... Les résultats obtenus confirment les roles déterminants du sexe, de l’age, de la nationalité, de l’accés  à l’emploi et des antécédents, sur le comportement de récidive des anciens détenus en France. De plus, ils mettent en évidence des différences significatives en fonction du type d’infraction initialement commise, de la situation pénale des détenus à l’écrou et des aménagements de peine dont ils ont pu bénéficier (libération conditionnelle et placement à l’extérieur), ainsi que la présence d’effets fixes par prison. Enfin, cette étude remet en doute l’influence de certaines variables (statut matrimonial, niveau scolaire, domicile) et l’efficacité de la semi-liberté comme mesure de prévention de la récidive.

 

Mike Males, Lizzie Buchen
Beyond Realignment_Counties' Large Disparities in Imprisonment Underlie Ongoing Prison Crisis
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice CjCJ, March 2013
New prison admissions fell by 34 percent in the fourth quarter of 2012 compared to the third quarter of 2011 (the last quarter before Realignment implementation). The majority of this reduction is due to decreases in admissions for non-violent crimes, including drug offenses and property offenses; the number of new admissions for violent offenses has remained roughly the same throughout Realignment. Consistent with the decline in non-violent imprisonments, females and parole violators showed much larger declines than did males and new admissions.

 

Margo Schlanger
Plata v. Brown and Realignment: Jails, Prisons, Courts, and Politics
Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Vol. 48, 2013
Informed by court documents,11 state reports and policy papers,12 and interviews,13 I trace the litigation and policy that led to and that have followed the Supreme Court’s ruling affirming the Plata/Coleman population order. The result illustrates the complex interplay of institutional reform litigation and political outcomes and processes.

 

Sbu Ndebele - South Africa
SA has highest prison population in Africa
Mail&Guardian - Africa's Best Read http://mg.co.za/ 11 Feb 2013
South Africa has the highest prison population in Africa, says Correctional Services Minister Sbu Ndebele. We are currently ranked ninth in the world in terms of prison population, with approximately 160.000 inmates, he said in a speech prepared for delivery.

 

Office fédéral de la statistique |  Suisse
Criminalité et droit pénal
www.bfs.admin.ch/ février 2013
En 2011, il y avait en Suisse 113 établissements d’exécution des peines et mesures (2010: 114) comptant 6660 places au total. Le jour de référence (le 7 septembre 2011), 6065 places étaient occupées (2010: 6181), ce qui représentait un taux d’occupation de 91%. Sur les 6065 personnes incarcérées, 63% exécutaient une peine, 28% se trouvaient en détention préventive, 6% étaient détenues pour des mesures de contrainte (loi sur les étrangers) et les 3% restants l’étaient pour d’autres raisons. Les personnes incarcérées sont principalement des hommes (95%), de nationalité étrangère (65%), qui purgent une peine privative de liberté. Elles sont âgées de 34 ans en moyenne. La durée de détention moyenne a passé de 103 à 207 jours de 1984 à 2001. Elle est depuis lors retombée à 160 jours. En dépit d’une nette baisse du nombre des incarcérations, la population carcérale présente une remarquable stabilité, se maintenant autour de 3900 personnes, à cause de l’allongement de la durée moyenne des peines.

 

Bear Witness Project
# Life in the Mass Incarceration
www.stopmassincarceration.org/ Black History Month, February 2013

Bear Witness will be a vehicle for mass participation. Way too many people accept mass incarceration as a collection of policies that combat crime and that are administered in a “color blind” way. Forging a massive movement of determined resistance to this injustice has to include as a key part jolting society awake to the ugly reality of this injustice and moving them to change how they view it. Just like the Freedom Riders and other activists of the 1960’s changed the way people viewed "Jim Crow" segregation in the South.

 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania | Department of Corrections
Recidivism Report 2013
The Bureau of Planning, Research and Statistics (PRS) 2013
Approximately 6 in 10 released inmates recidivate (are rearrested or reincarcerated) within three years of release from prison.  Overall recidivism rates have been stable over the last ten years.  Rearrest rates have been slowly increasing over the last ten years.  Reincarceration rates peaked around 2005 and began to decline in the most recent years.  Despite a drop starting in 2005, reincarceration rates were slightly higher in the most recent years than they were in 1990.  Offenders returning to urban areas are more likely to be rearrested, however those returning to rural areas are more likely to be reincarcerated.  Dauphin County reports the highest overall recidivism rates.  Released inmates do not appear to heavily specialize in the same crime type when they reoffend. The most specialized type of recidivist is the property offender. The least specialized type of recidivist is the violent offender.  Released inmates are more likely to be reincarcerated (mostly for technical parole violations) than rearrested during the first 18 months after release from prison, and thereafter are significantly more likely to be rearrested.

 

The Pew Charitable Trusts
# U.S. Prison Count Continues to Drop. More Than Half of States Cut Imprisonment Rates from 2006 to 2011
www.pewstates.org/ March 8, 2013

After nearly four decades of explosive growth, the U.S. prison population declined for two years in a row, according to the Justice Department. Inmate counts fell in about half the states in each year from 2009-10 and 2010-11. Over the past five years, the imprisonment rate fell in 29 states.

 

Lois M. Davis, Robert Bozick, Jennifer L. Steele, Jessica Saunders, Jeremy N. V. Miles | RAND Corporation
# Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education. A Meta-Analysis of Programs That Provide Education to Incarcerated Adults
www.bja.gov/ 2013
Our meta-analytic findings provide further support that receiving correctional education while incarcerated reduces an individual’s risk of recidivating after release from prison. Our findings were stable even when we limited our analyses to those studies with more rigorous research designs. We found a notable effect across all levels of education, from adult basic education and GED programs to postsecondary and vocational education programs. Further, our cost analysis suggests that correctional education programs can be cost-effective.

 

Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento per la giustizia minorile
# Dati Statistici

Elaborazione su dati del sistema SISM del 28 marzo 2013

La maggior parte dei minori autori di reato è in carico agli USSM nell’ambito di misure all’esterno; la detenzione, infatti, assume per i minorenni carattere di residualità, per lasciare spazio a percorsi e risposte alternativi, sempre a carattere penale. Negli ultimi anni si sta assistendo ad una sempre maggiore applicazione del collocamento in comunità, non solo quale misura cautelare, ma anche nell’ambito di altri provvedimenti giudiziari, per la sua capacità di contemperare le esigenze educative con quelle contenitive di controllo. L’utenza dei Servizi minorili è prevalentemente maschile; le ragazze sono soprattutto di nazionalità straniera e provengono dall’area dell’ex Jugoslavia e dalla Romania. La criminalità minorile è connotata dalla prevalenza dei reati contro il patrimonio e, in particolare, dei reati di furto e rapina. Frequenti sono anche le violazioni delle disposizioni in materia di sostanze stupefacenti, mentre tra i reati contro la persona prevalgono le lesioni personali volontarie.

 

House of Commons - Justice Committee
Youth Justice. Seventh Report of Session 2012–13
Volume I: Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence
Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 26 February 2013
Published on 14 March 2013

We strongly welcome the substantial decrease since 2006/07 in the number of young people entering the criminal justice system for the first time, and commend local partnerships for their successful efforts to bring this figure down. Justice agencies play a crucial role in preventing youth crime by diverting young people away from formal criminal justice processes, which, when done well, means they are less likely to go on to serious and prolonged offending. We are particularly encouraged that many youth offending teams and police forces are using a restorative approach to resolving minor offending.

 

Allen Frances, M.D.
# Prison Or Treatment For the Mentally ill
We should be supporting mental health, not punishing patients.
www.psychologytoday.com - March 10, 2013
According to the Department of Justice, nearly 1.3 million people with mental illness are incarcerated in state and federal jails and prisons -- compared to only about 70,000 people being served in psychiatric hospitals... "The current psychiatric hospital inpatient population is only 5 percent of what it was at its height. We have about the same number of psychiatric hospital beds now as we did in 1850. Some of this 'deinstitutionalization' comes from the availability of medication and improved outpatient treatment, but most of the change is no more than a switch of institutions from hospital to prison."   BJS 2006

Amanda Pustilnik
# Calling Mental Illness “Myth” Leads to State Coercion
www.cato-unbound.org - August 13, 2012

State psychiatry is a mouse in the manger of an elephant, a barnacle on a Leviathan. The coercive giant that straddles our country and that feeds its maw with people who have serious mental illnesses is not state psychiatry. It is our vast prison system, which coercively confines hundreds of thousands of nonviolent, severely mentally ill people who have wound up there for want of adequate treatment.... Five times more people with severe mental illnesses are confined in penal institutions than are treated (or confined) in all psychiatric facilities combined in any given year. In a typical year, according to the Department of Justice, over 300,000 people with severe mental illnesses are incarcerated in state and federal jails and prisons. Yet for the same period, only about 40,000–60,000 people with such conditions reside in public psychiatric hospitals. This current total psychiatric hospital population is also only about ten percent of what it was at its height over a half-century ago, in or around 1957.    BJS 2006

 

Laurent Mucchielli,
# «Un procédé marketing, et pas scientifique»
l'Humanité, le 26 Février 2013
On ne peut pas tracer de courbe de la délinquance de 1950 à nos jours à partir de la statistique de police. D’une part, la population était beaucoup moins nombreuse il y a soixante ans. D’autre part, les actes de délinquance enregistrés reposent sur le Code pénal. Or, le texte a été modifié des centaines de fois depuis 1950...

 

Laurence Leturmy
# Evolution de la prise en compte de la récidive sur les conditions d’exécution de la peine
Conférence de consensus 14 février 2013

Quinze ans (1998-2013), neuf lois qui marquent singulièrement l’évolution des dispositions relatives à l’exécution des peines applicables aux récidivistes.  Parmi elles, deux, celles du 12 décembre 2005 et du 24 novembre 2009, se distinguent en ce qu’elles visent les condamnés dans une situation de récidive légale avérée. Toutes les autres, 17 juin 1998, 10 août 2007, 25 février 2008, 10 mars 2010, 14 mars 2011, 10 août 2011 et 27 mars 2012 s’intéressent à certains condamnés en raison des risques de récidive que leur dangerosité fait redoute.

 

Rapport du jury de consensus remis au Premier ministre - Conférence de consensus

# Pour une nouvelle politique publique de prévention de la récidive. Principes d’action et méthodes
www.inavem.org
Paris, le 20 février 2013
Le premier principe se fonde sur deux recommandations essentielles et qui sont étroitement liées : considérer la prison comme une peine parmi d’autres et instaurer une peine de probation, sans lien ni référence avec l’emprisonnement, dont la finalité réside dans la réinsertion des personnes condamnées et, partant, la protection de la société et des victimes. Pour assurer la lisibilité, cette nouvelle peine fusionne les différentes peines et mesures non privatives de liberté qui existent actuellement. L’abandon des peines automatiques et des peines plancher, la réduction du nombre d’incriminations passibles d’une peine d’emprisonnement, ainsi que la contraventionnalisation de certains délits sont également des recommandations induites par ce principe.

 

Lila Kazemian
# Que sait-on des facteurs qui préconisent la récidive?
Conférence de consensus sur la prevention de la récidive Paris, le 20 février 2013

Il y a deux catégories générales de facteurs de risque liés au comportement délinquant. Les facteurs dynamiques, qu’Andrews et Bonta (2006) qualifient de « besoins criminogènes », sont malléables et peuvent, en principe, être modifiés (par exemple, les caractéristiques cognitives, les valeurs, les comportements, etc.). À l’inverse, les facteurs statiques ne peuvent pas être modifiés; ils incluent des variables tels que l’âge, les antécédents criminels, et les facteurs de risque durant l’enfance. La méta-analyse de Gendreau, Little et Goggin (1996) suggère qu’il est important de tenir compte de ces deux catégories de facteurs dans l’étude de la récidive. Gendreau et al (1996) rapportent que les deux prédicteurs les plus saillants de la récidive sont les antécédents criminels et les besoins criminogènes. L’influence respective de ces facteurs sera discutée ci-dessous.

 

Nicole Maestracci | Propos recueillis par Franck Johannès
# Les alternatives à la prison protègent de la récidive
Le Monde 14.02.2013

On sait avec certitude que les peines exécutées en milieu ouvert favorisent moins la récidive que les peines de prison. Et ce, dans tous les cas de figures : on objecte souvent que les détenus qui purgent leur peine à l'extérieur sont précisément ceux qui offrent des gages de réinsertion plus importants et qu'ils ont ainsi moins de risques de récidiver. C'est vrai, et des chercheurs ont essayé de neutraliser ces biais de sélection. Il s'avère que, dans tous les cas, les mesures alternatives protègent mieux de la récidive que la prison. Autre point de consensus, le risque de récidive est 1,6 fois plus grand pour les personnes qui sortent de prison, en fin de peine, sans suivi, plutôt qu'en libération conditionnelle. C'est une donnée indiscutable, dont on n'a pas tiré les conséquences, puisque la libération conditionnelle ne concerne qu'un sortant de prison sur dix.

 

Sonya Faure
# Récidive : les peines planchers vers la petite porte
Libération 6 février 2013
Entre 2006 et 2010, le taux de récidivistes est passé de 3,9% à 6% pour les crimes, et de 7 à 11,1% pour les délits. Ce qui, à première vue, ne plaide pas pour la loi Sarkozy. Seulement, explique Jean-Paul Jean, ce taux de récidive légale ne veut rien dire. Il «ne traduit pas une augmentation des faits de récidive, mais une augmentation mécanique des cas légaux de récidive, du fait des évolutions des textes et des pratiques des juridictions.» Pour leurs défenseurs, les peines planchers devaient avoir un effet dissuasif. Mais «la stratégie de la dissuasion créée par les peines automatiques ne concerne que les délinquants rationnels, qui calculent le risque de se faire prendre avant d’agir. Cette approche n’a aucun sens pour le toxicomane, la personne ayant un trouble psychiatrique, nombre de délinquants sexuels».

 

Ministére de la Justice | Odile Timbart
# Les condamnations, Année 2011
www.justice.gouv.fr/ Février 2013
604 000 condamnations ont été prononcées en 2011 et inscrites au Casier Judiciaire. o 604 000 condamnations ont été prononcées en 2011 et inscrites au Casier Judiciaire. Les tribunaux correctionnels sont à l’origine de quatre condamnations sur cinq (80,7 %), les tribunaux de police et juridictions de proximité de 6,3 % et les juridictions de mineurs de 8,2 %. Les cours d’appel émargent à 4,4 %.

 

Département fédéral de justice et police DFJP | Office fédéral de la justice OFJ | Unité Exécution des peines et mesures
# Pratique de l’exécution des peines: Les collaborateurs sous la loupe
https://www.bj.admin.ch/ Informations sur l’exécution des peines et mesures 1/2013

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire | Bureau des études, de la prospective et des méthodes

# Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France

Situation au 1er février 2013 www.justice.gouv.fr
Au 1er février 2013, la France comptait 66746 détenus | 11 établissements ou quartiers ont une densité supérieure ou égale à 200 % | 25 établissements ou quartiers ont une densité supérieure ou égale à 150 et inférieure à 200 % | 59 établissements ou quartiers ont une densité supérieure ou égale à 120 et inférieure à 150 % | 36 établissements ou quartiers ont une densité supérieure ou égale à 100 et inférieure à 120 % | 117 établissements ou quartiers ont une densité inférieure à 100 %

 

Le Monde.fr

# Février 2013 : chiffres clefs de la population carcérale
Lun 25 Fév 2013
Source: - Ministère de la justice - Controleur général des lieux de privation de liberté pour l'année 2012

 

France | Conférence de consensusPrincipes d’action et méthodes
# Pour une nouvelle politique publique de prévention de la récidive

Rapport du jury de consensus remis au Premier ministre
Paris, le 20 février 2013

La récidive est une réalité complexe qui réunit, tant sur le plan théorique que pratique, certaines des questions les plus significatives du droit pénal, et sans doute aussi les plus irritantes. La récidive est en effet la marque visible des limites du système de justice pénale qui ne peut à lui seul appréhender un problème qui concerne la société toute entière. En un mot, la prévention de la récidive, enjeu humain et social majeur, est à la fois une question de politique pénale et une question de politique sociale.

 

Pierre V. Tournier
# Prévenir la récidive? Commencer par appliquer les recommandations qui font consensus au sein des États  membres du Conseil de l’Europe sur les mesures et sanctions pénales
http://conference-consensus.justice.gouv.fr/ 6 janvier 2013

Une détention «utile», c’est avant tout une détention dont les conditions vont permettre de respecter, à tout moment, la dignité de la personne détenue, et ce en conformité avec l’article 3 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme interdisant les traitements inhumains et dégradants. C’est une détention qui est en cohérente avec le sens que lui a assigné le législateur, dans le cadre de l’article 1er de la loi pénitentiaire (24 novembre 2009), reprenant une formulation du Conseil de l’Europe: «Permettre à la personne détenue de mener une vie responsable et prévenir la commission de nouvelles infractions». Comment atteindre un tel objectif de responsabilisation dans des établissements pénitentiaires surpeuplés?

 

Ministère de la Justice
# Mesurer la récidive. Contribution à la conférence de consensus de prévention de la récidive
Service support et moyens du ministère - Sous-direction de la Statistique et des Études Janvier 2013
Avant de commencer l’analyse du phénomène de la récidive, il faut s’arrêter sur la façon de le définir. Récidive et réitération ont désormais des définitions légales inscrites au code pénal, mais ces définitions donnent une vision étroite, peu cohérente (entre crime et délit) et restrictive d’un phénomène plus large de « retour devant la justice » que l’on peut qualifier de récidive statistique ou plutôt de récidive au sens large...

 

England and Wales - Ministry of Justice
#  Story of the Prison Population: 1993 – 2012 England and Wales January 2013
Crown copyright - Produced by the Ministry of Justice

Between June 1993 and June 2012 the prison population in England and Wales increased by 41,800 prisoners to over 86,000. Almost all of this increase (98%) took place within two segments of the population - those sentenced to immediate custody* (85% of the increase) and those recalled to prison for breaking the conditions of their release (13% of the increase).

 

England and Wales - Ministry of Justice
Offender Management Statistics Quarterly Bulletin July to September 2012
Statistics bulletin - 31 January 2013

The prison population at 31 December 2012 was 83,757, a decrease of 2,415 (3 per cent) compared to 31 December 2011 when the total population was 86,172... Within the adult sentenced population, the numbers serving longer  determinate sentences of 4 years or more continued to rise (up 5 per cent  from 23,361 to 24,462), while those serving shorter sentences fell. The number of prisoners serving indeterminate sentences (either a life sentence or an Indeterminate Sentence for Public Protection – an IPP) fell by two per cent to 13,577... The annual total probation caseload (court orders and pre and post release supervision) increased by 39 per cent between 2000 and 2008 to 243,434, before falling slightly to 234,528 in 2011.

 

England / Wales | Ministry of Justice

Population and Capacity Briefing for Friday 25/01/2013

http://www.justice.gov.uk/

 

Ministry of Justice
# Story of the Prison Population: 1993 – 2012. England and Wales
www.gov.uk/ January 2013
Between June 1993 and June 2012 the prison population in England and Wales increased by 41,800 prisoners to over 86,000. Almost all of this increase (98%) took place within two segments of the population - those sentenced to immediate custody* (85% of the increase) and those recalled to prison for breaking the conditions of their release (13% of the increase)... • Since 1999, sentenced offenders have been spending longer in prison, which has also contributed to the increase in the prison population. There has been an increase of 1.4 months in the average time served in custody since 1999 for offenders serving determinate sentences. • This reflects longer determinate sentences handed down by the courts, which increased by 2.1 months between 2000 and 2004, and by 2 months between 2007 and 2011...

 

Prison Service Journal
# Migration, Nationality and Detention
Special Edition - January 2013

Mary Bosworth, Blerina Kellezi, Developing a Measure of the Quality of Life in Detention | Hon Judi Moylan, Desperation, Displacement and Detention: Australia’s Treatment of Asylum Seekers Past
and Present |
Hindpal Singh Bhui, The changing approach to child detention and its implications for immigration detention in the UK | Lea Sitkin, ‘The right to walk the streets’: Looking for illegal migration on the streets and stations of the UK and Germany | Andriani Fili, The maze of immigration detention in Greece: a case study of the Athens airport detention facility | Ana Aliverti, Sentencing in immigration-related cases: the impact of deportability and immigration status | Francesca Cooney, Double Punishment: The treatment of foreign national prisoners | Femke Hofstee-van der Meulen, Assisting Dutch Nationals Imprisoned Abroad | Ray Taylor, Book Review, Foreign national prisoners: law and practice | Jamie Bennett, Book Review, Racial criminalisation of migrants in the 21st century

 

Francesco Cascini
Analisi della popolazione detenuta e proposte di intervento
Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 1, 2013
Prima dell’indulto i detenuti presenti in carcere erano 61.400, numero, in modo unanime, ritenuto assolutamente incompatibile con i criteri minimi di umanità della pena e rispetto della dignità della persona. Con il provvedimento di clemenza, a partire dal luglio 2006, sono usciti dal carcere 26.000 detenuti definitivi con una pena residua di tre anni. Da allora, e per i primi tre anni circa, il ritmo di crescita delle presenze è stato costante e si è assestato intorno ad una media di mille unità al mese...

 

Turkey - CEZA VE TEVKİFEVLERİ GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ İSTATİSTİĞİ

Statistics General Directorate of Prisons and Detention Houses

www.cte.adalet.gov.tr 28.02.2013

Total 126.393 || Official capacity of prison system 142,906 (28.1.2013).

Prison population rate (per 100,000 of national population) 167, based on an estimated national population of 75.89 million at end of February 2013.

 

# ICPS Turkish prison

 

Portugal - Direcção-Geral dos Serviços Prisionais

# População Prisional, por tipo de estabelecimento, segundo a situação penal em 15 de fevereiro e 1 de março de 2013

 

Direção-Geral dos Serviços Prisionais
# Estatisticas Prisionais 2º Trimestre de 2012

 

Prison Statistics Portugal - 2011

 

ICPS - 2010

 

Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP

# Presenze - Ingressi - Eventi critici - Bilancio

Dati del 18 marzo 2013

 

#  Presenze - Capienza regolamentare - Pena residua - Tipologia reato - Classi d'età - Misure alternative - Misure di sicurezza

31 dicembre 2012

 

Mexico - Órgano Administrativo Desconcentrado Prevencion y Readaptacion Social
Estadisticas del Sistema Penitenciartio Nacional
www.ssp.gob.mx - Enero 2013

 

Thomas H. Cohen
# Pretrial Detention and Misconduct in Federal District Courts, 1995-2010
U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice Programs - Bureau of Justice Statistics
February 2013

From 1995 to 2010, the percentage of federal defendants who were detained pretrial increased from 59% to 76%... Federal defendants detained for the duration of a case increased from 42% in 1995 to 64% in 2010.

Between 1995 and 2010, the number of defendants detained pretrial increased by 184% Growth in the number of pretrial detentions were driven by immigration caseloads, which increased by 664% between 1995 and 2010.

 

Russian Legal Information Agency RAPSI
# From Russian Prisons
28 february 2013 - www.rapsinews.com
As of February 1, 2013, there are 697,500 prisoners in Russia... Over 4,000 prison inmates died in Russia last year...

 

Japan’s prisons

#  Eastern porridge.Even Japanese criminals are orderly and well-behaved
The Economist - Feb 23rd 2013 | TOKYO

Japan incarcerates its citizens at a far lower rate than most developed countries: 55 per 100,000 people compared with 149 in Britain and 716 in America. The country’s justice ministry can also point to low rates of recidivism. Yet increasingly the nation’s 188 prisons and detention centres come in for harsh criticism, particularly over their obsession with draconian rules and secrecy (on February 21st the government unexpectedly announced it had hanged three men for murder), and their widespread use of solitary confinement.

 

M. Dominique Raimbourg, M. Sébastien Huyghe
Mission d’information sur les moyens de lutte contre la surpopulation carcérale
www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ 23 janvier 2013
Les thèmes de l’inflation carcérale et de la surpopulation des établissements pénitentiaires font, depuis de nombreuses années, partie intégrante des débats sur la prison... la surpopulation des établissements pénitentiaires est le produit, à un instant donné, du déséquilibre entre le nombre de personnes  détenues et le nombre de places opérationnelles du parc carcéral. De manière concrète, elle se traduit par un taux moyen d’occupation des établissements pénitentiaires supérieur à 100 %... La surpopulation carcérale n’est ni une situation nouvelle, ni un phénomène exclusivement français. À l’occasion de son audition par la mission, M. Lorenzo Salazar, président du Comité européen pour les problèmes criminels du Conseil de l’Europe, a par exemple rappelé que le taux d’occupation moyen des établissements pénitentiaires italiens s’élevait, en octobre 2012, à 145 %. Au 1er septembre 2010, celui de la Belgique atteignait 125 %. Plus généralement, le  phénomène concerne, à un degré certes variable, de nombreux pays européens.

 

Christine Lazerges – Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'Homme
Audition de Christine Lazerges par la Conférence de consensus sur la prévention de la récidive
http://conference-consensus.justice.gouv.fr/ Janvier 2013

Depuis 2005, les lois sur la prévention et la répression de la récidive se sont succédé à un rythme infernal. Ces lois ont constitué une fuite en avant, au nom de la dangerosité. Elles n’ont pu influer de manière décisive sur la récidive. L’une des raisons centrales de cet échec est l’insuffisante connaissance des causes de la récidive. Les données existantes sont par ailleurs très peu et très mal diffusées, et les personnes qui ont directement pour rôle de prévenir la récidive n’en disposent que rarement. L’initiative de la conférence de consensus est un effort de mise en commun des connaissances qu’il convient de saluer. Il conviendrait de soutenir la recherche scientifique sur le sujet, et de permettre une meilleure diffusion des savoirs. Cependant, il est nécessaire de garder à l’esprit que la prédiction d’un comportement futur est impossible, et que la suppression complète de toute forme de récidive est illusoire...

 

Statistisches Bundesamt - Rechtspflege
Bestand der Gefangenen und Verwahrten in den deutschen Justizvollzugsanstalten nach ihrer Unterbringung auf Haftplätzen des geschlossenen und offenen Vollzugs jeweils zu den Stichtagen 31. März, 31. August und 30. November eines Jahres
Stichtag 30. November 2012 | Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden 2013

 

Amnesty International
Iraq: A decade of abuses
Amnesty International London 2013

Prison Statistics Iraq ICPS

 

James Austin, Eric Cadora, Todd R. Clear, Kara Dansky, Judith Greene, Vanita Gupta, Marc Mauer, Nicole Porter, Susan Tucker, Malcolm C. Young
Ending Mass Incarceration. Charting a New Justice Reinvestment
http://sentencingproject.org/ 04-2013

 

Human Rights in Ukraine - Information website of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group
Ukraine’s Prisoners in Figures
24.01.13 | ukrprison.org.ua
As of 1 January 2013 there were 147, 112 prisoners in 182 places of confinement within the State Penitentiary Service (as against 154, 029 exactly one year earlier). There were thus 6, 917 prisoners less, a reduction of 4.49%.

 

Ukraine ICPS

 

Thailand | Thai Prison Statistics

# Latest statistics about prisons in Thailand: Prison Population 2012- feb.2013

www.thaiprisonlife.com - ICPS

Prison population 1 Feb 2013: 219,466 men & 37,857 women = 257,323 . The 144 prisons in Thailand only have a capacity for 105,748 prisoners based on regulations that each inmate has 2.25 square metres of space in a cell.

 

Luiz G.A. Alves, Haroldo V. Ribeiro, Renio S. Mendes
Scaling laws in the dynamics of crime growth rate
Physica A 392 (2013) 2672–2679
The increasing number of crimes in areas with large concentrations of people have made cities one of the main sources of violence. Understanding characteristics of how crime rate expands and its relations with the cities size goes beyond an academic question, being a central issue for contemporary society. Here, we characterize and analyze quantitative aspects of murders in the period from 1980 to 2009 in Brazilian cities. We find that the distribution of the annual, biannual and triannual logarithmic homicide growth rates exhibit the same functional form for distinct scales, that is, a scale invariant behavior. We also identify asymptotic power-law decay relations between the standard deviations of these three growth rates and the initial size. Further, we discuss similarities with complex organizations.

 

Luiz G. A. Alves, Haroldo V. Ribeiro, Ervin K. Lenzi, Renio S. Mendes
Distance to the Scaling Law: A Useful Approach for Unveiling Relationships between Crime and Urban Metrics

www.plosone.org/ August 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 8
We report on a quantitative analysis of relationships between the number of homicides, population size and ten other urban metrics. By using data from Brazilian cities, we show that well-defined average scaling laws with the population size emerge when investigating the relations between population and number of homicides as well as population and urban metrics. We also show that the fluctuations around the scaling laws are log- normally distributed, which enabled us to model these scaling laws by a stochastic-like equation driven by a multiplicative and log-normally distributed noise...

 

Associazione Antigone

Osservatorio europeo sulle condizioni di detenzione

Febbraio 2013

 

Bianconi Giovanni
# I 699 al 41 bis sono più camorristi che mafiosi
Corriere della Sera | 13 gennaio 2013 | Pagina 22

Dal 2007 c'è stata una costante crescita, da 526 ai 680 detenuti del 2010. Nel 2011 s'è registrato un fisiologico calo di 7 unità e nel 2012 s'è raggiunta la cifra record di 699 detenuti: quattro le donne

 

Nathan James - Congressional Research Service
The Federal Prison Population Buildup: Overview, Policy Changes, Issues, and Options
CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress -
January 22, 2013

Congress could consider whether there are alternative ways to properly manage offenders convicted of committing relatively minor crimes without sending them to prison. Data from BJS show that in FY2010 over half of inmates entering federal prison were sentenced to three years or less. Given the relatively short sentences these inmates received, it is likely that they were sentenced for relatively minor offenses. One policy option Congress could consider is amending penalties for some offenses to allow more defendants to be placed on probation rather than being sentenced to a period of incarceration.

 

Annie Kensey
# Les « taux de récidive » : principaux enseignements
http://conference-consensus.justice.gouv.fr/ 2013
L’âge au moment de la libération est une variable évaluée comme très corrélée à la récidive. Dans toutes les études, le taux de récidive varie en raison inverse de l’âge : plus l’âge augmente, plus la récidive diminue. Dans la dernière étude, les mineurs présentent un taux de recondamnation supérieur de 17 points à celui des majeurs (75% contre 58%) et un taux de prison ferme supérieur de 21 points (66% pour les mineurs contre 45% pour les majeurs). Pour les libérés de 50 ans et plus, le taux de recondamnation était de 29%. 

 

France - Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Statistique mensuelle de la population écrouée et détenue en France
Ministère de la Justice et des Libertés 1er janvier 2013

 

Direction de l’Administration Pénitentiaire - Ministere de la Justice et des Libertés
Chiffre clés de l’administration pénitentiaire
www.justice.gouv.fr -- 1er janvier 2012

 

UNODC Office des Nations Unies contre la Drogue et le Crime |  Vivienne Chin, Yvon Dandurand
# Manuel d’introduction pour la Prévention de la Récidive et la Réinsertion Sociale des Délinquants
Nations Unies, New York 2013
La prévention de la récidive demande des interventions efficaces basées sur la connaissance des facteurs qui présentent des risques pour les délinquants et rendent difficile la réussite de leur réinsertion dans la société (par exemple, la victimisation dès le plus jeune âge, les difficultés d’apprentissage, la toxicomanie, les familles qui n’offrent aucun soutien, les maladies mentales et physiques etc.). Certains facteurs de risque sont dynamiques — c’est-à dire qu’ils sont susceptibles de changer — alors que d’autres facteurs de risques ne le sont pas16. Les facteurs de risques dynamiques peuvent être abordés par des programmes au sein du système de justice pénale ou en dehors.

 

James Austin, Michael P. Jacobson, Inimai Chettiar | VERA Institute of Justice
How New York City Reduced Mass Incarceration: A Model for Change?
www.brennancenter.org/ Brennan Center for Justice January 2013
The declines in New York State’s prison population as well as the New York City jail population are due largely to a reduction in the number of people being arrested for felony level crimes. Greater use of non-prison sanctions by New York City courts also contributed to the decline. The New York City and overall New York prison population decline would have occurred much  sooner had the state legislature not been incentivized by the federal government to adopt “truth-in-sentencing” laws that increased the length of imprisonment. These results show that policy changes at the local level can have a dramatic and lasting impact on state prison as well as jail, probation, and parole populations.

 

Giovanni Cellini
Controllo Sociale, Servizio Sociale e Professioni di Aiuto. Una Ricerca nel Sistema Penitenziario
Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca | Dipartimento di Sociologia | Dottorato in Sociologia Applicata e Metodologia della Ricerca Sociale - 2013
In Italia il sistema penitenziario è basato su un modello riabilitativo, teso al reinserimento sociale degli autori di reato, che affida compiti rilevanti alle professioni di aiuto. Tra queste, il servizio sociale è chiamato oggi a confrontarsi con un nuovo ordine sociale, segnato dall’influenza del pensiero neoliberista. In questo scenario i mutamenti delle politiche sociali, intervenuti con la crisi del welfare state, sono intrecciati con quelli delle politiche penali. Nella letteratura sociologica contemporanea ci si interroga sulla graduale transizione da un modello di welfare basato principalmente sulla garanzia del benessere sociale ad un modello in cui l’interesse dominante è, fondamentalmente, quello di garantire un controllo sociale efficace. In questo “nuovo welfare” si registra un impoverimento della protezione sociale e delle risorse da destinare ai segmenti di popolazione più vulnerabili; tale processo ha portato, in alcuni casi, a pratiche di policy discriminatorie, finalizzate all’incarcerazione delle persone più svantaggiate. Queste tematiche sono al centro della ricerca qualitativa presentata nel volume, realizzata in Lombardia, Piemonte e Liguria, mediante interviste semi-strutturate a professionisti operanti nel settore penitenziario: assistenti sociali – in prevalenza nel campione –,  educatori e psicologi.

 

 

2012


 

Dap Dipartimento Amministrazione Penitenziaria

Risorse umane e finanziarie, popolazione detenuta, corsi e lavoro in carcere
Situazione al 31 dicembre 2012

 

Gobierno de El Salvador | Ministerio de Justicia y Securidad Publica, Direccion General de Centros Penales
# Estadística Penitenciaria al 31/Diciembre/2012
www.dgcp.gob.sv/

 

Gobierno de España | Ministerio del Interior
# Anuario Estadistico del Ministerio del Interior 2012 - Instituciones Penitenciarias
www.fspugt.es/

 

Washington Department of Corrections
# 2012 Report on Community Corrections Practices to the Legislature
December 1, 2012

 

Israel Prison Service

# A Map of the Prisons - Types of Violations

Ministry of Public Security 2012

Security Prisoners - There are some 4,500 security prisoners and detainees incarcerated in the Israel Prison Service, about 50% of whom are considered prisoners “with blood on their hands.” These prisoners include men, women and minors...

 

# ICPS Israel Prison Population Trend 1992-2010

 

Margaret E. Noonan
Mortality in Local Jails and State Prisons, 2000-2010 - Statistical Tables
U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice Programs - Bureau of Justice Statistics
December 2012

During 2010, 4,150 inmates died while in the custody of local jails and state prisons—a 5% decline from 2009. Local jails accounted for about a quarter of all inmate deaths, with 918 inmates who died in custody in 2010. The number of jail inmate deaths declined from 2009 to 2010 (down 3%), while the mortality rate remained relatively stable, from 128 deaths per 100,000 jail inmates in 2009 to 125 per 100,000 in 2010. The five leading causes of jail inmate deaths were suicide, heart disease, drug or alcohol intoxication, cancer, and liver disease. Most inmates who died in custody were serving time in state prisons (78%). In 2010, 3,232 state prison  inmates died in custody—a 5% decline from 2009. The mortality rate in state prisons declined slightly, from 257 deaths per 100,000 prison inmates in 2009 to 245  per 100,000 in 2010. In 2010, the five leading causes of state prison inmate deaths were cancer, heart disease, liver disease, respiratory disease, and suicide.

 

Statistics Belgium

# Population détenue 2005 -2012

http://statbel.fgov.be/

 

Le Soir -- Belgique
# 11.855 personnes sont en prison pour 9.600 places
Jeudi 27 Décembre 2012,
www.lesoir.be/

Ce nombre de personnes emprisonnées est un record absolu. En théorie, seules 9.600 places sont cependant disponibles.

[La Belgique compte 32 prisons : 16 en Flandre, 14 en Wallonie et 2 à Bruxelles. A Paifve, des internés séjournent dans un établissement de défense sociale. Les internés sont des personnes qui ont commis un délit et que le juge a déclaré irresponsables de leurs actes].

 

Canada Public Safety

Corrections and Conditional Release Statistical Overview 2012

Public Works and Government Services Canada December 2012

The overall crime rate has decreased 25.9% since 1998, from 8,915 per 100,000 to 6,604 in 2011. Over the same period, there was a 38.2% decrease in the property crime rate, from a rate of 5,696 per 100,000 to 3,520 in 2011. In contrast, the crime rate for drug offences has increased 39.5% since 1998, from 235 per 100,000 population to 328... Canada’s incarceration rate is higher than the rates in most Western European countries but much lower than the United States, where the most recent incarceration rate was 730 per 100,000 general population. Based on the most up to date information available from the International Centre for Prison Studies, Canada’s incarceration rate was 117 per 100,000, calculated based on the 2008 population...

 

The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
# Evaluation of European Judicial Systems
www.coe.int/ 2012 edition

Between 2008 and 2010, the European trend is still increasing budgets for justice in general and the judicial system in particular (+6.8%). The development of the judicial system remains a priority for governments in Europe... Different political choices - or structural ways for building justice organisation – can be highlighted in Europe: more than half the member states spend more resources to other areas of justice than the judicial system (prison system, etc.), while others direct public budgetary efforts mainly to court operation.

 

Istat | Ministero della Giustizia - DAP

# I detenuti nelle carceri italiane

18 dicembre 2012

Per quanto riguarda le misure alternative alla detenzione va segnalato un aumento rispetto agli anni immediatamente precedenti: sono infatti 22.423 i soggetti in esecuzione penale esterna al 31 dicembre 20114 (erano 5.933 nel 2006 e 10.220 nel 2008), un numero di non molto superiore della metà dei condannati reclusi (38.023 al 31 dicembre 2011). Negli altri paesi europei, invece, il numero di beneficiari di misure alternative è doppio rispetto ai condannati presenti negli Istituti Penitenziari. L’Italia, quindi, pur avendo un tasso di detenzione più basso di altri paesi europei, ricorre meno alle misure alternative al carcere: nel 2010 in Italia vi erano 30,5 soggetti in misura alternativa per 100.000 abitanti contro i 199,2 (per 100.000 abitanti) della media europea. A titolo di esempio si consideri che, in Francia nel 2010, a fronte di 59.856 detenuti in carcere, i soggetti in esecuzione penale esterna erano 173.022 e che nel Regno Unito, a fronte di 81.627 detenuti, i soggetti in misura alternativa sono 237.507. In Italia tali valori nel 2010 erano, rispettivamente, 67.961 e 18.435. Nel 2011 i valori sono 66.897 e 22.423 con un tasso pari al 37,5 per 100.000 abitanti.

 

Human Rights Watch
# The Answer is No. Too Little Compassionate Release in US Federal Prisons
www.hrw.org/ November 30, 2012
In 1984 Congress authorized what is commonly called “compassionate release” because it recognized the importance of ensuring that justice could be tempered by mercy. A prison sentence that was just when imposed could—because of changed circumstances—become cruel as well as senseless if not altered. The US criminal justice system, even though it prizes the consistency and finality of sentences, makes room for judges to take a second look to assess the ongoing justice of a sentence. Prisoners cannot seek a sentence reduction for extraordinary and compelling circumstances directly from the courts. By law, only the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP, the Bureau) has the authority to file a motion with a court that requests judicial consideration of early release. Although we do not know how many prisoners have asked the BOP to make motions on their behalf—because the BOP does not keep such records—we do know the BOP rarely does so. The federal prison system houses over 218,000 prisoners, yet in 2011, the BOP filed only 30 motions for early release, and between January 1 and November 15, 2012, it filed 37. Since 1992, the annual average number of prisoners who received compassionate release has been less than two dozen. Compassionate release is conspicuous for its absence.

 

The New York Times - EDITORIAL
# What Compassionate Release?
Published: December 8, 2012

 

Gabrielle Garton Grimwood, Gavin Berman
# Reducing Reoffending: the "What Works" Debate
House of Commons Library, Research Paper 12/71, 22 November 2012

 

Human Rights Watch
# “Prison Is Not For Me”. Arbitrary Detention in South Sudan
www.hrw.org/ 2012
While ensuring accountability for crimes is a critical aspect of establishing the rule of law, arbitrary detention is rife in South Sudan,with individuals who should not have been detained at all spending months or even years in one of the country’s approximately 79 prisons. There are people in prison detained simply to compel the appearance of a relative or friend; because they were said to show evidence of mental disability; or because they are unable to pay a debt, court fine, or compensation award. Many are serving prison terms for adultery or for customary law crimes such as “elopement” or “pregnancy,”which place undue restrictions on the rights to privacy and to marry a spouse of one’s choice. Legal aid is almost totally absent, leaving individuals charged with crimes—the vast majority of whom are illiterate—unable to follow the status of their case or to call and prepare witnesses in their defense.

 

France - Ministère de la Justice
# Les chiffres-clés de la Justice
Ministère de la Justice 2012

 

Secrétariat Général - Service support et moyens du ministère - Sous-Direction de la Statistique et des Etudes

Annuaire statistique de la Justice. Édition 2011-2012

La Documentation française - Direction de l’information légale et administrative. Paris 2012

 

Franck Johannès
# La révolution Taubira contre la récidive

LE MONDE | 20.08.2012

La principale étude française (des démographes Annie Kensey et Abdelmalik Benaouda, du bureau des études et de la prospective de l'administration pénitentiaire) a prouvé que 63 % des sortants de prison sans aménagement de peine étaient à nouveau condamnés dans les cinq ans, contre 39 % pour les sortants en libération conditionnelle. Les différentes études internationales confirment ces résultats, une étude canadienne de référence (Smith, Goggin et Gendreau en 2002), conclut franchement à "l'inefficacité des stratégies punitives pour réduire la récidive"... Six fois moins de conseillers d'insertion que de surveillants.

 

Tapio Lappi-Seppälä
# Imprisonment and Penal Policy in Finland
Scandinavian Studies In Law, 2012
During the 1990s foreign population living in Finland increased by some 250 %. This was reflected also in the prisoner rates. The number of foreign prisoners increased from a near zero to a figure that corresponds to about 9 % of the Finnish prisoner rates. During the 1990s foreign population living in Finland increased by some 250 %. This was reflected also in the prisoner rates. The number of foreign prisoners increased from a near zero to a figure that corresponds to about 9 % of the Finnish prisoner rates. 

 

Daria Perrone
# Il costo del carcere
Rivista dell'Associazione Italiana dei Costituzionalisti, 31 luglio 2012

 

Libération

# Le manifeste «pour une justice pénale efficace»
12 juin 2012

L'ensemble des recherches internationales menées depuis plus de vingt ans converge vers les mèmes conclusions: le recours systématique à l'emprisonnement aggrave les risques de récidive.

 

Jean-Claude Bouvier, Valérie Sagant, Pascale Bruston, Charlotte Cloarec, Marie Cretenot, Lara Danguy des Deserts, Sarah Dindo, Ludovic Fossey, Benoist Hurel, Sarah Silva-Descas

# Prévention de la récidive: sortir de l'impasse. Pour une politique pénale efficace, innovante et respectueuse des droits
11 juin 2012

 

Sonya Faure

Récidive : pour une autre prévention
Dans un texte publié par «Libération», sociologues, magistrats et conseillers d’insertion prônent de nouvelles pistes après dix ans de politique sécuritaire.
Libération | 12 juin 2012

Depuis janvier, des sociologues, des statisticiens, des magistrats, des conseillers d’insertion de la pénitentiaire ... présentent aujourd’hui dans Libération un manifeste, fruit de leur réflexion. «Depuis dix ans, le système pénal français est engagé dans une course à l’abîme. Une véritable frénésie législative - 29 lois pénales votées en dix ans - a conduit à la multiplication des incriminations et des occasions de recours à l’emprisonnement. Les résultats de cette politique doivent être pris pour ce qu’ils sont : le témoignage d’un échec et la promesse d’une faillite.».

 

M. Jean-René Lecerf et Mme Nicole Borvo Cohen-Seat (Sénateurs)
# Rapport d'information fait au nom de la commission des lois constitutionnelles, de législation, du suffrage universel, du Règlement et d’administration générale (1) et de la commission sénatoriale pour le contrôle de l’application des lois (2) sur l’application de la loi pénitentiaire n° 2009-1436 du 24 novembre 2009
www.senat.fr/ Enregistré à la Présidence du Sénat le 4 juillet 2012

 

Scott Wm. Bowman, Raphael Travis Jr.
# Prisoner Reentry and Recidivism According to the Formerly Incarcerated and Reentry Service Providers: A Verbal Behavior Approach
The Behavior Analyst Today, vol. 13, n. 3-4, 2012
However, theory-based, non-traditional examinations of prisoner reentry are needed to better understand potential ingredients for reentry success. With a general behavior analysis approach and a the specific application of B.F. Skinner’s Theory of Verbal Behavior (1957) as a theoretical foundation, focus groups were conducted with both formerly incarcerated persons and reentry service providers to examine the factors that influence significant recidivism rates.

 

Susan M. Campers
# A Failing Correctional System: State Prison Overcrowding in the United States
Pell Scholars and Senior Theses. Paper 79. 2012
For offenders who must be more closely monitored, probation, parole, and home confinement allow for special attention without incarceration. Electronic monitoring has increased the effectiveness of these programs by constantly tracking offenders by ankle bracelet or other electronic device. Although these programs will require some cost to taxpayers, they have the advantage of costing less than housing a prisoner while still reducing the overcrowding problem. Utilizing the many sentencing alternatives that are available would mean lower rates of overcrowding, heightened opportunity for reintegration into lawful society for those not incarcerated and the chance for violent offenders who are incarcerated to receive the attention and programs necessary for rehabilitation...

 

Rob Allen
# Reducing the use of imprisonment. What can we learn from Europe?
Criminal Justice Alliance - May 2012

The recent study by the National Audit Office found no correlations, noting “the lack of evidence for a clear relationship between the use of prison and changes in crime levels”.15 The countries in their study included some where crime had gone down, as the prison population had increased (including all three UK jurisdictions); countries where crime had increased, as the prison population increased (including the Republic of Ireland); one country where crime was up but the prison population down (Finland) and another where crime had gone down and so had the prison population the
Netherlands.

 

The Sentencing Project
# Trends in U.S. Corrections
http://sentencingproject.org/ May 18, 2012

 

Barbara Owen, Alan Mobley
# Realignment in California: Policy and Research Implications
Western Criminology Review 13(2):46-52 2012
Many important questions surround the policy change. What does realignment say about our contemporary approach to crime and punishment? Will California continue to invest in a punitive criminal justice system, albeit at the local level, at the expense of needed social services? Will this touted reform change how offenders are treated and create rehabilitative and reentry services that do, in fact, reduce recidivism? Or, as many advocates fear, will this new system of punishment repeat the mistakes of the state prison system and continue the practice of “mass incarceration” that has affected mostly poor and minority communities? California, through its 58 local counties, has an opportunity to do something different: to examine the purposes and rationale for punishment and address criminal offending in alternative ways, breaking the dependence on incarceration. We await answers to these questions-- and many others—as Realignment and its consequences play out in the communities and people of California.

 

Elías Carranza

# Situación penitenciaria en América Latina y el Caribe ¿Qué hacer?

Anuario de Derechos Humanos 2012 - No. 8 (2012) pág. 31 - 66
www.anuariocdh.uchile.cl/

Argentina Bolivia - Brasil - Colombia - Costa Rica - Chile - Ecuador - El Salvador - Guatemala - Honduras - México - Nicaragua - Panamá - Paraguay - Perú - R. Dominicana - Uruguay - Venezuela. La situación penitenciaria en los países de América Latina y el Caribe es muy grave. Hay alta violencia, numerosas muertes y delitos que ocurren al interior de los presidios, muchos de ellos cometracialen su interior pero con efectos fuera de ellos, y gravísimas violaciones a derechos humanos tanto de las personas privadas de libertad como de las personas funcionarias. La situación ha venido deteriorándose durante las tres últimas décadas (1980-2010), y ha escapado del control de los países a partir de la década de los noventa en la mayoría de los casos.

 

Infojus - Sistema Argentino Informacion Juridica
# Una gestión penitenciaria integral. El aporte del Sistema Nacional de Estadísticas sobre la Ejecución de la Pena (SNEEP)
www.jus.gob.ar/ 01.08.2012
De acuerdo al último censo penitenciario realizado al 31 de diciembre de 2010, exisơ an en la Argentina 59.227 personas privadas de libertad en establecimientos de ejecución penal, lo que equivale a una tasa de encarcelamiento de 146 cada 100.000 habitantes. Este dato merece una aclaración y es que solo incluye la población privada de libertad que se encuentra en una unidad penitenciaria (o sistema análogo), es decir no incluye a los detenidos en comisarías y destacamentos de fuerzas de seguridad. En ese sentido, de acuerdo al relevamiento efectuado por el mismo organismo sobre personas privadas de libertad que se encontraban en comisarías u otras dependencias de fuerzas de seguridad al 30 de junio de 2010, de acuerdo a las instituciones que informaron, había 5.868 personas en dicha situación. Por tal motivo, el total estimado (las fechas de corte son distintas) de personas mayores de edad privadas de libertad por confl icto con la ley penal es de 65.095, lo que equivale a una tasa de 161 cada 100.000 habitantes.

 

Andrew Coyle

# Prisiones y prisioneros: una revisión desde los estándares internacionales de derechos humanos. An overview of prisons, prisoners and international human rights standards
Anuario de Derechos Humanos 2012, No. 8 (2012) p. 17 - 29
www.anuariocdh.uchile.cl
Las tasas de encarcelamiento habitualmente se estiman sobre la base de cada 100.000 habitantes sobre el total de la población. Sobre esta base, la tasa promedio de privación de libertad en el mundo es aproximadamente de 145 personas. Esta tasa varía considerablemente entre regiones  e incluso entre países. Estados Unidos tiene la mayor tasa de encarcelamiento del mundo con una amplia ventaja, con 730 de cada 100.000 habitantes en prisión. En algunos estados, como Texas y Luisiana, una de cada cien personas está en la cárcel. Sin embargo, justo al otro lado de la frontera norte de Estados Unidos, la tasa de encarcelamiento en Canadá es sumamente baja: 117. Podemos encontrar contrastes similares en otras partes del mundo.

 

Justice Center - The Council of State Governments (CSG)
States Report Reductions in Recidivism
September 2012

Many states are now presenting data that indicate declines in statewide recidivism rates for adults released from prison... This brief highlights significant statewide recidivism reductions achieved in Kansas, Michigan, Mississippi, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, and Vermont. For each state, this brief compares three-year post-release recidivism rates for two cohorts: people exiting prison in 2005 and those  released in 2007. This data is among the most current available for statewide three-year recidivism rates. Some states saw particularly sharp reductions during this period, such as Kansas, which achieved a 15-percent decline, and Michigan, which saw an 18-percent drop. When measuring recidivism changes over a longer period of time, the reductions for some states are even more dramatic: Ohio’s recidivism rate declined by 21 percent between 2003 and 2008, while Texas saw a drop of 22 percent between 2000 and 2007.

 

Giovanni Tamburino
# Resoconto aggiornato dello stato del sistema penitenziario
DAP - Ufficio del Capo Dipartimento, Roma 19 settembre 2012

 

Donatella Stasio
# Meno recidiva, più crescita
Il Sole 24ore 27 settembre 2012
La recidiva ha un costo sociale ed economico: riduce il livello di sicurezza collettiva, scoraggia gli investimenti, pesa sul bilancio dello Stato. Abbattere la recidiva significa quindi contribuire alla crescita di un Paese in termini di legalità, risparmio e competitività.

Roberto Nicastro
# L’Istituto Einaudi ha avviato una ricerca sulla relazione tra misure alternative e recidiva
Le due città, settembre 2012

... Ricerca che il Ministero della Giustizia e il Dipartimento dell’Amministrazione Penitenziaria hanno affidato all’Einaudi Institute for Economics Finance (Eief), al Crime Research Economic Group (Creg) e al Sole 24 Ore. Sarà proprio il Dap a consentire agli studiosi l’accesso alle informazioni necessarie alla ricerca, aprendo – con un’operazione trasparenza – i suoi archivi all’esterno, al fine di valutare l’incidenza sulla recidiva delle misure alternative e del lavoro in carcere.

 

J. Grinage
# Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness

Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology Review
July, 2012, Vol. 4(2):127-132
The permanence of racism in the United States has not remained in the same form over centuries of its existence. Instead, racism shifts, changes, and molds into often unrecognizable ways that fit seamlessly into the fabric of the American consciousness to render it utterly invisible to the majority of white Americans. In the current era of political thinking, colorblindness, or society’s unwillingness to discuss or even recognize race in any way, seems to be the dominant perspective. Michelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held ideology.

 

National Indigenous Drug and Alcohol Committee nidac | Australian National Council on Drugs ANCD
# An economic analysis for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander offenders : prison vs residential treatment
Australian National Council on Drugs 2013 August 2012

Indigenous Australians are over-represented in Australian prisons. At 30 June 2011, there were 29 106 prisoners in Australian prisons, of which 7656 (26%) were Indigenous (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011a). By comparison, 2.5 per cent of the total population was Indigenous in 2011 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011b). In 2010–11, the imprisonment rate for Indigenous adults (aged 18 years or over) was 1746.51 per 100 000 compared with a corresponding rate of 125.4 for non-Indigenous people — a ratio of Indigenous to non-Indigenous imprisonment rates of 13.9

 

Jacob & Valeria Langeloth Foundation | John Jay College | Policy Research Associates
# Responding to the needs of an aging prison population
http://gainscenter.samhsa.gov/ August 2012
The percentage of prisoners age 65 and older has grown by 67 percent in the past four years – even though the total state/Federal prison population stayed flat. In the past decade, between 2000 and 2009, the number of sentenced prisoners under state and Federal jurisdiction increased 17 percent, while the number of older prisoners (prisoners aged 55 or older) increased 79 percent...

 

Lynn Langton, Marcus Berzofsky, Christopher Krebs, Hope Smiley-McDonald
# Victimizations Not Reported to the Police, 2006-2010
www.bjs.gov/ August 2012
During the period from 2006 to 2010, 52% of all violent victimizations, or an annual average of 3,382,200 violent victimizations, were not reported to the police. Of these, over a third (34%) went unreported because the victim dealt with the crime in another way, such as reporting it to another official, like a guard, manager, or school official. Almost 1 in 5 unreported violent victimizations were not reported because the victim believed the crime was not important enough.

 

Maribel Lozano Cortés

# Estudio comparativo de la cárcel en España y México en la actualidad
Julio-Diciembre 2012
El riesgo, la amenaza y la incertidumbre forman parte del mundo global. Las personas tienen miedo, particularmente, las que viven más acomodadas. Existe una obsesión por la seguridad que sobrepasa todo principio ético y humanitario. Las cárceles de todo el mundo, sobre todo las de los países desarrollados, como es el caso de España, han incrementado su población. Ahí están los inmigrantes y/o desempleados, los “excedentes”, como los llama Bauman; aquellos los marginados del “progreso económico”. Ellos son las consecuencias de la modernidad, la desigualdad social, el individualismo y el incremento de riesgos lo que ha conducido a la creación de Estados punitivos, para los cuales es más importante la seguridad que la libertad. Las medidas alternativas a la prisión, el discurso de readaptación o reinserción social de los Estados de bienestar social han sido relegadas con el ejercicio del control punitivo.

 

Cindy Chang The Times-Picayune
Louisiana is the world's prison capital
The Times-Picayune on May 13, 2012

Louisiana imprisons more people than any nation in the world: Louisiana 1,619 people per 100,000 residents | United State 730 | Russia 525 | Rwanda 450 | Iran 333 | China 122 | Afghanistan 62

 

Department of Justice (G. J. Mazza ed.)
Report on Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails. Review Panel on Prison Rape
U.S. Department of Justice, April 2012
This Report presents the findings of the Review Panel on Prison Rape (Panel), resulting from the hearings it held in Washington, DC, in the spring and fall of 2011, based on the national survey that the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) published in August 2010, Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails, Reported by Inmates, 2008-09. Under the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003, the Panel is responsible for holding public hearings to which it invites, relying on data from the BJS, two correctional institutions with a low prevalence of sexual victimization and three institutions with a high prevalence of sexual victimization. The purpose of the hearings is to identify the common characteristics of (1) sexual predators and victims, (2) correctional institutions with a low prevalence of sexual victimization, and (3) correctional institutions with a high prevalence of sexual victimization.

 

Paula Smith and Myrinda Schweitzer
The Therapeutic Prison
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 2012 28: 7

Historically, one of main purposes of the American correctional system has been to rehabilitate offenders . At the present time, there is now a well-developed literature on “what works” in reducing offender recidivism that
should be used to inform the design and implementation of offender assessment and treatment services in prison. In fact, meta-analyses have reported a 28% reduction in recidivism when programs adhere to the principles of effective intervention (see Andrews & Bonta, 2010). If none of the principles are followed, slight  increases in recidivism have often been recorded. Moreover, corrections professionals should focus on factors beyond the content of assessment and treatment programs to include consideration of the organizational context of the prison. Using the items contained in the CPAI as a blueprint, institutions can develop treatments that will produce optimal results in terms of rehabilitating offenders.

 

Kofi Poku Quan-Baffour, Britta E. Zawada
Education Programmes for Prison Inmates: Reward for Offences or Hope for a Better Life?
J Sociology Soc Anth, 3(2): 73-81 (2012)
Education is a means to emancipate people from abuse, unemployment and poverty, which is why democratic countries provide basic education for all their citizens, even ‘law breakers’. Education for prisoners is gaining currency in many countries. In South Africa, it is both a constitutional right and a foundation stone for rehabilitation. The objective of this paper was to investigate the value of prison education at two correctional service facilities in Pretoria...

 

Christian Henrichson, Ruth Delaney
The Price of Prisons What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers
Vera Institute of Justice, January 2012 (Updated 7/20/12)
A growing body of research suggests—and government officials acknowledge—that beyond a certain point, further increases in incarceration have significantly diminishing returns as a means of making communities safer. This means that for many systems, putting more lower-risk offenders in prison is yielding increasingly smaller improvements in public safety and may cost more to taxpayers than the value of the crime it prevents. As states look to strike a balance that results in better outcomes, it is essential to assess the benefits and costs of incarceration.

 

Human Rights Watch
Old Behind Bars. The Aging Prison Population in the United States
www.hrw.org 2012

Using data from the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Human Rights Watch calculates that the number of sentenced federal and state prisoners who are age 65 or older grewan astonishing 94 times fasterthan the total sentenced prisoner population between 2007 and 2010. The older prison population increased by 63 percent, while the total prison population grewby 0.7 percent during the same period. Some older men andwomen in prison today enteredwhen they were young or middle-aged; others committed crimes when they were already along in years. Those who have lengthy sentences, as many do, are notlikely to leave prison before they are aged and infirm. Some will die behind bars: between 2001 and 2007, 8,486 prisoners age 55 or older died in prison.

 

Ilyana Kuziemko
How Should Inmates Be Released from Prisons? An Assessment of Parole Versus Fixed-Sentence Regimes
http://www.oregon.gov/ September 11, 2012

Exploiting quasi-experiments from the state of Georgia, I show that prison time reduces recidivism risk and that parole boards set prison time in an allocatively e cient manner. Prisoners respond to these incentives; after a reform that eliminated parole for certain o enders, they accumulated a  greater number of disciplinary infractions, completed fewer prison rehabilitative programs, and recidivated at higher rates than inmates una ected by the reform. I estimate that eliminating parole for all prisoners would increase the prison population by ten percent while also increasing the crime rate through deleterious e ects on recidivism.

 

American Civil Liberties Union ACLU | Allen Hopper, Margaret Dooley-Sammuli, Kelli Evans
Public Safety Realignment: California at a Crossroads
ACLU of California March 2012
It’s time to fix California’s broken criminal justice system. Most people in California jails have not been convicted of a crime. More than 50,000 of the 71,000 Californians held in a county jail on any given day are awaiting trial: that‘s 71% of county jails’ average daily population. In addition to the human cost, there is a high financial cost of pretrial incarceration. $100 per day to keep someone in jail awaiting trial. $2.50 per day to monitor people with pretrial programs.

 

Roy Walmsley | International Centre for Prison Studies ICPS
World Female Imprisonment List (second edition). Women and girls in penal institutions, including pre-trial detainees/remand prisoners
www.prisonstudies.org/ 2012
The female prison population is growing in all five continents. The total in the 187 countries whose figures were shown in the first edition of  this List (2006) has increased by more than 16%, with the largest increase being in the Americas (up 23%) and the smallest increase in European countries (up 6%). In about 80% of prison systems female prisoners constitute between 2 and 9% of the total prison population. The highest percentage levels are in Maldives (21.6%), Hong Kong-China (20%), Bahrain (18.5%), Andorra (16.4% - 10 out of a total of 61 prisoners), Macau-China (14.8%), Qatar (14.7%) and Thailand (14.6%).

 

Penal Reform International
# Alternatives to imprisonment in East Africa. Trends and challenges
www.penalreform.org/ 2012
Prison overcrowding is a serious problem on the African continent. According to the International Centre for Prison Studies’ World Prison Brief, the number of prisoners exceeds capacity in 28 out of 40 African countries. In nine countries occupancy levels are more than twice capacity. Figures compiled by the International Centre for Prison Studies show the occupancy rate of prisons to be 226% of capacity in Kenya (2010), 214% in Uganda (2011) and 145% in Tanzania (2011). A large part of the overcrowding problem is caused by the widespread use of often lengthy pre-trial detention. Pre-trial detainees represent 54% of prisoners in Uganda, 52% in Tanzania and 43% in Kenya.

 

Jane Hurry, Lynne Rogers, Margaret Simonot, Anita Wilson
# Inside Education: The Aspirations and Realities of prison education for under 25s in the London area
www.ioe.ac.uk/ June 2012
In an overarching Recommendation, the Council of Europe (1989) proposed that ‘the right to [prison] education is fundamental’. In England and Wales it is legislated that ‘Every prisoner able to profit from the education facilities provided at a prison shall be encouraged to do so’. However, of the adult population in prison, only around 25 per cent will be receiving education of some kind. It is hoped that the implementation of new policy will provide greater incentives, opportunities, and a clearer vision of what prisoner learners can expect from the educational offer.

 

State of Wisconsin - Department of Corrections
# Recidivism After Release from Prison
Office of the Secretary - Research and Policy Unit - October 2012

The data shows that the recidivism rate has been steadily trending down since 1993, when the three-year follow-up recidivism rate was 45.3%, the highest during the analysis timeframe. Overall, between 1990 and 2007 the three-year rate decreased by 24.8% (10.7 percentage points), and between 1993 and 2007, it decreased by 28.5% (12.9 percentage points).

 

España - Ministerio del Interior - La Administración Penitenciaria
Estadística penitenciaria
31 diciembre de 2012

Clasificación y tratamiento de los internos. Régimen penitenciario

 

Europa Press | Barcelona
Siete de cada 10 presos españoles, con problemas mentales por consumir drogas
www.elmundo.es/ - 15/04/2012

El 84,4% de los presos españoles sufre o ha sufrido enfermedades mentales en algún momento de su vida en las prisiones españolas, en su mayoría por adicción o abuso de drogas (76%), según un estudio con datos de 2011 al que ha tenido acceso Europa Press, realizado a más de 700 hombres de cinco cárceles de Cataluña, Madrid y Zaragoza.
Esta cifra está lejos de la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales en la población general, que es de un 15,7%, y se explica por la influencia del consumo de drogas en el desarrollo de diferentes trastornos mentales, ha afirmado en una entrevista a Europa Press el director de psiquiatría penitenciaria del Parc Sanitari de Sant Joan de Déu, el doctor Francesc Pérez Arnau, colaborador del estudio. (Estudio PRECA 2011)

 

INFORME PRECA

# COMUNICADO: El 80% de los reclusos de centros penitenciarios españoles ha sufrido un trastorno mental
www.europapress.es  - 22 marzo 2012

 

Conférence de consensus sur la prévention de la récidive
# Combien coûte la prison ?
http://conference-consensus.justice.gouv.fr/ 2012
Pour les personnes qui ont bénéficié d’une alternative à l’incarcération ou qui ont été écrouées et bénéficient d’un aménagement de peine, la prise en charge par l’administration pénitentiaire représente un coût très inférieur à celui de la détention... Pour l’ensemble de ces mesures mises en œuvre par le service pénitentiaire d’insertion et de probation (SPIP) en milieu ouvert, il a été établi un coût moyen annuel de 1014 € par personne.

 

Mexico - Secretaria de Securidad Publica
# El Sistema Penitenciario Mexicano - 6 de septeimbre 2012
www.cmic.org/
Hay 419 centros penitenciarios con 188 mil 147 espacios.  13 centros federales con 18 mil 684 espacios  305 centros estatales y 10 del D.F. con 165 mil 419 espacios  91 centros municipales con 4 mil 044 espacios • El 50% de las instalaciones penitenciarias del país (226 centros de reclusión estatales y municipales) tiene sobrepoblación. • 50% de la población se concentra en 30 centros de reclusión. • 7 estados concentran el 52% de la población penitenciaria: Distrito Federal, Estado de México, Baja California, Jalisco, Sonora, Nuevo León y Puebla.

 

Kim Williams, Vea Papadopoulou and Natalie Booth | Ministry of Justice Analytical Services
# Prisoners’ childhood and family backgrounds. Results from the Surveying Prisoner Crime Reduction (SPCR) longitudinal cohort study of prisoners
Ministry of Justice Research Series 4/12 | March 2012

Many prisoners had problematic backgrounds: Twenty-four per cent stated that they had been in care at some point during their childhood. Those who had been in care were younger when they were first arrested, and were more likely to be reconvicted in the year after release from custody than those who had never been in care. Many prisoners had experienced abuse (29%) or observed violence in the home (41%) as a child – particularly those who stated that they had a family member with an alcohol or drug problem. Those who reported experiencing abuse or observing violence as a child were more likely to be reconvicted in the year after release than those who did not. Thirty-seven per cent of prisoners reported having family members who had been convicted of a non-motoring criminal offence, of whom 84% had been in prison, a young offenders’ institution or borstal. Prisoners with a convicted family member were more likely to be reconvicted in the year after release from custody than those without a convicted family member. Eighteen per cent of prisoners stated that they had a family member with an alcohol problem, and 14% with a drug problem.

 

Ikponwosa Ekunwe
# Finnish Criminal Policy: From Hard Time to Gentle Justice
Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, n. 1-2, 2012
One important idea that emerged was that prison cures nobody. As a result policies were enacted that prison sentences should rarely be used in smaller crimes and other penalty systems should be developed instead... Policies in the criminal justice system in Finland, imbedded with the principles of legality, equality and humaneness by making rehabilitation the central value, have created an encouraging situation for offenders in desisting from crime. The initial high numbers of confined criminals in Finland by the beginning of the 1960s subsided to the Nordic level of 50–60 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants by 1998...

 

Laurent Mucchielli, Emilie Raquet, Claire Saladino
# Délinquances et contextes sociaux en région PACA. Premiers éléments pour un tableau de bord statistique analytique
Etudes et travaux de l’ORDCS (Observatoire Régional de la Délinquance et des Contextes Sociaux), N°1 - Février 2012

Cette étude constitue le premier travail statistique réalisé par l’ORDCS sur l’ensemble de la région PACA, à partir des chiffres officiels de la police et de la gendarmerie. Dans une première partie, les auteurs expliquent d’abord longuement les précautions méthodologiques indispensables à l’utilisation de ces données administratives, signalant au passage les critiques qui peuvent être adressées aux divers organismes utilisant couramment ces statistiques. Ils expliquent, dans une seconde 22partie, la sélection qu’ils ont réalisée parmi les 107 index de cette statistique administrative, ainsi que les regroupements qu’ils ont opérés pour construire 5 nouveaux indicateurs de délinquances.

 

E. Ann Carson, William J. Sabol - Bureau of Justice Statistics BJS
# Prisoners in 2011
Bulletin December 2012
Declining for the second consecutive year, state and federal prison populations totaled 1,598,780 at yearend 2011, a decrease of 0.9% (15,023 prisoners) from yearend 2010.
State correctional authorities had jurisdiction over 21,663 fewer sentenced inmates in 2011 than in 2010. Seventy percent of this decrease was due to California’s Public Safety Realignment program.

The number of state and federal prisoners sentenced to more than one year declined by 15,254 individuals, from 1,552,669 in 2010 to 1,537,415 in 2011.

Between 2010 and 2011, the imprisonment rate — the number of sentenced prisoners divided by the U.S. resident population times 100,000 — declined from 500 to 492 per 100,000 U.S. residents (table 6). The imprisonment rate has declined consistently since 2007 when there were 506 persons imprisoned per 100,000 U.S. residents. The rate in 2011 was comparable to the rate observed in 2005 (492 per 100,000).

 

David E. Olson, Sema Taheri
# Population Dynamics and the Characteristics of Inmates in the Cook County Jail
Loyola University Chicago 2-2012
Based on 2010 data collected by the U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Cook County Jail housed a total of 9,777 inmates on June 30, 2010, second behind the 10,264 inmates detained in the largest single site facility in the country, the Harris County Jail in Houston, TX, and more than the 7,549 inmates housed in the Maricopa County Jail in Phoenix, AZ (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011). Although the jail systems in New York and Los Angeles have many more inmates—12,745 and 16,862 on June 30, 2010, respectively—the jail systems in these two jurisdictions are in multiple sites across their respective jurisdictions.

 

Tracey Kyckelhahn - Bureau of Justice Statistics BJS
# State Corrections Expenditures, FY 1982-2010
Bulletin December 2012
Between 1982 and 2001, total state corrections expenditures increased each year, rising from $15.0 billion to $53.5 billion in real dollars. Between 2002 and 2010, expenditures fluctuated between $53.4 billion and $48.4 billion. Preliminary data from the Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State Government Finances indicated that states spent $48.5 billion on corrections in 2010, a decline of 5.6% since 2009.

 

Laura M. Maruschak, Erika Parks - Bureau of Justice Statistics BJS

Probation and Parole in the United States, 2011

November 2012 Bulletin

During 2011, for the third consecutive year, the number of adults under community supervision declined. At yearend 2011, there were about 4,814,200 adults under community supervision, down 1.5% or 71,300 offenders from the beginning of the year (figure 1). The community supervision population includes adults on probation, parole, or any other post-prison supervision (see text box on page 2 for definitions of probation and parole). The  drop in the probation population drove the decline in the total number of adults under community supervision. In 2011, the probation population fell 2%, from an estimated 4,053,100 to 3,971,300. While the parole population increased 1.6% during 2011, the increase was not enough to offset the overall decrease in the community supervision population. At yearend 2011, 1 in 50 adults in the U.S. were under community supervision.

 

Prison Reform Trust
Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ November 2012

Prison has a poor record for reducing reoffending – 47.5% of adults are reconvicted within one year of being released. For those serving sentences of less than 12 months this increases to 57.6% - an increase of 3.3 percentage points from 2000. For those who have served more than 11 previous custodial sentences the rate of reoffending rises to 68%. 51% of women leaving prison are reconvicted within one year – for those serving sentences of less than 12 months this increases to 62%. For those women who have served more than 10 previous custodial sentences the reoffending rate rises to 88%. 58% of young people (18-20) released from custody  in the first quarter of 2008 reoffended within a year

 

Prison Reform Trust
Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile
June 2012

Now, 83 of 134 prisons in England and Wales are overcrowded. Outcomes of excessive use of imprisonment are bleak. There are high levels of violence and self-harm. Just 36% of people leaving prison go into education, training or employment. Very many are homeless and in debt on release. Prison has a poor record for reducing reoffending with 47% of all adults reconvicted within one year of release, rising to 57% for those serving sentences of less than 12 months and almost 70% for under 18 year olds.

 

England / Wales | Ministry of Justice

Prison Population Projections 2011 – 2017 England and Wales
Ministry of Justice Statistics Bulletin Published 27th October 2011

 

Didi Kirsten Tatlow
# Women in Prison Fare Better in China
The New York Times - September 11, 2012
In the United States and in China, women now account for about 9 percent and 6 percent of inmates, respectively, Mr. Kamm estimated... Ms. Wang estimated China’s female prison population at 4 to 5 percent of the total, but she cautioned that she did not have exact figures, with so much about China’s prison system a secret.
And Mr. Kamm also noted that the new clauses did not apply to women in China’s large system of re-education through labor, or “laojiao,” an extrajudicial form of detention that snares many thousands every year.

 

F. McNeill, S. Farrall, C. Lightowler, S. Maruna
# How and why people stop offending: discovering desistance
University of Glasgow, 2012
One of the few near certainties in criminal justice is that for most people, offending behaviour peaks in their teenage years, and then starts to decline. This is the pattern depicted in what is known as the ‘age crime curve’. Studies of desistance illuminate the processes of change associated with the age-crime curve...

 

Brazil | Ministério da Justiça - Departamento Penitenciário Nacional - Sistema Integrado de Informações Penitenciárias – InfoPen
Formulário Categoria e Indicadores Preenchidos

Referência: 06/2012

Quantidade de Presos custodiados no Sistema Penitenciário Masculino 476.805 | Feminino 31.552 | Total 508.357

 

Brazil ICPS

Prison population rate (per 100,000 of national population) 276 based on an estimated national population of 198.9 million at June 2012

 

Artur Barrio Ricart, Marta Carrasco Moreno, Marta Ferrer Puig, Ignasi Jambrina Gato, Mireia Roca, Bertran and Gemma Torres Ferrer
# The specialised training of social educators involved in the implementation of sanctions and measures
Generalitat de Catalunya Centre d’Estudis Jurídics i Formació Especialitzada, June 2012
This is an explanatory guide to the way in which the Centre for Legal Studies and Specialised Training (CEJFE) conceives and structures the  specialised training of social educators in the field of correctionals. The guide contains the basis of the annual  training programmes which make up the specialised training available at the Centre for this group of professionals...

 

Policy Forum EXOCP di Berlino
# La dichiarazione di Berlino sul reinserimento degli autori di reat reati e degli ex autori di reati
http://archivio.isfol.it/ 18-19 giugno 2012

I detenuti tendono ad avere scarse competenze, la maggior parte di essi è sprovvisto di qualifiche scolastiche o professionali. In maggioranza sono disoccupati da lungo tempo o non hanno mai avuto accesso al mercato del lavoro. La loro carenza di abilità sociali e di vita può costituire un ostacolo notevole, non solo per ottenere un posto di lavoro, ma anche per affrontare la vita quotidiana e reinserirsi nella società. Alcuni hanno notevoli problemi comportamentali a livello sociale che rappresentano un immediato svantaggio sul mercato del lavoro. Altri poi hanno disturbi fisici e mentali che necessitano di interventi sanitari prima che essi possano collegarsi efficacemente con il mercato del lavoro o con la società.

 

Department of Correctional Services Republic of South Africa

# Annual Report 2011/12 (1 april 2011 to 31 march 2012)

Minister of Correctional Services 31 may 2012

For the 2011/12 financial year the inmate population was on average 158 790. Since the 2009/10 financial year there was a slight decrease annually in the male inmate population (2009/10 – 160 280; 2010/11 – 157 345 and 2011/12 -155 032) whilst there was a slight increase in the female inmate population from 2010/11 to 2011/12 (2010/11 – 3 562;  2011/12 – 3 758). [Prison population rate 307]

As at March 2012, there were 243 correctional facilities with an approved bed capacity of 118 441 in the department. It should be noted that during the course of the year some of these were temporarily closed either as the centre or as a section, resulting in an available bed space for the financial year of 118 154. There is massive diversity in terms of size, minimum standards and facilities across the South African correctional centres, given the time periods over which  they were built, the purposes for which they were built and the political landscape that prevailed when they were built. DCS must manage this legacy to enable a set of minimum norms and standards to prevail across all centres and to ensure cost-effective and delivery efficient centres.

 

Annual Report 2010/11 (1 april 2010 to 31 march 2011)

 

Perù Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos | Instituto Nacional Penitenciario
Presentacion de Documento Informe Estadistico “10 Medidas de Reforma del Sistema Penitenciario" Abril 2012
www.inpe.gob.pe/
A través de la pirámide de la población penal clasificada por género y los grupos de edad, observamos que la mayor concentración de la población penal masculina se encuentra en el grupo comprendido entre los 20 a 39 años, mientras que en el caso de la población penal femenina se da entre los 25 a 44 años... El 36% de la población total de internos (rango de 18 a 29 años), se encuentra considerada entre la población joven y económicamente activa o productiva. Estos datos son muy importantes para evaluar los programas de políticas preventivas encaminados a cambiar la conducta delictiva. Otra situación es la población de internos entre 18 a 24 años, que constituye el 17% de la  población total, la que estaría en la etapa de formación técnico-productiva; al respecto, se podría destinar o fomentar programas de formación técnica o universitaria, e incluso el aprendizaje de idiomas...

 

Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS
Corrective Services March Quarter 2012
www.abs.gov.au
Commonwealth of Australia 2012

Based on first day of the month averages, for the March quarter 2012 there were 29,226 persons in full-time custody and 53,763 persons in community-based corrections. This comprises an increase of 822 persons (3%) in full-time custody from the March quarter 2011, and a decrease of 994 persons (2%) in community-based corrections for the same period. This represents a decrease of 172 persons (less than 1%) in corrective services from the March quarter 2011.

 

Swiss - Confederazione svizzera

#  Statistiche penitenziarie 2011-2012.

Privation de liberté et exécution des sanctions - Données, indicateurs

www.bfs.admin.ch/

 

Ministero della Giustizia - Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP
Ufficio per lo Sviluppo e la Gestione del Sistema Informativo Automatizzato - Sezione statistica
#  Caratteristiche socio-lavorative, giuridiche e demografiche della popolazione detenuta.
Situazione al 31 dicembre 2012 - Anno XV - 2012 - II Semestre

65.701 persone, di cui 23.492 straniere, presenti il 31.12.2012

- Caratteristiche anagrafiche e lavorative" (sesso, età, numero di figli, stato civile, grado di istruzione, condizione lavorativa, ramo di attività, posizione professionale);

- Caratteristiche giuridiche" (posizione giuridica, durata della pena, durata della pena residua);

- Caratteristiche demografiche (distribuzione per regione di detenzione e regione di nascita, residenza e, per gli stranieri, area geografica);
- Numero di persone uscite dal carcere per effetto della detenzione presso il domicilio di cui alla legge n. 199/2010 (c.d. svuota carceri): 4.725 dalla data di entrata in vigore della legge al 31.12.2012;
- Recidiva: dati relativi al numero di carcerazioni precedenti, anche con sentenza definitiva.
- Popolazione detenuta: dati relativi alla capienza degli istituti di pena; dati relativi agli Ospedali Psichiatrici Giudiziari e alle Case di Cura e di Custodia.

 

Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria - DAP

Detenuti per durata pena residua, pena inflitta, tipologia di reato 2005-2012

31 dicembre 2012

 

Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria - DAP

#  Detenuti per titolo di studio - numero figli - classi d'età - stato civile - regione di nascita - regione residenza 2005-2012

31 dicembre 2012

 

Ondine Millot
Les clés de Taubira pour vider les prisons
www.liberation.fr/ Libération 25 Septembre 2012
Les prisons françaises - «une humiliation pour la République»... Face aux centres de détention surpeuplés, la garde des Sceaux entend développer massivement les peines alternatives. Un changement profond de la politique pénale française… qui demande beaucoup de moyens.
«Nos prisons sont pleines, mais vides de sens.» La garde des Sceaux, Christiane Taubira, s’attaque aujourd’hui à un problème ancien avec une nouvelle formule...

 

Joycelyn M. Pollock, Nancy L. Hogan, Eric G. Lambert, Jeffrey Ian Ross, Jody L. Sundt
# A Utopian Prison: Contradiction in Terms?
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 28(1) 60–76 (2012)
The current prison system overshadows education and public services as the major consumer of state revenue. Today about 1.6 million individuals are incarcerated in this nation’s prisons. The so-called “prison industrial complex” has grown from 319,598 inmates in 1980 to 1,613,740 in 2009. About a third of felony offenders  sentenced to prison are convicted of drug crimes and another third for property crimes. Other countries with similar property crime rates as the United States’ rate choose other ways to deter and punish these offenders. The United States’ total incarceration rate (which includes jails) of 756 per 100,000 can be compared with Canada’s 116, the United Kingdom’s 153, Germany’s 89, France’s 96, or Finland’s 64

 

Paola Severino | Ministero della Giustizia
Intervento della guardasigilli Paola Severino alla conferenza stampa su carcere e recidiva
giustizia newsonline mercoledì 26 settembre 2012

Le slides

 

Criminal Justice Alliance
# Crowded Out? The impact of prison overcrowding on rehabilitation
www.criminaljusticealliance.org/ March 2012
The prison population in England and Wales has almost doubled over the last 20 years from about 45,000 to over 85,000. On top of the long term rise in the use of imprisonment, there has been a surge in prison numbers in the months following the public disorder in August. On top of the long term rise in the use of imprisonment, there has been a surge in prison numbers in the months following the public disorder in August. In late July 2011, the prison population stood at 84,902; by early December it had risen to 87,371

 

ISTAT

noi italia. 100 statististiche per capire il Paese in cui viviamo

Febbraio 2012

L’Italia, con circa 1,0 omicidi per centomila abitanti nel 2009, si colloca al di sotto della media dell’Unione (1,2 omicidi). Il fenomeno mostra un trend decrescente dal 1991. Le rapine denunciate alle autorità sono quasi 36 mila, pari a 59,5 ogni centomila abitanti, in forte calo rispetto all’anno precedente. L’Italia in sede di confronto europeo si colloca per la prima volta nel 2009 al di sotto della media del complesso dei 27 paesi dell’Unione europea.

 

Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
Séries statistiques des personnes placées sous main de justice 1980-2012
http://www.justice.gouv.fr/ juillet 2012

 

Ministry of Justice
2012 Compendium of re-offending statistics and analysis
Ministry of Justice Statistics bulletin, 12 July 2012
Using a cohort of offenders between January and December 2000:  27.9 per cent re-offended within one year;  38.9 per cent after 2 years;  53.2 per cent after 5 years; and,  58.9 per cent after nine years. In 2000 there were around 480,000 offenders in the cohort. Over 9 years this group committed approximately 3.6 million further offences. For adults 26.2 per cent re-offended within one year and 56.4 per cent reoffended within nine years. While for juveniles 33.7 per cent re-offended within one year and 67.7 per cent re-offended within 9 years..

 

Regione Emilia Romagna - Direzione Generale Sanità e Politiche Sociali - Servizio Salute Mentale, Dipendenze Patologiche e Salute nelle Carceri
Assistenza Sanitaria erogata negli Istituti Penitenziari  della Regione Emilia-Romagna nell’anno 2011
Relazione per la Commissione IV, Politiche per la Salute e Politiche Sociali, e la Commissione VI, Statuto e Regolamento convocate in seduta congiunta martedì 3 luglio 2012

 

Regione Emilia Romagna - Servizio Salute Mentale, Dipendenze Patologiche e Salute nelle Carceri
Il percorso clinico-assistenziale per le persone detenute. Attività e prestazioni rivolte alle persone detenute negli Istituti Penitenziari della Regione Emilia-Romagna

Primavera 2012

 

 Eurostat | Cynthia Tavares, Geoffrey Thomas, Fethullah Bulut
# Crime and Criminal Justice, 2006-2009
Eurostat Statistics in focus 6/2012

The prison population figures (Table 9) include both adult and juvenile convicted prisoners and pre-trial detainees in all types of prison establishments but exclude non-criminal prisoners held for administrative purposes such as pending investigation into their immigration status. In 2009, there were over 630 000 prisoners in the EU. This gives a rate of about 129 prisoners per 100 000 population in the EU Member States (averaged over the period 2007-2009). By comparison, the incarceration rate in the USA was much higher, at 784 per 100 000 population.

 

Mazhar Hussain Bhutta - Muhammad Siddique Akbar

Situation of Prisons in India and Pakistan: Shared Legacy, Same Challenges

South Asian Studies. A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1, January-June 2012

Prison Statistics India

 

Philippines - Bureau of Jail Management and Penology BJMP

# Data and Statistics 2012

 www.bjmp.gov.ph

 

Romulo A. Virola - National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)
# Statistics on jails and prisons 2010
www.nscb.gov.ph

Prisoners are further classified as follows: (a) insular or national prisoner who is sentenced to a prison term of three years and one day to death; (b) provincial prisoner or one who is sentenced to a prison term of six months and one day to three years; (c) city prisoner who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to three years; and (d) municipal prisoner or one who is sentenced to a prison term of one day to six months...
In 2010, there were 59,2895 inmates in BJMP jails, an increase of 2.9% from 2009. Of this total, 56,479 or 95.3 % were detained, and 2,810 or 4.7% were sentenced, representing an increase of 3.3% and a decrease of 4.7%, respectively, from 2009. In addition, 1,147 were in PNP jails on a temporary basis in 2010, an increase of 5.0% from 2009.

 

Sergio Alejandro Gomez

Sistema penitenciario cubano

# Respeto a la dignidad y al mejoramiento humano

Granma | Órgano Oficial del Comité Central del Partido Comunista de Cuba
La Habana, martes 22 de mayo de 2012

Cuba es un país subdesarrollado y a la vez sometido a un brutal bloqueo por parte de Estados Unidos desde hace más de cincuenta años, por lo que las reformas y mejoras al sistema carcelario se han impulsado en el contexto de los limitados recursos disponibles. Ello, unido a la continua crisis económica y financiera mundial, crea serios obstáculos y desafíos para nuestro desempeño. No obstante, se han llevado a cabo proyectos de reparación y acondicionamiento de los centros penitenciarios para mejorar las condiciones de vida de los 57 337 internos (31 494 en condiciones cerradas y 25 843 en instalaciones abiertas).

 

Fernando Ravsberg
# Cuba Finally Quantifies Its Prisoners

Havana Times.org - May 23, 2012

The number of prisoners in Cuban jails is 57,337, a figure just revealed by the official Granma newspaper after decades of silence on the issue. This total places Cuba in a better position than the US, a country with more than 700 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants.

 

# ICPS

 

Soo-Ryun Kwon, Amanda Solter, Dana Marie Isaac | University of San Francisco (USF) School of Law’s Center for Law and Global Justice
Cruel and Unusual. U. S. Sentencing Practices in a Global Context
www.usfca.edu/ May 2012
All of these sentencing practices—life without the possibility of parole, “three strikes” laws, consecutive sentences, mandatory
minimums, juvenile justice laws, dual sovereignty, and non-retroactive application of ameliorative law—are used
frequently in the United States in ways they are not in the rest of the world...

 

HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales
Annual Report 2011–12

Presented to Parliament pursuant to Section 5A of the Prison Act 1952
as amended by Section 57 of the Criminal Justice Act 1982.
Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 17 October 2012.

The number of self-inflicted deaths in prison rose from 54 (0.64 per 1,000 prisoners) in 2010–11 to 66 (0.76 per 1,000 prisoners) in 2011–12. Incidents of self-harm are, however, also rising in men’s prisons – from 14,768 in 2010–11 to 16,146 in 2011–12 (the number fell in women’s prisons) – as are the number of recorded assaults, from 13,804 to 14,858... In March 2011, the prison population was 85,400; by March 2012, it had grown by 2,131 to 87,531. The operational capacity of prisons had grown over the same period by 3,532 to 90,622...

 

Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria DAP
Relazione triennale al Parlamento sul regime detentivo speciale di cui all'art. 41 bis O.P.
Roma, 21 febbraio 2012
La stabilizzazione del regime scaturita dalle nuove disposizioni di legge ha inciso notevolmente sul numero complessivo dei detenuti ascritti asl regime speciale. Allo stato si registra un picco nella presenza di detenuti 41bis che risultano essere 679. Ciò a parità di strutture penitenziarie disponibili, con le ovvie difficoltà di allocazione e di garanzia delle separazioni interne.

 

Christoffer Carlsson
# Using "Turning Points" to Understand Processes of Change in Offending. Notes from a Swedish Study on Life Courses and Crime
BRIT. J. CRIMINOL. (2012) 52, 1–16
Processes of within-individual change in offending and desistance from crime can be very complex, often involving multiple, context-specific processes. But even in a generous reading of much research on turning points, while this is theoretically stated or inferred, it is less often shown or illustrated in empirical cases. I explore processes of change in offending with the help of the concept of ‘turning points’, through life story interviews conducted in the Stockholm Project, trying to make use of the possibilities inherent in qualitative inquiry. I show how life course processes and the turning points that emerge within them are often interdependent on each other, emerging in very context-specific circumstances, and need to be studied and understood and such. Future research areas are suggested.

 

Hanns von Hofer, Tapio Lappi-Seppälä, Lars Westfelt
# Nordic Criminal Statistics 1950–2010
Kriminologiska institutionen - Stockholms universitet, Rapport 2012:2
Prisons in the Nordic countries are small (between 80 and 100 beds), modern, and characterised by high staffing levels. Overcrowding of inmates is not a typical problem. Open prisons, where security arrangements aimed at preventing escape are kept to a minimum, accounted in 2008 for between 19 per cent (Sweden) and 38 cent of prison places (Norway)... In a 60-year perspective, prison populations have been fairly stable in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Finland constitutes a remarkable exception. There the prison population has shrunk greatly from the mid-1970s (1976:118 inmates per 100,000) until the end of the 1990s (1999:53 inmates per 100,000)

 

Edward J. Latessa
Designing More Effective Correctional Programs Using Evidence-Based Practices
www.ncjrs.gov/ 2012
Behavioral programming has shown the strongest effects across a wide range of programs and settings. This paper reviews some evidence-based programs and methods proven effective in addressing various criminogenic needs of high-risk offenders. Results from three large-scale studies are reviewed to show that the more criminogenic needs targeted by a program, the greater the reduction in recidivism rates. On the other hand, programs that targeted an insufficient number of criminogenic needs showed only a slight decrease in failure rates.

 

COE Council of Europe - Unil Université of Lausanne
Marcelo F. Aebi - Natalia Del Grance

Annual Penal Statistics: Space I Survey 2010

Strasbourg, 28 March 2012 | PC-CP (2012) 1

 

Prison Service Pay Review Body
# Eleventh Report on England and Wales 2012 | Presented to Parliament by the Prime Minister and the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice by Command of Her Majesty - March 2012
http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/ 2012
NOMS is an Executive Agency of the Ministry of Justice. Its role is to commission and provide offender management services in the community and in custody ensuring best value for money from public resources. It works to protect the public and reduce reoffending by delivering the punishment and orders of the courts, and supporting rehabilitation by helping offenders to reform their lives. On 17 February 2012, the prisoner population was 87,631, 3.0 per cent higher than a year earlier. NOMS paybill costs relating to the remit group in 2010-11 were £1¼ billion (including  social security and other pension costs). At the end of December 2011, there were 32,410 staff in our remit.

 

Christopher Uggen, Sarah Shannon
# State-Level Estimates of Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States, 2010
http://sentencingproject.org/ The Sentencing Project, July 2012
A remarkable 5.85 million Americans are forbidden to vote because of “felon disenfranchisement,” or laws restricting voting rights for those convicted of felony-level crimes. Approximately 2.5 percent of the total U.S. voting age population – 1 of every 40 adults – is disenfranchised due to a current or previous felony conviction. Ex-felons in the eleven states that disenfranchise people after they have completed their sentences make up about 45 percent of the entire disenfranchised population, totaling over 2.6 million people. The number of people disenfranchised due to a felony conviction has escalated dramatically in recent decades as the population under criminal justice supervision has increased. There were an estimated 1.17 million people disenfranchised in 1976, 3.34 million in 1996, and over 5.85 million in 2010.

 

Editorial
# Disenfranchised Felons
www.nytimes.com/ The New York Times, Published: July 15, 2012
The disproportionate number of blacks among the disenfranchised remains a huge racial justice problem. Almost 7.7 percent of blacks of voting age are disenfranchised because of their criminal records, compared with less than 2 percent for non-blacks.

 

Michelle Tolbert | U.S. Department of Education Office of Vocational and Adult Education
# A Reentry Education Model. Supporting Education and Career Advancement for Low-Skill Individuals In Corrections
www2.ed.gov/ U.S. Department of Education - Office of Vocational and Adult Education 2012
How can we solve the reentry challenge and ensure that incarcerated individuals and those under community supervision become productive members of society? Although there is no one answer, a growing body of evidence shows that providing offenders with education and training increases their employment opportunities, addresses their cognitive deficits, and helps reduce their likelihood of recidivating... The U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education, therefore, supported the development of a correctional education reentry model illustrating an education continuum to bridge the gap between prison and community-based education and training programs.

 

Anna Maria Tarantola
# Dimensione delle attività criminali, costi per l’economia, effetti della crisi economica
Senato della Repubblica, Camera dei Deputati, Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia e i
Stimare il valore delle attività criminali e i costi che esse impongono all’economia è attività complessa e soggetta ad ampi errori di stima. E’ tuttavia un’attività preziosa sia per comprendere le radici e le cause del fenomeno, dove sia più radicato o si stia diffondendo, sia per rafforzare la capacità di reazione e contrasto. La crescita delle informazioni disponibili e il progredire delle metodologie di analisi offrono strumenti via via più adeguati per migliorare la qualità delle indicazioni, anche se tuttora richiedono ulteriori affinamenti...

 

National Audit Office | Ministry of Justice
# Comparing International Criminal Justice Systems
www.nao.org.uk/ February 2012
In England and Wales, there were 4.2 million crimes recorded by the police in 2010 11, down from 5.6 million in 2005-06. This represents a 25 per cent decrease. As over the longer period since 1995, this overall trend is confirmed by the British Crime Survey, though the size of the reduction reported is different. According to the British Crime Survey measure, 9.6 million crimes were committed against adults in 2010-11, down from 10.7 million in 2005-06, a statistically significant decrease of 10 per cent...

 

Allen J. Beck, Candace Johnson | Bureau of Justice Statistics BJS
# Sexual Victimization Reported by Former State Prisoners, 2008
Office of Justice Programs www.ojp.usdoj.gov | May 2012

One In Ten State Prisoners Sexually Abused. Bureau of Justice Statistics study confirms national crisis of sexual abuse in U.S. detention, exposes systemic problem of staff retaliation, and shatters prisoner rape stereotypes... 9.6% of former state prisoners reported one or more incidents of sexual victimization during the most recent period of incarceration in jail, prison, or a postrelease community-treatment facility... 5.4% of former inmates reported an incident with another inmate; 5.3% reported an incident with staff... An estimated 3.7% of former prisoners said they had nonconsensual sex with another inmate, including manual stimulation and oral, anal, or vaginal penetration. An additional 1.6% of former prisoners said they had experienced one or more abusive sexual contacts only with another inmate, including unwanted touching of the inmate’s buttocks, thigh, penis, breast, or vagina in a sexual way. An estimated 1.2% of former prisoners reported that they unwillingly had sex or sexual contact with facility staff. An estimated 4.6% said they “willingly” had sex or sexual contact with staff.

 

NATIONAL PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION COMMISSION REPORT AND STANDARDS
# HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON CRIME, TERRORISM, AND HOMELAND SECURITY OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION

JULY 8, 2009  Serial No. 111–49 judiciary.house.gov

 

Jill Filipovic
# Is the US the only country where more men are raped than women? The figures on rape may be uncertain, but we could lower the sexual assault rate in American jails – if we had the political will
The Guardian, guardian.co.uk, Tuesday 21 February 2012

 

Vivre Ensemble
# Sortie de prison. Difficile réinsertion
www.vivre-ensemble.be/ 2012/02
Tout détenu qui entre en prison sera un jour amené à en sortir. Il est dans l’intérêt de la société qu’il ne récidive pas et qu’il puisse se réinsérer, notamment par le logement et l’emploi. Une telle réinsertion ne se fait pas du jour au lendemain. Elle doit être préparée et accompagnée. Préparée pendant la détention, accompagnée à la sortie. 

 

California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR)
# The year in accomplishments 2012
www.cdcr.ca.gov/ 2012
Total Inmate Population – The total inmate population dropped 10 percent from 147,578 to 132,785 during 2012.  Overcrowding – As defined by the inmate population in relation  to the design capacity of the 33 adult institutions – declined from  167 percent to 150 percent. Parolee population – The parolee population dropped  42.9 percent from December 2011 to December 2012.

 

France - Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire

# Les Chiffres Clés de l'Administration Pénitentiaire au 1er janvier 2012

www.justice.gouv.fr

 

Le Contrôleur général des lieux de privation de liberté
# Rapport d’activité 2011

Éditions Dalloz, 2012

 

Vera Institute of Justice

Christian Henrichson - Ruth Delaney

The Price of Prisons. What Incarceration Costs Taxpayers
January 2012

Decades of increasing incarceration and soaring corrections costs have been well documented and are a familiar story to policy makers and the public. Over the past 40 years, the United States has seen a dramatic increase in the use of prisons to combat crime. As a result, incarceration rates have skyrocketed, with the country’s state prison population having grown by more than 700 percent since the 1970s. Today, more than 1 in 100 adults are in prison or jail nationwide.2 This trend has come at great cost to taxpayers. States’ corrections spending—including prisons as well as probation and parole—has nearly quadrupled over the past two decades, making it the fastest-growing budget item after Medicaid.

 

The Prison Reform Trust (PRT)
# Prison Reform Trust submission to the Labour Party Justice Policy Working Group Consultation, Punishment and Reform: What Works to Protect the Public and Stop Crime?
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ January 2012
There is consensus across the top of the justice system and beyond on the need to reverse the unsustainable trend in ever expanding prison numbers. In the last two decades the prison population has almost doubled from around 44,000 in the early 1990s to over 88,000 today. Inflation in sentencing and massive overuse of custody leaves us with a society where seven per cent of school children experience their father's imprisonment. Estimates reveal that more children are affected by parental imprisonment than by divorce in the family. Reform is essential to overhauling an overcrowded, expensive and, in many ways, counter-productive prison system. It costs £39,573 per year to lock up an individual and two out of every three prisoners are reconvicted within two years of release. The National Audit Office estimates that reoffending by former prisoners costs the UK economy between £9bn and £13bn a year. Research by the Prime Minister‟s Strategy Unit shows that the 22% increase in the prison population since 1997 is estimated to have reduced crime by around 5% during a period where overall crime fell by 30%. The report states: “There is no convincing evidence that further increases in the use of custody would significantly reduce crime.”

 

Nathan Brady Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel OLRGC
# Utah's Recidivism Rate In Light of National Trends
https://le.utah.gov/ January 31, 2012

 

José Becerra Muñoz
# Las prisiones españolas vistas desde Europa. Un análisis comparado
UneD. Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminología, 3.a Época, n.o 7 (2012)

... En lo que se refiere a las condenas de 1 a 5 años, todos los países muestran cifras superiores a la franja anterior situándose entre el 30 y el 60%. Sólo españa y Holanda presentan más internos condenados a menos de un año de prisión que a una pena de entre 1 y 5 años (aunque en nuestro país ambos grupos son casi idénticos). Además, lo habitual es que este segundo intervalo acumule el mayor número de internos (ocurre en todos excepto en Holanda y Portugal). La franja de 5-10 años devuelve de nuevo valores pequeños, entre los que llaman la atención los casos de Bélgica, Letonia y Portugal, únicos países que superan en este rango el 30% de internos. nuestro país es el octavo con más población en esta franja...

 

2011


 

David A. Anderson
# The Cost of Crime
Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2011) 209–265
The size of crime’s burden informs the prioritization of crime-prevention efforts and influences our legal, political, and cultural stance toward crime. This research quantifies crime’s burden with an estimate of the annual cost of crime in the United States. While most existing studies focus on particular regions, types of crime, or cost categories, the scope of this article includes the direct and indirect cost of all crime in the United States. Beyond the expenses of law enforcement, criminal justice, and victim losses, the cost of crime includes expenditures on private deterrence, the implicit cost of fear and agony, and the opportunity cost of time lost due to crime. The estimated annual cost of crime, net of transfers from victim to criminal, is $1.7 trillion.

 

Cour des comptes - Bruxelles
# Mesures de lutte contre la surpopulation carcérale | Rapport de la Cour des comptes transmis à la Chambre des représentants
www.courdescomptes.be/ Bruxelles, décembre 2011
La surpopulation dans les prisons n’a cessé de s’aggraver ces dix dernières années. Entre les 1er mars 2000 et 2010, la population pénitentiaire  augmenté de 21 %, passant de 8.668 à 10.501 détenus. Dans le même temps, la capacité a progressé de 18 %, passant de 7.462 à 8.829 places (la capacité de la prison de Tilburg, aux Pays-Bas, est incluse dans les chiffres de 2010). La surpopulation, mesurée tous les ans au 1er mars, est passée, durant la même période, de 16,4 % à 18,9 %...

 

Ministerio del Interior | Secretaría General de Instituciones Penitenciarias
# Informe General 2011

www.apfp.es/
La población reclusa en los Centros Penitenciarios dependientes de la Administración General del Estado1 a 31-12-2011 fue de 59.975 internos. El año 2011, en relación con 2010, finalizó con 3.428 internos menos (-5,4%). La media de población reclusa fue de 61.851 internos (-5,3% menos que en el año anterior). Por sexo, son varones 55.425 internos (2.937 internos menos que en las mismas fechas de 2010) y mujeres 4.550 (-491 internas menos en relación con el año anterior). Nueve de cada diez internos son hombres (92,4%)...

 

Tracy L. Snell
# Capital Punishment, 2010 – Statistical Tables
Bureau of Justice Statistics December 2011

Between January 1 and December 19, 2011, 13 states executed 43 inmates, which was 3 fewer than the number executed as of the same date in 2010. Three states accounted for more than half of the executions carried out during this period: Texas executed  13 inmates; Alabama executed 6; and Ohio executed 5.

At yearend 2010, 36 states and the Federal Bureau of Prisons held 3,158 inmates under sentence of death,15 fewer inmates than at yearend 2009. This represents the tenth consecutive year that the number of inmates under sentence of death has decreased. Four States (California, Florida, Texas, and Pennsylvania) held more than half of all inmates on death row as of December 31, 2010. The Federal Bureau of Prisons held 58 inmates on death row. Of those under sentence of death at yearend, 55% were white and 42% were black. The 388 Hispanic inmates under sentence of death accounted for 14% of inmates with a known ethnicity. Ninety-eight percent of inmates under sentence of death were male, and 2% were female. The race and gender of those under sentence of death has remained relatively unchanged since 2000.

 

Paul Guerino, Paige M. Harrison, and William J. Sabol
Prisoners in 2010
Bureau of Justice Statistics, Bulletin december 2011

Most offenders enter prison in one of two ways. About two-thirds are admitted as new court commitments. New court commitments include admissions into prison of offenders convicted and sentenced by a court, usually to a term of more than 1 year, including probation violators and persons with a split sentence to incarceration followed by court- ordered probation or parole. About a third of new court commitments were admitted because they violated a condition of supervised release. Parole violators include all conditional release violators returned to prison for either violation of conditions of release or for new crimes. Both types of admissions declined in 2010.

 

Sri Lanka

# Prison Statistics 2007 - 2011

www.prisons.gov.lk

 

Jagath Abeysirigunawardana
# Overcrowded Prisons and Present Practices and Experiences in relation to Community-Based Alternatives to Incarceration

Department of Prisons in Sri Lanka 2008

 

ICPS - Sri Lanka

 

Observatoire International des Prisons OIP
# Les conditions de détention en France
www.oip.org - Dossier de presse 7 décembre 2011

La période 2005-2011 est marquée par une systématisation et une aggravation de la sanction en cas de récidive, principalement pour les petits délits. Une option contreproductive en matière de prévention de la récidive. Entre août 2005 et novembre 2010, 18 nouvelles lois pénales ont été adoptées dans l’objectif affiché de lutter contre la récidive... L’OIP alerte sur le caractère contre-productif des peines minimales... Dans un contexte de surpopulation, les conditions de détention restent indignes dans de nombreux établissements, et les nouvelles prisons sont critiquées pour le
manque de contacts humains inhérent à leur fonctionnement... « La France présente l’un des taux de suicide carcéral le plus élevé de l’Europe des Quinze », un taux qui a «quintuplé en 50 ans alors qu’il a dans le même temps peu changé dans la population générale » (INSEE).
Prévaut en prison une approche de la sécurité dite « passive », qui inscrit la détention dans un rapport de force coercitif générateur de tensions et violences, loin des préconisations de sécurité « active » fondées sur le respect des droits des personnes, le dialogue et la prévention.

 

Minnesota Department of Corrections
# The Effects of Prison Visitation on Offender Recidivism
www.doc.state.mn.us/ November 2011
Following recent studies in Florida and Canada, this study examines the effects of prison visitation on recidivism among 16,420 offenders released from Minnesota prisons between 2003 and 2007. Using multiple measures of visitation (any visit, total number of visits, visits per month, timing of visits, and number of individual visitors) and recidivism (new offense conviction and technical violation revocation), the study found that visitation significantly decreased the risk of recidivism, a result that was robust across all of the Cox regression models that were estimated. 

 

Jake Cronin
# The Path to Successful Reentry: The Relationship Between Correctional Education, Employment and Recidivism
http://ipp.missouri.edu/ September 2011
Nearly all Missouri inmates will be released from prison, but the majority of them will reoffend and return to prison. To combat this problem, prisons have implemented educational programs to help offenders successfully reenter society. Using data from the Missouri Department of Corrections, this study evaluates the impact of these educational programs in terms of post-prison employment rates and recidivism rates. The results show that inmates who increase their education in prison are more likely to find a full-time job after prison, and those with a job are less likely to return to  prison.

 

Direction générale des Etablissements pénitentiaires | Eric Leytens, Annelies Boffé, Inge Nagels, Laurent Sempot, Olivier Michiels, Nathalie Faes, Christine Melebeck, Samuel Deltenre
# Rapport d’activités
http://justice.belgium.be/ Avril 2011
Les établissements les plus surpeuplés en 2010 sont, en ordre décroissant : Ieper, Dinant, Antwerpen, Forest et Jamioulx avec une population qui a excédé en moyenne leur capacité de plus de 50% ! A l’inverse, 12 établissements (y compris les centres fédéraux pour jeunes) affichent une population moyenne inférieure à la capacité théorique. On observe une croissance annuelle de la population globale d’une part, des prévenus et des condamnés d’autre part, qui est de l’ordre de 6 à 7 %.

 

Alexia Cooper, Erica L. Smith | U.S. Department of Justice | Bureau of Justice Statistics
# Homicide Trends in the United States, 1980-2008. Annual Rates for 2009 and 2010
www.bjs.gov/ November 2011
The homicide rate doubled from the early 1960s to the late 1970s, increasing from 4.6 per 100,000 U.S. residents in 1962 to 9.7 per 100,000 by 1979.  In 1980 the rate peaked at 10.2 per 100,000 and subsequently fell to 7.9 per 100,000 in 1984.  e rate rose again in the late 1980s and early 1990s to another  peak in 1991 of 9.8 per 100,000.  e homicide rate declined sharply from 9.3 homicides per  100,000 in 1992 to 4.8 homicides per 100,000 in 2010.  The number of homicides reached an all-time high of 24,703  homicides in 1991 then fell rapidly to 15,522 homicides by  1999...

 

Bryn A. Herrschaft, Zachary Hamilton
# Recidivism Among Parolees in New York City, 2001-2008
www.courtinnovation.org/ Center for Court Innovation NY November 2011
Parolees returning to New York City are predominantly male (91%), nonwhite (57% black and 35% Hispanic), and multiple-time offenders (10.6 prior  arrests and 7.3 prior convictions on average). In addition, 47% were imprisoned on drug  charges, 30% on violent felony charges, and 23% on other charges; and almost one-fourth (23%) had a previous parole episode on the same case that ended in re-incarceration. • Recidivism Rates: Over the three-year tracking period: The re-arrest rate was 53%. The re-conviction rate was 42%. o Almost one-third (29%) of the parolees had their parole revoked and were returned to prison (23% for a technical violation and 6% for a new felony conviction).

 

Duha T. Altindag
# Crime and Unemployment: Evidence from Europe
Auburn University, October 2011
The magnitude of the unemployment’s impact on crime is economically significant. For example, France, Italy or UK suffer about 25,000-30,000 additional larcenies, burglaries and motor vehicle thefts per year for one percentage point increase in the unemployment. Roughly, cost of each property crime is $46,000. Due to one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate, the French, Italian and British incur an extra crime cost of about $1.2-$1.4 billion according to the OLS estimates or $1.6 – $2.5 billion according to the 2SLS estimates.

 

Grant Duwe, Valerie Clar
# Blessed Be the Social Tie That Binds: The Effects of Prison Visitation on Offender Recidivism
Criminal Justice Policy Review, 2011
Prison visitation can improve recidivism outcomes by helping offenders not only maintain social ties with both nuclear and extended family members (especially fathers, siblings, and in-laws) while incarcerated but also develop new bonds such as those with clergy or mentors. In doing so, offenders can sustain or broaden their networks of social support, which we found was important in lowering recidivism.

 

Vera Institute of Justice
# Los Angeles County Jail Overcrowding Reduction Project. Final Report: Revised
www.vera.org/ September 2011

 

M. Eric Ciotti # Rapport. Pour renforcer l’efficacité de l’exécution des peines
(Présenté en conclusion des travaux d’une mission confiée par le Président de la République) Juin 2011

Serge Portelli # Le rapport Ciotti est "émaillé de mensonges, contre-vérités et approximations" Le Monde,  07.06.2011
Nicole Borvo (PCF) # Rapport Ciotti : « une dérive dangereuse et inefficace »  l'Humanité le 7 juin 2011

Laura Thouny | # Prisons : le rapport Ciotti est "absurde" et "dangereux" l'Humanité le 7 juin 2011

 

Klara Kerezsi*, József Kó, Szilvia Antal | National Institute of Criminology, Budapest, Hungary
# The Social Costs of Crime and Crime Control
Beijing Law Review, 2011, 2, 74-87
Crime caused damage, or required state expenditure, worth 2807 million $ in the single year 2009. At the same time, from the comparison of the costs of crime and the amount spent by the state, we can establish that state expenditure in dealing with crime (163 million $) is around 512.8 million $ higher than the amount of damage caused by crime (1175 million $)...

 

Francesco Drago, Roberto Galbiati, Pietro Vertova
# Prison Conditions and Recidivism
American Law and Economics Review 2011
The authors examine the impact of prison conditions on future criminal behavior. The take over is based on a unique dataset on the post-release behavior of about twenty thousand Italian former prison inmates. The authors use variation in prison assignment as a means of identifying the effects of prison overcrowding, deaths in prison, and degree of isolation on the probability of reoffending. They do not find compellingevidence  of (specific) deterrent effects of experienced prison severity. The measures of prison severity do not reduce the probability of recidivism. Instead, all point estimates suggest that harsh prison conditions increase post-release criminal activity, though they are not always precisely estimated...

 

Leonidas K. Cheliotis
# Suffering at the Hands of the State Conditions of Imprisonment and Prisoner Health in Contemporary Greece
Queen Mary University of London, School of Law - Legal Studies Research Paper No. 82/2011

Against the background of an immense growth in the use of imprisonment in Greece over the last three decades or so, it is shown that prison establishments are greatly overcrowded and material conditions of detention are deplorable. Healthcare provision is minimal, and the prevalence of serious transmittable diseases and mental disorders amongst prisoner populations is high, as are the rates of deliberate self-harm, suicide, and death more generally. Indeed, the officially recorded incidence of prisoner deaths has risen at a faster pace than imprisonment itself.

# Greece ICPS

 

Giovanni Torrente

# Tribunali di Sorveglianza e giurisprudenza in materia di concessione di misure alternative
VIII rapporto Antigone sulle condizioni di detenzione in Italia, 2011

Il presente studio si è occupato di analizzare la giurisprudenza di undici tribunali di sorveglianza in relazione alla concessione di misure alternative alla pena detentiva. Nello specifico, l'analisi ha riguardato i dati statistici raccolti dai singoli tribunali in relazione ai provvedimenti emessi a seguito di istanza volta alla concessione di misure alternative. In particolare, l'analisi qui proposta riguarda quattro fra le principali misure alternative: l'affidamento in prova ai servizi sociali, l'affidamento ex art. 94 del DPR 309/90, la detenzione domiciliare e la semilibertà.

 

Joan Petersilia
# Beyond the Prison Bubble
NIJ Journal / Issue No. 268 October 2011
The announcement last summer that the number of Americans behind bars had increased for the 37th consecutive year in 2009 provoked a fresh round of grim editorializing and national soulsearching. With its prisons and jails now holding more than 2.4 million inmates — roughly one in every 100 adults — the United States has the highest incarceration rate of any free nation. As a proportion of its population, the United States incarcerates five times more people than Britain, nine times more than Germany, and 12 times more than Japan. “No other rich country is nearly as punitive as the Land of the Free,” The Economist has declared.

 

Fair Trials International
# Detained without trial: Fair Trials International’s response to the European Commission’s Green Paper on detention | # Appendix 2 Pre-trial Detention Comparative Research
http://ec.europa.eu/ October 2011
Pre-trial detention is defined differently across the EU; this report defines pre-trial detention as the time spent in
detention between charge and sentencing. he total prison population of the EU is estimated to be 643,000. Overcrowding is severe with over half of the 27 Member States running prisons with occupancy levels above capacity and the average occupancy level for EU prisons at 108%. Bulgaria‟s prisons are operating at 156% capacity, Italy‟s at 149% capacity and Spain‟s at 138%. Overcrowding exacerbates poor prison conditions. There are approximately 132,800 pre-trial detainees in the EU, which represents approximately 21% of the total EU prison population.

 

Roberto Nicastro
# Hotel carcere
Le due città, ottobre 2011
Ogni anno 40mila persone passano in cella meno di sei mesi: è il fenomeno della porta girevole, una delle cause maggiori del sovraffollamento

 

European Commission
# Green Paper. Strengthening mutual trust in the European judicial area – A Green Paper on the application of EU criminal justice legislation in the field of detention

Brussels, 14.6.2011 - COM(2011) 327 final

Probation measures and alternatives to imprisonment would be available in all legal
systems across the Union. These measures may then have to be promoted at Union level for a proper and efficient application of the rules by Member States...

Pre-trial detention in the context of this Green Paper covers the period until the sentence is final19. Pre-trial detention is a measure of an exceptional nature in all Member States' judicial systems...

 

Smart on Crime Coalition | The Constitution Project (TCP)
# Smart on Crime: Recommendations for the Administration and Congress
The Constitution Project 2011
The Coalition is comprised of more than 40 organizations and individuals, who participated in developing policy recommendations across 16 broad issue areas. These organizations and individuals represent the leading voices in criminal justice policy. Coalition members focus their efforts on such diverse and varied areas as combating unnecessary expansions of criminal law, advocating for improvements to investigatory and forensic science standards, ensuring that persons accused of crimes have an opportunity to receive a fair trial, helping persons who have served their sentences successfully reenter their communities, and protecting the rights and dignity of victims of crime.Our dedication to exploring all options means that Smart on Crime focuses on providing non-ideological, cost-effective, and evidence-based solutions to address the worst problems in our system...

 

Jennifer l. Truman
# National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminal Victimization, 2010
Bureau of Justice Statistics, Bulletin September 2011

 the rate of total violent crime victimizations declined by 13% in 2010, which was about three times the average annual decrease observed from 2001 through 2009 (4%).  the decline in the rate of simple assault accounted for about 82% of the total decrease in the rate of violent victimization in 2010.  in 2010 the property victimization rate declined by 6%, compared to the average annual decrease of 3% observed from 2001 through 2009.  From 2001 to 2010, weapon violence (26% to 22%) and stranger-perpetrated violence (44% to 39%) declined.  Between 2001 and 2010, about 6% to 9% of all violent victimization were committed with fi rearms. this percentage has remained stable since 2004.  after a slight overall decline from 2001 to 2008, the percentage of victims of violent crimes who suffered an injury during the victimization increased from 24% in 2008 to 29% in 2010.  about 50% of all violent victimizations and nearly 40% of property crimes were reported to the police in 2010. these percentages have remained stable over the past 10 years.  males (15.7 per 1,000) and females (14.2 per 1,000) had similar rates of violent victimization during 2010.

 

Steven N. Durlauf, Daniel S. Nagin
# The Deterrent Effect of Imprisonment
in Philip J. Cook, Jens Ludwig, Justin McCrary (eds),Controlling Crime: Strategies and Tradeoffs
University of Chicago Press, September 2011
The magnitude of deterrent effects depends critically on the specifi c form of the sanction policy. In particular, there is little evidence that increases in the severity of punishment yield strong marginal deterrent effects; further, credible arguments can be advanced that current levels of severity cannot be justifi ed by their social and economic costs and benefi ts. By contrast there is very substantial evidence that increases in the certainty of punishment produce substantial deterrent effects.

 

Marina Minster
# Comparative Analysis of Legal Status of Women Sentenced to Deprivation of Freedom in Russia and in the USA
VARSTVOSLOVJE, Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, year 13 no. 4 pp. 418-430 : 2011
Governmental tendencies are oriented now to the humanization of system of criminal sanctions, the way of its execution and to the increase of amount of punishments alternative to the deprivation of freedom. However, deprivation of freedom is the most widespread type of punishment nowadays.Women form rather a small part of the total amount of prisoners in the world. Women usually form from 2 to 9% of all prisoners of the country but in some cases this indicator can be higher of number of imprisoned women but according to the research in some countries this increase has a faster rate than the increase of amount of imprisoned men. For example, in the USA the amount of women incarcerated for more than one year had increased to 757% since 1977 to 2004 what is practically twice as much as 388% growth of the amount of men. In Australia since 1984 to 2003 the amount of incarcerated men had increased to 74%, the amount of incarcerated women had significantly increased to 209%. This tendency in 1994-2003 was also in Mexico, in Bolivia, in Colombia, in Kenya, in New Zealand and in Kirghizstan and in some European governments such as Cyprus, Estonia, Finland,Greece and Netherlands...

 

Leopold Sudaryono

# Reform at the Doorstep of Prisons in Indonesia
http://asiafoundation.org
August 10, 2011

The number of inmates in Indonesia's prisons almost doubled between 2003 and 2008... In 2009, the correctional system was able to discharge 24,000 inmates after streamlining parole procedures so that inmates could exercise their legal right to early release. However, that same year, the prison population still increased by 5,000 inmates – to a total of 124,000 people – due to an increase in number of people arrested and prosecuted.

 

# Prison Statistics Indonesia

 

The American Society of Criminology.
Special Issue on Mass Incarceration
http://criminology.fsu.edu/ Criminology & Public Policy Volume 10 Issue 3, August 2011

 

Iran Human Rights
Annual Report: Death Penalty in Iran 2011
www.iranhr.net

Prison Statistics Iran

 

David Gould, Jason Hainsworth, Kevin Manning, Toni McLackland
# Finishing the job: providing a roadmap for post release education
Australasian Journal of Correctional Staff Development, v. 6, 2011
Different forms of community based education and employment support programs for offenders have been implemented in numerous jurisdictions, both in Australia and internationally... Pre and post release employment support for up to 12 months. 82% reduction in ‘offences per day’ reported (measure of recidivism by frequency over time)...

 

Grupo PRECA (Prevalencia Carceles)

# Informe prevalencia de trastornos mentales en centros penitenciarios españoles. (Estudio PRECA)

Barcelona Junio 2011

La prevalencia vida y del último mes de los trastornos mentales según criterios DSM-IV se muestran en la tabla 2. La prevalencia vida de presentar cualquier trastorno mental fue del 84,4%. El trastorno por uso de sustancias fue el más frecuente (76,2%)
seguido del trastorno de ansiedad (45,3%), trastorno afectivo (41%) y trastorno psicótico (10,7%).
Entre los reclusos con trastorno por uso de sustancias (abuso o dependencia) los más frecuentes fueron los trastornos por consumo de alcohol y cocaína (Tabla 2). Entre los trastornos inducidos por sustancias el más prevalente a lo largo de la vida fue el trastorno de ansiedad (16,1%), seguido del trastorno afectivo (15,8%) y del trastorno psicótico (7,1%).
La prevalencia en el último mes de presentar cualquier trastorno mental fue del 41,2%. El trastorno más prevalente fue el de ansiedad (23,3%) seguido del trastorno por uso de sustancias (17,5%), trastorno afectivo (14,9%) y trastorno psicótico (4,2%). Dentro de las categorías mencionadas previamente, los trastornos más frecuentes fueron el trastorno por uso de cannabis (14,4%), trastorno de ansiedad no especificado (9,2%) y el trastorno depresivo mayor (7,8%).

 

Fondazione ICSA - Intelligence Culture and Strategic Analysis
Rapporto sulla criminalità e la sicurezza in Italia 2010 (a cura di Marzio Barbagli e Asher Colombo)
1^ edizione luglio 2011
Alla ricerca di spiegazioni: la recente crescita del numero di detenuti ha ridotto la criminalità? È bene chiarire che è molto difficile valutare il ruolo delle pene, e tra queste dell’incarcerazione, come fattore di controllo, di deterrenza e di neutralizzazione eventualmente svolto dal carcere nei confronti della criminalità...

 

Ministry of Justice
# Reporting of deaths in custody. Ministry of Justice Technical note: discussion of measurement of trends in deaths in custody – standardised mortality rates methodology
www.gov.uk/ 28 July 2011

 

Prison Reform Trust
# Reforming Women’s Justice. Final report of the Women’s Justice Taskforce
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ London 2011
Custody not only proves ineffective in many cases, it is also expensive. The Taskforce heard that the average cost of a women’s prison place is £56,415 per annum. By contrast, an intensive community order that commands the confidence of the police and the courts could cost in the region of £10,000 - £15,000. With this report, we are presenting an assessment of the costs and benefits of women’s imprisonment, community penalties and women’s centres. If work to reduce women's offending were better integrated across governmant and more strategic, it could pay dividends - not only by getting vulnerable women out of trouble but also by tackling costly inter-generational crime.

 

S. Harrendorf, M. Heiskanen, S. Malby (eds) | European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control | United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
# International Statistics on Crime and Justice
www.unodc.org/ Helsinki 2010
Global homicide levels: Data previously published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime suggests that approximately 490,000 deaths from intentional homicide occurred in 2004 (Geneva Declaration 2008). This represented a world average homicide rate in 2004 of 7.6 per 100,000 population. The dataset used for this calculation focused on maximum geographic coverage at the expense of more recently available data for some countries in order to produce a single global dataset for one point in time... In order to represent the distribution of this nearly half a million annual homicides by regions of the world...

 

Christian Mouhanna
# La coordination des politiques judiciaires et penitentiaire. Une analyse des relations entre monde judiciaire et administration pénitentiaire
www.gip-recherche-justice.fr/ Juin 2011
La schizophrénie organisationnelle. La description détaillée de toutes ces interactions entre monde judiciaire et administration pénitentiaire nous montre donc un monde assez éclaté, traversé par des tensions, des logiques plus ou moins convergentes, de la coopération et aussi souvent des dilemmes. Dans ce système humain où tous les acteurs sont interdépendants entre eux, les objectifs ne sont pas tous partagés. La logique répressive s’oppose à celle de la réinsertion sociale, celle de l’enfermement à celle de l’évitement de l’incarcération, celle de l’automatisation à celle du « cas par cas ». La difficulté pour bien appréhender l’impact de ces diverses logiques dans le système et ainsi pouvoir aisément le décrypter provient du fait que les rôles qu’occupent les uns et les autres dans leur fonction ne sont pas figés...

 

Ignacio González Sánchez
# Aumento de presos y Código Penal: una explicación insuficiente
Revista Electrónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología 12 junio 2011
En los últimos 30 años la cantidad de personas que se encuentran encerradas en las prisiones de nuestro país se ha multiplicado, pasando de haber 8440 presos en 1975 a haber cerca de ocho veces más, 67.100 presos, en 2007 (en mayo de 2010 ya se habían alcanzado los 76.951 presos).... El crecimiento ha sido pronunciado, pasando de 23’59 presos/100.000 habitantes a 148’45 presos/100.000 habitantes en 2007. Es decir, es seis veces mayor...

 

Adalberto Carim Antonio
# Les peines alternatives dans le monde
http://epublications.unilim.fr/ Université de Limoges, 24 juin 2011

L’utilité et l’importance des peines alternatives doivent être distinguées non seulement face au phénomène de la fallite des peines privatives de liberté, mais aussi parce que les delits les plus pénalisés dans le système de justice pénale en général sont ceux qui peuvent avoir ses peines efficacement remplacés par des mesures et des peines alternatives, et qui, malheureusement, ne le sont pas, exposant les délinquants à tous types de maux causés par l’immersion dans le monde souterrain de la criminalité répandu dans les prisons.

 

Claire Duchemin
# European Inventory on Validation of Nonformal and Informal Learning 2010. Case Study: Validation of prior learning: a stepping stone for the reintegration of inmates into society (Norway)
https://cumulus.cedefop.europa.eu/ 2010

The three-year project ‘Validation of prior learning in prison education’was developed simultaneously in five Norwegian counties. It was led in each case by one prison and one upper secondary school. It aimed to use validation of prior learning (VPL) to provide inmates with an education that is adapted to their backgrounds and needs. Education and training is considered in Norway to be a key element in prison rehabilitation efforts. As prison education should be on par with education and training in the rest of society, it is thought that it should also keep pace with recent developments, such as VPL. 

 

Annie Kensey, Abdelmalik Benaouda (DAP/PMJ5)
# Les risques de récidive des sortants de prison. Une nouvelle évaluation
Cahiers d’études pénitentiaires et criminologiques - mai 2011 - n. 36

Ce cahier présente les premiers résultats d’une nouvelle recherche sur la récidive menée sur un échantillon national en 2011 des sortants de prison entre le 1er juin et le 31 décembre 2002. Les différences de risque de récidive les plus significatives sont liées au sexe, les femmes ayant une probabilité deux fois plus faible que les hommes d’avoir une nouvelle condamnation dans les cinq ans après la sortie de prison ; à l'âge, les mineurs ayant un risque nettement plus élevé et les personnes âgés de plus de 50 ans plus faible de récidiver que les jeunes majeurs de 18 à 30 ans. Par définition, ces risques de récidive sont liés aux antécédents pénaux : on constate que là où il y a plusieurs condamnations antérieures la probabilité du prononcé d’une nouvelle condamnation est quatre fois plus élevée que dans le cas d’une condamnation unique.

# Franck Johannès, L'absence d'aménagement de peine aggrave le risque de récidive des sortants de prison, Le Monde | 14.10.2011

 

Laura E. Gorgol, Brian A. Sponsler
# Unlocking Potential: Results of a National Survey of Postsecondary Education in State Prisons
www.ihep.org/ Institute for Higher Education Policy, May 2011
Despite the positive outcomes associated with postsecondary correctional education (PSCE), discussion of postsecondary opportunity for the nation’s prison population is notably absent from the top tier of state and federal policy agendas. This lack of topline policy attention to PSCE is detrimental to the country—postsecondary education has a critical role to play in mitigating challenging social conditions exacerbated by high incarceration levels.  

 

Annie Kensey, René Lévy, A. Benaouda
# Reoffending after an EM measure | La récidive des placés sous surveillance électronique
www.cepprobation.org/ 6 mai 2011

 

BIS Department for Business Innovation & Skills | Ministry of Justice
# Making Prisons Work: Skills for Rehabilitation. Review of Offender Learning
www.bis.gov.uk / May 2011

Re-offending blights lives and communities, carrying personal, social and economic costs of between £9.5 billion and £13 billion a year. Enabling offenders to have the skills that will make them attractive to employers so that they can find and keep jobs on release or whilst  serving a community sentence – becoming an asset rather than a burden to society – makes sense. Whilst our investment in giving offenders the skills they need to help them get and keep jobs is significant, it is a fraction of the prize on offer to all of us if we can prevent the creation of future victims of crime, with the associated economic and social costs, by cutting their reoffending.

 

Anne Costelloe, Torfinn Langelid, Walter Hammerschick, Eduard Matt | GHK
# Prison education and training in Europe - a review and commentary of existing literature, analysis and evaluation. Directorate General for Education and Culture, European Commission
http://ec.europa.eu/ 6 May 2011
The theme „prison as a positive environment for learning‟ is grounded in the assumption that education and training should be integral to and integrated into all aspects of the prison regime. The theme also assumes that prison education and training have a significant role to play in the daily life of the prisoner as well as significant consequences for resettlement on release. The idea of „prison as a positive environment for learning‟ is wide-reaching and  the application of the concept appears to vary considerably from country to country.

 

Adam Asmundo
# Indicatori e costi di criminalità mafiosa. Analisi ed evidenze empiriche, 2004-2007
Originriamente in AA. VV., Alleanze nell’ombra. Mafie ed economie locali in Sicilia e nel Mezzogiorno, Donzelli, 2011

 

Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
# Making Prisons Work: Skills for Rehabilitation
www.gov.uk/, May 2011

Re-offending blights lives and communities, as well as carrying significant social and economic costs: the National Audit Office assessed the cost of re-offending by recent prisoners in 2007- 08 as between £9.5 billion and £13 billion a year. Around half of all crime is committed by people who have already been convicted of a criminal offence. Improving the skills of offenders, focussed on the requirements of real jobs, is critical to reducing re-offending, alongside addressing other factors that drive crime such as substance misuse, mental health issues, poor accommodation, family issues and poverty. Evidence shows that prison education and vocational interventions produce a net benefit to the public sector ranging from £2,000 to £28,000 per offender (or from £10,500 to £97,000 per offender when victim costs are included): we are determined to secure those savings for the public purse.

 

Greg Berman
# A Thousand Small Sanities. Crime Control Lessons from New York
www.courtinnovation.org/ 2011
As is typical of New York City, this patchwork of alternative programmes has emerged organically without centralised planning. Some are funded by  the city. Some are funded by the state. And some rely on federal funding or private donations. The field is constantly evolving as new problems emerge and new gaps in services are identified. A particular area of focus at the moment is using risk and needs assessments to allocate scarce resources where they are most needed. The latest research suggests that there needs to be a continuum of non-incarcerative interventions for offenders, with the most intensive options reserved for populations that are both high-risk and high-need...

 

Justice Policy Institute
# Finding direction: Expanding Criminal Justice Options By Considering Policies of Other Nations
www.justicepolicy.org/ April 2011

Despite dropping crime rates and evidence that incarceration is neither the most effective nor the most efficient means of preserving public safety,incarceration in the United States continues to grow; since 1980 the number of people in prison has increased 458 percent. During this difficult economic time, the U.S. federal government and states alike have been looking to save scarce resources by significantly reducing incarceration rates. However, to date, alternatives to our current policies and practices which are contributing to these rates have not been implemented on a large scale.

 

Pew Center on the States
# State of Recidivism. The Revolving Door of America’s Prisons
April 2011
According to the survey results, 45.4  percent of people released from prison  in 1999 and 43.3 percent of those sent  home in 2004 were reincarcerated within three years, either for committing a new crime or for violating conditions governing their release...  When excluding California, whose size skews the national picture, recidivism rates between 1994 and 2007 have consistently remained around 40 percent.

 

Christian Arment
# Is Incarceration Still the Answer? The Impact of Current Policies & Possible Alternatives
Truman Policy Research, Report 04-2011, March 2011
The substantial increase in incarceration rates appears to have played only a minor role in the decline in crime, and there is evidence for diminishing returns for each new incarceration. The research done in the state of Washington demonstrates how sending nonviolent drug-offenders to prison actually costs more than the financial gains of the crimes averted. Furthermore, incarceration actually increases the reoffense rate for some offenders. The financial impact of our growing inmate population is obvious when you consider the growth in corrections budgets is exceeded only by the growth in the Medicaid budgets.

 

Ministry of Justice
# Adult re-convictions: results from the 2009 cohort - England and Wales
Ministry of Justice Statistics bulletin March 2011
The starting point for the re-conviction indicators (see Appendix B for more information) is to take all offenders discharged from custody or commencing a court order supervised by the probation service (aged 18+ at discharge or commencement) in the 1st quarter of a year (between 1 January and 31 March). Offenders are then matched to the Police National Computer and their criminal history is collated and criminal behaviour is tracked over the following one year. Any offence committed in this one-year period which is proven by a court conviction (either in the one-year period, or in a further six months) counts as a re-conviction. This enables us to calculate the frequency rate, the number of most serious offences and the re-conviction rate.

 

Giovanni Fossa, Uberto Gatti
# Il carcere e l’esecuzione penale in Italia nell’ultimo decennio
Rassegna italiana di criminologia, n. 3, 2011
Un punto certo è che le carceri – da almeno dodici anni – non hanno mai ospitato una percentuale così elevata di detenuti definitivi con residuo pena inferiore ai tre anni, che è la pre-condizione per la stragrande maggioranza dei condannati per poter essere considerati ammissibili alle misure alternative. Una analisi dettagliata delle cifre dimostra che nel 2009, in particolare, ogni tre detenuti definitivi uno deve scontare meno di un anno di reclusione, un altro da uno a tre anni e un terzo detenuto oltre tre anni

 

Prison Reform Trust
# Breaking the Cycle: Effective Punishment, Rehabilitation and Sentencing of Offenders
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk March 2011
The current adversarial approach to crime is very expensive and produces a poor return in terms of victim satisfaction and reoffending rates. The Prison Reform Trust supports the proposed increased use of diversionary restorative justice approaches for adults and young people and believes such approaches should be given far greater prominence than is apparent from the green paper. The Making Amendsix report demonstrates that  restorative approaches can transform criminal justice, for the benefit of victims and public safety...

 

Kriminal Forsorgen
# The Danish Prison and Probation Service – in brief
www.kriminalforsorgen.dk/ 2011

The Prison and Probation Service has activities at almost 80 locations all over Denmark, including at 10 locations in Greenland and on the Faroe Islands. Prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants: 71 | Total number of places in state and local prisons: 4,120 | Capacity utilisation, management target: 92 % (but 96 % for 2011) | Prisoners per day serving sentences: 2,460 | Remand prisoners per day: 1,380 | Female prisoners per day: 170 | Detained asylum-seekers per day: 50 | Young offenders under the age of 18 per day: 20 | Inmates with an ethnic background other than Danish: 33% | Admissions per year: 14,500

 

Peter Katel

# Downsizing Prisons

CQ Researcher March 11, 2011 Judith Greene

 

Judith Greene - Marc Mauer
# Downscaling Prisons. Lessons from Four States
The Sentencing Project - Research and Advocacy for Reform - Washington 2010

It is particularly instructive to examine the four states that are the focus
of this report – Kansas, Michigan, New Jersey, and New York. In contrast to the 12% growth in state prison populations since 2000, these states have actually achieved significant declines in their prison populations in recent years, and therefore offer lessons to policymakers in other states about how this can be accomplished. These declines have spanned the following periods: • New York: A 20% reduction from 72,899 to 58,456 from 1999 to 2009 • Michigan: A 12% reduction from 51,577 to 45,478, from 2006 to 2009 • New Jersey: A 19% reduction from 31,493 to 25,436, from 1999 to 2009 • Kansas: A 5% reduction from 9,132 to 8,644, from 2003 to 2009

 

2010


 

Andrew Webber
# Literature Review: Cost of Crime
http://www.crimeprevention.nsw.gov.au/ December 2010

Consider a program that costs $50,000 and prevents 20 assaults and 40 thefts. If the relevant cost of an assault is $1,000 and the cost of a theft is $500, then the overall benefits generated (costs avoided) by the program are $1,000 x 20 + $500 x 40 = $40,000. Since benefits are less than the costs of the program, the program should probably not be continued. However, if the cost of an assault was $2,000 and the cost of a theft is $750, then the benefits of the program would be $2,000 x 20 + $750 x 40 = $70,000, well above the costs. In this case, the program can be considered a success from society’s point of view....

 

Erwin James
# Cost of re-offending is around £11bn - prison is a colossal failure
www.theguardian.com/ Thursday 4 November 2010
The average annual cost of keeping someone in prison is around £45,000. For some years it has been estimated that the financial cost to society of re-offending is around £11bn (the human cost, of course, is incalculable). By any measure the evidence is clear – prison as we have been using it is a colossal failure.

 

Charles M. Blow
# High Cost of Crime
www.nytimes.com/ OCT. 8, 2010
They also calculated that each rape costs $448,532, each robbery $335,733, each aggravated assault $145,379 and each burglary $41,288. By their estimates, more than 18,000 homicides that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recorded in 2007 alone will cost us roughly $300 billion. That’s about as much as we’ve spent over nine years fighting the war in Afghanistan...

 

Shadd Maruna, Thomas P. LeBel
# The desistance paradigm in correctional practice: from programs to lives
In McNeill, F. Raynor, P., & Trotter, C. (Eds.) Offender Supervision: New Directions in Theory, Research and Practice. Cullompton, UK: Willan 2010

We describe an emerging way of thinking about evidence-based practice, sometimes referred to as the ‘desistance paradigm’; this approach focuses less on evaluation evidence of ‘what works’, and instead draws from criminological research on ‘how change works’. We begin by outlining what we see as the key features of this paradigm and contrast it to the traditional correctional paradigm.

 

V. Carrasco, O. Timbart
# Les condamnés de 2007 en état de récidive ou de réitération
Infostat Justice, September 2010
La rapprochement, par type de crime, des deux termes de la réitération montre une assez faible «spécialisation». En effet, même si les auteurs de vols criminels sont près de 60 % à avoir précédemment été condamnés pour une atteinte aux biens, il n’en est pas de même pour les auteurs d’homicides ou de violences criminelles qui sont seulement 18,2 % à avoir déjà commis ce type d’infraction ou les auteurs de viols qui sont 12,4 % à avoir été condamnés précédemment pour une atteinte sexuelle.

 

Fergus McNeill, Beth Weaver
# Changing Lives? Desistance Research and Offender Management
www.sccjr.ac.uk/ June 2010
We have tried to articulate below not a prescriptive manual for supporting desistance in practice, but rather a practice process or framework (the ‘offender supervision spine’). This initial articulation of the process or framework is designed to support practitioners to engage with both general evidence about desistance and with specific attention to understanding and supporting individualised desistance pathways. The central suggestion here is that practitioners need to be able to develop, apply and test individualised ‘theories of change’ on a case by case basis, rather than applying homogenised theories of change (based on generalisations about ‘what works’ to support desistance) to groups of offenders.

 

Antonio Salvati
# L’emergenza del sovraffollamento carcerario
Amministrazione in Cammino, 20 aprile 2010
Il problema del sovraffollamento è in sostanza una questione di legalità “perché nulla è più disastroso che far vivere chi non ha recepito il senso di legalità e, quindi, ha commesso reati, in una situazione di palese non corrispondenza tra quanto normativamente definito e quanto attuato e vissuto”2. Il sovraffollamento, inoltre, non è solo un problema di spazio vitale individuale, ma ha effetti negativi sul processo di reintegrazione e di conseguenza sulla recidiva e sulla sicurezza della comunità esterna. Ciò è paradossale, poiché il sovraffollamento è spesso la conseguenza di una richiesta mai soddisfatta di sicurezza che viene da una società paurosa che guarda ai cancelli chiusi del carcere come alla risposta al proprio allarme e alle proprie difficoltà sociali mentre, al contrario, questa richiesta si ritorce in una situazione meno sicura.

 

Antonio Salvati
# La detenzione femminile
http://www.amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/ 2010

La presenza delle donne negli istituti penitenziari viene analizzata solitamente nel confronto con la preponderante componente maschile. Gli sforzi di  comprensione sembrano concentrarsi più sul perché le donne siano poche, che non sulla realtà in sé. Il fatto che le donne detenute siano meno rispetto agli uomini tende a far considerare la condizione maschile come norma, riproducendo la subalternità concettuale della donna, la sua assimilazione ad una generalità che non è generale. Forse anche a causa dell’esiguità della percentuale di donne detenute, rimasta pressoché costantemente attestata intorno al 5% delle presenze complessive 3 , si riscontra un’evidente difficoltà a elaborare accorgimenti organizzativi e offerte riabilitative idonei a cogliere e valorizzare la specificità della popolazione detenuta femminile.

 

Franklin E. Zimring
# The scale of imprisonment in the United States: Twentieth century patterns and twenty-first century prospects
The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, vol. 100 n. 3, 2010
Just as theories of stability of punishment followed sustained periods of little change in prison population, a concern with explaining wide variations in rates of imprisonment grew out of the fourfold expansion of rates of imprisonment in the United States in the generation after 1970. Among the long list of unanswered questions about the determinants of rates of imprisonment is whether the dramatic rise in prison population over the past decades is a new norm for the scale of imprisonment or a precursor to significant declines in the rates of imprisonment in the early decades of a new century.

 

Franklin E. Zimring
# The City that Became Safe: New York and the Future of Crime Control
www.law.berkeley.edu/ April 8, 2010

New York’s decrease in serious crime is unprecedented among America’s biggest cities. In the 1990s the entire country experienced the largest documented crime decline of the twentieth century, in which the typical big city experienced approximately 35 to 40% reductions in felonies. But in most urban areas the downward trend ended around the year 2000. In contrast, Zimring notes that New York’s decline has so far lasted twice as long, and the average felony rate drop has been twice as large. The city’s felony rates have plunged by an average of about 80%, and they have continued to stay at that low level or to decrease even further in the post-2000 period.

 

Robert J. Sampson, Charles Loeffler
# Punishment’s place: the local concentration of mass incarceration
Daedalus. 2010 ; 139(3): 20–31
Concentrated incarceration may have the unintended consequence of increasing crime rates through its negative impact on the labor market and social-capital prospects of former prisoners. What is more, evidence shows that neighborhood context plays a major role in the recidivism rates of ex-prisoners. The integration of prisoner release programs and efforts to build community capacity are important steps for policy. Along with policy reform, efforts to destigmatize and achieve justice for communities are crucial to overcoming the vicious cycle of crime production, victimization, incapacitation, and disadvantage.

 

Natalie Hearn
# Theory of Desistance
www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/ 2010
Upon review of the literature on desistance from crime one common area of discourse is in defining what is meant by desistance, how do we measure and recognise desistance. Desistance is a difficult area for criminologists to observe as it is not an event that happens, but the absence of events... 

 

FNARS (Fédération nationale des associations d'accueil et de réinsertion sociale)
# Les aménagements de peine et mesures alternatives à l’incarcération. Les apports de la loi pénitentiaire
www.fnars-ra.org/ Juin 2010
L’augmentation constante de la population carcérale ces dernières années a fait prendre conscience aux autorités publiques des problèmes posés par l’enfermement systématique : surpopulation, difficultés de réinsertion, etc. Pour lutter contre ce phénomène, dès 2004, les sanctions  non carcérales et les aménagements de peine sont encouragés. Cependant on observe que l’emprisonnement reste la peine de référence. De nouvelles législations, mais aussi les politiques pénales prônent le prononcé des peines privatives de liberté. Il est dans l’intérêt de la société et de la personne condamnée, de développer les aménagements de peine et autres mesures alternatives à l’incarcération. En effet, elles participent à réduire les tensions liées à l’augmentation de la population carcérale, et contribuent efficacement et de manière progressive à la réinsertion de la personne condamnée (permissions, placement sous surveillance électronique, libération conditionnelle, placement extérieur, semi-liberté…).

 

Matthew DeMichele
# Three Worlds of Western Punishment: A Regime Theory of Cross-National Incarceration Rate Variation, 1960-2002
University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations, Paper 89, 2010
This dissertation offers an explanation of cross national incarceration rate variation for 17 industrialized countries for the second half of the 20th century. Both historical case studies and time-series cross-section analyses are used to provide an institutional explanation of incarceration rate differences. Borrowing from Weber’s Sociology of Law and comparative legal scholarship, it is suggested that three types of legal thinking exist among western democracies— ommon, Romano-Germanic, and Nordic law. A regime approach commonly applied in political economic explanations of welfare state development is used to quantify the legal and criminal justice institutional differences between 1960 and 2002 to assert that there are ‘three worlds of western punishment’ in the post-War period...

 

Ryan McNamara, Linda Bynoe
# Education in American Prisons: A Review of the Literature
California State University Monterey Bay , May 20, 2010
The purpose of this study is to understand how education programs in prison can benefit both prisoners and society in an America with a perennially rising prison population comprised of less educated individuals and budget cuts on education programs within prisons... . The findings indicate a correlation with participation in educational programs in prison with reduced recidivism rates, an improvement in the environment of the prisons themselves, and an increased likelihood of the children of prisoners becoming educated along with other positive outcomes.

 

Margaret E. Shippen, David E. Houchins, Steven A. Crites, Nicholas C. Derzis, Dashaunda Patterson
# An Examination of the Basic Reading Skills of Incarcerated Males
Adult Learning, Sum-Fall 2010
The more that is known about the literacy abilities of prisoners that greater the chances are that effective and efficient educational programming can be developed for this population of adults. Increased literacy skills have the potential to improve the overall quality of life of these men and enhance society by reducing recidivism rates and the costs associated with incarceration.

 

The Pew Charitable Trusts | The Economic Mobility Project - The Public Safety Performance Project

# Prison Count 2010. State Population Declines for the First Time in 38 Years
Revised April 2010
For the first time in nearly 40 years, the number of state prisoners in the United States has declined. Survey data compiled by the Public Safety Performance Project of the Pew Center on the States, in partnership with the Association of State Correctional Administrators, indicate that as of January 1, 2010, there were 1,404,053 persons under the jurisdiction of state prison authorities, 4,777 (0.3 percent) fewer than there were on December 31, 2008. This marks the first year-to-year drop in the state prison population since 1972. In this period, however, the nation’s total prison population increased by 2,061 people because of a jump in the number of inmates under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The federal count rose by 6,838 prisoners, or 3.4 percent in 2009, to an all-time high of 208,118.

 

The Pew Charitable Trusts | The Economic Mobility Project - The Public Safety Performance Project
# Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility
www.pewstates.org/ 2010

The findings in this report should give policy makers reason to reflect. The price of prisons in state and federal budgets represents just a fraction of the overall cost of incarcerating such a large segment of our society. The collateral consequences are tremendous and far-reaching, and as this report illuminates with fresh data and analysis, they include substantial and lifelong damage to the ability of former inmates, their families and their children to earn a living wage, move up the income ladder and pursue the American Dream.

 

Prison Reform Trust | The All-Party Parliamentary Penal Affairs Group
# Too Many Prisoners
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ Prison Reform Trust 2010
With the prison population at an all time high of around 85,000 and plans for further considerable expansion of the estate... This report revives the title of the group’s first publication in 1980 Too Many Prisoners. At that time the prison population in England and Wales stood at 44,000, a level that the then Home Secretary described as “dangerously high”... With an imprisonment rate of 154 per 100,000 England and Wales has become the top incarcerator in Western Europe. Rates in more moderate France and Germany are 96 and 88 per 100,000. Fevered prison building, at £170,000 per place, is now set to propel us past most of our Eastern European neighbours. It is hoped that this review will prove helpful in allowing parliamentarians an opportunity to pause and reflect on both the pace and nature of change...

 

John Schmitt, Kris Warner, Sarika Gupta
# The High Budgetary Cost of Incarceration
Center for Economic and Policy Research CEPR June 2010
U.S. incarceration rates are also high by our own historical standards. From 1880 to 1970 incarceration rates ranged between about 100 and 200 per 100,000. From around 1980, however, the prison and jail population began to grow much more rapidly than the overall population, climbing from about 220 (per 100,000) in 1980, to 458 in 1990, to 683 in 2000, and finally to 753 by 2008... In 2008, federal, state, and local governments spent nearly $75 billion on corrections, with the large majority on incarceration. Figure 6 breaks down total corrections costs across the three levels of government and illustrates that by far the largest share of the costs of corrections are borne by state and local governments. State governments house about 60 percent of inmates and account for about the same share of total correction expenditures. Local governments hold about one third of all inmates and make not quite one third of total corrections spending. The federal government, which holds less than 10 percent of the inmate population, spends just under 10 percent of total national corrections expenditures.

 

Alicia Bannon, Mitali Nagrecha, Rebekah Diller | Brennan Center for Justice
# Criminal Justice Debt: A Barrier to Reentry
http://brennan.3cdn.net/ 2010
Criminal justice debt and collection practices are different in each state, but in our analysis of fifteen states’ practices, several themes emerged. Many of the problems described in this report arise from states’ failure to provide indigence waivers for criminal justice debt. States also consistently failed to consider the costs – both human and financial – of aggressive collection practices, including arrests, incarceration, the extension of probation terms, and the suspension of driver’s licenses. Several collections practices also raised serious constitutional concerns.

 

Florida Department of Corrections | Bureau of Research and Data Analysis
# 2009 Florida Prison Recidivism Study Releases From 2001 to 2008
www.dc.state.fl.us/ May 2010
This study finds that results for Florida are generally consistent with existing research of the factors that influence recidivism. The Bureau of Justice Statistics report, "Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994 (2002)" shows overall recidivism rates for releases from 15 different states. That report shows a 51.8% recidivism rate (return to prison for any reason within three years)for this group of inmates...

 

United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI)
# Effective Countermeasures against Overcrowding of Correctional Facilities

Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan March 2010
www.unafei.or.jp - unafei@moj.go.jp

- Sanction Policies and Alternative Measures to Incarceration – European Experiences with Intermediate and Alternative Criminal Penalties

- Overcrowding: Causes, Consequences and Reduction Strategies - Maintaining Standards, Decency and Human Rights in Overcrowded Times - Current Regime of Imprisonment in Brazil and Effective Countermeasures against Overcrowding of Correctional Facilities - Overcrowding of Prison Populations – The Nepalese Perspective - Sentencing and Alternative Punishment - Post-Sentencing Disposition and Treatment Measures

 

National Audit Office NAO
# Managing offenders on short custodial sentences
www.nao.org.uk/ 10 march 2010
Short-sentenced prisoners are most commonly convicted of theft and violence offences. On average, they have 16 previous convictions, which is more than any other group of offenders. They are also more likely to re-offend: around 60 per cent are convicted of at least one offence in the year after release. Based on previous work by the Home Office, we estimate that, in 2007-08, re-offending by all recent ex-prisoners  cost the economy between £9.5 billion and £13 billion and that as much as three quarters of this cost can be attributed to former short-sentenced prisoners: some £7 billion to £10 billion a year.

 

Jörg-Martin Jehle, Stefan Harrendorf (eds.) | Marcelo F. Aebi, Bruno Aubusson de Cavarlay, Gordon Barclay, Beata Gruszczyńska, Stefan Harrendorf, Markku Heiskanen, Vasilika Hysi, Véronique Jaquier, Jörg-Martin Jehle, Martin Killias, Chris Lewis, Giulia Mugellini, Ernesto U. Savona, Olena Shostko, Paul Smit, and Rannveig Þorisdottir
# Defining and Registering Criminal Offences and Measures Standards for a European Comparison
Göttingen Studies in Criminal Law and Justice - Volume 10
Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2010

The study presented in this book is a direct response to the needs for defining and registering criminal and judicial data on the European level. Based upon work done by the European Sourcebook experts group in creating the European Source-book of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics (ESB), the project intended to improve and complement the standards developed so far for definitions and statistical registration in four fields, in order to contribute to the picture of criminal justice in Europe. It utilized questionnaires filled by an established European network...

 

Louis Weber, Laurent Willemez
# Grand entretien avec Laurent Mucchielli. Le savant, l’expert et le politique :  la production de connaissances sur les délinquances
Savoir/Agir n° 14, décembre 2010
Pour prendre une métaphore que j’utilise souvent, le système pénal est un pêcheur qui utilise un filet dont les mailles ne cessent de se rétrécir, il attrape donc de plus en plus de petits poissons qui viennent rejoindre les gros qui y étaient déjà et y sont toujours. Mes travaux m’amènent à penser que, à côté d’un phénomène bien réel de ghettoïsation, c’est ce phénomène de judiciarisation qui est le processus principal travaillant aujourd’hui les questions de délinquance juvénile et de violences interpersonnelles en général, comme j’ai essayé de le prouver empiriquement et de le théoriser dans un article de Déviance et société qui constitue une étape, pour moi importante, dans mon travail de sociologue.

 

Jessica Zhang and Andrew Webster | Australian Bureau of Statistics
# An Analysis of Repeat Imprisonment Trends in Australia using Prisoner Census Data from 1994 to 2007
Commonwealth of Australia 2010
Reimprisonment was strongly associated with being young, being Indigenous or having been previously imprisoned  (that is, being a prisoner who had already served time in prison, prior to the prison episode from which they were released in 1994–1997 or 2001–2004). To a lesser extent reimprisonment was also associated with being male. Of all the jurisdictions, the Northern Territory had a particularly high rate of reimprisonment. This was due to the demographic characteristics of its prisoners – particularly being young and / or Indigenous.

 

Laurent Mucchielli
# Les techniques et les enjeux de la mesure de la délinquance
Savoir/Agir n°93, 2010
Les questions de sécurité figurent parmi les plus importantes dans les discours politiques et les rhétoriques électorales en France. Dans ces débats que répercutent fortement les médias, les statistiques servent généralement d’arguments d’autorité. Elles sont convoquées pour prouver le bien fondé de l’action d’un gouvernement, ou son échec selon ses opposants. Cela donne des « batailles de chiffres » auxquelles le citoyen ne comprend souvent pas grand-chose, qui n’éclairent guère le débat public et surtout permettent rarement d’évaluer correctement tant l’état des problèmes que l’efficacité des politiques publiques. On s’efforcera ici de clarifier les choses du point de vue de la construction et de l’usage des statistiques, en rappelant d’abord ce que nous appellerions volontiers trois « règles d’or » de l’analyse statistique en sciences humaines : 1) on ne peut rien dire d’un chiffre si l’on ignore comment il a été fabriqué ; 2) un seul chiffre ne saurait permettre de décrire ni mesurer un phénomène social complexe ; 3) les chiffres ne « parlent pas d’eux-mêmes », c’est nous qui les faisons parler.

 

Kathryn E. McCollister, Michael T. French, and Hai Fang
# The Cost of Crime to Society: New Crime-Specific Estimates for Policy and Program Evaluation
NIH Public Access - Author Manuscript | Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010 April 1; 108(1-2): 98–109.
Estimating the cost to society of individual crimes is essential to the economic evaluation of many social programs, such as substance abuse treatment and community policing. A review of the crimecosting literature reveals multiple sources, including published articles and government reports, which collectively represent the alternative approaches for estimating the economic losses associated with criminal activity. Many of these sources are based upon data that are more than ten years old, indicating a need for updated figures. This study presents a comprehensive methodology for calculating the cost of society of various criminal acts. Tangible and intangible losses are estimated using the most current data available. The selected approach, which incorporates both the cost-ofillness and the jury compensation methods, yields cost estimates for more than a dozen major crime categories, including several categories not found in previous studies. Updated crime cost estimates can help government agencies and other organizations execute more prudent policy evaluations, particularly benefit-cost analyses of substance abuse treatment or other interventions that reduce crime.

 

Mark Sedra (ed)
# The Future of Security Sector Reform
The Centre for International Governance Innovation CIGI - Waterloo, Ontario 2010

Today’s understanding of the security sector draws on the widely accepted definitions of the OECD (2007a: 22), the European Commission (2006: 5) and the UN secretary-general (UN, 2008: 5).83 All refer to the security sector — or the security system — in its broad sense, encompassing not only traditional core elements of the security sector, such as the armed forces and police, but also the oversight mechanisms of these forces, including the courts, legislatures, correctional services and civil society, as well as non-state security actors such as militias and private security companies.

 

Gregory J. O'Meara | Marquette University Law School
# Compassion and the Public Interest: Wisconsin’s New Compassionate Release Legislation
Federal Sentencing Reporter, Vol. 23, No. I, october 2010
Just as Victor Hugo's fictional Jean Valjean could be largely forgotten in the bowels of prison, women and men sentenced to correctional facilities largely fall from consciousness unless or until benign neglect is disturbed by other factors. Today, that benign neglect in Wisconsin has been disturbed by the financial constraints of maintaining the current prison population. Between 2000 and 2007, Wisconsin's prison population increased by 14 percent. The State Corrections budget increased by 71 percent from 1999 to 2009... One product ofWisconsin's reconsideration is a recent  change in compassionate release standards for inmates in state correctional facilities...

 

Annie Kensey
# Dix ans d’évolution du nombre de personnes écrouées de 2000 à 2010
Cahiers d’études pénitentiaires et criminologiques, octobre 2010

 

Stephen Tripodi, Johnny S. Kim, Kimberly Bender
# Is Employment Associated with Reduced Recidivism?: The Complex Relationship between Employment and Crime
Florida State University, 2010
Among parolees who are reincarcerated, those who obtain employment spend more time crime-free in the community before returning to prison. This article argues that increased time crime-free is an indicator of positive behavior change that should be supplemented with clinical interventions to help formerly incarcerated persons maintain the initial motivation associated with employment.

 

Paul Heaton
# Hidden in Plain Sight. What Cost-of-Crime Research Can Tell Us About Investing in Police
RAND 2010
In this paper, we showed how the results in the literature on the costs of crime and the effects of police hiring are “hidden in plain sight” and can be used as inputs into fairly straightforward cost/benefit analyses. Applying that cost/benefit framework to several real-world police hiring and firing scenarios demonstrates that investments in police personnel generate net social benefits. In the case of police hiring in Los Angeles, this conclusion persists across a wide range of alternative modeling assumptions, which shows that the results are robust...

 

Centre international pour la prévention de la criminalité (CIPC)
# Rapport International Prévention de la Criminalité et Sécurité Quotidienne: Tendances et Perspectives
www.crime-prevention-intl.org/ 2010
La prévention de la criminalité est une notion vivante dont les contours varient selon le cadre institutionnel dans lequel elle est utilisée, selon les régions géographiques et les langues et selon les périodes. Nous avons rappelé dans notre premier Rapport international que notre Centre s’appuyait pour l’ensemble de ses activités sur la définition de la prévention retenue aux Principes directeurs des Nations Unies applicables à la prévention du crime qui « englobe des stratégies et mesures qui visent à réduire les risques d’infraction et les effets préjudiciables que ces dernières peuvent avoir sur les personnes et sur la société, y compris la peur du crime et ce, en s’attaquant à leurs multiples causes »

 

Anne Wyvekens
# La rétention de sûreté en France : une défense sociale en trompe-l’oeil (ou les habits neufs de l’empereur)
déviance et société 2010, vol. 34, n° 4, pp. 503-525
La législation pénale française n’a pendant longtemps été que modérément influencée par les théories positivistes. La loi du 25 février 2008 crée la rétention de sûreté, qualifiée de « révolution en droit pénal français ». Aboutissement d’une évolution placée sous le signe de la lutte contre la récidive, où la dangerosité et les mesures de sûreté tendent à supplanter les notions de responsabilité et de peine, elle ne représente pas pour autant la mise en oeuvre d’une politique moderne de défense sociale. La rupture évoquée, bien réelle sur le plan des principes, renvoie plutôt à une rhétorique, dissimulant mal la difficulté de répondre à la question soulevée en des termes autres que de neutralisation.

 

Erwin James
# Most offenders have low skills and prison is the place to put that right
The Guardian, Wednesday 3 February 2010

A report out today says education and training programmes should be an integral part of time served in prison and should be included in the sentencing process. Almost 90% of prisoners under the age of 21 and nearly two thirds of adult prisoners re-offend within two years – and the economic cost to society remains in the region of £11bn per annum...

 

RSA The Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce | Rachel O'Brien
# The Learning Prison
www.thersa.org/ 2010
However, we argue that without a braver approach to enhancing prison’s ability to rehabilitate, we will continue to spend more on prison places at the expense of rehabilitation... We believe that rehabilitation is too di$cult and too important to leave prisons always ‘behind the curve’. A brave strategy on modernisation should ensure that the prison service is able to utilise the new tools and thinking we have at our disposal to best effect. Most notably, we argue that there are huge gains to be had in developing a technology strategy that better balances risk and benefits.

 

Giovanni Torrente
# Indulto. La verità, tutta la verità, nient'altro che la verità
www.innocentievasioni.net 2010

 

Dan Ovidiu Rusu, Andrea Muller-Fabian, Dorottya Domokos
# Women in Prison. A Theoretical Approach about Mothers Profile, Family Communication, and Parenting Programs
http://journals.usamvcluj.ro/ Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 67(2)/2010
Women are a small minority of the prison population, but a minority that is growing at a disproportionate rate, their needs, and indeed their rights. Imprisonment impacts on women differently than on men.

 

House of Commons Justice Committee
# Cutting crime: the case for justice reinvestment. First Report of Session 2009–10
www.publications.parliament.uk/ 14 January 2010

 

Janet I. Warren, Shelly L. Jackson, Ann Booker Loper, Mandi L. Burnette
# Risk Markers for Sexual Predation and Victimization in Prison
www.ncjrs.gov/ U.S. Department of Justice - December 2009
Our data concerning sexual contact that was perceived by the recipient as coercive was higher than that found in a national survey conducted by the BJS. Assummarized in 5.9% of the male inmates reported contact sexual victimization by other inmates and 2.4% by prison staff. The female inmates reported comparable levels with 6.6% self‐reporting contactsexual victimization by other inmates and 2.7% by correctional staff. Further added to this were significantly higher levels of perceived non‐contact sexual victimization (12.5% by inmates and 6.6% by staff for males and 22.4% by inmates and 11.5% by staff for females). These data suggest that females experience and report significantly more victimization by other inmates through comments, looks and innuendoes than men.

 

European Forum for Urban Safety
# Innovative strategies for the prevention of re-offending. Practices and recommendations for local players
www.stop-reoffending.org/ 2009
The repetition of offences feeds European crime statistics in large part. The overall rise in prison populations is constant. Studies reveal that a limited number of persons commit three-fourths of offences in certain categories. Regardless of the organisation of criminal justice systems, re- ffending rates range between 50% and 70% across Europe...

 

Basharat Hussain
# Social Reintegration of Offenders: The Role of the Probation Service in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan
University of Hull, November 2009

 

Troy Allard, Anna Stewart, April Chrzanowski, James Ogilvie, Dan Birks, Simon Little
# The Use and Impact of Police Diversion for Reducing Indigenous Over-Representation
www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au/ Report to the Criminology Research Council , October 2009
Limited evidence suggests that Indigenous young people are less likely to be diverted than non-Indigenous young people and that Indigenous young people are more likely to have recontact than non-Indigenous young people, regardless of the juvenile justice system response. Given that Indigenous over-representation is a perennial problem in the justice system...

 

Pierre Verluise | Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques IRIS

# Espace Atlantique et UE : quels États emprisonnent le plus ou le moins ?
Actualités Européennes n° 27 - Septembre 2009

Les États-Unis et l'Union européenne partagent nombre de valeurs et d'intérêts. Sur les 28 membres de l'Alliance atlantique, 21 sont membres de l'Union européenne. Pour autant, il existe de grandes disparités en ce qui concerne le taux d'incarcération. Aux États-Unis, ce sont 758 personnes sur 100 000 habitants qui se trouvent emprisonnées, en moyenne annuelle 2005-2007. Dans l'Union européenne, pour la même période, la moyenne reste bien inférieure : 123 personnes sur 100 000 habitants. Autrement dit, les États-Unis enferment 6 fois plus de personnes pour 100 000 habitants que l'Europe communautaire...
Entre 2005 et 2007, il y avait en moyenne 607 000 personnes en prison dans l'espace UE-27. Au sein de l'Europe communautaire,quels sont les pays qui emprisonnent le plus ou le moins ? LES PAYS EUROPÉENS QUI EMPRISONNENT LE PLUS Groupe 1, les pays qui emprisonnent le plus, entre 302 et 162 personnes pour 100 000 habitants. Il s'agit des États membres suivants, par ordre décroissant : Estonie (302 personnes emprisonnées pour 100 000 habitants) ; Lettonie (293) ; Lituanie (232) ; Pologne (228) ; République Tchèque (185) et Slovaquie (162). La composition de ce groupe appelle quelques observations.

 

National Prison Rape Elimination Commission
# Standards for the Prevention, Detection, Response, and Monitoring of Sexual Abuse in Adult Prisons and Jails
http://nicic.gov/ 2009
These parts explain the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission’s (NPREC) “nine findings on the problems of sexual abuse in confinement and select policies and practices that must be mandatory everywhere to remedy these problems” and follow an Executive Summary: Part I. Understanding and Preventing Sexual Abuse -- A Problem that Must Be Solved, Leadership Matters, Unequal Risk for Vulnerability and Victimization, and Strengthening Oversight Inside and Out; Part II. Responding to Victims and Perpetrators -- Reporting, Investigation, and Punishment and Treating Trauma; and Part III. Special Populations -- When Children Are Involved, the Next Frontier of Community Corrections, and Immigrants in Detection (On the Margins).

 

Management & Training Corporation MTC Institute
# Programs that Help Offenders Stay Out of Prison
www.mtctrains.com/ July 2009
Studies in several states have indicated that recidivism rates have declined where offenders have received proper education. 39 Furthermore, the literature has shown that educated prisoners are less likely to find themselves back in prison a second time if they complete an education program and are taught skills to successfully read and write. The literature also shows that in Ohio, while the overall recidivism rate was 40%, the recidivism rate for inmates enrolled in college was 18%...

 

Diana Brazzell, Anna Crayton, Debbie A. Mukamal, Amy L. Solomon, Nicole Lindahl
# From the Classroom to the Community. Exploring the Role of Education during Incarceration and Reentry
The Urban Institute, 2009
Education for current and former prisoners is a cost-effective solution to reducing reoffending and improving public safety. The effect of education on recidivism has been well-demonstrated, and even small reductions in reoffending can have a significant impact when spread across large numbers of participants.

 

Concepción Yagüe Olmos (coord.), Samuel Andujar Núñez, Luis Fernando Barrios Flores, Jesús Miguel Cáceres García, Francisco Lerín Pérez, Miguel Martín Casillas
# Análisis de la ancianidad en el medio penitenciario
Ministerio del Interior, 2009
A mediados del año 2007 en las prisiones españolas permanecían ingresadas 219 personas mayores de 70 años. Lo que socialmente se consideran ancianos. Pero para dar una mayor cobertura a este estudio hemos ampliado el objeto de esta investigación a las 1540 personas que traspasan la barrera de los 60 años. Tratamos de predecir los efectos del aumento paulatino de mayores encarcelados en nuestro sistema penitenciario como consecuencia, entre otras razones, de la mejora de la expectativa de vida de la sociedad española que provoca un imparable envejecimiento de la población general y un constante aumento de ancianos en las prisiones.

 

NIACE National Institute of Adult Continuing Education |  IFLL Inquiry into the Future for Lifelong Learning
# Lifelong Learning and Crime: An Analysis of the Cost-effectiveness of In-prison Educational and Vocational Interventions
www.niace.org.uk/ IFLL Public Value Paper 2 - 2009
Without in-prison educational and vocational interventions, the total cost of offending associated with this cohort of offenders in their fi rst year postrelease would be approximately £2 billion. It is estimated that the introduction of inprison educational and vocational interventions would reduce this cost of re-offending by £0.5 billion.

 

Ioan Durnescu
# Some Reflections on Community Sanctions and Measures in Europe
Journal of Criminal Justice and Security year 11 no. 4, 2009
The article draws on data gathered from a recent survey commissioned by The Conférence Permanente Européenne de la Probation (better known as CEP) which is a panEuropean association of probation organizations. The purpose of this  study is to provide an inventory of CSM as it is used across Europe and, from this, to draw some conclusions and suggestions for development into the future. 

 

Elizabeth K. Drake, Steve Aos, Marna G. Miller
# Evidence-Based Public Policy Options to Reduce Crime and Criminal Justice Costs: Implications in Washington State Public Policy Options
Victims and Offenders, 4:170-196, 2009
Our analysis of evidence-based and economically sound options for corrections indicates that there are ways to provide more cost-effective use of taxpayers’ monies. Serious crime is costly to victims and taxpayers; our economic analysis for Washington indicates that evidence-based—and reasonably priced— programs that achieve even relatively small reductions in crime can produce attractive returns on investment.

 

United Nations - General Assenbly  |  Vernor Muñoz
# Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development. The right to education of persons in detention. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to education, Vernor Muñoz
www2.ohchr.org/ 2 April 2009
The Special Rapporteur recommends that authorities in charge of public education: (a) Make available to all detainees, whether sentenced or in remand, education programmes that would cover at least the curriculum of compulsory education at the primary and, if possible, at the secondary level also;  (b) Together with the institutions of detention, arrange comprehensive education programmes aimed at the development of the full potential of each detainee. These should aim also to minimize the negative impact of incarceration, improve prospects of reintegration, rehabilitation, self- steem and morale.

 

Patrice Corriveau

# La violence dans l’univers des gangs : du besoin de protection à la construction identitaire masculine
www.ipc.uOttawa.ca/ Revue de l'IPC [Institut pour la prévention de la criminalité], mars 2009
Or, étudier et comprendre les liens qui unissent les gangs de rue à la violence n’est pas si évident qu’il n’y parait de prime abord. D’une part, le concept de violence est en soi difficile à cerner, la violence des uns n’équivalant pas toujours à celle des autres... D’autre part, il n’existe aucun consensus entourant la définition de ce qu’est un gang de rue et sur les individus qui le composent. Le phénomène des gangs, son membership et la nature des activités qui en découlent, notamment l’usage de la violence, sont fluides, labiles...

 

Pena & Territorio

# La detenzione femminile

Supplemento ai nn.1/2 di Pena & Territorio (2009) 

 

Cahiers ADES

# Espaces d’enfermement, espaces clos. Colloque organisé par DOC’GEO  - Bordeaux  20 mai 2008
UMR ADES Mars 2009 - www.ades.cnrs.fr

Guy DI MEO - Espaces d’enfermement, espaces clos : l’esquisse d’une problématique | La prison : espace d’enfermement ou espace clos ? | Du camp à l’enfermement, de l’enfermement à la violence | L’enfermement symbolique

 

The Howard League for Penal Reform
# Do Better Do Less: The report of the Commission on English Prisons Today
www.howardleague.org 2009

Crisis now defines the core of the English and Welsh penal system. Despite a 42% decline in the amount of crime reported to the British Crime Survey since 1995 the prison population has soared to an all time high of almost 84,000 in 2008 (83,810 on 1 August 2008 - more than doubling since 1992) and overcrowding has reached record levels. Penal policy and the criminal justice system as a whole have been primarily responsible for driving up numbers. We have experienced over 15 years of intense criminal justice hyperactivity. This intense and punitive political activity has had the effect of encouraging a more fearful and insecure population. It has raised unrealistic expectations about the role prison can play in securing a safer society. Prisons have become the stand-in for a health and welfare system which is also failing. Prisons have become vast warehouses for the dumping of people with problems society has failed to deal with - those with mental health needs, with histories of neglect and abuse, with drug and alcohol addictions. The penal system is a huge drain on the public purse...

 

Fergus McNeill
# Towards Effective Practice in Offender Supervision
The Scottish Center for Crime & Justice Research, February 2009
Desistance is not an event but a process and, because of the subjectivities and issues of identity involved, the process is inescapably individualised – so understandings of desistance need to accommodate age, gender and ethnicity related differences in the process. Desistance is also characterised by ambivalence and vacillation. Hope seems to be an important factor. Whereas persistent offenders tend to be fatalistic in their outlook, there is evidence that desisters acquire a sense of agency (the ability to make choices and govern their own lives) in order to resist and overcome the criminogenic structural pressures that play upon them...

 

The International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy | Curt Taylor Griffiths, Danielle J. Murdoch
# Strategies and Best Practices against Overcrowding in Correctional Institutions
Vancouver, February 2009
Prison overcrowding can be most aptly defined as a situation in  which the numbers of persons confined in a prison are greater than the capacity of the prison to provide adequately for the physical and psychological needs of the confined persons. Overcrowding in prisons is a feature of many systems of criminal justice throughout the world and has significant implications  for governments, communities, prisoners, and their families...

 

Amy L. Solomon, Jenny W. L. Osborne, Laura Winterfield, Brian Elderbroom
# Putting Public Safety First. 13 Parole Supervision Strategies to Enhance Reentry Outcomes
The Urban Institut | Justice Policy Center December 2008

We believe parole administrators and practitioners have reached an important moment in time. The proposed strategies, if incorporated into the fabric of an agency’s culture and practice, will facilitate systemic and organizational change. The strategies represent the best thinking on sound supervision practice. In making this claim, we appreciate how hard engaging in change of this magnitude will be, and how difficult it is to accomplish meaningful and durable reforms in both policy and practice. We also acknowledge how much time it will actually take to evaluate the results and know whether the modifications in policies and strategies made a difference in the outcomes achieved. The challenges, however, are not insurmountable.

 

Amy L. Solomon, Jenny W. L. Osborne, Stefa F. LoBuglio, Jeff Mellow, Debbie A. Mukamal
# Life After Lockup: Improving Reentry from Jail to the Community
www.ncjrs.gov/ Urban Institute 2008
For the purposes of this report, reentry is defined as the process of leaving jail and returning to society. Virtually all inmates experience reentry, irrespective of their method of release or the presence of community supervision. “Transition” has also been used to describe the reentry process, and in this report we use the terms interchangeably.  Our assumption is that successful reentry strategies would translate into public safety gains, in the form of reduced recidivism, and the long-term reintegration of the formerly incarcerated individual. Successful reintegration outcomes would include  increased participation in social institutions such as the labor force, families, communities, schools, and religious institutions.  There are financial and social benefits associated with both public safety and reintegration improvements.  Reentry is not a program, not a form of supervision, not an option. 

 

Steven Raphael, Michael A. Stoll
# Why Are So Many Americans in Prison?
www.law.berkeley.edu/ Included in S. Raphael and M. Stoll (eds.) "Do Prisons Make Us Safer? The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom", 2008
For the fifty year period spanning the 1920s through the mid 1970s, the number of state and federal prisoners per 100,000 varied within a 10 to 20 unit band around a rate of approximately 110. Beginning in the mid 1970s, however, state prison populations grew at an unprecedented rate, nearly quadrupling between the mid 1970s and the present.  Concurrently, the rate of incarceration in local jails more than tripled.  Why are so many Americans incarcerated? Why did the incarceration rate increase so  much in so short a time period?

 

Chris May, Nalini Sharma, Duncan Stewart
# Factors linked to reoffending: a one-year follow-up of prisoners who took part in the Resettlement Surveys 2001, 2003 and 2004
Ministry of Justice, October 2008
Three surveys of prisoners, conducted in 2001, 2003 and 2004 shortly before release from prison, were combined and matched with criminal history and reoffending information from the Police National Computer (PNC). A representative sample of 4,898 prisoners was available for analysis. Receiving family visits while in prison has been associated with successful employment and accommodation outcomes (Niven and Stewart, 2005). The Resettlement Surveys Reoffending Analysis (RSRA) found that receiving family visits was associated with reduced chances of prisoners reoffending after release...

 

Institut Montaigne
# Comment rendre la prison (enfin) utile
 www.institutmontaigne.org -
Septembre 2008

... surpopulation des maisons d’arrêt entraîne des conditions de vie indignes pour les détenus etdes conditions de travail pour les surveillants très peu satisfaisantes. Alvaro GilRobles, Commissaire européen aux droits de l’homme, écrivait en 2005 au terme d’une enquête dans les prisons françaises : Une telle situation est inacceptable en soi… Au lieu de
conduire vers la réinsertion, [elle] pourrait endurcir la personne et provoquer sa révolte contre les règles de la société. En mai 2008, Thomas Hammarberg, successeur d’Alvaro Gil-Robles,confirmait cette inquiétude. Selon eux, les maisons d’arrêt pourraient être criminogènes. L’opinion publique oscille entre son désir profond de répression tenant à ce que les citoyens s’identifient aux victimes etune compassion périodique pour le triste sort fait aux détenus dont elle admet qu’ils peuvent même parfois être innocents… Elle ne s’intéresse pas, en tout cas pas assez, à l’efficacité du système pénal, à son coût économique, à son coût social, et ne semble pas être consciente de la contre-productivité d’efforts d’insertion insuffisants sur la sécurité des biens et des personnes. Instaurer progressivement un numerus clausus dans les maisons d’arrêt, qui, normalement, ne devraient accueillir que les détenus en attente de jugement – les prévenus –, ainsi que les condamnés dont le reliquat de peine n’excède pas un an lors de leur condamnation définitive.

 

Institut Montaigne
# Comment rendre la prison (enfin) utile.
Résumé

www.institutmontaigne.org - Septembre 2008

 

Estados Unidos Mexicanos - Gobierno Federal | Secretaria de Securidad Publica | Subsecretaria del Sistema Penitenciario Federal
# Estrategia Penitenciaria 2008-2012 - Diciembre 2008
http://www.redlece.org/
La población penitenciaria nacional actual es de 222,0731 internos, entre procesados y sentenciados, hombres y mujeres, acusados de delitos del fuero común y federal. De enero a noviembre de 2008 se incrementó en 9,232 la población penitenciaria en el país. 41% de los internos están sujetos a proceso: más de 90 mil individuos están en condiciones de prisión preventiva sin haber recibido sentencia. Tres cuartas partes de los internos en el país están acusados de cometer delitos del orden común. Dos terceras partes de los individuos internos, según las investigaciones de Guillermo Zepeda, están compurgando penas menores a 3 años, cometieron delitos no graves y no violentos y cuentan con un perfil de baja peligrosidad.

 

L. Volpini, T. Mannello, G. De Leo
# La valutazione del rischio di recidiva da parte degli autori di reato: una proposta
Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, 2008 n. 1
Allo stato attuale della ricerca, la letteratura specialistica internazionalefatica a dare indicazioni univoche su quali siano i principali fattori di rischio per la recidiva nei reati violenti. I motivi di questa difficoltà sono da rintracciarsi in una pluralità di ragioni, tra cui: a) l’assenza di una definizione operativa condivisa del costrutto di “recidiva” nei casi di reati violenti causa confusione circa quali debbano essere i comportamenti oggetto di predizione, i fattori indicatori del loro futuro manifestarsi e le misure da adottare per rilevarli...

 

Jamie Bennett
# The social costs of dangerousness: prison and the dangerous classes
Centre for Crime and Justice Studies at King’s College London 2008

The prison population has exploded over the last 15 years, increasing from around 43,000 in the early 1990s to over 80,000. It is argued here that this increase can largely be accounted for as a result of the obsession with dangerousness. The expansion in imprisonment is particularly acute for life sentences and sentences of four years and more (Home Office, 2006b). The life sentence population has expanded from 3,000 in 1992 (Shute, 2006) to 9,659 at the end of May 2006 (NOMS, 2007), accounting for 12 per cent of the total prison population. This has resulted from a number of changes. First, there has been  an increase in the use of discretionary life sentencing and the  introduction of automatic life sentences for a second conviction for a violent or sexual offence, subsequently replaced by the indeterminate public protection sentence.

 

Lauren E. Glaze - Laura M. Maruschak | Bureau of Justice Statistics
U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice Programs

# Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children

Special Report - August 2008, NCJ 222984
An estimated 809,800 prisoners of the 1,518,535 held in the nation’s prisons at midyear 2007 were parents of minor children, or children under age 18. Parents held in the nation’s prisons—52% of state inmates and 63% of federal inmates—reported having an estimated 1,706,600 minor children, accounting for 2.3% of the U.S. resident population under age 18... Between 1991 and midyear 2007, parents held in state and federal prisons increased by 79% (357,300 parents). Children of incarcerated parents increased by 80% (761,000 children), during this period (figure 1). The most rapid growth in the number of parents held in the nation’s prisons and their children occurred between 1991 and 1997 (both up 44%). From 1997 to midyear 2007, the number of parents and children continued to grow, but at a slower pace (both up 25%).

 

Lukas Muntingh
# Prisoner Re-Entry in Cape Town - An Exploratory Study
Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative (CSPRI) | CSPRI Research Paper No. 14 - 2008
Every month in South Africa approximately 6000 sentenced prisoners are released, some on parole and some on expiry of sentence. After serving their prison sentences it is society’s expectation that they will refrain from committing crime and be productive citizens. They are expected to find employment, rebuild relationships with their families and communities, and cease from engaging in certain activities and avoiding the risks that caused their imprisonment in the first instance. Unfortunately, it is the case that many released prisoners commit further offences and find their way  back to prison, some in a remarkably short period of time while others return after several years. There are no reliable recidivism statistics on South African offenders and whether such data will indeed enhance understanding is also debateable

 

Maria Francesca Cracolici, Teodora Erika Uberti
# Geographical distribution of crime in Italian provinces: A spatial econometric analysis
Nota di lavoro // Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei: KTHC, Knowledge, technology, human
capital, No. 2008,11
On the basis of Becker-Ehrlich model, a spatial cross-sectional model including deterrence, economic and socio-demographic variables has been performed to investigate the determinants of Italian crime for 1999 and 2003 and its “neighbouring” effects, measured in terms of geographical and relational proximity. The empirical results obtained by using different spatial weights matrices highlighted that socioeconomic variables have a relevant impact on crime activities, but their role changes enormously respect to crimes against person (murders) or against property (thefts, frauds and squeezes). It is worthy to notice that severity does not show the expected sign: its significant and positive sign should suggest that inflicting more severe punishments does not always constitute a deterrence to commit crime, but it works on the opposite direction.

 

The Israel Prison Service (IPS)
# IPS ID Card
www.ips.gov/ June 2008

The number of prisoners and persons remanded in custody in prisons has doubled over the last three years. In 2003, there were 12,000 prisoners in the IPS. Today, this number is in excess of 25,000. The number of employees and soldiers has also grown, from 3,800 in 2003 to about 8,000 in 2008. The tasks that face the organization have grown  exponentially. For the first time this year, soldiers in their compulsory service were recruited into the IPS.  As part of its transformation into a central prisons authority, the IPS  assumed responsibility in 2005 for prison facilities that were previously in the hands of the Israel Defense Forces and the Israel Police...

 

Molly Moore

# In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims
Washington Post Foreign Service - Tuesday, April 29, 2008

In France about 60 to 70 percent of all inmates in the country’s prison system are Muslim... In Britain, 11 percent of prisoners are Muslim in contrast to about 3 percent of all inhabitants, according to the Justice Ministry. Research by the Open Society Institute, an advocacy organization, shows that in the Netherlands 20 percent of adult prisoners and 26 percent of all juvenile offenders are Muslim; the country is about 5.5 percent Muslim. In Belgium, Muslims from Morocco and Turkey make up at least 16 percent of the prison population, compared with 2 percent of the general populace, the research found.

 

# Le "Washington Post" souligne la surreprésentation des musulmans dans les prisons françaises

Le Monde.fr | 29.04.2008

 

Gerald G. Gaes
# The Impact of Prison Education Programs on Post-Release Outcomes
www.jjay.cuny.edu/ February 18, 2008

If there are limitations to the potential impact of correctional education on reentry success, it may be because other offender needs may have to be addressed such as their drug dependence or lack of work skills. Education effects may be muted by these other unmet needs. However, education may be fundamental to other correctional goals. It may be a prerequisite to the success of many of the other kinds of prison rehabilitation programs. The more literate the inmate, the more he or she may benefit from all other forms of training. Thus, the link between correctional education and successful postrelease outcomes may have many paths which analysts do not consider when they evaluate education programs independent of its other influences.

 

Steven Raphael
# The employment prospects of ex-offenders
Focus Vol. 25, No. 2, Fall-Winter 2007–08
This essay has focused primarily on the adverse consequences of incarceration for the employment prospects and economic stability of ex-prisoners and, inevitably, of their families. Corrections and incarceration policies put in place over the last quarter century, I argue, have weighed disproportionately upon low-skilled minorities, especially blacks, and have seen diminishing returns to their increasingly heavy costs. Given the likely small effects of the current levels of incarceration on crime, there are other public investments that may fulfill the same purpose while providing many other social benefits.

 

Ikponwosa Ekunwe
# Gentle Justice. Analysis of Open Prison Systems in Finland. A Way to the Future?
University of Tampere, October 27, 2007
The present study focuses on the open prison system as a gentle way of incarceration: of treating the offenders in a humane way with the objective of bringing malefactors in line with the accepted social norms. It investigates the open prison system as one of the factors directly contributing to reducing the imprisonment rates in Finland. The following chapters explore the substitution of the classic “jail house culture” with the more productive and socially accepted culture of law abiding citizens that occurs in the Finnish open prisons, and its effect on recidivism...

 

Sebastian Roché
# La loi sur la récidive sera contreproductive
Telos | June 15, 2007 - www.telos-eu.com
Différentes dispositions légales se présentent comme un moyen de faire reculer la récidive, et notamment celle des mineurs. Ces dispositions ont été conçues pour augmenter le nombre de personnes incarcérées chez les mineurs, la prison étant donc présentée comme une réponse à la récidive. Malheureusement, les expériences étrangères infirment très largement cette hypothèse.

 

California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation Expert Panel on Adult Offender Reentry and Recidivism Reduction Programs
# Report to the California State Legislature: A Roadmap for Effective Offender Programming in California
June 29, 2007, Sacramento California
Research shows that correctional programs reduce recidivism by changing offender behavior. However, research also shows that to achieve positive outcomes, correctional agencies must provide rehabilitation programs to the appropriate participants in a manner consistent with evidence-based programming design. California has been offering rehabilitation programs to its adult offenders for over 50 years; yet California’s adult offender recidivism rate is one of the highest in the nation. Clearly something is wrong. Either something is preventing the programs from achieving their intended effects or something is wrong with the programs themselves. The Panel believes that both explanations are true. First, a combination of various factors has caused these programs to be less effective than they should be in reducing criminal behavior. These factors, which must be resolved before California can have any hope of achieving rehabilitation programming success, include dangerous overcrowding (that makes prisons unsafe and reduces space to run programs) and lack of incentives for offenders to participate in rehabilitation programming.

 

Jason Payne
# Recidivism in Australia: findings and future research
Australian Institute of Criminology 2007
This depiction of recidivism using different data sources illustrates the attrition that occurs at consecutive stages of the criminal justice system. It also illustrates how different data sources may affect our understanding of an individual’s recidivist behaviour.

 

Andrea Procaccini

# Le trasformazioni del welfare italiano nell’area penale: il caso dell’affidamento in prova al servizio sociale
Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" 2007

Ci si dovrebbe interrogare sulle ragioni che hanno condotto ad assegnare alla pena la principale risposta alle più variegate condizioni d’insicurezza sociale. La variegata umanità che popola in stragrande maggioranza le carceri (migranti,tossicodipendenti) si trova in quelle condizioni anche grazie alla legislazione penale vigente, quindi nel tentativo di governare concretamente la penalità occorrerebbe ridiscutere e delimitare il campo di competenza del diritto penale, considerando che la sua competenza riguarda esclusivamente la tutela dei valori fondanti di un consorzio statale e non può essere gravata della presa in carico di comportamenti o azioni che dovrebbero riguardare altre sfere della società.

 

Alessandro Barbarino, Giovanni Mastrobuoni | Collegio Carlo Alberto
# The Incapacitation Effect of Incarceration: Evidence From Several Italian Collective Pardons
www.carloalberto.org | Working Paper No. 55 September 2007
Incarceration of criminals reduces crime through two main channels, deterrence and incapacitation. Because of a simultaneity between crime and incarceration–arrested criminals increase the prison population–it is difficult to measure these effects. This paper estimates the incapacitation effect on crime using a unique quasi-natural experiment, namely the recurrent collective pardoning between 1962 and 1995 of up to 35 percent of the Italian prison population. Since these pardons are enacted on a national level, unlike in Levitt (1996), we can control for the endogeneity of these laws that might be driven by criminals’ expectations: it is optimal to commit crimes shortly before a collective pardon gets enacted. This effect represents a deterrence effect, which, if not properly controlled for, would bias our IV estimates towards zero. The incapacitation effect is large and precisely estimated. The elasticity of crime with respect to prison population ranges, depending on the type of crime, between 0 and 49 percent. These numbers are increasing during our sample period, which suggests that habitual criminals are now more likely to be subject to pardons than in the past. A benefit-cost analysis suggests that pardons, seen as a short term solution to prison overcrowding, are inefficient.

 

Arjan A. J. Blokland, Paul Nieuwbeerta
# Selectively Incapacitating Frequent Offenders: Costs and Benefits of Various Penal Scenarios
Journal of Quantitative Criminology, December 2007, Volume 23, Issue 4, pp 327–353

 

M. Keith Chen, Jesse M. Shapiro
# Do Harsher Prison Conditions Reduce Recidivism? A Discontinuity-based Approach
http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/ April 16, 2007
We estimate the causal effect of prison conditions on recidivism rates by exploiting a discontinuity in the assignment of federal prisoners to security levels. Inmates housed in higher security levels are no less likely to recidivate than those housed in minimum security; if anything, our estimates suggest that harsher prison conditions lead to more post-release crime. Though small sample sizes limit the precision of our estimates, we argue that our findings may have important implications for prison policy, and that our methodology is likely to be applicable beyond the particular context we study.

 

Marc Baader, Evelyne Shea
Le travail pénitentiaire, un outil efficace de lutte contre la récidive ?
http://champpenal.revues.org/ Champ Pénal Vol. IV | 2007
Nous avons constaté que le taux de récidive baisse de manière significative, entre 20 et 50 points, pour les sortants de prison qui obtiennent un emploi stable mais que la grande majorité des ex-détenus n'appartient pas à cette catégorie. Les causes sont multiples, telles que le profil professionnel antérieur des détenus, les difficultés rencontrées à la sortie et les carences du travail et de la formation en prison, qui ne permettent pas de remédier aux handicaps socioprofessionnels des détenus.

 

Home Office
# The Corston Report. A report by baroness Jean Corston of a review of women with particular Vulnerabilities in the criminal justice system | The need for a distinct, radically different, visibly-led, strategic, proportionate, holistic, woman-centred, integrated approach
www.justice.gov.uk/ March 2007

There are many women in prison, either on remand or serving sentences for minor, non-violent offences, for whom prison is both disproportionate and inappropriate. Many of them suffer poor physical and mental health or substance abuse, or both. Large numbers have endured violent or sexual abuse or had chaotic childhoods. Many have been in care. I have concluded that we are rightly exercised about paedophiles, but seem to have little sympathy, understanding or interest in those who have been their victims, many of whom end up in prison. The tragic series of murders in Suffolk during December 2006 rightly focussed public attention on these women as women first and foremost - someone’s daughter, mother, girlfriend, then as victims – exploited by men, damaged by abuse and drug addiction. These are among the women whom society must support and help to establish themselves in the community. It seems to me that it is essential to do more to address issues connected with women’s offending before imprisonment becomes a serious option.

 

Jack Cunliffe, Adrian Shepherd
Re-offending of adults: results from the 2004 cohort
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ Home Office Statistical Bulletin March 2007
In the Home Office’s PSA target, the starting point is offenders discharged from a custodial sentence and offenders starting community sentences. Data are obtained to calculate whether they re-offended during a two-year follow-up period and were subsequently convicted for this offence. This produces the actual proven re-offending rate. Separately, the ‘like-for-like’ predicted rate is calculated through a statistical model of the 2000 cohort. This is then compared to the actual rate. When the actual rate is lower than the predicted rate, there has been an improvement from the baseline period. The target is for the actual rate to be lower than the predicted rate by five per cent by 2006...

 

Fabrizio Leonardi

Le misure alternative alla detenzione tra reinserimento sociale ed abbattimento della recidiva

Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, 2007 n. 2

Dal confronto con la recidiva dei detenuti sembra che la finalità di reinserimento sia raggiunta in misura maggiore quando l'esecuzione della pena avviene all'esterno del carcere, come a confermare che la prisonizzazione, intesa quale adattamento al mondo informale penitenziario, comporta minori possibilità di risocializzazione. La tendenza maggiore a delinquere è stata riscontrata in chi ha attraversato un'esperienza carceraria mediante i dati sui reirigressi in carcere per la commissione di un nuovo reato. Sette condannati su dieci tra quelli scarcerati nel 1998 hanno fatto rientro in carcere una o più volte contro i due recidivi su dieci che hanno espiato la pena in misura alternativa alla detenzione.

 

Lila Kazemian
Desistance From Crime. Theoretical, Empirical, Methodological, and Policy Considerations
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, February 2007
Desistance is best viewed as a process and is unlikely to occur abruptly, especially among high-rate offenders. In this regard, a sole emphasis on the final state of termination may overlook valuable information about changes occurring in criminal career patterns across different periods of the life course. In other words, instead of focusing exclusively on the point of termination, it may be worthwhile to invest efforts in better explaining the mechanisms that come into play during periods in which offenders are in the process of desisting. It may be useful to integrate various criminal career parameters when measuring desistance (frequency, seriousness, etc.), in order to better capture the changes occurring in the dynamics of offending...

 

Don Stemen

Reconsidering Incarceration: New Directions for Reducing Crime
Vera Institute of Justice - January 2007

... Question of whether or not further increases in incarceration offer the most effective and efficient strategy for combating crime. Additional research examined in this report reveals several other variables that have also been shown to have a relationship with lower crime rates. An increase in the number of police per capita, a reduction in unemployment, and increases in real wage rates and education have all been shown to be associated with lower rates of crime. Although these latter findings do not necessarily indicate a cause and effect relationship, they do suggest that policymakers with limited resources shouldweigh the modest benefits of more incarceration against potentially greater reductions in crime that might be realized from investing in other areas.

 

Barry Holman, Jason Ziedenberg
The Dangers of Detention: The Impact of Incarcerating Youth in Detention and Other Secure Facilities
www.justicepolicy.org/ November 28, 2006
The increased and unnecessary use of secure detention exposes troubled young people to an environment that more closely resembles adult prisons and jails than the kinds of community and family-based interventions proven to be most effective. Detention centers, said a former Deputy Mayor of New York of that city’s infamous Spofford facility, are “indistinguishable from a prison.” Commenting on New York’s detention centers, one Supreme Court Justice said that, “fairly viewed, pretrial detention of a juvenile gives rise to injuries comparable to those associated with the imprisonment of an adult.”

 

Jennifer Fahey, Cheryl Roberts, Len Engel
Employment of Ex-Offenders: Employer Perspectives
Crime and Justice Institute , October 31, 2006
Employment fills a vital need for most individuals; it provides income, social connection, and feelings of societal contribution and self worth. For exoffenders returning to the community after a period of incarceration, employment can make the difference between succeeding and returning to prison. Research shows that employment is associated with reduced recidivism. Yet ex-offenders face significant barriers to employment after release from prison. Barriers include employer attitudes toward individuals with criminal records, legal barriers, educational and financial obstacles, substance abuse and health issues, and lack of stable housing. 

 

Washington State Institute for Public Policy
Evidence-Based Public Policy Options to Reduce Future Prison Construction, Criminal Justice Costs, and Crime Rates
www.pbpp.pa.gov/ October 2006

 

Elizabeth Piper Deschenes
Recidivism among Female Prisoners: Secondary Analysis of the 1994 BJS Recidivism Data Set
The National Institute of Justice, October 2006

Just as the type of incarceration offense differs significantly by gender, recidivism and criminal career patterns also differ significantly. As shown in this analysis of the BJS recidivism data, consistently, women offenders are more likely than the total sample to be doing time for a drug or property offense. Women in this sample also have less severe criminal histories than the total sample in terms of the number of prior arrests. On average, however, they serve less time in prison but are older at release than the total sample. These characteristics appear to have some impact on subsequent recidivism patterns as well. This secondary analysis shows that gender continues to be a salient factor in understanding—and addressing—postrelease recidivism.

 

Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze - BJS

Mental Health Problems of Prison  and Jail Inmates
Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report  - U.S. Department of Justice
September 2006

At midyear 2005 more than half of all prison and jail inmates had a mental health problem, including 705,600 inmates in State prisons, 78,800 in Federal prisons, and 479,900 in local jails. These estimates represented 56% of State prisoners, 45% of Federal prisoners, and 64% of jail inmates. The findings in this report were based on data from personal interviews with State and Federal prisoners in 2004 and local jail inmates in 2002.

 

Stop Prisoner Rape SPR
# In the Shadows. Sexual Violence in U.S. Detention Facilities. A Shadow Report to the U.N. Committee Against Torture
www.spr.org/ 2006

According to the best available research, one in five male inmates faces sexual assault behind bars. While estimated rates of sexual abuse at women’s prisons vary widely, at the worst  facilities, as many as one in four prisoners is victimized. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) produced a report in July 2005, based solely on administrative records of reported incidents,  which found that 8,210 allegations of sexual assault were reported at prisons, jails, and juvenile facilities in 2004, of which nearly 2,100 were substantiated.

 

Rebecca L. Naser, Christy A. Visher
Family Members’ Experiences with Incarceration and Reentry
Western Criminology Review 7(2), 20–31 (2006)
This paper explores the impact of the incarceration and return of individuals from prison on their families, including relationships with intimate partners, adult family members, and children. Based on responses from 247 family members of Chicago-bound male prisoners interviewed several months after their imprisoned family members  were released, we describe the personal circumstances of the families of returning prisoners, the frequency and type of contact with the imprisoned family members, and the level of family support for the former prisoners after release.

 

Joan Petersilia

# Understanding California Corrections
California Policy Research Center | University of California 2006
California has the largest prison population of any state in the nation, with more than 168,000 inmates in 33
adult prisons, and the state’s annual correctional spending, including jails and probation, amounts to $8.92 billion.
Despite the high cost of corrections, fewer California prisoners participate in relevant treatment programs
than comparable states, and its inmate-to-officer ratio is considerably higher. California’s high recidivism rates are clearly unacceptable.However, when one defines recidivism equivalently across states, using the same follow-up period, and compares similarly serious offenders, only California’s technical parole violation rates are significantly higher. Its rates of new arrests and new criminal convictions are not the highest in the nation, nor are they markedly different from those found in many other large states.

 

Steve Aos, Marna Miller, Elizabeth Drake
# Evidence-Based Adult Corrections Programs: What Works and What Does Not
www.wsipp.wa.gov/ Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 2006
In recent years, public policy decision-makers throughout the United States have expressed  interest in adopting “evidence-based” criminal justice programs. Similar to the pursuit of evidence-based medicine, the goal is to improve the criminal justice system by implementing programs and policies that have been shown to work. Just as important, research findings can be used to eliminate programs that have failed to produce desired outcomes... 

 

Fergus McNeill
# A desistance paradigm for offender management
Criminology & Criminal Justice, 2006
In summary, I have suggested that desistance is the process that offender management exists to promote and support; that approaches to intervention should be embedded in understandings of desistance; and, that it is important to explore the connections between structure, agency, reflexivity and identity in desistance processes. Moreover, desistance-supporting interventions need to respect and foster agency and reflexivity; they need to be based on legitimate and respectful relationships; they need to focus on social capital (opportunities) as well as human capital (motivations and capacities); and they need to exploit strengths as well as addressing needs and risks. I have also suggested that desistance research highlights the relevance of certain ‘practice virtues’...

 

Daniel P. Mears, Jamie Watson
# Towards a Fair and Balanced Assessment of Supermax Prisons
Justice Quarterly, vol. 23 number 2 (June 2006)
In the last two decades, supermaximum (“supermax”) security prisons—facilities that house inmates indefinitely in single cells for 23 hours per day, allow inmates minimal contact with others, and provide few if any services—have proliferated in the United States. Twenty years ago, there was one, a federal facility in Marion, Illinois. Today, the country has at least 57 supermax prisons that house approximately 20,000 inmates. Mears’ national survey of state prison wardens indicates that over 40 states now have supermaxes. This growth suggests that states view supermaxes as an effective strategy for improving their correctional systems. Yet, as many scholars have emphasized, we know little about these prisons, including their goals, unintended impacts, and operations...

 

Mark T. Berg, Matt DeLisi

# The correctional melting pot: Race, ethnicity, citizenship, and prison violence
Journal of Criminal Justice 34 (2006) 631–642
The United States prison population is becoming more diverse and comprised of increasingly more violent inmates. Although race has been cited as a risk factor for inmate violence, most prior research had narrowly investigated White/Black differences in inmate misconduct. Using a sample of 1,005 inmates from the southwestern U.S., the current study explored racial, ethnic, and citizenship correlates among male and female prisoners. Negative binomial regression models indicated that net of controls, Hispanics and Native Americans were the most violent male prisoners, while African Americans and Native Americans were the most violent female inmates. The current study was admittedly modest in scope; however, the  findings were couched within a broader, imperative sociological framework that lamented the increasing interplay between communities and prison and the role of prison as a social institution.

 

John J. Gibbons, Nicholas de B. Katzenbach | Vera Institute of Justice
# Confronting Confinement. A Report of the Commission on Safety and Abuse in America’s Prisons
www.vera.org/ June 2006
Every day judges send thousands of men and women to jail or prison, but the public knows very little about the conditions of confinement and whether they are punishing in ways that no judge or jury ever intended; marked by the experience of rape, gang violence, abuse by officers, infectious disease, and never-ending solitary confinement. Unless the experience of incarceration becomes real through the confinement of a loved one or through a family member who works day-to-day in a correctional facility, jails and prisons and the people inside them are far removed from our daily concerns.

 

Claudio Gallardo, Jorge Núñez Vega | Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales - Sede Ecuador
# Una lectura cuantitativa del sistema de cárceles en Ecuador
www.flacso.org.ec | Quito 2006

En Equador has 35 carceles en 17 provincias de las que componen el pais, 10 son de varones, 4 de mujeres, 20 mixtas y 1 de detencion provisional; segun la region estan distribuidas, 14 en la costa, 19 en la sierra y 2 en el oriente. 53% de las personas privadas de libertad estan el la sierra, 45% en la costa, y solo 2% en el oriente...

 

Wendy Erisman, Jeanne Bayer Contardo
# Learning to Reduce Recidivism. A 50-state analysis of postsecondary correctional education policy
The Institute for Higher Education Policy, November 2005
Research provides strong evidence that postsecondary correctional education can improve conditions within correctional facilities, enhance prisoner self-esteem and prospects for employment after release from prison, and function as a cost-effective approach to reducing recidivism. Given the enormous number of people incarcerated in the United States, the vast majority of whom will someday be released and return to their communities, higher education for prisoners has considerable potential to help ensure that these formerly incarcerated people are equipped to build productive lives and remain out of prison.  

 

Shadd Maruna, Hans Toch
# The Impact of Imprisonment on the Desistance Process
in J. Travis, C. Visher (eds), Prisoner Reentry and Crime in America, Cambridge Un. Pr., 2005, pp. 139-178

 

Julian V. Roberts
# Reducing the Use of Custody as a Sanction: A Review of Recent International Experiences
Judicial Studies Institute Journal, 5:2, 2005
Reducing the prison population in a safe and principled way is far from easy. It requires a concerted effort by all stakeholders, and cannot be accomplished through statutory reforms alone. The most effective way of achieving a transformation in the penal environment from custody to community entails a series of related initiatives, beginning at the political level. Politicians must demonstrate some leadership by fostering reforms that will change practices at the trial court level. The accumulating international literature reveals some specific strategies that have proved successful, and that policy changes can have an important influence on prison populations. What is needed now is a truly international “best practices” analysis; it is hoped that this brief survey will make a modest contribution in this regard.

 

Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo (MONUC)
# Rapport sur les conditions de détention dans les prisons et cachots de la RDC
http://monusco.unmissions.org/ Octobre 2005
La visite des prisons et centres de détention constitue l’une des activités de surveillance du respect des Droits de l’homme en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) menée par la  Section devenue Division des droits de l’homme (DDH) de la Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo (MONUC). Ces visites sur les lieux de détention ont, entre autres, pour objectif de vérifier le respect des normes régissant les conditions matérielles dans lesquelles les personnes placées en détention doivent être incarcérées et qui reposent sur un principe de base : l’obligation de traiter les détenus avec dignité et humanité. Ce principe oblige au respect de règles minimales en matière de  séparation des catégories de détenus, locaux de détention, hygiène, alimentation, soins médicaux, information des détenus sur leurs droits, discipline et punitions, contact et communication avec le monde extérieur, travail, exercice physique, religion, surveillance des lieux de détention,  registres, etc.

 

Ryan S. King, Marc Mauer, Malcolm C. Young | The Sentencing Project
# Incarceration and Crime: A Complex Relationship
www.sentencingproject.org/ 2005
Nationally, violent crime has declined by 33% and property crime has decreased 23% since 1994. During the same period incarceration rates rose by 24%. Some commentators draw upon these two trends to support the conclusion that incarceration “works” to reduce crime. The reality is far more complex... About 25% of the decline in violent crime can be attributed to increased incarceration... most of the decline — three-quarters — was due to factors other than incarceration...

 

Farhad Khosrokhavar
Les prisonniers musulmans en France
http://books.openedition.org/ CNRS Éditions, 2005

L’islam carcéral sera, dès les premières décennies du xxie siècle, un problème important dans les sociétés d’Europe occidentale. Déjà, on sait que, dans de nombreux pays européens, l’islam est la deuxième religion carcérale. En Grande-Bretagne, les statistiques disponibles montrent qu’il en est ainsi1. Dans d’autres États, le même constat s’impose : au Danemark, dans de nombreuses prisons de grandes villes en Allemagne, progressivement en Italie et aux Pays-Bas...

 

Barbara Bloom, Barbara Owen, Stephanie Covington
A Summary of Research, Practice, and Guiding Principles for Women Offenders
www.centerforgenderandjustice.org/ National Institute of Corrections May 2005
Women now represent a significant proportion of all offenders under criminal justice supervision in the United States. Numbering more than 1 million in 2001, women offenders make up 17 percent of all offenders under some form of correctional sanction... Gender-responsive means creating an environment through site selection, staff selection, program development, content, and material that reflects an understanding of the realities of women’s lives and addresses the issues of the participants. Gender-responsive approaches are multidimensional and are based on theoretical perspectives that acknowledge women’s pathways into the criminal justice system.

 

Charles B. A. Ubah
# An Examination of Academic, Policy and Social Considerations of Correctional Education and Offender Recidivism: Lessons for 21st Century Criminology
www.cjcj.org/ Justice Policy Journal, Volume 2 - No. 2 - Fall 2005
Correctional education programs, especially at the post-secondary level, are designed on the notion that a degree of inmate rehabilitation can be achieved through them, i.e., that inmates’ exposure to such education is a contributory factor to lowered recidivism. The theories that suggest this notion include, but are not limited to, moral development theory, social psychological development theory, and opportunity theory. These theories are also described as "optimistic perspective," and central to them, as they are articulated by penologists, criminologists, sociologists, educators, and public figures, is the assumption that, correctional educational programs can enhance the successful reintegration of certain individual inmates from the society of captives into the general society.

 

Gemma Harper, Chloë Chitty
# The impact of corrections on re-offending: a review of ‘what works’
Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate - February 2005
International evidence from systematic reviews of effective practice on reducing re-offending tends to support the use of cognitive-behavioural offending behaviour programmes and interventions with offenders. Current evidence in the UK is predominantly based on quasi-experimental or non-experimental evaluation studies, which make it difficult to attribute the outcomes to the effects of the treatment or intervention. More often than not, the results can be attributed to selection or other effects if not poor implementation. Outcome studies therefore need to be based on more effective research design.

 

Lise McKean, Charles Ransford
# Current Strategies for Reducing Recidivism
Center for Impact Research | thecommongood.org/ August 2004

Recidivism is the relapse into criminal activity and is generally measured by a former prisoner’s return to prison for a new offense. Rates of recidivism reflect the degree to which released inmates have been rehabilitated and the role correctional programs play in reintegrating prisoners into society. The rate of recidivism in the U.S. is estimated to be about two-thirds, which means that two-thirds of released inmates will be re- incarcerated within three years. High rates of recidivism result in tremendous costs both in terms of public safety and in tax dollars spent to arrest, prosecute, and incarcerate re-offenders. High rates of recidivism also lead to devastating social costs to the communities and families of offenders, as well as the personal costs to the offenders themselves. Due to these severe costs, programs for inmates and released inmates that reduce recidivism can be cost effective—even those that have modest rates of success.

 

Cathryn A. Chappell
# Post-Secondary Correctional Education and Recidivism: A Meta-Analysis of Research Conducted 1990-1999
The Journal of Correctional Education 55(2) • June 2004
This study demonstrates, using relevant studies reported from 1990 - 1999, that there is a positive correlation  (+.31) between post-secondary correctional education PSCE and recidivism reduction. These results are statistically significant.

 

Audrey Bazos, Jessica Hausman
# Correctional Education as a Crime Control Program
UCLA School of Public Policy and Social Research Department of Policy Studies, March 2004
Several studies have shown that prison education programs significantly reduce crime. Once correctional education participants are released, they are about 10 to 20 percent less likely to re-offend than the average released prisoner. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of these two crime control methods - educating prisoners and expanding prisons. One million dollars spent on correctional education prevents about 600 crimes, while that same money invested in incarceration prevents 350 crimes. Correctional education is almost twice as cost-effective as a crime control policy.

 

Steven D. Levitt
# Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 18, Number 1—Winter 2004

The simplistic accounts of why crime fell offered by so-called experts to the media can be quite misleading. Of the eight reasons most frequently cited in newspapers, I conclude that only three of the factors are truly important. A fourth factor I consider important, legalized abortion, does not receive a single mention...

 

IDEAS for an Open Society
# Justice Reinvestment
Open Society Institute, vol. 3, n. 3, November 2003

 

Richard Freeman
# Can We Close the Revolving Door?: Recidivism vs. Employment of Ex-Offenders in the U.S.
The Urban Institute Reentry Roundtable Discussion Paper | May 19–20, 2003 New York University Law School
Data on recidivism shows that the vast majority of prisoners are not rehabilitated in these ways. Two-thirds of released prisoners are re-arrested and one-half are re-incarcerated within 3 years of release from prison (Langan and Levin, 2002). Rates of recidivism necessarily rise thereafter, so that upwards of 75%–80% of released prisoners are likely to be re-arrested within a decade of release. For many men aged 20–40, the prison door is a revolving one. Commit serious crime; get arrested and incarcerated; spend some time in prison; get out; commit more crimes; get arrested and incarcerated; and so on. Fifty-six percent of state prisoners released in 1999 had one of more prior convictions; and 25% had three or more convictions. Not until men reach their mid-forties does the rate of re-arrest fall noticeably...

 

Harry J. Holzer, Steven Raphael, Michael A. Stoll

# Employment Barriers Facing Ex-Offenders
Employment Dimensions of Reentry: Understanding the Nexus between Prisoner Reentry and Work
Urban Institue Reentry Roundtable
- May 19–20, 2003
Over 600,000 people are now being released from prisons each year. Many suffer from a variety of serious difficulties as they attempt to reenter society. Among the most challenging situations they face is that of reentry into the labor market. Employment rates and earnings of exoffenders are low by almost any standard—though in most cases they were fairly low even before these (mostly) men were incarcerated. Low employment rates seem closely related to the very high recidivism rates observed among those released from prison.

 

Richard P. Seiter, Karen R. Kadela
Prisoner Reentry: What Works, What Does Not, and What Is Promising
CRIME & DELINQUENCY, Vol. 49 No. 3, July 2003 360-388
During the past decade, there has been a renewed interest in prisoner reentry. This is dueto a change in many of the factors surrounding the release of prisoners and their reentry to the community. These changes include a modification of sentencing from the use of parole to determinate release with fewer ex-offenders having supervision in the community, an increased emphasis on surveillance rather than assistance for those under supervision, less community stability and availability of community social service support, and dramatically larger numbers returning to the community. More releasees are being violated and returned to the community than ever before. Therefore, it is important to identify prisoner reentry programs that work. We define reentry, categorize reentry programs, and use the Maryland Scale of Scientific Method to determine the effectiveness of program categories.We conclude that many such categories are effective in aiding reentry and reducing recidivism.

 

Stephen J. Steurer, Linda G. Smith
# Education Reduces Crime, Three-State Recidivism Study - Executive Summary
www.ceanational.org/ 2003
Adult Basic Education (ABE) of felony offenders appears tobe a promising, but still unproven, crime reduction strategy. The premise behind ABE is that many inmates lack basic abilities in reading, writing, and mathematics and if these skills are increased, then offenders have a better chance of avoiding criminal behavior when released from prison. The Institute’s review of the national research literature found that this question has not been extensively or rigorously evaluated.

 

Thomas P. Bonczar
Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001
Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report August 2003
Nearly two-thirds of the 3.8 million increase in the number of adults ever incarcerated in prison between 1974 and 2001 occurred as a result of an increase in the rates of first incarceration. In 1974 the number of persons admitted to prison for the first time totaled 44 per 100,000 adult residents. By 2001 the rate had nearly tripled, reaching 129 first admissions per 100,000 adults....

 

Manuel Eisner
Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime
The University of Chicago 2003

Research on the history of crime from the thirteenth century until the end of the twentieth has burgeoned and has greatly increased understanding of historical trends in crime and crime control. Serious interpersonal violence decreased remarkably in Europe between the mid-sixteenth and the early twentieth centuries. Different long-term trajectories in the decline of homicide can be distinguished between various European regions.

 

Luigi Maria Solivetti | Dap
Il sistema penitenziario italiano. Dati e analisi

Prefazione di Giovanni Tamburino - Ministero della Giustizia, Roma 2003

In Europa occidentale vì sono stati nel 2000 in media circa 14 casi di suicidio in carcere per 10.000 detenuti. Ma nella popolazione generale europea occidentale !'indice medio di suicidi è stato negli ultimi anni pari a meno di 2 casi per 10.000 abitanti di sesso maschile ("). Inoltre, il carcere è una istituzione totale: questo concetto implica controllo, e ogni suicidio insinua un dubbio su come questo controllo è stato realizzato...

Se la presenza in carcere di soggetti a rischio costituisce un problema di rilievo, si deve al tempo stesso ricordare come la condizione di detenuto non ha carattere di omogeneità. In particolare, la condizione di detenzione come imputato presenta caratteristiche negative, per gli elementi di incertezza e di precarietà insiti in questa condizione, nonché per il fatto che normalmente "inizio della detenzione (che è momento di depressione e frustrazione) coincide con la posizione di imputato. Tutto ciò può influire sui tassi di suicidio. È del resto opinione diffusa che gli atti di suicidio coinvolgano soprattutto soggetti nella posizione di imputato e non coloro che si trovano in quella di condannato definitivo.

 

Mark A. Cunniff | US Department of Justice | National Institute of Corrections
Jail Crowding: Understanding Jail Population Dynamics
http://static.nicic.gov/ January 2002
Most jails routinely generate information on the “average” jail stay, which is between 10 and 20 days for most jail systems. The average stay, however, masks considerable variation for different segments of the jail population. For example, many persons booked into the jail for a new offense are released within 1 or 2 days of their arrest. These short-stay inmates represent a high-volume population but not a major source of demand for jail bed space. Short-stay inmates place much higher demand on the jail’s booking and release processes than on its bed space. An analysis of one jail system revealed that half the individuals booked into the jail stayed for fewer than 3 days, but this group consumed only 6 percent of the jail’s bed space. On the other hand, 11 percent of the individuals booked into the jail stayed for more than 30 days, but this group consumed 72 percent of the jail’s bed space...

 

Yuri Ivanovich Kalinin
The Russian penal system: past, present and future
A lecture delivered at King’s College, University of London
November 2002

This had led to these institutions being seriously overcrowded and prisoners not receiving the food, clothing, footwear, medicines and other basic necessities which they required. The situation was especially grim in remand prisons, where persons suspected and accused of having committed crimes are held while preliminary and judicial investigations are being carried out. Suffice it to say that in some of these institutions prisoners had no more than one square metre of living space each (although the established norm was four square metres). One consequence of this was that prisoners had to take it in turns to sleep.It is not surprising that in prisons and colonies infectious diseases spread easily, including such dangerous ones as tuberculosis and HIV/ AIDS.

 

Gilles Favarel-Garrigues
# Priorités et limites de la politique pénitentiaire en Russie
Critique internationale n°16 - juillet 2002
Nous avons à plusieurs reprises souligné la marge d’autonomie dont disposent les directeurs de prison et les directeurs régionaux de l’administration pénitentiaire, et la place qu’elle occupe dans la définition même de l’action publique. De fait, les décisions prises au niveau fédéral laissent aux directeurs locaux et régionaux le soin de changer par eux-mêmes, s’ils le souhaitent et le peuvent, les conditions de vie en prison, c’est-à-dire de mener leur propre politique pénitentiaire. Les plus belles histoires de réforme qu’évoquent les organisations non gouvernementales, celles qui montrent comment peuvent s’améliorer les conditions de détention et l’environnement carcéral à partir des ressources disponibles, s’écrivent actuellement au niveau d’un établissement, à l’initiative d’un directeur local, plus ou moins bien vu de sa hiérarchie.

 

Office of the Deputy Prime Minister | Social Exclusion Unit
# Reducing re-offending by ex-prisoners
hwww.bristol.ac.uk/ July 2002
... To reduce crime by providing constructive regimes which address offending behaviour, improve educational and work skills... The financial cost of re-offending by ex-prisoners, calculated from the overall costs of crime, is  staggering and widely felt. In terms of the cost to the criminal justice system of dealing with the consequences of crime, recorded crime alone committed by ex-prisoners comes to at least £11 billion per year. A reoffending ex-prisoner is likely to be responsible for crime costing the criminal justice system an average of £65,000. When re-offending leads to a further prison sentence, the costs soar. The average cost of a prison sentence imposed at a crown court is roughly £30,500, made up of court and other legal costs. The costs of actually keeping prisoners within prison vary significantly, but average £37,500 per year...

 

Peggy C. Giordano, Stephen A. Cernkovich, and Jennifer L. Rudolph
# Gender, Crime, and Desistance: Toward aTheory of Cognitive Transformation
American Journal of Sociology, AJS Volume 107 Number 4 (January 2002): 990–1064

 

Paula Smith, Claire Goggin, Paul Gendreau
# Effets de l’incarcération et des sanctions intermédiaires sur la récidive : effets généraux et différences individuelles
Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada, 2002
Nos résultats montrent invariablement qu’elles n’ont pas pour effet de réduire la récidive... Les résultats pour la catégorie « incarcération longue ou brève » appellent plus de commentaires là où, dans l’ensemble, nous avons relevé un effet criminogène, avant et après pondération des degrés d’effet. Nous constatons aussi que l’effet criminogène augmente avec les différences de durée d’incarcération. Ces résultats semblent conforter la thèse de la prison comme « école du crime », puisque, sur le plan des degrés d’effet dans cette analyse particulière, les pourcentages relatifs aux délinquants à faible risque étaient très semblables.

 

Greg Heylin
# Evaluating Prisons, Prisoners and Others
Studies in Public Policy, Dublin 2001

Rather than prison itself being the failure, it might be characterised as a container of last resort for those whom society has failed or who have failed in society. As it is society which instils norms, it is unrealistic to expect prison alone to succeed where society has failed. The high cost of prison in human and monetary terms is also noted. Arising from these points, it is proposed that evaluation effort should be devoted in particular to preventative social programmes and to alternatives to prison, in addition to the evaluation of prison itself.

 

Steve Aos, Polly Phipps, Robert Barnoski, Roxanne Lieb
# The Comparative Costs and Benefits of Programs to Reduce Crime
Washington State Institute for Public Policy, May 2001
Juvenile Boot Camps... We estimate that these boot camps are cheaper up front but the increased costs to taxpayers and crime victims associated with the higher recidivism rates... more than offset the up-front taxpayer savings. This produced an expected negative bottom line of $3,587 per boot camp participant... Scared Straight Type Programs... The Institute's review of studies found an average effect size of +.13 for basic recidivism... We estimated a nominal per participant cost of about $50 to run a scared straight type program. Overall, because of the higher expected recidivism, taxpayers lose approximately $6,572 in increased subsequent criminal justice costs for each program participant. Adding the increased costs that accrue to crime victims from the higher recidivism rates increases the negative expected net present value to $24,531 per participant.

 

David P. Farrington
# Key Results from the First Forty Years of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development
Chapter for: Thornberry, T. P. and Krohn, M. D. (Eds.) Taking Stock of Delinquency: An Overview of Findings from Contemporary Longitudinal Studies, Revised 2001

 

Sénat - Session Ordinaire de 1999-2000
# Rapport de la commission d'enquete sur les conditions de détention dans les établissements pénitentiaires en France | Président M. Jean-Jacques Hyest - Rapporteur M. Guy-Pierre Cabanel
www.senat.fr/ Rapport remis à Monsieur le Président du Sénat le 28 juin 2000 - Dépòt publié au Journal officiel du 29 juin 2000 Annexe au procès-verbal de la séance du 29 juin 2000

 

David A. Anderson

# The Aggregate Burden of Crime
Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 42, No. 2. (Oct., 1999), pp. 611-642.
This study estimates the total annual cost of criminal behavior in the United States. While past research has typically focused on particular costs, regions, or crime categories, this general study estimates all of the direct and indirect costs of crime for the entire nation. In addition to aggregating expenses commonly associated with unlawful activity, it considers ancillary costs that have not yet been included in an overall formula for the cost of crime. Beyond the expenses of the legal system, victim losses, and crime-prevention agencies, the burden of crime encompasses the opportunity costs of victims', criminals', and prisoners' time; the fear of being victimized; and the cost of private deterrence. More accurate information on the repercussions of crime could guide our legal, political, and cultural stance toward crime and allow informed prioritization of programs that curtail criminal activity. The net annual burden of crime is found to exceed $1 trillion.

 

John Irwin PhD, Vincent Schiraldi, Jason Ziedenberg
# America’s One Million Nonviolent Prisoners
www.hawaii.edu/ Justice Policy Institute March 1999
Over the past two decades, no area of state government expenditures has increased as rapidly as prisons and jails. Justice Department data released on March 15, 1999 show that the number of prisoners in America has more than tripled over the last two decades from 500,000 to 1.8 million, with states like California and Texas experiencing eightfold prison population increases during that time. America's overall prison population now exceeds the combined populations of Alaska, North Dakota, and Wyoming. What is most disturbing about the prison population explosion is that the people being sent to prison are not the Ted Bundies, Charlie Mansons, and Timothy McVeighs - or even less sensationalized robbers, rapists, and murders - that the public imagines them to be. Most are defendants who have been found guilty of nonviolent and not particularly serious crimes that do not involve any features that agitate high levels of concern in the minds of the public. Too often, they are imprisoned under harsh mandatory sentencing schemes which were ostensibly aimed at the worst of the worse.

 

Human Rights Watch
# Prison Conditions in Indonesia
www.hrw.org/ August 1990

 

G. Vassalli, F. Ferracuti, G. Marbach
# Le proiezioni della popolazione penitenziaria italiana
Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, nn. 2-3, 1983

 

Immigration \ racial profiling et al. vvv

 

“Privati dei diritti umani garantiti dalla cittadinanza, si trovarono ad essere senza alcun diritto, schiuma della terra.”

H. Arendt, Le origini del totalitarismo


Olivier Marie, Paolo Pinotti
# Immigration and Crime: An International Perspective
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 38, Number 1—Winter 2024—Pages 181–200


ActionAid Italia, Università di Bari
# Trattenuti. Una radiografia del sistema detentivo per stranieri
https://trattenuti.actionaid.it/ Roma Bari 30 settembre 2024


European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)
#
RAPPORTO SULL’ITALIA
https://rm.coe.int/ Adottato il 2 luglio 2024, pubblicato il 22 ottobre 2024


BMJ
# Doctors should not declare anyone fit to be held in immigration detention centres. A campaign by Italian doctors aims to raise awareness of the harmful conditions and health risks associated with immigration detention. The campaigners explain why in this open letter
https://www.bmj.com/ 01 March 2024


ActionAid Italia, Università di Bari
# Trattenuti. Una radiografia del sistema detentivo per stranieri
https://trattenuti.actionaid.it/ Roma Bari 2023

 

Alejandra Rodríguez Sánchez, Julian Wucherpfennig, Ramona Rischke & Stefano Maria Iacus
Search-and-rescue in the Central Mediterranean Route does not induce migration: Predictive modeling to answer causal queries in migration research
www.nature.com/03 Aug 2023

 

Tribunale di Bologna - Prima Sezione Penale
# Ordinanza di rinvio pregiudiziale ex art. 267 TFUE su obblighi di incriminazione del favoreggiamento dell’immigrazione irregolare
Bologna, 17 luglio 2023

 

Conferenza dei Garanti Territoriali delle Persone Private della Libertà
Gli stranieri in carcere: difficoltà e buone prassi
Roma, 14 luglio 2023

 

Angela Della Bella
Trattenimento
https://www.sistemapenale.it/ 12 Giugno 2023
1. La scelta della ‘parola’ e l’individuazione del problema. – 2. Il vulnus alle garanzie costituzionali e convenzionali e la vicenda Khlaifia c. Italia. – 3. La carenza dei rimedi giurisdizionali attivabili dai soggetti privati della libertà personale dalla sentenza 26/99 della Corte costituzionale ad oggi. – 4. Trattenimento e detenzione: due pesi e due misure.

 

Angela Laura Chiodo
Lo straniero espulso: quali garanzie processuali? Lacune normative e prospettive di riforma
https://sistemapenale.it/ 19 settembre 2022
1. Il diritto alla partecipazione al giudizio. – 2. I migranti e i diritti fondamentali. – 3. Espulsione degli stranieri e processo penale. – 4. Espulsione e legittimo impedimento a comparire. – 5. La riforma del processo in assenza nella legge Cartabia: quali scenari per l’imputato espulso?

 

Cecilia Pagella
# Sulla rilevanza penale dello sbarco su suolo libico di migranti soccorsi in acque internazionali
https://sistemapenale.it/ 05 Settembre 2022
# GUP Napoli, sent. n. 1643 del 13 ottobre 2021 (dep. 30 dicembre 2021), giud. Miranda

 

Antonio Cavaliere
# Le vite dei migranti e il diritto punitivo
https://sistemapenale.it/ 13 Aprile 2022
1. Scienza penalistica, legislazione e fenomeno migratorio. – 1.1. Premessa metodologica. – 1.2. Alcuni dati generali intorno alle dimensioni del fenomeno migratorio. – 2. La disciplina amministrativa dell’immigrazione e qualche ulteriore, inquietante dato empirico. – 3. Il ruolo del diritto penale. – 3.1. La tutela dei diritti fondamentali dei migranti. – 3.2. Il diritto penale dell’immigrazione e il feticcio del “controllo dei flussi migratori”. Profili di illegittimità costituzionale dell’art. 10-bis TUI. – 3.2.1. L’illegittimità degli ulteriori reati di mera inosservanza previsti nel TUI. – 3.2.2. Gli effetti distorsivi della ratio del “controllo dei flussi” sulle norme in tema di favoreggiamento e di impiego di migranti irregolari. – 3.3. L’horror libertatis nei confronti del migrante e il “trattenimento amministrativo”: l’eterno ritorno delle frodi delle etichette e il recente dibattito sulla ‘materia penale’.

 

Lorenzo Bernardini
# La detenzione degli stranieri tra “restrizione” e “privazione” di libertà: la CEDU alla ricerca di Godot
www.dirittoimmigrazionecittadinanza.it/ Fascicolo 1, Marzo 2022

1. Le coordinate storico-normative del problema, tra crimmigration e “amministrativizzazione” della libertà personale. – 2. L’articolo 5 CEDU e sua applicabilità generale: da Guzzardi ad Austin e altri. – 3. La giurisprudenza ad hoc in materia di stranieri detenuti. – 3.1. Le zone di transito aeroportuali. – 3.2. Le stazioni di polizia. – 4. La svolta inaspettata: una (inconferente?) lista di criteri. – 5. Inadeguatezze dell’approccio CEDU e sguardi al futuro: un ritorno a Guzzardi

 

Giulia Mentasti
# G.L. Gatta, V. Mitsilegas, S. Zirulia (eds.), Controlling Immigration Through Criminal Law. European and Comparative Perspectives on ‘Crimmigration’, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2021
https://sistemapenale.it/ 22 febbraio 2022

 

Giuseppe Tropea
# Riparto di giurisdizione e immigrazione: note critiche sul “nomadismo giurisdizionale”
www.dirittoimmigrazionecittadinanza.it/ 1, 2022
1. Premessa. – 2. Il groviglio del riparto. – 3. Il riparto di giurisdizione in materia di ingresso, soggiorno e allontanamento. – 4. (Segue) Il coordinamento delle giurisdizioni come problema di effettività e concentrazione della tutela. – 5. Il tema della incomprimibilità del diritto fondamentale. Premessa generale. – 6. (Segue) Nell’ambito specifico della tutela del migrante. – 7. Conclusioni.

 

ARCI Porco Rosso, Alarm Phone, Borderline Sicilia, borderline-europe
# Dal Mare al Carcere. La criminalizzazione dei cosiddetti scafisti
www.dal-mare-al-carcere.info/ 15 ottobre 2021

 

ASGI - Associazione per gli Studi Giuridici sull’Immigrazione (a cura di)
# Guida per la persona straniera privata della libertà personale
www.asgi.it/ 2021

 

Gregorio De Falco

# Delle pene senza delitti. Istantanea del CPR di Milano.
Report dell'accesso presso il Centro di Permanenza per il Rimpatrio di Milano, via Corelli n. 28, del Senatore Gregorio De Falco nelle giornate del 5 e 6 giugno 2021.

Quando tra carenze di gestione, problemi strutturali, scaricabarili e politiche insensate, sono i diritti fondamentali e la dignità della persona a pagare il prezzo dell'accettazione sociale della detenzione amministrativa e della deportazione di esseri umani in ragione della loro provenienza geografica.

 

Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone private della libertà personale
# Rapporto sulle visite effettuate nei Centri di permanenza per i rimpatri nel periodo 2019-2020
www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 12 aprile 2021
Il perdurante ricorso a misure di detenzione amministrativa nel corso dell’emergenza sanitaria, a prescindere dalla concreta sussistenza di ragionevoli prospettive di rimpatrio, ha ulteriormente connotato in tal senso l’istituto. In spregio ai fini per cui la privazione della libertà dei cittadini stranieri è prevista dai principi fondamentali dell’ordinamento, la detenzione amministrativa assume nella prassi prevalentemente i tratti di un meccanismo di marginalità sociale, confino e sottrazione temporanea allo sguardo della collettività di persone che le Autorità non intendono includere, ma che al tempo stesso non riescono nemmeno ad allontanare.

 

Lorenzo Bernardini
# Libertà va cercando…». Una detenzione “atipica”, uno “scontro” tra Corti: quali prospettive per i migranti detenuti in Europa?
La Legislazione Penale, 3.12.2020
1. Generalità e criticità della detenzione amministrativa dei migranti. – 2. (segue) Un caso “atipico” di detenzione: la hotspot detention. – 3. Un landmark judgement sul trattenimento “atipico” degli stranieri. – 4. (segue) Lussemburgo vs. Strasburgo: due modi diversi di concepire la libertà personale? – 5. (segue) I profili innovativi proposti dalla C.G.UE: tra garanzie concrete e tutela dell’habeas corpus. – 6. Uno sguardo al futuro: cosa cambierà per i migranti “ai confini d’Europa”? – 7. Lo scontro tra Corti come motore propulsivo all’effettiva tutela del diritto alla libertà personale dei migranti.

 

Flavia Patanè, Maarten P. Bolhuis, Joris van Wijk, Helena Kreiensiek
# Asylum-Seekers Prosecuted for HumanSmuggling: A Case Study of Scafisti in Italy
Refugee Survey Quarterly, 2020, 39, 123-152
Based on a literature review and interviews with practitioners and asylum-seekers,this article discussed the nature and scale of criminal prosecutions of irregularmigrants for their (alleged) involvement in human smuggling during their own mi-gration journey to Italy and the effects of these prosecutions on asylum applicants’procedures. It focused on the prosecutions of the so-called scafisti (“boat drivers”) inSicily. While the data presented in this study are explorative in nature and may notbe applicable to all the prosecutorial and judiciary offices in Italy, we have no reasonto believe that the results constitute an exceptional representation of the Italian prac-tice in dealing with scafisti since 2015.

 

Luigi Ferrajoli
# Migranti. Il nuovo populismo che penalizza i soccorsi
Il Manifesto, 20 novembre 2020

 

ASGI - Associazione per gli Studi Giuridici sull'Immigrazione
# Lettera aperta ad OIM e UNHCR. L’intervento umanitario in Libia non sia strumentalizzato per colpire il diritto di asilo e perpetrare orribili crimini contro l’umanità
www.asgi.it/ 23 dicembre 2019

Il diritto d’asilo, colonna portante della democrazia europea, inoltre, è stato duramente eluso o infranto e continua ad essere profondamente compromesso dalle azioni che ostacolano o impediscono ai rifugiati di raggiungere un Paese che assicuri loro le garanzie minime previste dalle Convenzione di Ginevra e dal diritto dell’Unione

 

Mark Akkerman
# The Business of Building Walls
www.tni.org/ November 2019
Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Europe is once again known for its border walls. This time Europe is divided not so much by ideology as by perceived fear of refugees and migrants, some of the world’s most vulnerable people. Who killed the dream of a more open Europe? What gave rise to this new era of walls?

 

Eugenio Cusumano, Matteo Villa
# Sea rescue NGOs : a pull factor of irregular migration?
https://cadmus.eui.eu/ Policy Briefs, 2019/22
First, claims that non-governmental SAR operations act as a pull factor are not supported by the available evidence. Besides being problematic on legal grounds, the policies devised to limit NGOs’ activities off the coast of Libya and disincentivize SAR operations at large may have indirectly magnified the deadliness off the crossing without  significantly contributing to reducing irregular departures, and should therefore be reconsidered.

 

Forum Droghe | CNCA | CTCA
# I migranti e le sostanze psicoattive
www.fuoriluogo.it/ Summer School 2019 | Firenze, 5-6-7 settembre
Le migrazioni che hanno attraversato il nostro paese si sono incrociate con i fenomeni e le realtà sociali, politiche e culturali specifiche di quel momento storico. In questi incroci molteplici, i migranti provenienti da luoghi diversi e con diverse culture incontrano o re-incontrano le droghe in nuovi contesti. E incontrano le leggi, le proibizioni, le carcerazioni, i pregiudizi e i processi di stigmatizzazione che a loro volta si “ibridano” con le loro credenze culturali sulle droghe e le sostanze psicoattive.

 

Mark Motivans
# Immigration, Citizenship, and the Federal Justice System, 1998-2018
www.bjs.gov/ August 2019
In 1998, 63% of all federal arrests were of U.S. citizens; in 2018, 64% of all federal arrests were of non-U.S. citizens. ??Non-U.S. citizens, who make up 7% of the U.S. population, accounted for 15% of all federal arrests and 15% of prosecutions in U.S. district court for non-immigration crimes in 2018.??The portion of total federal arrests that took place in the five judicial districts along the U.S.-Mexico border almost doubled from 1998 (33%) to 2018 (65%). ??Ninety-five percent of the increase in federal arrests across 20 years was due to immigration offenses. ??In 2018, 90% of suspects arrested for federal immigration crimes were male; 10% were female.

 

Bruce Western, Catherine Sirois
# Racialized Re-entry: Labor Market Inequality After Incarceration
Social Forces, Volume 97, Number 4, June 2019, pp. 1517-1542
A decomposition attributes most of the earnings gaps to racial and ethnic inequalities in employment. Qualitative interviews suggest that whites more than blacks and Hispanics find stable, high-paying jobs through social networks. These findings support a hypothesis of racialized re-entry that helps explain the unusual disadvantage of African Americans at the nexus of the penal sys tem and the labor market.

 

Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali - Direzione Generale dell'Immigrazione e delle Politiche di integrazione
# IX Rapporto annuale. Gli stranieri nel mercato del lavoro in Italia
www.lavoro.gov.it/ Luglio 2019

Nonostante l’avvicinamento agli altri paesi più tradizionalmente d’immigrazione, tuttora l’Italia si distingue per alcuni aspetti: da una parte, il recente rallentamento dei flussi in entrata, in controtendenza rispetto agli altri paesi; dall’altra, l’elevato tasso di occupazione tra gli immigrati, anche se con persistenti problemi di inserimento sul mercato del lavoro e qualità dei posti di lavoro occupati dagli immigrati; infine, una scarsa integrazione della seconda generazione di immigrati – i figli nati in Italia da genitori immigrati – fortemente penalizzata nell’accesso allo studio e al mondo del lavoro.

 

Matteo Astuti, Caterina Bove, Anna Brambilla, Anna Clementi, Duccio Facchini, Carlotta Giordani, Silvia Maraone, Paolo Pignocchi, Diego Saccora, Ivana Stojanova
# Dossier Balcani. La rotta balcanica. I migranti senza diritti nel cuore dell’Europa      # eng
www.asgi.it/ Giugno 2020

 

Tito Boeri
# Gli imprenditori della paura
lavoce.info 04.06.19
“Quando milioni di poveracci sono convinti che i propri problemi dipendano da chi sta peggio di loro, siamo di fronte al capolavoro delle classi dominanti”. Questo il testo di un manifesto appeso fuori da una bocciofila milanese. Ho voluto trascriverlo perché contiene, nella sua semplicità, una grande verità. C’è, in effetti, chi ha volutamente alimentato la diffidenza nei confronti degli immigrati trasformandola in aperta ostilità e che coi toni truculenti nei loro confronti si è conquistato un posto in prima fila nella classe dirigente.

 

Vox Osservatorio Italiano sui Diritti
# La mappa dell'intolleranza. Anno 4
http://www.voxdiritti.it/ Giugno 2019
Il trend di medio periodo consente di individuare un andamento dell’odio online che colpisce soprattutto alcune categorie. Svetta nella classifica dell’intolleranza la combinazione migranti/ musulmani/ ebrei. L’odio contro i migranti registra un più 15,1% rispetto allo scorso anno e sul totale dei tweet che hanno ad oggetto i migranti, quelli di odio sono ben il 66,7%. Sul totale dei tweet negativi, inoltre, quelli contro i migranti sono circa il 32%: vale a dire che un hater su tre si scatena contro “lo straniero”. L’intolleranza contro gli ebrei, di fatto quasi inesistente fino al 2018, quest’anno registra un più 6,4% (76,1% sul totale dei tweet sugli ebrei). Mentre l’intolleranza contro i musulmani registra un netto aumento (+6,9%) e resta alta (74,1% sul totale dei tweet sui musulmani) e si lega soprattutto alla percezione di eventi internazionali.

# Silvia Brena   # Marilisa D'Amico   # Giovanni Semeraro   # Vittorio Lingiardi

 

 

Commissioner for Human Rights - Council of Europe
# Lives saved. Rights protected. Bridging the protection gap for refugees and migrants in the Mediterranean
https://rm.coe.int/ June 2019

 

Donald Kerwin, Mike Nicholson
# The Effects of Immigration Enforcementon Faith-Based Organizations: An Analysis of the FEER Survey
Journal on Migration and Human Security, 1-10, 2019
The Federal Enforcement Effect Research (FEER) Survey points to a paradox. On one hand, US enforcement policies haveincreased the demand for services such as legal screening, representation, naturalization, assistance to unaccompanied minors, andsupport to the US families of detainees and deportees. Many Catholic institutions have expanded their services to accommodatethe increased demand for their services. On the other hand, their work with immigrants has been impeded by federal immigrationpolicies that effectively prevent immigrants from driving, attending gatherings, applying for benefits, and accessing services due tofear that these activities might lead to their deportation or the deportation of a family member.

 

Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, Phillip Connor | Pew Research Center
# Around the World, More Say Immigrants Are a Strength Than a Burden. Publics divided on immigrants’ willingness to adopt host country’s customs
www.pewglobal.org/ March 14, 2019
In seven of the 10 EU countries surveyed, majorities support the deportation of immigrants living in their country illegally. In 2007, between 1.7 million and 3.2 million unauthorized, or irregular, migrants were estimated to be living in the 10 EU countries surveyed. The number of asylum seeker applications has increased following the 2015 refugee surge. Since then, the number of rejected asylum applications has increased substantially. Many of these rejected asylum seekers may continue to reside illegally in Europe.

 

Claudia Marotta, Francesco Di Gennaro, Paolo Parente, Giovanni Putoto, Davide Mosca
# Stop the exploitation of migrant agricultural workers in Italy
www.bmj.com/ March 27, 2019
Over the past six years the number of agricultural workers who have died as a result of their work is more than 1500.[1] This affects immigrants and Italians alike. Some have died in fires in ghettos[5] [6]—one hit by a train while returning from work, others dying from exhaustion or killed by intense manual labour. Others have been killed by “gangmasters”—the so called “Caporali,” who are modern slave masters.

 

Francesco Carchedi (Intervista a cura di Massimo Franco)
# Il neoschiavismo nelle campagne italiane
dirittiglobali.it, 19 febbraio 2019

Nel complessivo indebolimento del mondo del lavoro prodotto dalla liberalizzazione globale dei mercati e dal turboliberismo, un settore, quello agricolo, mostra ferite ancora più evidenti. Oggi un terzo degli addetti in agricoltura in Italia (400.0000 su 1.200.000) sono stranieri, per lo più desindacalizzati e sottoposti a un intenso sfruttamento perché più facilmente ricattabili dagli imprenditori. Ci sono poi, secondo le stime della Flai-Cgil, 200.000 i lavoratori informali, molti in nero, ancor più ricattati e sottoposti a condizioni inaccettabili

 

Salvatore Palidda
# Alle radici del fascio-razzismo. Europa e migrazioni (Intervista a Salvatore Palidda di Orsola Casagrande)
www.dirittiglobali.it/ 10/2/2019
Non si può parlare di migrazioni senza capirne il nesso con le guerre permanenti, con le devastazioni dei territori di partenza, con le neo-schiavitù, con il neocolonialismo e con il gioco della distrazione di massa. E non si può non osservare come l’economia europea si sia nutrita di manodopera “extra-europea” «selezionata, inferiorizzata, spesso razzializzata e anche criminalizzata proprio per legittimarne la precarizzazione permanente della maggioranza, la riproduzione di manodopera schiavizzabile

 

Luigi Ferrajoli
# Gli strumenti contro il decreto Salvini ci sono. Serve mobilitarsi
www.ilmanifesto.it/ 06.01.2019
Il rifiuto dei sindaci di applicare il decreto Salvini è un atto ammirevole di disobbedienza civile e di obiezione di coscienza e vale a svelarne il carattere «disumano e criminogeno», secondo le parole del sindaco Orlando. E rappresenta una forte presa di posizione istituzionale in difesa dei diritti umani dei migranti. Aggiungo, per chi non condivide statalismo etico e gius-positivismo ideologico, cioè la confusione autoritaria tra diritto e morale e l’appiattimento della morale sul diritto quale che sia, che la disobbedienza civile alla legge palesemente ingiusta è un dovere morale.

 

Parlamento Europeo
# Gestione delle frontiere esterne, Note tematiche sull'Unione europea.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ Note sintetiche sull'Unione europea - 2019

 

WHO World Health Organization - Regional Office for Europe
# Report on the health of refugees and migrants in the WHO European Region. No PUBLIC HEALTH without REFUGEE and MIGRANT HEALTH
https://apps.who.int/ 2018

 

United Nations Support Mission in Libya | Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
# Desperate and Dangerous: Report on the human rights situation of migrants and refugeesin Libya
www.ohchr.org/ 20 December 2018

Migrants and refugees suffer unimaginable horrorsduring their transit through and stay in Libya. From the moment they step onto Libyansoil, they become vulnerable to unlawful killings, torture and other ill-treatment, arbitrary detentionand unlawful deprivation of liberty, rape and other forms of sexualand gender-basedviolence, slavery and forced labour, extortion and exploitation byboth State and non-State actors.

 

Naga
# Cittadini senza diritti. Rapporto Naga 2018. Immigrazione e (in)sicurezza: la casa, il lavoro e la salute
www.naga.it/ dicembre 2018
Per quel che riguarda la percezione dello straniero, abbiamo assistito ad un cambiamento: si è passati, negli anni, dal considerare il fenomeno migratorio e le condizioni di vita degli stranieri irregolari in Italia come un “problema” per cui vi potevano essere varie ricette, al considerarlo, nel migliore dei casi, come non meritevole di attenzione, fino alle derive più estremiste che lo vedono come “la causa” del malessere economico di un’intera società. Nella cornice di una normativa criminalizzante che crea irregolarità.

 

Ibrahim Abubakar, Robert W Aldridge, Delan Devakumar, Miriam Orcutt, Rachel Burns, Mauricio L Barreto, Poonam Dhavan, Fouad M Fouad, Nora Groce, Yan Guo, Sally Hargreaves, Michael Knipper, J Jaime Miranda, Nyovani Madise, Bernadette Kumar, Davide Mosca†, Terry McGovern,  Leonard Rubenstein, Peter Sammonds, Susan M Sawyer, Kabir Sheikh, Stephen Tollman, Paul Spiegel, Cathy Zimmerman

# The UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: the health of a world on the move
Lancet 2018; 392: 2606–54

 

Livio Pepino
# Le nuove norme su immigrazione e sicurezza: punire i poveri
Questione Giustizia, 12 dicembre 2018
Ogni conflitto chiama in causa, inevitabilmente, i giudici e la giurisdizione... Nessuno può trincerarsi credibilmente dietro il formalismo giuridico e la neutralità del diritto. L’interpretazione è una pratica complessa fondata su giudizi di valore, i bilanciamenti di norme e princìpi sono ineludibili, le priorità sono frutto di scelte, le misure cautelari e l’entità delle pene sono ampiamente discrezionali e via seguitando. Dunque i giudici faranno, in un modo o nell’altro, la loro parte. Come la faranno è difficile dire...

 

Osservatorio di Pavia
# Notizie di chiusura. Sesto rapporto Carta di Roma 2018    # Sintesi
www.cartadiroma.org/ 11 dicembre 2018

 

Garante nazionale dei diritti delle persone detenuto o private della libertà
# Un giudizio complessivo del Garante nazionale delle persone private della libertà sulle modifiche in tema di immigrazione introdotte dalla legge di conversione del Decreto Sicurezza
www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ 6 dicembre 2018

Con il Decreto sicurezza, la provenienza da un presunto Paese sicuro implica in ogni caso l’utilizzo di una cosiddetta procedura accelerata per l’esame della richiesta di protezione. Tale procedura offre minori garanzie per il richiedente in quanto viene espletata in tempi più ristretti, che comprimono sensibilmente alcune garanzie. Con il Decreto sicurezza tale procedura accelerata si applica non solo, come previsto precedentemente, a chi è trattenuto in un CPR, ma anche per chi si trovi in un hotspot.

 

Osservatorio regionale per l’integrazione e la multietnicità ORIM
# L’immigrazione in Lombardia. Rapporto 2018   # Rapporto 2017
www.polis.lombardia.it/ Novembre 2018
Le stime più recenti (Ismu 2018) indicano al 1° gennaio del 2018 la presenza in Italia di 6 milioni e 108 mila stranieri: circa uno ogni dieci abitanti. Si tratta per l’84% di persone regolarmente iscritte in anagrafe presso un comune italiano, per il 7% di soggetti regolari ma non residenti, o non ancora divenuti tali, e per un ulteriore 9% di stranieri che si trovano in Italia in posizione di irregolarità, in quanto privi di un valido titolo di soggiorno...

 

Centro Studi e Ricerche IDOS
# Dossier Statistico Immigrazione 2018. Scheda di sintesi
www.dossierimmigrazione.it/ 2018

Secondo un sondaggio del 2018 condotto dall’Istituto Cattaneo, gli italiani risultino essere i cittadini europei con la percezione più lontana dalla realtà riguardo al numero di stranieri che vivono nel paese, credendo che ve ne siano più del doppio di quelli effettivamente presenti. In realtà nell’Ue a 28 Stati, dove i cittadini stranieri sono 38,6milioni (di cui 21,6 non comunitari) e incidono per il 7,5% sulla popolazione complessiva, l’Italia non è né il paese con il numero più alto di immigrati né quello che ospita più rifugiati e richiedenti asilo. Con circa 5 milioni di residenti stranieri viene dopo la Germania, che ne conta 9,2 milioni, e il Regno Unito, con 6,1 milioni... Anche l’incidenza sulla popolazione complessiva, pari all’8,5% (dato Istat), risulta più bassa di quella di Germania (11,2%), Regno Unito (9,2%)...

 

European Parliament 2014-2019
# Minimum standards for minorities in the EU European Parliament resolution of 13 November 2018 on minimum standards for minorities in the EU (2018/2036(INI))
www.europarl.europa.eu/ 13 November 2018

 

Marcello Daniele
# La detenzione come deterrente dell'immigrazione nel decreto sicurezza 2018
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 14 novembre 2018
Il decreto sicurezza del 2018 mette di nuovo le mani nella disciplina della detenzione degli stranieri irregolari, mostrando chiaramente l’intento del Governo di usare la privazione della libertà come deterrente nei confronti dell’immigrazione... Introduce anche un nuovo caso di detenzione del tutto arbitrario, mirato a scoraggiare ogni tentativo di sbarcare in Italia per domandare la protezione internazionale. Si tratta di una strategia che, per quanto potrebbe sortire qualche beneficio elettorale nel breve periodo, alla lunga rischia di rivelarsi fallimentare. La carcerazione continuerà a colpire i migranti in modo indiscriminato e capriccioso. Difficilmente, inoltre, produrrà gli effetti sperati...

 

Ministry of Justice
# Tackling Racial Disparity in the Criminal Justice System: 2018 Update. Includes progress responding to the Lammy Review into the treatment of, and outcomes for, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic individuals in the Criminal Justice System, one year on
https://assets.publishing.servic e.gov.uk/

 

Francesca Cancellaro*, Stefano Zirulia**
# Dove nasce il "delitto di solidarietà"?
Il Manifesto, 17 ottobre 2018
Le accuse di favoreggiamento dell'immigrazione clandestina rivolte al Sindaco di Riace, così come quelle rivolte alle Ong che prestano soccorso in mare, hanno sollevato in Italia il drammatico tema del "delitto di solidarietà": come è possibile che coloro che salvano le vite dei naufraghi vengano equiparati a trafficanti di esseri umani?

 

ASGI
# Manifeste illegittimità costituzionali delle norme del decreto-legge 4.10.2018, n. 113 concernenti permessi di soggiorno per motivi umanitari, protezione internazionale e cittadinanza
www.asgi.com/ 15 ottobre 2018

I rilievi che seguono non esimono però dall’affermare preliminarmente che in ogni caso si ritiene che non sussistono i casi di straordinaria necessità e urgenza prescritti dall’art. 77 Cost. per l’adozione del decreto-legge , sia per la vaghezza dei motivi indicati nelle premesse del decreto-legge, sia per l’ampiezza e profondità delle riforme ordinamentali che esso apporta, sia per la oggettiva eterogeneità degli argomenti disciplinati... Occorre in ogni caso ricordare che la mancanza dei requisiti costituzionali del decreto-legge è oggi ritenuto dalla Corte costituzionale come  vizio di legittimità costituzionale dell’intero decreto-legge, non sanato neppure dall’approvazione della legge di conversione in legge.

 

Carlo Melzi d'Eril, Giulio Enea Vigevani
# Perché il decreto sicurezza «frantuma» il concetto di cittadinanza
www.ilsole24ore.com/ 15 ottobre 2018
Il decreto legge 4 ottobre 2018, n. 113, uno dei molti interventi normativi degli ultimi anni battezzati con l’epiteto “sicurezza”, contiene previsioni in materie tra loro assai diverse. Le norme più innovative riguardano certamente la materia dell’immigrazione. Il decreto, infatti, rappresenta un passo significativo verso un nuovo “diritto degli stranieri”, diverso nell’impostazione culturale rispetto all’esperienza italiana dell’ultimo trentennio... si frantuma il concetto di cittadinanza, introducendone una “di serie b” rispetto a quella che appartiene a chi è italiano dalla nascita. Banalmente, per lo stesso reato, sono previste conseguenze diverse, sicché i cittadini non sono più uguali davanti alla legge.

 

Serena Santini

# Il decreto fa dell’immigrato irregolare la «minaccia» alla sicurezza

www.ilsole24ore.com/ 15 ottobre 2018

 

Raffaele K. Salinari
Migranti. L'attacco alle Ong, laboratorio contro la democrazia
Il Manifesto, 6 ottobre 2018
In altre parole le destre sovraniste e xenofobe cercano di disarticolare il Diritto internazionale dei Diritti umani a partire dal suo anello più esposto, le Ong appunto, ma così facendo gettano accuse, più o meno dirette, anche sulle normative europee ed internazionali a cui le Ong si ispirano.

 

Giuseppe Pascale
# “Esternalizzazione” delle frontiere in chiave antimigratoria e responsabilità internazionale dell’Italia e dell’UE per complicità nelle gross violations dei diritti umani commesse in Libia
Studi sull’integrazione europea, XIII (2018), pp. 413-440
1. Introduzione. Gli obiettivi dell’Italia e dell’UE di controllare e di ridurre i flussi migratori nel Mediterraneo e i risultati recentemente raggiunti. – 2. La politica migratoria di esternalizzazione delle frontiere attuata dall’Italia con il sostegno dell’UE e il trattenimento in Libia dei migranti provenienti da Stati terzi. – 3. La commissione di gross violations dei diritti umani a danno dei migranti trattenuti sul territorio libico e la responsabilità internazio-nale della Libia. – 4. La possibilità di configurare una forma di responsabilità internazionale dell’Italia e dell’UE connessa alla responsabilità internazionale della Libia precedentemente delineata. – 5. Le norme sulla responsabilità internazionale per complicità. – 6. Segue : i requisiti e i caratteri della responsabilità internazionale per complicità. – 7. La responsabilità internazionale dell’Italia e dell’UE per complicità nelle gross violations dei diritti umani dei migranti compiute in Libia.

 

Yasha Maccanico, Ben Hayes, Samuel Kenny, Frank Barat
# La solidarietà verso i migranti e i rifugiati occupa uno spazio sempre più ristretto. Ecco come l’Unione europea e i suoi Stati membri attaccano e criminalizzano i difensori dei diritti delle persone in movimento
www.TNI.org/ Transnational Institute – Amsterdam, settembre 2018

 

Ugo Tramballi
# Migranti e bugie
www.ispionline.it/ 31 Agosto 2018
I numeri dell’UNHCR, l’Agenzia ONU per i rifugiati, sono un dato statistico e matematico, non l’opinione di un circolo culturale liberal. I profughi solo 68,5 milioni, cioè l’1% della popolazione mondiale. Nella storia, da che si conta il problema con approssimazione scientifica, non ce ne sono mai stati così tanti. Di questi, 40 milioni sono sfollati all’interno del loro stesso paese; 25,4 sono profughi e 3,1 milioni richiedenti asilo. Circa la metà dei profughi vengono solo da tre paesi: Siria (6,3 milioni), Afghanistan (2,6), Sud Sudan (2,4).

 

Istituto Cattaneo
# Immigrazione in Italia: tra realtà e percezione
www.cattaneo.org/ 27 agosto 2018
Gli errori di percezione sull’immigrazione in Europa segnalano dunque l’esistenza di una scarsa informazione dell’opinione pubblica su questa tematica. Però, l’errata stima sulla presenza di immigrati potrebbe derivare anche da pregiudizi – radicati negli elettori – che ne condizionano ex ante ogni valutazione. Detto diversamente: chi, per principio, ha una posizione sfavorevole verso gli immigrati potrebbe essere indotto a ingigantire la portata del fenomeno oppure a giustificare il proprio atteggiamento in virtù di una percezione distorta della questione...

 

Tim Dixon, Stephen Hawkins, Laurence Heijbroek, Míriam Juan-Torres, François-Xavier Demoures
# Un’Italia frammentata: atteggiamenti verso identità nazionale, immigrazione e rifugiati in Italia
www.moreincommon.com/ Agosto 2018
La crisi migratoria è l’esempio della tempesta perfetta che si scatena quando le forze populiste dell’estrema destra prendono il sopravvento, mentre quelle a favore di una società più varia e aperta non riescono a unirsi in difesa dei propri valori. Se i populisti autoritari finiscono per conquistare menti e cuori, le grandi democrazie non saranno in grado di affrontare le sfide collettive più importanti, come il cambiamento climatico, le diseguaglianze, l’impatto della tecnologia sul mercato del lavoro, l’invecchiamento della popolazione e le minacce che gravano sulla salute pubblica. Tenere insieme società eterogenee e inclusive diventerà sempre più difficile.

 

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
# Fundamental Rights Report 2018
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2018

 

Arci | Sara Prestianni
# La pericolosa relazione tra migrazione, sviluppo e sicurezza per esternalizzare le frontiere in Africa. Il caso di Sudan, Niger e Tunisi
www.arci.it/ 31 luglio 2018
... Si prevede la formazione delle forze di polizia e delle guardie di frontiera, la diffusione del sistema biometrico per la tracciabilità delle persone e la donazione di materiali come elicotteri, veicoli e navi di pattuglia, apparecchiature di sorveglianza e monitoraggio, aprendo cosi alla relazione sempre più strutturata tra migrazione, sviluppo e sicurezza. Nella collaborazione tra Europa e Africa prevale nettamente la dimensione del controllo e i relativi rimpatri forzosi e ‘volontari’ piuttosto che quella della protezione e dell’apertura di vie legali e sicure di accesso al territorio europeo.

 

ACLU of Florida
# Unequal Treatment: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Miami-Dade Criminal Justice
www.aclufl.org/ July 2018
Black defendants who are not Hispanic are disproportionately represented in Miami-Dade County’s
criminal justice system. Relative to their share of the county population, these defendants experience: • 2.2 times greater rates of arrest • 2.3 times greater rates of pretrial detention • 2.5 times greater rates of conviction • 2.5 times greater rates of incarceration. Black defendants who are Hispanic are even more disproportionately represented in the county’s criminal justice system. Relative to their share of the county population, these defendants experience: • 4.0 times greater  rates of arrest• 4.5 times greater rates of pretrial  etention  • 5.5 times greater rates of conviction • 6.0 times greater rates of incarceration

 

Rebecca C. Hetey, Jennifer L. Eberhard
# The Numbers Don’t Speak for Themselves: Racial Disparities and the Persistence of Inequality in the Criminal Justice System
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2018, Vol. 27(3) 183–187
Compared with Whites, African Americans are 2 times more likely to die as infants, 3.6 times more likely to experience childhood poverty, and 2 times more likely to have not completed high school. Disturbing as these disparities are, they are not as extreme as disparities in the criminal justice system, in which African Americans are 5.1 times more likely than Whites to be incarcerated...

 

Carlo Patrignani
# Migranti, l'Ispi dà i numeri. Ispi: non c'è invasione. Paure e dubbi vanno affrontati non respinti
www.affaritaliani.it/ Mercoledì, 27 giugno 2018
Attualmente in Italia ci sono 5,5 milioni di migranti regolari, pari al 92% e 490 mila di irregolari, pari all'8%, mentre nei primi anni '90 gli irregolari erano il 33%, cioè uno su tre: ad oggi non c'è, insomma, una "emergenza migranti", semmai c'è ancora da approntare "una adeguata umana soluzione" alla irrisolta e, per certi aspetti, drammatica questione dell'integrazione "interculturale", per scongiurare la fitta rete di una criminalità sempre in agguato.

 

Alberto Alesina, Armando Miano, Stefanie Stantcheva
# Immigration and Redistribution
www.nber.org/papers/w24733, June 2018
We find strikingly large biases in natives' perceptions of the number and characteristics of immigrants: in all countries, respondents greatly overestimate the total number of immigrants, think immigrants are culturally and religiously more distant from them, and are economically weaker – less educated, more unemployed, poorer, and more reliant on government transfers – than is the case. While all respondents have misperceptions, those with the largest ones are systematically the right-wing, the non-college educated, and the low-skilled working in immigration-intensive sectors...

 

Pew Research Center
# Being Christian in Western Europe
www.pewforum.org/ May 29, 2018
Christian identity in Western Europe is associated with higher levels of negative sentiment toward immigrants and religious minorities. On balance, self-identified Christians – whether they attend church or not – are more likely than religiously unaffiliated people to express negative views of immigrants, as well as of Muslims and Jews.

# Alan Cooperman, Neha Sahgal, Being Christian in Western Europe, www.europarl.europa.eu/ 6 june 2018

 

Gian Luigi Gatta
# La “materia penale” oltre Oceano: una storica sentenza della Corte Suprema U.S.A. innalza lo standard di tutela delle garanzie fondamentali correlate all’espulsione dello straniero

# Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti, 17.4.2018, Sessions v. Dimaya
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 7 maggio 2018
Per la prima volta nella sua storia, la Corte Suprema ha dichiarato “unconstitutionally vague” (indeterminata o imprecisa) una disposizione dell’Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) relativa all’espulsione dello straniero quale conseguenza amministrativa di una sentenza penale di condanna. E lo ha fatto dopo avere sottolineato il carattere afflittivo/punitivo dell’espulsione: “a particularly severe penalty which may be af greater concern to a convicted alien than any potential jail sentence” e che, quando consegue a una sentenza penale di condanna, è “intimately related to the criminal process” e richiede perciò di essere scrutinata con lo stesso standard (“the same standard”) in rapporto alla garanzia accordata dal principi di legalità/precisione della legge penale...

 

Matteo Villa – Elena Corradi – Antonio Villafranca
# Fact Checking: migrazioni 2018
www.ispionline.it/ | 07 maggio 2018

Il numero di richieste d’asilo in Italia è aumentato molto dal 2014 fino alla prima metà del 2017, mettendo sotto forte pressione il sistema d’asilo del nostro paese. Dalla seconda metà del 2017, invece, il gap tra le richieste d’asilo presentate e quelle esaminate ha iniziato a chiudersi. Ciò tuttavia non è dovuto a una maggior numero di richieste esaminate, fermo a circa 7.000 al mese da metà 2015, bensì a un netto calo delle domande d’asilo presentate (collegato al calo degli sbarchi avvenuto nello stesso periodo).

 

Bianca E. Bersani, Adam D. Fine, Alex R. Piquero, Laurence Steinberg, Paul J. Frick, Elizabeth Cauffman
# Investigating the Offending Histories of Undocumented Immigrants
www.migrationletters.com/ vol. 15, n. 2, April 2018
Results suggest that, as compared to documented immigrants and US-born peers, undocumented immigrants report engaging in less crime prior to and following their first arrest. Conversely, official records reflect a marginally higher level of re-arrest among undocumented immigrants, particularly in the months immediately following the first arrest.

 

Brendon McConnell, Imran Rasul
# Contagious Animosity in the Field: Evidence from the Federal Criminal Justice System
www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/ April 2018
Minority men are far more likely to come into contact with the Federal criminal justice system than White men. Decades of research have also shown sentencing outcomes also vary by race and ethnicity. The econometric challenge in interpreting such sentencing di¤erentials lies in establishing whether they are driven by unobserved heterogeneity correlated to defendant race/ethnicity, or whether they reflect discrimination. The question is of fundamental importance given that equality before the law is a cornerstone of any judicial system, and because it is diffcult to know whether and how to reduce sentencing disparities if their underlying cause remains unknown...

 

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights - ECHR - CoE
# Handbook on European non-discrimination law
http://fra.europa.eu/ 2018
This handbook is designed to assist legal practitioners who are not specialised in the field of non-discrimination law, serving as an introduction to key issues involved. It is intended for lawyers, judges, prosecutors, social workers and persons who work with national authorities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and other bodies that may be confronted with legal questions relating to issues of discrimination. With the impressive body of case law developed by the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union in the non-discrimination field, it seems useful to present an updated and accessible handbook intended for legal practitioners – such as judges, prosecutors and lawyers, as well as lawenforcement officers – in the EU and Council of Europe member states and  beyond.

 

Anna Flagg
# The myth of the Criminal Immigrant. The link between immigration and crime exists in the immaginations of Americans, and nowhere else
The New York Times, March 30, 2018 | www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/ February 21, 2018

In 136 metro areas, almost 70 percent of those studied, the immigrant population increased between 1980 and 2016 while crime stayed stable or fell. The number of areas where crime and immigration both increased was much lower — 54 areas, slightly more than a quarter of the total. The 10 places with the largest increases in immigrants all had lower levels of crime in 2016 than in 1980.

 

Alberto Guariso
# Le sentenze della Corte Costituzionale 106, 107 e 166 del 2018: diritto alla mobilità e illegittimità dei requisiti di lungo-residenza per l'accesso all'alloggio e alle prestazioni sociali
www.dirittoimmigrazionecittadinanza.it/ Fascicolo 3/2018
L’articolo esamina le tre recenti sentenze della Corte costituzionale n. 106/18, 107/18 e 166/18 – tutte in materia di accesso dei cittadini extra UE alle prestazioni sociali – con le quali la Corte ha ritenuto irragionevoli requisiti di lungo-residenza previsti da leggi nazionali o regionali, pervenendo a tale conclusione sulla base di una pluralità di motivazioni: estraneità del requisito rispetto alla finalità dei vari istituti; violazione del diritto alla libera circolazione; violazione del divieto di discriminazione in ragione della cittadinanza; contrasto rispetto alle clausole di parità di trattamento previste nelle direttive UE. L’articolo compie anche una breve rassegna delle predette clausole di parità eurounitarie con riferimento all'accesso all’alloggio (oggetto delle sentenze 106/18 e 116/18) e segnala la funzione reciprocamente complementare del controllo di ragionevolezza e del principio di non discriminazione.

 

ACLU American Civil Liberties Union
# Racial Profiling: Definition
www.aclu.org/ 2018
Racial Profiling: Definition "Racial Profiling" refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual's race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Criminal profiling, generally, as practiced by police, is the reliance on a group of characteristics they believe to be associated with crime. Examples of racial profiling are the use of race to determine which drivers to stop for minor traffic violations (commonly referred to as "driving while black or brown"), or the use of race to determine which pedestrians to search for illegal contraband.

 

Michael T. Light, Ty Miller
# Does Undocumented Immigration Increase Violent Crime?
Criminology, vol. 56, n. 2, 370-401, 2018
Our findings suggest that undocumented immigration between 1990 and 2014 is generally associated with decreasing violent crime. The negative association between unauthorized immigration and violence is evident in both police reports and victimization data. The results from fixed-effects regression models reveal that undocumented immigration does not increase violence. Rather, the relationship between undocumented immigration and violent crime is generally negative... Increases in the undocumented immigrant population within states are associated with
significant decreases in the prevalence of violence.

 

Federico Barbiellini Amidei, Matteo Gomellini, Paolo Piselli
# Il contributo della demografia alla crescita economica: duecento anni di “storia” italiana
www.bancaditalia.it/ Numero 431 – Marzo 2018
Introduzione | Popolazione, crescita economica e transizione demografica in Italia | Misurazione del contributo demografico nel lungo periodo | L’evoluzione storica e il recente contributo dell’immigrazione | L’evoluzione futura: scenari alternativi | Alla ricerca di un second demographic dividend | Conclusioni

 

ISMU | Vincenzo Cesareo (ed)
# The Twenty-third Italian Report on Migrations 2017
www.ismu.org/ March 2018

Despite concerns over crime and the blaming of Mr. Trump for high rates of violence, undocumented migrants are not associated with higher crime rates. In fact, violent crime decreased by 48% between 1990 and 2013 as populations increased. Property crimes such as theft and robbery also decreased by 41%. Studies also show found native-born Americans are more likely to commit violent crimes than migrants documented and undocumented They are also more likely to be repeat offenders...

 

Alex Nowrasteh | Cato Institute
# Criminal Immigrants in Texas. Illegal Immigrant Conviction and Arrest Rates for Homicide, Sexual Assault, Larceny, and Other Crimes
https://object.cato.org/ Immigration Research and Policy Brief, Febrary 26, 2018
The homicide conviction rate for illegal immigrants was 25 percent below that of native-born Americans in Texas in 2015. The conviction rates for illegal immigrants were 11.5 percent and 79 percent below that of native-born Americans for the crimes of sexual assault and larceny, respectively. Illegal immigrants were more likely to be convicted of gambling, kidnapping, smuggling, and vagrancy than natives, but those crimes constituted only 0.18 percent of all convictions that year in Texas. For all criminal convictions in Texas in 2015, illegal immigrants had a criminal conviction rate 56 percent below that of native-born Americans. Legal immigrants had a criminal conviction rate 85 percent below that of native-born Americans.

 

Suvi Keskinen, Aminkeng Atabong Alemanji, Markus Himanen, Antti Kivijärvi, Uyi Osazee, Nirosha Pöyhölä, Venla Rousku
# The Stopped – Ethnic Profiling in Finland
Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki, 2018
This research examined ethnic profiling in Finland with a focus on its prevalence, forms and interpretations of people who ex perienced profiling and the police. The study also analysed the practices and logics that can lead to ethnic profiling. The research sought to produce knowledge of the ethnicised, racialised, gendered and age-based distinctions and practices related to profiling. Moreover, it examined the effects of ethnic profiling of those targeted by it and the strategies they use in and after situations they experienced as ethnic profiling.

 

House of Commons - Chambre des Communes - Canada
# Taking Action against Systemic Racism and Religious Discrimination including Islamophobia. Report of the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage
42nd Parliament, 1st Session, February 2018

Racial profiling and disproportionate incarceration: “That law enforcement agencies have programmes to prevent racial profiling…and that Canada address the root causes of overrepresentation of African-Canadians and Indigenous peoples at all levels of the justice system, from arrest to incarceration.”...When a population is overrepresented in any institutional context, this is a reflection of systemic inequality, to the detriment of some, and to the advantage of others. Think here about white men in CEO positions and indigenous and black people in Canadian federal prisons…

# Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage | Monday, September 25, 2017

 

Medici senza frontiere
# Fuoricampo. Insediamenti informali, marginalità sociale, ostacoli all'accesso alle cure e ai beni essenziali per migranti e rifugiati
http://fuoricampo.medicisenzafrontiere.it/ Febbraio 2018
Migranti e rifugiati vivono in luoghi sempre più nascosti, in una condizione di crescente paura e frustrazione, e con contatti sempre più limitati con i servizi territoriali, incluso quelli sanitari.... si riducono le possibilità di accesso alle cure, a cominciare da quelle di medicina generale...

 

Corte di Giustizia UE
# Sentenza 25 gennaio 2018, causa C-473/16
https://curia.europa.eu/
Il test psicologico per accertare l'orientamento sessuale del richiedente asilo viola il diritto alla vita privata

 

Rights International Spain
# 'Because You're Black': Spain Ethnic Profiling. Case Goes to Strasbourg
www.liberties.eu/ January 25, 2018
The European Court of Human Rights has notified the Spanish government that it will consider the case of a young man who was subjected to a police stop-and-search for no other reason than that he is black. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg has accepted a case against Spain for police identification based on ethnic profiling, i. e., based on a person’s skin colour. The Spanish government has until April to submit its position together with any comment or proposal on the case.

# Zeshan Muhammad v. Spain 20170508

# Cour de Cassation Chambre Criminelle, 23 juin 2009

 

OXFAM International. The power of people against poverty
# Reward work, not wealth. To end the inequality crisis, we must build an economy for ordinary working people, not the rich and powerful
# Methodology note
www.oxfam.org/ January 2018

 

HM Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS)
# PEEL: Police legitimacy 2017. A national overview
www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/ December 2017
The disparity in find rates is troubling; it suggests that the use of stop and search on black people might be based on weaker grounds for suspicion than its use on white people, particularly in respect of drugs. There may be a number of reasons for these findings but, taken alongside the fact that black people are more than eight times more likely than white people to be stopped and searched, they require an explanation that the service is currently unable to provide.

 

Jeremy West
# Racial Bias in Police Investigations
https://people.ucsc.edu/ December 2017
There is strong public sentiment that law enforcement is characterized by racial bias, with the majority of Americans believing that the country’s criminal justice system “favors whites over blacks”. This sentiment is embodied in activist movements such as the “black lives matter” campaign and in phrases such as “driving while black”. Descriptively, the scholarly literature supports this sentiment...

 

Liz Fekete, Frances Webber, Anya Edmond-Pettitt | Institute of Race Relations
# Humanitarianism: the unacceptable face of solidarity
www.irr.org.uk/ 2017
At the same time, refugee solidarity groups, which have been filling gaps in state provision in many border towns, are finding themselves regarded as an anti-social presence, targeted and harassed by the police. As we report, just providing food, water and shelter (in the form of sleeping bags) can be enough to single humanitarian workers out to the police as ‘enablers of irregular migration’. The activities of humanitarian workers are treated as anti-social, a ‘pull factor’ encouraging migration and the nomadic existence at places like Calais and Ventimiglia.

 

# Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul sistema di accoglienza, di identificazione ed espulsione, nonché sulle condizioni di trattenimento dei migranti e sulle risorse pubbliche impegnate
http://documenti.camera.it/ Giovedì 21 dicembre 2017

Permangono evidentemente tutti i dubbi di costituzionalità per violazione del disposto di cui all’articolo 13 Cost. già sollevati da autorevole dottrina in ordine al trattenimento dei migranti ai fini identificativi presso gli hotspot...

 

Gian Carlo Blangiardo
# XXXII Rapporto sulle Migrazioni. Anno 2017. Aspetti statistici
Milano, 5 dicembre 2017

 

Senato della Repubblica - Commissione Straordinaria per la Tutela e la Promozione dei Diritti Umani
# Rapporto sui Centri di permanenza per il rimpatrio - dicembre 2017
www.senato.it/ Dicembre 2017
Allo stato attuale sono cinque i Cpr funzionanti (Bari, Brindisi15, Caltanissetta, Roma, Torino) con una capienza effettiva di 500 posti. Al 30 dicembre 2016 risultavano trattenute 288 persone. Al 30 giugno 2017 erano 377. Gli ultimi dati disponibili risalgono al 1 dicembre 2017 con un totale di 417 persone trattenute...

 

Andrea Giliberto
# La violazione dei diritti umani degli stranieri trattenuti in un C.I.E. (oggi C.P.R.) danneggia l’immagine della comunità territoriale dove la violazione è avvenuta

# Tribunale di Bari, Sezione I civile, sent. 31 luglio – 10 agosto 2017, Giud. Potito
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ Dicembre 2017
Con la sentenza qui pubblicata, il Tribunale civile di Bari ha condannato la Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri e il Ministero dell’Interno a risarcire il danno all’immagine cagionato al Comune e alla Provincia di Bari dalle violazioni dei diritti umani avvenute nel Centro di Identificazione ed Espulsione di Bari-Palese. Pur trattandosi di giudizio estraneo alla materia penale stricto sensu intesa, le riflessioni che questa sentenza propone attingono assai strettamente la tematica della privazione della libertà personale, per quanto concerne le condizioni di trattenimento dei migranti nelle strutture di identificazione, rispetto alle quali da più parti vengono da tempo sollevate gravi censure quanto al rispetto della dignità personale dei migranti trattenuti.

 

United Nations
# International Migration Report 2017. Highlights
www.un.org/ New York, 2017
The number of international migrants worldwide has continued to grow rapidly in recent years, reaching 258 million in 2017, up from 220 million in 2010 and 173 million in 2000. Over 60 per cent of all international migrants live in Asia (80 million) or Europe (78 million). Northern America hosted the third largest number of  international migrants (58 million), followed by  Africa (25 million), Latin America and the Caribbean  (10 million) and Oceania (8 million)...

 

Associazione Carta di Roma | Paola Barretta, Giuseppe Milazzo (eds)
# Notizie da paura. Quinto rapporto Carta di Roma 2017
www.cartadiroma.org/ Dicembre 2017
Le notizie spesso vengono servite al lettore come “piatti” esotici. Come extra-notizie sugli extra-comunitari. Col risultato di consolidare l’idea chel’immigrazione, e gli immigrati, non sono un fatto strutturale, che va governato, ma, appunto, una permanente emergenza. Che va fermata. Si rafforza così il senso comune dei pregiudizi e si concima il terreno su cui germoglia la mala pianta del pregiudizio xenofobo e dell’ hate speech. Il fatto che il discorso d’odio e le sue sinistre sorelline fake news proliferino essenzialmente nella Rete, non assolve il sistema dei media, ma al contrario lo chiama a maggiori responsabilità.

 

United Nations Regional Information Centre (UNRIC)
# Horrific conditions at detention facilities in Libya
http://www.unric.org/ 14 nov 2017
“Monitors were shocked by what they witnessed: thousands of emaciated and traumatized men, women and children piled on top of each other, locked up in hangars with no access to the most basic necessities, and stripped of their human dignity,” Zeid said. “Many of those in detention have already been exposed to trafficking, kidnappings, torture, rape and other sexual violence, forced labour, exploitation, severe physical violence, starvation and other atrocities in the course of their journeys through Libya, often at the hands of traffickers or smugglers.”

 

Enes Bayrakli, Farid Hafez (eds)
# European Islamophobia - Report 2016
www.islamophobiaeurope.com/ SETA 2017
Respondents in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain and the UK were presented with the statement ‘All further migration from mainly Muslim countries should be stopped’. As the report reveals, the majorities in all but two of the ten states agreed to this statement, ranging from 71% in Poland, 65% in Austria, 53% in Germany and 51% in Italy to 47% in the United Kingdom and 41% in Spain. In no country did the percentage that disagreed surpass 32%...

 

Global Detention Project (GDP)
# Italy Immigration Detention Profile
www.globaldetentionproject.org/ November 2017
Italy confronts considerable migration challenges as the main European destination for asylum seekers and migrants attempting to cross the Mediterranean by boat. During 2016, approximately 180,000 people reached Italian shores, of whom 25,000 were unaccompanied children, more than double compared to the previous year.2 2016 was also the deadliest year on record for boat migrants, as more that 5,022 people died or went missing, compared to 3,771 in 2015. 

 

Michelle Louise Sydes
# The Immigration-Crime Myth: Exploring the Impact of Immigration on Neighbourhood Violence
The University of Queensland, 2017

 

IDOS - Confronti - UNAR
# Dossier Statistico Immigrazione 2017
www.saluteinternazionale.info/ Novembre 2017


Paolo Pinotti
# Clicking on Heaven’s Door: The Effect of Immigrant Legalization on Crime
American Economic Review 2017, 107(1): 138–168


Carlo Lania
# Migranti. Isole dell'Egeo come prigioni: "Profughi ormai allo stremo"
Il Manifesto, 3 novembre 2017
Msf ha denunciato un'emergenza per quanto riguarda le condizioni psicologiche dei richiedenti asilo, emergenza creata dalle condizioni di vita povere, da negligenza e violenza. Durante l'estate - ha reso noto l'associazione - sono arrivati nelle nostre cliniche in media da sei a sette pazienti a settimana in seguito a tentativi di suicidio, atti di autolesionismo o episodi psicotici, il 50% in più rispetto al trimestre precedente. Persone che ci dicono che preferirebbero essere morte piuttosto che trovarsi qui.

 

P. Lemmens, H. Dupont, I. Roosen
# Migrants, asylum seekers and refugees: an overview of the literature relating to drug use and access to services. Background paper commissioned by the EMCDDA for Health and social responses to drug problems: a European guide
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/ 30 October 2017
In the literature, several circumstances have been noted that could make migrants more vulnerable to substance use or misuse. Traumatic experiences, unemployment and poverty, loss of family and social support, and a more lenient normative setting have been named as factors in alcohol and drug use. Horyniak et al. (2016) found that drinking to cope with trauma, drinking to cope with boredom and frustration, and drinking as a social experience were important drinking motivations for African migrants in Australia. In a commentary, Pearce at al. (2004) convincingly argue that the social situation of migrants and people from ethnic minorities, and the differences between immigrant groups or groups with specific ethnic backgrounds, are more important determinants of health outcomes than genetic or ‘racial’ make-up. In terms of Zinberg’s trilogy of ‘drug, set and setting’ (1984), research seems to indicate that setting factors are more important than set factors in explaining the drug and alcohol use patterns of migrants.

 

Fabrizio Ciocca
# C’è una relazione tra immigrazione e criminalità?
www.lenius.it/ 6 Ottobre 2017
I dati presentati non consentono di parlare di un’emergenza sicurezza in Italia, e smentiscono l’ipotesi di un aumento degli episodi di criminalità determinato da una maggiore presenza di immigrati. La criminalità in Italia è ai minimi storici, soprattutto per quanto riguarda i crimini più violenti ed è per molti reati inferiore ai livelli di criminalità degli altri paesi europei. Nonostante ciò, la maggioranza degli Italiani ritiene che la criminalità sia aumentata, collegando questo supposto aumento all’aumento degli immigrati nel nostro paese. Si tratta di una percezione che non trova riscontro nei dati...

 

# The Lammy Review. An independent review into the treatment of, and outcomes for, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic individuals in the Criminal Justice System, September 2017

Despite making up just 14% of the population, BAME men and women make up 25% of prisoners, while over 40% of young people in custody are from BAME backgrounds. If our prison population reflected the make-up of England and Wales, we would have over 9,000 fewer people in prison – the equivalent of 12 average-sized prisons. There is greater disproportionality in the number of Black people in prisons here than in the United States.

 

Global Detention Project (GDP) | Pablo Ceriani Cernadas
# Immigration Detention through the Lens of International Human Rights: Lessons from South America
Global Detention Project Working Paper No. 23 September 2017
Based on the previous arguments, we can conclude that deprivation of liberty during migration procedures can only be used as an extremely exceptional measure. A corollary argument concerns "altenative" measures that could be adopted to ensure that legitimate migration policy goals are achieved without affecting fundamental human rights beyond international human rights law obligations.

 

Lunaria | Open Society Foundations | Paola Andrisani, Sergio Bontempelli, Serena Chiodo, Anna Dotti, Giuseppe Faso, Grazia Naletto, Sara Nunzi, Annamaria Rivera, Duccio Zola
# Cronache di ordinario razzismo. Quarto Libro bianco sul razzismo in Italia
www.lunaria.org/ 2017
Nella società liquida e sempre più divisa che tende a contrapporre tra loro le diverse forme di insoddisfazione, di disagio e di esclusione sociale – consegnandoci a una solitudine incattivita e rancorosa che cerca un bersaglio contro cui scagliarsi tra i propri pari, anziché pretendere di riorientare le scelte di coloro che hanno il potere di decidere sulle nostre vite – gli atti e i comportamenti aggressivi nei confronti dei Rom, dei migranti e dei rifugiati si diffondono capillarmente come un virus nei nostri territori e nella realtà virtuale offerta dalla rete...

 

Janet Chan, Chris Cunneen, Tamar Hopkins, Clare Land, Raul Sanchez-Urribarri, Victoria Sentas, Leanne Weber | Police Stop Data Working Group
# Monitoring Racial Profiling. Introducing a scheme to prevent unlawful stops and searches by Victoria Police
www.policeaccountability.org.au/ August 2017
Cognitive bias; the unconscious formation of stereotypical opinions about the criminality of certain ethnic groups, is clearly a central player in the promulgation of the practices that underlie racial profiling. It is also the case that ‘cognitive bias and stereotyping is a feature of police cultural knowledge that is not easily changed given the nature of police work as it is currently structured’. Consequently, while individual prejudice (conscious) and cognitive bias (unconscious) may be part of the problem, it is changing the institutional or structural practices that result in discrimination that must be the focus of a program working to eliminate racial profiling...

 

# Luigi Manconi, Migranti. Reato d'altruismo, Il Manifesto, 4 agosto 2017

# Avvenire titolo 3 agosto # testi 3 - 4 agosto 2017

 

# Commissione parlamentare di inchiesta sul sistema di accoglienza, di identificazione ed espulsione, nonché sulle condizioni di trattenimento dei migranti e sulle risorse pubbliche impegnate
http://documenti.camera.it/ Mercoledì 26 luglio 2017

 

Corrado Bonifazi (a cura di) | CNR - IRPPS
# Migrazioni e integrazioni nell’Italia di oggi
www.irpps.cnr.it/ 2017

 

In Migrazione
# Accoglienza rifugiati: un’ordinaria emergenza
www.inmigrazione.it/ Luglio 2017

 

National Immigrant Justice Center
# The Trump Administration’s Deadly Bid to Expand Immigration Detention
www.immigrantjustice.org/ June 2017
The Trump administration has asked Congress to allocate $2.7 billion dollars to lock up a daily average of 51,379 immigrants in 2018. This historic bid for the mass incarceration of immigrants would nearly double the average detention capacity of the past decade. Along with this expansion, the administration plans to entirely abandon basic standards for health, safety and civil rights in immigration detention.

 

Picum Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants
# A compilation of key news and developments concerning undocumented migrants for the second quarter of the year 2017
http://picum.org/ Picum Quarterly, April - June 2017

 

United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Population Division
# John Wilmoth, Director Population Division, DESA, United Nations (Press briefing)
# World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision (Press release)

# Key Findings and Advance Tables
http://www.un.org/ 21 june 2017

 

Emma Pierson, Camelia Simoiu, Jan Overgoor, Sam Corbett-Davies, Vignesh Ramachandran, Cheryl Phillips
# A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States
https://arxiv.org/ June 2017
To assess racial disparities in police interactions with the public, we compiled and analyzed a dataset detailing over 60 million state patrol stops conducted in 20 U.S. states between 2011 and 2015. We find that black drivers are stopped more often than white drivers relative to their share of the driving-age population...

 

Matteo Villa
# Fact Checking: Migrazioni
www.ispionline.it/ 29 giugno 2017
Mentre stranieri e italiani vengono incarcerati in misura simile per certi tipi di reati violenti, come per esempio le lesioni dolose (5,5% dei reati per entrambe le nazionalità), gli stranieri vengono incarcerati in misura superiore per reati connessi alla produzione e spaccio di stupefacenti (45% contro 36%). Inoltre, all‘aumentare dei migranti non sembra aumentare il loro "livello di delinquenza". Tra 2009 e 2015, a fronte di un aumento del 47% degli stranieri residenti la popolazione carceraria straniera è scesa dal 37% al 33% del totale. Se dunque gli stranieri continuano a essere denunciati e a finire in carcere di più rispetto agli italiani, non sembra essere provata la tesi per la quale una maggiore densità di stranieri fa aumentare la loro criminalità (per esempio perché farebbe crescere la loro marginalizzazione e segregazione).

 

Robert Adelman, Lesley Williams Reid, Gail Markle, Saskia Weiss, Charles Jaret
# Urban crime rates and the changing face of immigration: Evidence across four decades
Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 15:1, 52-77, 2017
Research has shown little support for the enduring proposition that increases in immigration are associated with increases in crime. Although classical criminological and neoclassical economic theories would predict immigration to increase crime, most empirical research shows quite the opposite. We investigate the immigration-crime relationship among metropolitan areas over a 40 year period from 1970 to 2010. Our goal is to describe the ongoing and changing association between immigration and a broad range of violent and property crimes. Our results indicate that immigration is consistently linked to decreases in violent (e.g., murder) and property (e.g., burglary) crime throughout the time period.

 

Global Detention Project (GDP)
# Belgium Immigration Detention Profile
www.globaldetentionproject.org/ May 2017
In 2015, 6,229 persons were placed in immigration detention, an 11 percent increase compared to 2014. Also during 2015, the country forcibly returned 4,245 persons and organised 25 return flights of unauthorized persons, mostly to Albania, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Serbia. Belgium registered more than 18,000 asylum applications in 2016, considerably fewer than in 2015 (44,750). The top three countries of origin—Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan—accounted for 63 percentage of asylum claims in 2015 and 35 percent in 2016. During both years nearly 60 percent of applicants were granted protection through refugee status or subsidiary protection status, including 7,051 Syrians in 2016.

 

Global Detention Project (GDP)
# Austria Immigration Detention Profile
www.globaldetentionproject.org/ May 2017
The number of asylum applications increased from some 28,000 in 2014 to 88,000 in 2015, and then dropped to 42,000 in 2016. In 2015, Austria received the fourth highest number of asylum applications in the EU, and the fifth largest in 2016. The number of people found to be irregularly  staying in Austria increased dramatically: from approximately 33,000 in 2014 to 86,000 in 2015. In 2016, 11,850 persons were ordered to leave and nearly 6,000 were removed.

 

Steffen Angenendt, David Kipp, Amrei Meier | German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP)
# Mixed migration. Challenges and options for the ongoing project of German and European asylum and migration policy
www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/ May 2017
The detention of asylum seekers in Greece in so-called hotspots raises humanrights questions. It is doubtful whether those seeking protection will be accorded adequate legal assistance in these  camps, or sufficient protection in Turkey. Although there is broad consensus that Syrian war refugees are accorded the appropriate protection status in Turkey, the UNHCR continues to assess  the Turkish state’s asylumpolicy capacities as deficient overall, and human-rights organizations have reported on illegal deportations of Afghan nationals.

 

Sebastiano Fabio Di Giacomo Barbagallo
# La rilevanza penale del fenomeno migratorio tra prassi operative e indirizzi interpretativi
www.associazionemagistrati.it/ La Magistratura, 29 maggio 2017

... deve, adesso, trattarsi, dello status da riconoscere ai migranti trasportati, onde verificare se – tenuto conto della permanente vigenza del reato di cui all’art. 10-bis del decreto legislativo 25 luglio 1998, n. 286 – i soggetti che, all’atto dello sbarco, sono chiamati a rendere dichiarazioni riguardo alla reità degli eventuali c.d. scafisti possano essere legittimamente assunti a sommarie informazioni testimoniali dalla P.G. o se, invece, debbano essere loro riconosciute la condizione e le garanzie proprie del soggetto indagato di reato collegato.

 

César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández
# What is Crimmigration Law?
crimmigration.com, Volume 17 Issue 3 – Spring 2017
Historically, criminal law and immigration law have operated as separate spheres... Beginning in the mid-1980s, the stark separation between criminal law and immigration law shifted quickly and dramatically. Two centuries into the nation’s life, the gap between these areas of law began to blur.  Today, it is often hard to explain where the criminal justice system ends and the immigration process begins.

 

Ontario Human Rights Commission
# Under Suspicion. Research and consultation report on racial profiling in Ontario
http://ohrc.on.ca/ April 2017
Racial profiling can have profound personal impacts. Racial profiling has a harmful effect on dignity. Victims may also lose their sense of being safe and secure, their liberty, their connection with their families and communities, and in the most tragic cases, their lives. Racial profiling also has harmful impacts on the social fabric of society...

 

Marco Noci
# Tribunali e immigrati, verso il debutto per 26 sezioni specializzate
Il Sole 24 Ore, 26 aprile 2017

# Testo del decreto-legge 17 febbraio 2017, n. 13 (in Gazzetta Ufficiale - Serie generale - n. 40 del 17 febbraio 2017), coordinato con la legge di conversione 13 aprile 2017, n. 46 (in questa stessa Gazzetta Ufficiale - alla pag. 1) recante: «Disposizioni urgenti per l'accelerazione dei procedimenti in materia di protezione internazionale, nonché per il contrasto dell'immigrazione illegale.». 

 

Baiguera Altieri Andrea
# Delinquenza percepita e delinquenza reale in Svizzera
Diritto internazionale, 19/04/2017

 

Emilio Sacerdoti
# Flussi migratori: ridurli si può, fermarli è impossibile
lavoce.info, 14.04.17
Le pressioni migratorie nel futuro, specie dai paesi dell’Africa subsahariana, continueranno a essere accentuate. Politiche che permettano un aumento del tasso di crescita del Pil e una riduzione del tasso di fecondità femminile, accompagnati da interventi internazionali per porre fine ai conflitti interni, possono aiutare a ridurle, ma non è realistico pensare a una loro eliminazione completa.

 

ELI European Law Institute
# Statement of the European Law Institute: Detention of Asylum Seekers and Irregular Migrants and the Rule of Law
www.europeanlawinstitute.eu/ 2017
In France, in 2016, 45,937 third-country nationals have been detained (27,947 in mainland France and 19,618 in overseas). 4,822 of these detainees were children compared to 5,692 in 2014, which constitutes a decrease of 18%... In the United Kingdom, in 2016, a total of 13,230 people who had sought asylum had been detained and there were 1,626 in detention at the end of the year. According to Global Detention Project the total number of immigration detainees in 2016 was 32,526... In Greece, there were14,864 immigration detainees in 2016; 4,072 of them were asylum seekers. However, AIDA reports that out of total 21,566 detention orders issued in 2016, as many as 18,114 detention orders (84%) were issued after the EU-Turkey statement on 20 March 2016...

 

Damiano Aliprandi
# Quei rimpatri forzati senza rispetto per la dignità umana
Il Dubbio, 13 aprile 2017

 

Rivista di Psicodinamica Criminale

# Rifugiati e richiedenti asilo: diritti, procedure e sistemi di accoglienza

Rivista di psicodinamica Criminale, Anno X, n. 1 febbraio 2017

 

Corte dei Conti Europea
# La risposta dell’UE alla crisi dei rifugiati: il “sistema basato sui punti di crisi” (hotspot approach) - Relazione speciale
www.eca.europa.eu/ 21 marzo 2017
Nel maggio 2015 la Commissione ha introdotto un nuovo “sistema basato sui punti di crisi” (hotspot approach) al fine di assistere la Grecia e l’Italia nel far fronte all’improvviso drammatico aumento del numero di migranti irregolari in arrivo alle rispettive frontiere esterne. Nella presente relazione, la Corte conclude che, in entrambi i paesi, il sistema basato sui punti di crisi ha fatto sì che, alla fine del 2016 le strutture di accoglienza erano ancora inadeguate. Inoltre, vi era ancora una carenza di strutture adatte ad alloggiare minori non accompagnati e a trattare questi casi in linea con le norme internazionali.

 

Sinan Cankaya
# The racialization of ethnic minority police officers and researchers: on positionality and (auto)ethnographic fieldwork
European Journal of Policing Studies, 2017, 4(4)–5(1), 119-132
In being both ‘one of us’ and ‘one of them’, my theorising on the position of ethnic minority police officers, the topic of my then PhD dissertation, is clearly shaped by my own experiences. My somatic characteristics, albeit socially constructed – male, from Turkish origins – undoubtedly impacted on my data gathering within the Amsterdam police organisation. I was constantly swinging back and forth between ‘being of the police’ and ‘being one of them’, the out-group, which officers mostly constructed along the lines of marginalised, male ethnic minorities...

 

Felipe Goncalves, Steven Mello
# A Few Bad Apples? Racial Bias in Policing
Working Paper 608 Princeton University, March 6, 2017
Blacks and Hispanics are significantly more likely to be stopped, arrested, and imprisoned than whites. A central question in research on the criminal justice system, therefore, is whether the disparate outcomes of minorities are due to discrimination on the part of law enforcement agents... We find that racial bias in lenience explains 16% of the minority-white speed gap, and spatial differences in race-blind lenience explain 30% of the gap.

 

Michelangelo Landgrave, Alex Nowrasteh
# Criminal Immigrants. Their Numbers, Demographics, and Countries of Origin
Cato Institute, March 15, 2017
Empirical studies of immigrant criminality generally find that immigrants do not increase local crime rates and are less likely to cause crime than their native-born peers, and that natives are more likely to be incarcerated than immigrants. Our numbers do not represent the total number of immigrants who can be deported under current law or the complete number of convicted immigrant criminals who are in the United States, but merely those incarcerated. This report provides numbers and demographic characteristics to better inform the public policy debate over immigration and crime.

 

eurostat
# Asylum in the EU Member States. 1.2 million first time asylum seekers registered in 2016. Syrians, Afghans and Iraqis continued to be the top citizenships
eurostat | newsrelease, 46/2017 - 16 march 2017

 

Vincenzo Cesareo, Gian Carlo Blangiardo (eds) | Fondazione ISMU
# L'immigrazione straniera in Lombardia. Rapporto 2016
https://migrazionimediazioni.files.wordpress.com/ Marzo 2017

 

# Tribunale Milano: associare il termine “clandestini” ai richiedenti asilo è discriminatorio, 22 febbraio 2017

 

# Carta di Roma - 2008

# Linee-guida per l'applicazione della Carta di Roma. Strumenti di lavoro per un’informazione corretta sui temi dell’immigrazione e dell’asilo, 2014

 

Amnesty International
# Report 2016/17. The State of the World's Human Rights
www.amnesty.org/

 

Jelmer Brouwer, Maartje van der Woude, Joanne van der Leun
# Framing migration and the process of crimmigration: A systematic analysis of the media representation of unauthorized immigrants in the Netherland
European Journal of Criminology, 2017, Vol. 14(1) 100–119
Throughout Europe, scholars have found that migration policies are subject to a criminalization trend. As negative sentiments towards immigrants have come to dominate the political and public discourses, increasingly stricter and more repressive responses to – mostly unauthorized – migratory acts have been adopted, including the resort to criminal law. Such developments fit into the broader trend of crimmigration, a term that was first introduced by Juliet Stumpf to refer to the convergence of criminal law and immigration law and has attracted considerable interest from primarily Anglo-Saxon legal scholars. European scholars have only more recently started to adopt the crimmigration terminology...

 

FRONTEX
# Risk Analysis for 2017
http://frontex.europa.eu/ February 2017
In 2016, Member States reported 305 365 return decisions issued to third-country nationals as a result of an administrative  or judicial decision, which represented a 6.5% increase compared with 2015...

 

Carlo Lania, # Immigrazione, è scontro tra Canzio e il ministro Orlando, https://ilmanifesto.it/ 15 febbraio 2017
Giovanni Negri,
# Niente appello sui giudizi per i rifugiati, il Sole 24 Ore 15 febbraio 2017
«Pretendere la semplificazione e razionalizzazione delle procedure non può significare soppressione delle garanzie...».

 

Commissione parlamentare d’inchiesta sul sistema di accoglienza, di identificazione ed espulsione, nonché sulle condizioni di trattenimento dei migranti e sulle risorse pubbliche impegnate
# Dati Statistici 23.01.2017. Dossier a cura degli Ispettori della Guardia di Finanza addetti all'Archivio della Commissione
www,camera.it/

 

Graham Durcan, Jessica Stubbs, Jed Boardman
# Immigration Removal Centres in England. A mental health needs analysis
www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk/ January 2017
Research into the impact of detention has consistently highlighted that: • Immigration detention has a negative impact on mental health • The longer someone spends in detention, the more negative an impact it has upon their mental health • Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder are the most common mental health problems A study conducted across four UK IRCs in 2009 found that four out of five detainees met a clinical threshold for depression.

 

Défenseur des Droits
# Enquête sur l’accès aux droits. Relations police/population : le cas des contrôles d’identité
www.defenseurdesdroits.fr/ 01/2017
Les jeunes de 18-25 ans déclarent ainsi 7 fois plus de contrôles que l’ensemble de la population et les hommes perçus comme noirs ou arabes apparaissent cinq fois plus concernés par des contrôles fréquents (c’est-à-dire plus de cinq fois dans les cinq dernières années). Si l’on combine ces deux critères, 80% des personnes correspondant au profil de « jeune homme perçu comme noir ou arabe » déclarent avoir été contrôlées dans les cinq dernières années (contre 16% pour le reste des enquêté.e.s).

 

Richard Pérez-Peña
# Contrary to Trump’s Claims, Immigrants Are Less Likely to Commit Crimes
www.nytimes.com/ Jan. 26, 2017
But several studies, over many years, have concluded that immigrants are less likely to commit crimes than people born in the United States. And experts say the available evidence does not support the idea that undocumented immigrants commit a disproportionate share of crime.

 

Adriano Sofri
# Il fenomeno “epocale” è non capire
www.ilfoglio.it/ 6 Gennaio 2017

La migrazione “non è un’emergenza”, non è “un fenomeno contingente”, è “un fenomeno epocale”. Da quanto tempo queste espressioni sono diventate un luogo comune, ripetuto da ogni solenne cretino cui sia messo davanti un microfono o un foglietto di carta? Quattro anni, cinque anni, dieci? Abbastanza comunque perché si possa pretendere che anche l’ultimo dei cretini, avendo dichiarato “epocale” il “fenomeno”, se ne sia fatto un’idea ed eventualmente l’abbia misurata coi fatti per confermarla o smentirla e cambiarla e rimisurarla coi fatti...

 

Rachele Gonnelli
# Mauro Palma: «Basta logiche emergenziali e serve un controllo dei centri».
www.ilmanifesto.it/ 5 gennaio 2017

La nostra Africa. Mauro Palma, Garante dei detenuti, vuole poter ispezionare anche i Cas come Cona. Entro gennaio visiterà Hotspot e Cie. Ma negli Hub non c’è autorità a cui appellarsi... La gestione delle strutture per migranti è ancora legata a una logica emergenziale mentre si dovrebbe passare a una situazione strutturale, molto più definita. Serve un quadro normativo più solido, che preveda, ad esempio, la possibilità di appellarsi a una autorità terza. Non solo per quanto riguarda la domanda di asilo ma anche di fronte a condizioni indecorose di permanenza nei centri.

 

Errico Novi
# L'ex presidente della Consulta: cacciare i rifugiati non si può
Il Dubbio, 4 gennaio 2017
Cesare Mirabelli: "È difficilmente percorribile l'ipotesi di eliminare del tutto il ricorso in appello per chi chiede protezione internazionale: una norma del genere può urtare contro il principio di eguaglianza"...  si deve partire dall'articolo 10 della Costituzione, che garantisce l'asilo allo straniero al quale fosse negato l'esercizio delle libertà democratiche nel Paese d'origine. È un principio ispirato a una visione di solidarietà culturale, che riconosce il diritto alla libertà come uno dei  diritti umani fondamentali. A questo aggiungo che l'immigrazione economica è sì un atto distinguibile, ma non in modo  così drastico... Parliamo del diritto di vivere, che è evidentemente un diritto umano fondamentale: dietro l'immigrazione economica ci sono esigenze alimentari basilari.

 

Annalisa Mangiaracina
# Hotspots e diritti: un binomio possibile?
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 9 dicembre 2016
Non appena il sistema “hotspot” è diventato operativo sono subito emersi numerosi profili problematici legati, principalmente, alla mancanza di una specifica disciplina normativa, essendo la materia affidata ad alcune circolari del Ministero dell’Interno, nonché, più di recente, alle Procedure Operative Standard (SOP) redatte dal medesimo organo8. Questa assenza di regolamentazione ha avuto delle ricadute in termini di violazioni di diritti fondamentali riconosciuti a livello sia nazionale sia sovranazionale, denunciate in diversi documenti, tra i quali il Rapporto sui centri di identificazione ed espulsione in Italia, redatto dalla Commissione straordinaria per la tutela e la promozione dei diritti umani del Senato della Repubblica9, per quanto riguarda l’hotspot di Lampedusa.

 

Fondazione ISMU (Iniziative e Studi sulla Multietnicità)
# Ventiduesimo rapporto sulle migrazioni 2016
www.ismu.org/ 1 dicembre 2016
Gli stranieri rappresentano il 9,58% della popolazione abitualmente residente in Italia. Tenendo conto delle acquisizioni di cittadinanza, nel 2015 i nuovi italiani sono 178mila (contro i 130mila del 2014 e i 60mila del 2012). I dati quindi indicano che la crescita c’è, accompagnata da maggiore stabilità e integrazione. Il fenomeno dell’irregolarità registra una leggera ripresa: al 1° gennaio 2016 Ismu stima che non abbiano un valido titolo di soggiorno 435mila immigrati (contro i 404mila alla stessa data dell’anno precedente). L’incidenza degli irregolari sul totale della popolazione straniera presente è del 7,4%.

 

CNCDH AVIS
# Prévention des pratiques de contrôle d’identité discriminatoires et/ou abusives
www.cncdh.fr/ 8novembre 2016
Considérant l’absence de traçabilité des contrôles d’identité comme une entrave à un contrôle juridictionnel effectif, la cour d’appel de Paris a estimé le 24 juin 2015 qu’un aménagement de la charge de la preuve était nécessaire afin qu’il ne soit pas exigé du justiciable, alléguant du caractère discriminatoire de l’opération, d’en apporter les éléments de preuve...

# Cour de Cassation - Communiqué: Arrêts relatifs aux contrôles d’identité discriminatoires - 9 novembre 2016

# Cour de cassation - Première chambre civile - Audience 9 novembre 2016

# Cour d'Appel de Paris, Pole 2 - Chambre 1, Arret du 24 juin 2015

 

Riforma
# Nessuna invasione islamica. I dati del Cesnur sulle minoranze presenti in Italia rivelano un quadro assai differente da quanto narrato dai grandi mezzi di comunicazione
www.riforma.it/ 11 novembre 2016

Massimo Introvigne, Pierluigi Zoccatelli # Il pluralismo religioso italiano nel contesto postmoderno, www.cesnur.com/ novembre 2016

 

Philippe Sotto
# Top French court: police illegally checked 3 minority men
www.bostonglobe.com/ November 10, 2016
France’s highest court has ruled for the first time that police illegally checked the identification of three men based on racial profiling, a key source of tension between officers and youth in poor suburbs. The Cour de Cassation set more specific rules for ID checks in France in a decision closely watched by activists who have long protested against what they call routine discrimination by officers against black and Arab youth...

 

Kimiko De Freitas-Tamura
# Britain’s Increase in Hate Crimes Is Tied to Changes in How They Are Reported
www.nytimes.com/ Nov. 5, 2016
In 2015, Britain recorded eight times as many hate crimes as the United States, which has five times as many people; that was 31 times the hate crimes reported in France and 88 times the total in Italy. The assaults extended to Muslim women, whose face veils were torn off. Blacks, Asians, gays and people with disabilities also reported abuse. Britain recorded 71,140 hate crimes in the 2015-16 financial year, ending in March. In July, the month after the referendum, the number of hate crimes recorded by the police was 41 percent higher than in July of last year, though they have fallen lately.

 

Magistratura Democratica - ASGI Associazione per gli Studi Giuridici sull'Immigrazione
# Diritto di asilo - Dovere di accoglienza. Osservazioni e proposte sulla ipotesi di riforma del procedimento
www.magistraturademocratica.it/ 4 novembre 2016
Le ragioni delle migrazioni sono molteplici e complesse: le guerre, i regimi dittatoriali e violenti, l’incremento demografico concentrato nelle zone più povere della terra, le operazioni di land grabbing e di estrazione intensiva di materie prime che tolgono la terra a chi prima ne ricavava il sostentamento, i mutamenti climatici, che già hanno fatto scomparire o hanno trasformato, impoverendoli, vasti territori e che nel 2050 si prevede determineranno 200 milioni di sfollati.6 Per queste cause, le migrazioni sono inarrestabili...

 

Armin Kapeller
# Stranieri: espulsioni, respingimenti, rimpatri assistiti, ritorni volontari, dati statistici - RFT
www.filodiritto.com/ 30 ottobre 2016

 

IDOS, in partenariato con Confronti e in collaborazione con l'UNAR
# Dossier Statistico Immigrazione
www.dossierimmigrazione.it/ ottobre 2016

 

Francesco Palazzo
# Immigrazione e criminalità. Una lettura di dati statistici
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 24 ottobre 2016
Particolarmente preoccupante, specie agli occhi dell’opinione pubblica e di alcune parti politiche, è il controverso rapporto tra immigrazione e criminalità. La ritenuta propensione a delinquere degli immigrati costituisce uno dei principali argomenti, se non il principale, sul quale si fonda la sempre più diffusa ostilità verso un fenomeno dalle dimensioni crescenti e dalle caratteristiche bibliche. Spesso si ha l’impressione che, come avviene più in generale per l’andamento della criminalità complessiva, i dati disponibili siano utilizzati con disinvoltura se non con spregiudicatezza...

 

Global Detention Project (GDP)
# Croatia Immigration Detention Profile
www.globaldetentionproject.org/ October 2016
... Croatia was a key transit country for non-citizens attempting to reach Western Europe. It refuses entry to high numbers of people: 9,355 in 2015; 8,645 in 2014; and 10,015 in 2013. In 2015, the number of refusals was the sixth highest in the EU.3 In addition, in 2015 Croatia apprehended 3,259 undocumented people and ordered 3,910 expulsions.4 Official sources report that the country placed 258 non-citizens in detention in 2015, of whom 41 were asylum seekers.5 By comparison, more than 1,500 people were reportedly detained in both 2006 and 2007...

 

Fondazione Leone Moressa
# L’impatto fiscale dell’immigrazione
www.fondazioneleonemoressa.org/ ottobre 2016

 

Rich Morin, Renee Stepler | Pew Research Center
# The Racial Confidence Gap in Police Performance
http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/ September 29, 2016
Most whites (75%) say their local police do an excellent or good job when it comes to using the right amount of force for each situation. Only 33% of blacks share this view... When it comes to treating racial or ethnic groups equally, 35% of blacks say the police department in their community does an excellent or good job, compared with 75% of whites. ... Overall, about nine-in-ten Americans (93%) favor the use of body cameras by police so officers can record their interactions with citizens, including 95% of whites, 93% of Hispanics and 85% of blacks...

 

Istat
# Cittadini non comunitari: presenza, nuovi ingressi e acquisizioni di cittadinanza
www.istat.it/ 29 settembre 2016
In base ai dati forniti dal Ministero dell’Interno, al 1° gennaio 2016 sono regolarmente presenti in Italia 3.931.133 cittadini non comunitari, numero sostanzialmente stabile rispetto all’anno precedente.  I paesi più rappresentati sono: Marocco (510.450), Albania (482.959), Cina (333.986), Ucraina (240.141) e India (169.394).  La presenza non comunitaria risulta sempre più stabile sul territorio. Continuano infatti a crescere i soggiornanti di lungo periodo...

 

Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea
# Sentenze nelle cause C-165/14 Alfredo Rendón Marín/Administración del Estado e C-304/14 Secretary of State for the Home Department/CS
Comunicato Stampa n. 95/16 - Lussemburgo, 13 settembre 2016
Il diritto dell’Unione non consente né di rifiutare in modo automatico un permesso di soggiorno a un cittadino di un paese non UE che ha l’affidamento esclusivo di un cittadino minorenne dell’UE, né di espellerlo dal territorio UE per il solo motivo che ha precedenti penali . Per poter essere adottata, una misura di espulsione deve essere proporzionata e basata sul comportamento personale del cittadino di un paese non UE e tale comportamento deve rappresentare una minaccia effettiva, attuale e sufficientemente grave per un interesse fondamentale della società dello Stato membro ospitante.

 

Roland G. Fryer
# An Empirical Analysis of Racial Differences in Police Use of Force    # Appendix
http://scholar.harvard.edu/ July 2016
On non-lethal uses of force, there are racial differences – sometimes quite large – in police use of force, even after accounting for a large set of controls designed to account for important contextual and behavioral factors at the time of the police-civilian interaction. Interestingly, as use of force increases from putting hands on a civilian to striking them with a baton, the overall probability of such an incident occurring decreases dramatically but the racial difference remains roughly constant.

 

Lynn A. Karoly, Francisco Perez-Arce
# A Cost-Benefit Framework for Analyzing the Economic and Fiscal Impacts of State-Level Immigration Policies
www.rand.org/ 2016
One that has received attention in policy debates and the research literature is the relationship between immigration and crime. However, there is little empirical evidence to suggest that increases in the number of immigrants leads to a rise in crime (or, conversely, that a decrease in the number of immigrants would produce a reduction in crime). This is a robust finding across a number of studies using alternative data sources and methods. Given the absence of evidence suggesting a strong relationship between immigration and crime, we omit crime from consideration as a potential secondary impact from a reduction in the number of unauthorized immigrants.

 

Pew Research Center

# On Views of Race and Inequality, Blacks and Whites Are Worlds Apart

June 27, 2016

The public thinks that when it comes to discrimination against black people in the U.S. today, discrimination that is based on the prejudice of individual people is a bigger problem than discrimination that is built into the nation’s laws and institutions... Large majorities of black adults say that blacks in this country are treated unfairly in a range of institutional settings – from the criminal justice system, to the workplace to banks and financial institutions.
Fully 84% of blacks say that black people in this country are treated less fairly than whites in dealing with the police, and three-quarters say blacks are treated less fairly in the courts.

 

Rebecca C. Hetey, Benoît Monin, D. Amrita Maitreyi, Jennifer L. Eberhardt
# Data for Change. A Statistical Analysis of Police Stops, Searches, Handcuffings, and Arrests in Oakland, Calif., 2013-2014       # Summary
Stanford SPARQ, 23 June 2016
The majority of stops, 69%, were vehicle stops. Another quarter of these stops were pedestrian stops. The remainder of the stops fell into the categories of bicycle stops, 4%, and stops recorded as “other,” 2%. Three quarters of all stops were of men, while one-quarter of stops were of women. African Americans were the racial group most often stopped. Sixty percent of stops, or nearly 17,000 stops, were of African Americans. Stops of African Americans were made at a rate of more than three times that of the next most common group, Hispanics. Nearly 5,000 stops, or 18% of total stops, were of Hispanics. There were 3,661 stops of Whites, which comprised 13% of total stops. Stops of Asians and of people categorized as Other were the least frequent, 7% and 3%, respectively.

 

Jennifer L. Eberhardt
# Strategies for Change. Research Initiatives and Recommendations to Improve Police-Community Relations in Oakland, Calif.
Stanford SPARQ, June 15, 2018

 

Ashley Nellis | The Sentencing Project
# The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons
www.sentencingproject.org/ June 14, 2016
African Americans are incarcerated in state prisons at a rate that is 5.1 times the imprisonment of whites. In five states (Iowa, Minnesota, New Jersey, Vermont, and Wisconsin), the disparity is more than 10 to 1.  In twelve states, more than half of the prison population is black: Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Maryland, whose prison population is 72% African American, tops the nation. In eleven states, at least 1 in 20 adult black males is in prison...

 

Caglar Ozden, Mauro Testaverde, Mathis Wagner
# How and Why Does Immigration Affect Crime?
www.researchgate.net/ Working Paper · May 2016
The perception that immigration fuels crime is an important source of anti-immigrant sentiment. Using Malaysian data for 2003-10, this paper provides estimates of the overall impact of economic immigration on crime and evidence on different socio-economic mechanisms underpinning this relationship. Our IV estimates suggest that immigration decreases crime rates, with an elasticity of around -0.97 for property and -1.8 violent crime. Three-quarters of the negative causal relationship between immigration and property crime rates can be explained by the impact of immigration on the underlying economic environment faced by natives. The reduction in violent crime rates is less readily explained by these factors, and is plausibly due to a lower propensity of immigrants to commit violent crimes.

 

Commissione europea contro il razzismo e l’intolleranza (ECRI)
# Rapporto dell'Ecri sull'Italia (quinto ciclo di monitoraggio)
Adottato il 18 marzo 2016 - Pubblicato il 7 giugno 2016

 

ACAT
# Les Français et la torture
www.acatfrance.fr/ Avril 2016

 

Francesco Antonelli
# Riscoprire il sociale: nota critica su Immigrazione, società e crimine di Luigi Maria Solivetti
romatrepress.uniroma3.it/ ds, anno VI, n. 1, 25 aprile 2016
Le risultanze empiriche che emergono dallo studio di Solivetti fanno pensare che il problema della criminalità dei migranti (oggi prevalentemente parte delle classi popolari europee) non sia dissimile, per quanto concerne i fattori endogeni che lo spiegano e l’accompagnano, a quello degli “autoctoni” posti in una medesima condizione di deprivazione relativa e marginalità socioeconomica. Uno spunto che richiama alla mente proprio quelle conclusioni alle quali giungeva, su un piano più generale, la ricerca di Pierre Bourdieu sulla povertà relativa e assoluta in Francia, presentata nel volume La miseria del mondo...

 

Walk Free Foundation
# Global Slavery Index report
www.globalslaveryindex.org/ 2016

 

Amnesty International

# Report 2015-2016

www.amnesty.org/ 2016

 

Fondazione ISMU | Vincenzo Cesareo (ed)
# The Twenty-first Italian Report on Migrations 2015
www.ismu.org/ 2016
The phenomenon of migration in Italy is undergoing transformations to such an extent that it seems plausible to speak of the end of a cycle and the beginning of a new one. These dynamics are linked firstly to geopolitical transformations and conflicts taking place in regions of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa; secondly, on the domestic front, to the considerable impact the economic crisis has had on the future growth prospects of the Italian labour market. From an analytical perspective, six points must be considered to outline this new scenario: a) the marked increase in migration flows, b) the sharp decrease in the number of people entering the country to seek work, c) the consolidation of family units, d) the overall increase in emigration from Italy, e) the significant presence of migrants from new EU countries in Italy, f) the importance of internal migration. 

 

NAGA Associazione Volontaria di Assistenza Socio-Sanitaria e per i Diritti di Cittadini Stranieri, Rom e Sinti - Onlus
# (Ben)Venuti! Indagine sul sistema di accoglienza dei richiedenti asilo a Milano e provincia
www.naga.it/ Aprile 2016

 

Kevin L. Nadal, Kristin C. Davidoff
# Perceptions of Police Scale (POPS): Measuring Attitudes towards Law Enforcement and Beliefs about Police Bias
Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science, December 2015, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 1-9
In addition to race, emerging research has also focused on police perceptions by sexual minority groups. In a study focusing on the intersection of sexual orientation and age, one study found that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth experience policing much differently than their heterosexual peers... In addition to race, emerging research has also focused on police perceptions by sexual minority groups. In a study focusing on the intersection of sexual orientation and age, one study found that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth experience policing much differently than their heterosexual peers.

 

Benjamin G. Edelman, Michael Luca, Dan Svirsky
# Racial Discrimination in the Sharing Economy: Evidence from a Field Experiment
Harvard Business School NOM Unit Working Paper No. 16-069, January 6, 2016

 

Ruth Ellen Wasem
# Temporary Professional, Managerial, and Skilled Foreign Workers: Policy and Trends
www.fas.org/ January 13, 2016

Congress has an ongoing interest in regulating the immigration of professional, managerial, and skilled foreign workers to the United States. This workforce is seen by many as a catalyst of U.S. global economic competitiveness and is likewise considered a key element of the legislative options aimed at stimulating economic growth. The challenge central to the policy debate is facilitating the migration of professional, managerial, and skilled foreign workers without adversely affecting U.S. workers and U.S. students entering the labor market.

 

Associazione Carta di Roma | Osservatorio europeo per la sicurezza
# Notizie di confine. Terzo rapporto Carta di Roma 2015
www.cartadiroma.org/ 15 dicembre 2015
Il 2015 rappresenta un anno significativo per la visibilità del tema dell’immigrazione, con un incremento di notizie che va dal 70 al 180% sui quotidiani e con un record di servizi nei tg nazionali prime time: 3.437, il numero più alto registrato negli ultimi 11 anni. L’immigrazione ha avuto visibilità continua sia sulla carta stampata che in televisione, con picchi di attenzione in corrispondenza di particolari avvenimenti: in queste occasioni i quotidiani hanno dedicato all’argomento una media di 4/5 titoli al giorno in prima pagina, mentre per i telegiornali si contano circa 7 notizie per edizione.  Alla crescita esponenziale di visibilità televisiva del tema immigrazione non ha corrisposto un aumento della paura e dell’insicurezza nei confronti di migranti e profughi.

 

Cody T. Ross
# A Multi-Level Bayesian Analysis of Racial Bias in Police Shootings at the County-Level in the United States, 2011–2014
PLoS|ONE, 2015

Analysis of police shooting data as a function of county-level predictors suggests that racial bias in police shootings is most likely to emerge in police departments in larger metropolitan counties with low median incomes and a sizable portion of black residents, especially when there is high financial inequality in that county. There is no relationship between county-level racial bias in police shootings and crime rates (even race-specific crime rates), meaning that the racial bias observed in police shootings in this data set is not explainable as a response to local-level crime rates... 

 

Amir Najafi, Lakshmi Iyer
# Traffic Stops Analytics and Racial Profiling
www.greensboro-nc.gov/ November 30, 2015
Police Bias: Research has shown racial disparities in traffic stops based on the demographic characteristics of officers such as their age, experience, gender, and race. Stop outcomes vary when the race of officer and driver differ and a search was more likely when the race of an officer differed from that of the driver...

 

IDOS - UNAR - Confronti
# Dossier Statistico Immigrazione 2015
www.dossierimmigrazione.it/ 29 ottobre 2015

Nel 2014 gli stranieri intercettati dalle forze dell’ordine in condizione irregolare sono stati 30.906 (dati del Ministero dell’Inter no) e di essi il 50,9% è stato effettivamente rimpatriato (15.726). l sistema di accoglienza italiano per i richiedenti e i titolari di protezione internazionale continua ad essere frammentato e comprende alla fine di luglio 2015: 4 Centri di primo soccorso e accoglienza (Cpsa); 10 di accoglienza per richiedenti asilo (Cara) e di accoglienza (Cda); la rete Sprar (Sistema di protezione per rifugiati e richiedenti asilo) e le strutture di accoglienza temporanea (Cas).  In particolare, le persone accolte dalla rete Sprar sono passate da 7.823 nel 2012 a 22.961 nel 2014. Tuttavia a giugno 2015 si trovava nelle strutture di tale rete solo il 25% dei 78mila richiedenti asilo e titolari di protezione internazionale accolti, mentre il 62% alloggiava in strutture di accoglienza temporanea.

# Gli stranieri? Delinquono di meno e commettono reati meno gravi degli italiani

 

Gordon H. Hanson, Matthew J. Slaughter
# High-Skilled Immigration and the Rise of STEM Occupations in US Employment
http://cep.lse.ac.uk/ September 2015

 

European Court of Human Rights | Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme
# Affaire Khlaifia et autres c. Italie
Strasbourg, 1er septembre 2015
Les 16 et 17 septembre 2011 les requérants quittèrent avec d’autres personnes la Tunisie à bord d’embarcations de fortune dans le but de rejoindre les côtes italiennes. Après plusieurs heures de navigation, les embarcations furent interceptées par les garde-côtes italiens, qui les escortèrent jusqu’au port de l’île de Lampedusa. Les requérants furent transférés au Centre d’accueil initial et d’hébergement sis à Contrada Imbriacola... | La Cour... 3. Dit, à l’unanimité, qu’il y a eu violation de l’article 5 § 1 de la Convention ; 4. Dit, à l’unanimité, qu’il y a eu violation de l’article 5 § 2 de la Convention ;  5. Dit, à l’unanimité, qu’il y a eu violation de l’article 5 § 4 de la Convention ;  6. Dit, par cinq voix contre deux, qu’il y a eu violation de l’article 3 de la Convention du fait des conditions d’accueil des requérants dans le CSPA de Contrada Imbriacola...

 

# Cassazione Penale, Sez. III, 14 settembre 2015 (ud. 23 giugno 2015), n. 36906
Ha rilevanza penale la condotta di chi propaganda di idee fondate sulla superiorità o sull’odio razziale o etnico... La sentenza ha ad oggetto la diffusione di un volantino di promozione elettorale che secondo il giudice d’appello propagandava idee fondate sulla superiorità di una razza rispetto alle altre e sull’odio razziale, facendo ricorso, in particolare, allo slogan “basta usurai -basta stranieri” con sottinteso, ma evi¬dente riferimento a persona di religione ebraica ed esplicito riferimento a persone di nazionalità non comunitaria e, sul retro del volantino, alla rappresentazione grafica esplicativa dello slogan di un’Italia assediata da soggetti di colore dediti allo spaccio di stupefacente, da un Abramo Lincoln attorniato da dollari, da un cinese produttore di merce scadente, da una donna e un bambino Rom sporchi e pronti a depredare e da un soggetto musulmano con una cintura formata da candelotti di dinamite pronti per un attentato terroristico.

Roberta La Terra, # Hate speech e discriminazione per motivi razziali in un recente approdo della Corte di Cassazione,
www.giurisprudenzapenale.com/ 4 ottobre 2015

 

OECD/European Union
# Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2015. Settling in
www.oecd.org/ OECD Publishing,  Paris, July 02, 2015

This joint publication by the OECD and the European Commission presents the first broad international comparison across all EU and OECD countries of the outcomes for immigrants and their children, through 27 indicators organised around five areas: Employment, education and skills, social inclusion, civic engagement and social cohesion. Three chapters present detailed contextual information (demographic and immigrant-specific) for immigrants and immigrant households. Two special chapters are dedicated to specific groups. The first group is that of young people with an immigrant background, whose outcomes are often seen as the benchmark for the success or failure of integration. The second group are third-country nationals in the European Union, who are the target of EU integration policy.

 

UK Parliament
# Modern Slavery Act - 2015 c. 30
# Explanatory Notes
www.legislation.gov.uk/ 2015

 

Kristina Kangaspunta | UNODC
# Researching hidden populations: approaches to and methodologies for generating data on trafficking in persons
www.unodc.org/ Forum on Crime and Society, vol. 8, 2015
‘Trafficking in persons’ shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs” (General Assembly resolution 55/25, annex II, article 3).

 

Mauro Ravarino
# L’infernale gabbia del Cie a Torino
# «Qui scatta la detenzione senza reato accertato»
http://ilmanifesto.info/ 09.08.2015

A proposito del Cie di Torino, l’11 aprile 2014 scadeva la convenzione stipulata nel triennio precedente con la Croce Rossa Italiana (persona giuridica pubblica), poi prorogata in attesa della conclusione della nuova gara. Che è stata aggiudicata all’unico concorrente: il raggruppamento temporaneo di imprese la società Gepsa Sa (mandatario) con sede legale a Rueil Malmaison Cedex (Francia) e l’associazione culturale Acuarinto (mandante) con sede legale ad Agrigento. «Non è stato, invece, reso pubblico» contesta l’avvocato Daniela Bauduin, «il contratto stipulato tra la prefettura di Torino e l’ente cui è stato aggiudicato l’appalto, la cui accessibilità risulta, al momento, sottoposta al vaglio del ministero dell’interno...

 

Walter A. Ewing, Daniel E. Martínez, Rubén G. Rumbaut
# The Criminalization of Immigration in the United States
www.AmericanImmigrationCouncil.org/ July 2015
Between 1990 and 2013, the foreign-born share of the U.S. population grew from 7.9 percent to 13.1 percent and the number of unauthorized immigrants more than tripled from 3.5 million to 11.2 million. • During the same period, FBI data indicate that the violent crime rate declined 48 percent—which included falling rates of aggravated assault, robbery, rape, and murder. Likewise, the property crime rate fell 41 percent, including declining rates of motor vehicle theft, larceny/robbery, and burglary...

 

Michael Kagan
# Immigrant Victims, Immigrant Accusers
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Volume 48, 2015
Victims of gender-based violence face many obstacles when they seek justice; chief among them is simply being believed. For immigrant victims, this struggle may be becoming even more daunting. An immigration program set up explicitly to help crime victims may paradoxically decrease immigrant victims’ credibility. In fact, this program may allow defense attorneys to attack victims by suggesting that they are testifying simply to obtain immigration benefits...

 

Enrico Di Pasquale, Andrea Stuppini, Chiara Tronchin
# Quanto costa l’accoglienza
www.lavoce.info/ 14.07.15
La percezione dell’opinione pubblica rispetto alla spesa dell’Italia per il mantenimento del sistema di accoglienza per richiedenti asilo appare fortemente squilibrata e sovrastimata: anche in situazioni di emergenza come nel 2011, peraltro assimilabile a quella attuale, la spesa italiana è in linea con quella degli altri paesi UE. In rapporto al numero di richiedenti asilo ospitati, anzi, la cifra pro-capite è inferiore rispetto a quanto garantito da Germania e Svezia.

 

# Audizione del guardasigilli Andrea Orlando in materia di immigrazione. Commissione Affari Costituzionali del Senato
www.giustizia.it/ 8 luglio 2015

 

James Singh Gill
# Permissibility of Colour and Racial Profiling
Western Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, 2015
Racial profiling in law enforcement is a contentious matter, particularly in light of U.S. police-citizen race tensions. The racial profiling debate has not been settled. Racial profiling proponents view it as a tool to effectively uncover criminal activity among certain racial groups. Critics find that racial profiling perpetuates racial stigmas and is largely inefficient as a policing tool. This article explores the ongoing debate and offers an overview of the Canadian judicial experience with racial profiling. The author proposes a middle-ground solution where racial profiling may be used under certain constraints imposed on law enforcement. The author suggests that the Crown provide justificatory evidence for the use of racial profiling when it is raised as a defence by the accused.

 

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
# The Integration of Immigrants into American Society
The National Academy Press, Washington 2015

 

Kimberly Kindy, and reported by Julie Tate, Jennifer Jenkins, Steven Rich, Keith L. Alexander and Wesley Lowery
# Fatal police shootings in 2015 approaching 400 nationwide
www.washingtonpost.com/ May 30, 2015

About half the victims were white, half minority. But the demographics shifted sharply among the unarmed victims, two-thirds of whom were black or Hispanic. Overall, blacks were killed at three times the rate of whites or other minorities when adjusting by the population of the census tracts where the shootings occurred.

 

Sinan Cankaya
# Professional anomalies. Diversity Policies Policing Ethnic Minority Police Officers
European Journal of policing Studies, June 2015
Ethnic minority police officers’ ‘insides’ and ‘outsides’ can ‘belong’ to the organization because they are thought to be valuable for street-level policing. Consequently, diversity policies discipline and normalize the ‘insides’ and ‘outsides’ of ethnic minorities; they are expected to conform to the desired organizational roles. In some settings, meeting the norm of the ‘good’ police officer for ethnic minorities becomes the application of the negative associations of their appearances for ‘effective’ and ‘efficient’ policing.

 

Maurizio Ambrosini
# Agenda per l’immigrazione Ue: la realtà dietro la retorica
lavoce.info 14.05.2015
... Persiste, anzitutto, la retorica dell’invasione e dei numeri ingestibili. Nella UE arrivano meno del 10 per cento dei rifugiati del mondo. Ma anche rispetto ai 191mila nuovi richiedenti registrati nell’Unione Europea nel 2014, e ai 170mila sbarcati in Italia, la proposta di accoglienza e redistribuzione di 40mila profughi tra 25 paesi dell’UE appare molto lontana dalle necessità...

 

Simone Vromen
# Ethnic profiling in the Netherlands and England and Wales: Compliance with international and European standards
Universiteit Utrecht, May 2015
Ethnic profiling is considered to be violating the prohibition of discrimination, embedded in international and European treaties such as the ECHR, the TFEU and the ICCPR. Many international and European human rights institutions, such as the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, have expressed their disapproval of ethnic profiling and wrote recommendations for its prevention.

 

Luca Masera
# Le conclusioni dell’Avvocato generale presso la Corte di giustizia UE nella causa relativa al delitto di illecito reingresso dello straniero espulso (art. 13 co. 13 TU imm.). Conclusioni dell'Avvocato generale Maciej Spuznar presentate il 28 aprile 2015 nella causa C-290/14, Celaj.
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 4 Maggio 2015

 

Roberto Saviano
# “Aiutarli a casa loro” che grande ipocrisia
http://espresso.repubblica.it/ 01 maggio 2015

 

Gabriel J. Chin - Charles J. Vernon
# Reasonable but Unconstitutional: Racial Profiling and the Radical Objectivity of Whren v. United States
The George Washington Law Review, April 2015 Vol. 83 No. 3
# Whren v. United States is notorious for its effective legitimation of racial profiling in the United States...  Whren’s gratuitous endorsement of racial profiling has been very influential: since it was decided, many courts have upheld stops in the face of substantial evidence of racial discrimination.

 

United Nations - Human Rights Council
# Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Mutuma Ruteere
General Assembly, 20 April 2015
Racial and ethnic profiling, defined as a reliance by law enforcement, security and border control personnel on race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin as a basis for subjecting persons to detailed searches, identity checks and investigations, or for determining whether an individual is engaged in criminal activity, has been a persistent and pervasive issue in law enforcement, and its use has often arisen in connection with policies on national security and immigration. Racial and ethnic profiling often exacerbates discrimination already suffered as a result of ethnic origin or minority status and remains a serious challenge to realization of the rights of various racial, ethnic and religious groups across the world

 

Vincenzo Cesareo (ed) | Regione Lombardia | Éupolis Lombardia | Fondazione Ismu
# Rapporto 2014. Gli immigrati in Lombardia
Osservatorio Regionale per l’integrazione e la multietnicità - Ismu, 14 aprile 2015

Gian Carlo Blangiardo (ed) | Regione Lombardia | Éupolis Lombardia | Fondazione Ismu
# L'immigrazione straniera in Lombardia. La quattordicesima indagine regionale
Fondazione Ismu 14 aprile 2015

 

Associazione Centro Astalli
# Rapporto Annuale 2015
http://centroastalli.it/ Aprile 2015

 

Naga
# Curare (non) è permesso. Indagine sull’accesso alle cure per i cittadini stranieri irregolari negli ospedali milanesi
www.naga.it/ Aprile 2015

 

Antonio Ruggeri
# I diritti dei non cittadini tra modello costituzionale e politiche nazionali
www.giurcost.org/ 1 aprile 2015
Relazione al convegno su Metamorfosi della cittadinanza e diritti degli stranieri, Reggio Calabria 26-27 marzo 2015... Trattare della condizione del “non cittadino” – termine usualmente preferito a quello di “straniero“, a motivo della sua idoneità a comprendere in tutta la loro estensione i vari tipi di soggetti cui fa riferimento – equivale a dire, allo stesso tempo e di necessità, anche di quella del cittadino, tornando  così a riflettere su una nozione divenuta col tempo sempre più incerta e fatta oggetto di profondo ripensamento, persino nei suoi lineamenti essenziali.

 

Francesco Antonelli
# Statistica pubblica e misurazione dell’integrazione dei migranti nella società italiana: alcune riflessioni sociologiche
romatrepress.uniroma3.it/ ds, anno V, n. 1, 21 marzo 2015
Quanta importanza diamo all’integrazione e quanta serietà mettiamo nella sua costruzione?... Risulta un chiaro fallimento dello Stato centrale, in particolare, nel farsi carico a più livelli di un’effettiva costruzione sistemica dell’integrazione, cosa che rivela, sinora, la deriva irrazionalista che proprio un approccio puramente tecnico e tecnocratico alla questione, paradossalmente, presenta.

 

ISMU
# Carceri, gli ergastolani sono lo 0,3% dei detenuti tra gli stranieri
Newsletter 54, marzo 2015

 

Maaike Vanderbruggen, Vluchtelingenwerk Vlaanderen, Jem Stevens | IDC | NGO
# NGO monitoring of immigration detention: Tips, examples and positive practices
https://idcoalition.org/ Brussels, 26 & 27 March 2015
In monitoring immigration detention, the following fundamental principles should be kept in mind and assessed by monitors: → Immigration detention should only be used exceptionally and as a last resort, after alternative measures have been pursued → Immigration detention should not be punitive (non-punitive environment) → Some groups, including children, should never be detained for migration-related reasons. Monitoring of conditions and treatment in immigration detention should not detract from these core standards.

 

United States Department of Justice | Civil Rights Division
# Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department
www.justice.gov/ March 4, 2015
African Americans are disproportionately represented at nearly every stage of Ferguson law enforcement, from initial police contact to final disposition of a case in municipal court. While FPD’s data collection and retention practices are deficient in many respects, the data that is collected by FPD is sufficient to allow for meaningful and reliable analysis of racial disparities. This data—collected directly by police and court officials—reveals racial disparities that are substantial and consistent across a wide range of police and court enforcement actions.

 

Paolo Pinotti
# Immigration Enforcement and Crime
BAFFI CAREFIN Centre Research Paper Series No. 2015‐2
Immigration enforcement has ambiguous implications for the crime rate of undocumented immigrants. On the one hand, expulsions reduce the pool of immigrants at risk of committing crimes, on the other they lower the opportunity cost of crime for those who are not expelled. We estimate the effect of expulsions on the crime rate of undocumented immigrants in Italy exploiting variation in enforcement toward immigrants of different nationality, due to the existence of bilateral agreements for the control of illegal migration. We find that stricter enforcement of migration policy reduces the crime rate of undocumented immigrants.

 

Veronica Di Benedetto Montaccini, Giacomo Zandonini (foto di Stefano D'Amadio)
# Nel Cie di Ponte Galeria, a Roma, i migranti sono prigionieri due volte: della cella e degli psicofarmaci.
www.left.it/ 6 | 21 febbraio 2015

La metà degli "ospiti" assume psicofarmaci senza diagnosi esatta. La psicologa: «Lì dentro sono tutti malati»...

 

Franco Scarpa, Vittoria Bonagura
Gli stranieri e le misure di sicurezza
Febbraio 2015

... La detenzione prolungata, soprattutto nei casi di soggetti immigrati, risulta correlata alla mancanza di risorse sociali, vale a dire che si registra una maggiore difficoltà ad applicare misure alternative alla detenzione e alla possibilità di scontare ai domiciliari la propria pena. Gli esperti segnalano come tale condizione sia fonte per l’insorgenza di disturbi del comportamento e, nei casi più gravi, di forme di psicosi...

 

Fabienne Brion
# Esaminare la repressione con Marx: “drenaggio” degli immigrati e lotta alla sovrappopolazione carceraria
www.chartasporca.it/ 2 febbraio 2015
Agli “emigranti” – la cui condizione di partenza è quella di una scelta tra venire o contravvenire – la società capitalista sostituisce degli individui intrinsecamente “illegali” o “delinquenti” che, letteralmente, non possono «venire» (nel nostro continente) senza “contravvenire” (a qualche legge).

 

Patrizio Gonnella
# Detenuti stranieri in Italia. Norme, numeri e diritti
Roma, 3 febbraio 2015

 

Maartje A.H. van der Woude, Patrick van Berlo
# Crimmigration at the Internal Borders of Europe? Examining the Schengen Governance Package
www.utrechtlawreview.org/ Volume 11, Issue 1 (January) 2015
In 2006, in a ground-breaking article, Juliet Stumpf introduced the term crimmigration to denote the merger of immigration law and criminal law in both substance and procedure.4 So far, a small, but growing body of commentary has examined this blurred boundary between immigration enforcement and criminal justice.5 Although scholars provide different explanations for the crimmigration trend, they are unanimous in concluding that it creates an ever-expanding population of outsiders, making  criminals into aliens and aliens into criminals without the protections that citizens enjoy.

 

Barbara Spinelli
# I Cie, zoo per umani ma senza erba
La Stampa, 23 dicembre 2014
Da lunedì 15 dicembre il Cie è amministrato dalla francese Gepsa, specializzata in carceri. L'agenzia ha vinto la gara perché ha promesso tagli al personale e diarie decurtate ai detenuti (2,5 euro al giorno)... Non hanno accesso a giornali. I gestori smentiscono, ma i detenuti sono esasperati perché di notte le luci al neon sono sempre accese. Di qui - anche - l'alto uso di sonniferi. Le tensioni s'alzano e scendono come maree, e a seconda del loro livello si dispiegano le forze d'ordine, manganelli in vista e pistole alla cinta. Entriamo nelle camerate, dove ci sono 8-10 letti in uno spazio che ne dovrebbe contenere quattro. Dentro  fa freddo come fuori; il riscaldamento è intermittente...

# Cie di Ponte Galeria: aprite quella gabbiail Manifesto, 23 dicembre 2014

 

Guillaume Gendron, Juliette Deborde
# Immigration et délinquance : ce que l’on sait, ce que l’on croit savoir
www.liberation.fr/ 12 décembre 2014
Un documentaire de France 2 a relancé le débat sur le lien supposé entre immigration et délinquance. Sauf qu’aucune statistique officielle ni étude récente ne permet de trancher... Que nous disent les chiffres officiels de la délinquance sur le sujet ? Pas grand-chose...

 

Paul Mutsaers
# Ethnic profiling from an anthropological perspective. Policing internal borders in the Netherlands
www.tilburguniversity.edu/ December 2013
Ethnic profiling should not be reduced to the preferences and discretionary authority of street bureaucrats, but is better studied as a practice of profiling/rejecting ‘ethnic others’ that is embedded in wider networks of policing and that amounts to a ‘thickening of borders’.

 

Naga | Simone Cremaschi, Carlo Devillanova, Francesco Fasani, Tommaso Frattini
# Cittadini senza diritti. Rapporto Naga 2014. Stanno tutti bene
www.naga.it/ Dicembre 2014
Tra il 2009 e il 2013 il Naga ha ricevuto circa 15.000 nuovi utenti. Di questi poco meno di 1.700 sono cittadini bulgari o rumeni. Il restante 89% del campione è costituito da immigrati privi di regolare permesso di soggiorno e rappresenta una fonte d’informazione particolarmente ricca e assolutamente originale sull’universo dell’immigrazione irregolare a Milano, un universo che per sua stessa natura sfugge spesso a tentativi di misurazione e di descrizione. Questa componente del campione costituisce una delle più grandi banche dati esistenti sull’immigrazione irregolare. Un ulteriore eccezionale vantaggio dei dati Naga è che la rilevazione si estende ininterrottamente dal 2000, consentendo di studiare l’evoluzione nel tempo delle caratteristiche del campione.

 

Noris Morandi
# La condizione giuridica del richiedente asilo
www.fondazioneleonemoressa.org/ L'economia dell'immigrazione, novembre 2014

 

Damiano Aliprandi
# "Via dall'Italia", anche in cella è replicata la discriminazione dei migranti
Il Garantista, 16 novembre 2014
Per loro le garanzie di difesa sono meno tutelate: non possono quasi mai assicurarsi un avvocato di fiducia e devono ricorrere a quelli d'ufficio. Gli immigrati sono il capro espiatorio del disagio sociale che si vive nelle periferie abbandonate delle città.

 

Luca Masera
# Ridotto da 18 a 3 mesi il periodo massimo di trattenimento in un CIE: la libertà dei migranti irregolari non è più una bagattella?
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 10 Novembre 2014
Lo scorso 21 ottobre, la Camera ha approvato in via definitiva la Legge europea 2013 bis, che all'art. 3 contiene una riforma in tema di detenzione amministrativa per gli stranieri irregolari... Per la prima volta, da quando nel 1998 il Testo unico sull'immigrazione ha introdotto anche nel nostro ordinamento l'istituto della detenzione amministrativa per gli stranieri, il legislatore è intervenuto non per aumentare i limiti massimi della detenzione nei Centri di identificazione ed espulsione ma per ridurli, ed in maniera assai significativa. Con la riforma qui in commento si passa da un massimo di 18 mesi, introdotto nel 2011, ad un termine improrogabile di 3 mesi, o addirittura di soli 30 giorni, quando l'espellendo abbia già trascorso almeno 3 mesi in carcere

 

Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme - European Court of Human Rights

# Case of Tarakhel v. Switzerland
Strasbourg 4 November 2014

The Court... Holds, by fourteen votes to three, that there would be a violation of Article 3 of the Convention if the applicants were to be returned to Italy without the Swiss authorities having first obtained individual guarantees from the Italian authorities that the applicants would be taken charge of in a manner adapted to the age of the children and that the family would be kept together...

# Loredana Leo, A rischio i diritti umani dei richiedenti asilo in Italia: no al rinvio da un altro stato europeo, www.asgi.it 05/11/2014

 

Elisa D'Aveni
# L'esecuzione della pena nei confronti degli stranieri
Libera Università degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli 2013-2014

 

Giovanna Amato

# Mafie etniche, elaborazione e applicazione delle massime di esperienza: le criticità derivanti dall’interazione tra “diritto penale giurisprudenziale” e legalità
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 4 Novembre 2014
Il lavoro analizza le problematiche emergenti dall'applicazione dell'art. 416 bis c.p. alle c.d. mafie etniche. L'Autore si occupa principalmente di analizzare le conoscenze cui il giudice, quale interprete del caso concreto, può attingere per trovare conferma della reputazione criminale dell'organizzazione straniera giunta al suo vaglio. Attraverso un raffronto con la giurisprudenza sulle mafie classiche, l'Autore riflette sulla possibilità di introdurre, in questo specifico ambito di incriminazione, "nuove forme" di apporto delle scienze sociali.

 

Centro Studi e Ricerche IDOS
# L’immigrazione in Italia all’inizio del 2014

# Rapporto UNAR. Dalle discriminazioni ai diritti, Dossier statistico Immigrazione 2014
www.dossierimmigrazione.it/ 29 ottobre 2014
Anche la riflessione sulla devianza degli immigrati abbisogna di essere più rigorosamente basata sui dati statistici. Le denunce contro italiani sono passate da 467.345 nel 2004 a 642.992 nel 2012 (+37,6%), quelle contro stranieri da 224.515 a 290.902 (+29,6%); per di più, nello stesso periodo, i residenti italiani sono diminuiti, mentre quelli stranieri, pur essendo quasi raddoppiati (da 2.210.478 a 4.387.721), hanno visto diminuire la loro incidenza sul totale delle denunce.

 

Roberto Beneduce, Luca Queirolo Palmas, Cristina Oddone (a cura di)
# Loro dentro. Giovani, Migranti, Detenuti
www.professionaldreamers.net/ 2014
Lavorare in uno spazio di esclusione, di violenza, di solitudine. Pensarvi l’ascolto, disegnarvi possibilità di cambiamento (un cambiamento che è già “cura”, là dove è immaginato contro l’inesorabilità dei destini). Di tutto ciò, e di molto altro, parlano gli scritti di questo libro, nati da una esperienza clinica e da una riflessione che al Centro Frantz Fanon è cominciata oltre vent’anni fa...

 

Istat
# Percezione dei cittadini stranieri: soddisfazione, fiducia e discriminazione. Anno 2011-2012
www.istat.it/ 28 ottobre 2014

 

Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme - European Court of Human Rights
# Affaire Sharifi et autres c. Italie et Grèce
Strasbourg, 21 octobre 2014

... non si possono applicare automaticamente gli accordi bilaterali, né si può invocare l’emergenza dovuta all’aumentato flusso di migranti da altri paesi, anzi le procedure d’asilo dovrebbero essere avviate subito all’arrivo in porto...

 

# Giulia Milizia, La CEDU detta i suoi comandamenti sull’immigrazione di massa | www.dirittoegiustizia.it/ 21 Ottobre 2014

 

Lunaria (a cura di) | Paola Andrisani, Sergio Bontempelli, Guido Caldiron, Serena Chiodo, Daniela Consoli, Giuseppe Faso, Grazia Naletto, Sara Nunzi, Enrico Pugliese, Annamaria Rivera, Maurizia Russo Spena, Duccio Zola
# Cronache di ordinario razzismo. Terzo Libro bianco sul razzismo in Italia

# Chronicles of Ordinary Racism. Third White Paper on Racism in Italy
www.lunaria.org/ 2014

 

La Cimade
# Étrangeres en prison. Á l'ombre du droit. Analyses et propositions pour mettre fin aux discriminations
Édité par La Cimade, Septembre 2014
Au 1er janvier 2014, 67 065 personnes étaient en prison. Environ 18 % de la population carcérale est de nationalité étrangère, à peu près 20 000 personnes étrangères passent donc par la prison dans l’année... Contrairement aux idées reçues, la double peine n’a pas été abolie par la loi du 26 novembre 2003. En réalité, cette loi a instauré un système complexe, qui distingue diverses catégories de personnes étrangères plus ou moins protégées contre une expulsion.

 

Thomas J. Miles, Adam B. Cox
# Does Immigration Enforcement Reduce Crime? Evidence from “Secure Communities”
www.law.uchicago.edu/ August 21, 2014
 Does immigration enforcement actually reduce crime? Surprisingly, little evidence exists either way — despite the fact that deporting noncitizens who commit crimes has been a central feature of American immigration law since the early twentieth century. “Secure Communities” is a program designed to enable the federal government to check the immigration status of every person arrested for a crime by local police. Our results show that Secure Communities led to no meaningful reductions in the FBI index crime rate. Nor has it reduced rates of violent crime — homicide, rape, robbery, or aggravated assault. This evidence shows that the program has not served its central objective of making communities safer.

 

Commissione Straordinaria per la Tutela e la Promozione dei Diritti Umani
# Rapporto sui Centri di identificazione ed espulsione in Italia (luglio 2014)
www.senato.it/ Rapporto approvato dalla Commissione il 24 settembre 2014.
La natura controversa del trattenimento e i dubbi di incostituzionalità sollevati hanno dato luogo a un dibattito tra i giuristi sulla incidenza della misura sulla libertà personale e il suo rapporto con le garanzie previste dall’art. 13 della Costituzione italiana. Il legislatore ha sempre escluso l'equiparazione del Cie al carcere: il trattenimento inciderebbe solo sulla libertà di circolazione e soggiorno dello straniero, senza impattare sulla libertà personale. Tuttavia, lo straniero trattenuto...

# Maria Lombardi Stocchetti, I C.I.E. nel Rapporto della Commissione straordinaria del Senato per la tutela e la promozione dei diritti umani, www.penalecontemporaneo/ 7 gennaio 2015

 

World Heath Organization - Regional Office for Europe
# Sicily, Italy: Assessing health-system capacity to manage sudden large influxes of migrants. Joint report on a mission of the Regional Health Authority of Sicily and the WHO Regional Office for Europe, with the support of the Italian Ministry of Health
www.euro.who.int/ 2014
The health preparedness and response system for influxes of migrants in Sicily requires improvement in some aspects of overall management related to governance, health coordination and information management. Experienced human resources for health, tools and equipment are present. The lack of specific regional legislation and the absence of a mechanism for regular coordination and exchange of information between and within the Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Health at regional, subregional and local levels, however, result in disparate and sometime inconsistent approaches.

 

GRETA Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings
# Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by Italy | First evaluation round
www.coe.int/ Adopted on 4 July 2014 - Published on 22 September 2014
Italy is a country of destination and transit for victims of trafficking in human beings (THB). There is no data on the total number of victims of THB identified every year due to the absence of a uniform identification system, but the Department of Equal Opportunities gathers statistics on the  number of victims of THB who benefitted annually from assistance and social integration projects. According to these statistics, there were 1.955 assisted victims in 2011, 1.650 in 2012 and 925 in 2013. The majority of them were women (1.417 in 2011, 1.094 in 2012 and 650 in 2013). There were 446 male victims in 2011, 420 in 2012 and 230 in 2013. As for child victims, there were 63 in 2011, 114 in 2012 and 45 in 2013. The remaining victims were transgender adults.

 

Brian Bell
# Crime and immigration. Do poor labor market opportunities lead to migrant crime?
IZA World of Labor 2014: 33
There is no simple link between immigration and crime. Most studies find that larger immigrant concentrations in an area have no association with violent crime and, overall, fairly weak effects on property crime. However, immigrant groups that face poor labor market opportunities are more likely to commit property crime. But this is also true of disadvantaged native groups. The policy focus should therefore be on the crime-reducing benefits of improving the functioning of labor markets and workers’ skills, rather than on crime and immigration per se. There is also a case for ensuring that immigrants can legally obtain work in the receiving country, since the evidence shows that such legalization programs tend to reduce criminal activity among the targeted group.

 

Laura J. Hickman, Jennifer Wong, Marika Suttorp Booth
# Is Previous Removal from the United States a Marker for High Recidivism Risk? Results from a Nine-Year Follow-Up Study of Criminally-Involved Unauthorized Immigrants
www.rand.org/ August 2014

The present study examines the long term recidivism patterns of a group of unauthorized immigrants identified to be at high risk of recidivism. Using a sample of 517 male unauthorized immigrants, we used three measures of recidivism to assess nine-year rearrest differences between unauthorized immigrants who have and who have not been previously removed from the United States. Results indicate that prior removal was a significant risk marker for recidivism, with previously removed immigrants showing a higher likelihood of rearrest, a greater frequency of rearrest, and a more rapid time to first rearrest.

 

Michael G. Vaughn, Tegeler Hall, Christopher P. Salas-Wright, Matt DeLisi, Brandy R. Maynard
# The immigrant paradox: immigrants are less antisocial than native-born Americans
Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014 July
There are several explanations for the immigrant paradox. One simple explanation is that immigrants have a lot to lose, including deportation, and avoiding law enforcement is an especially good idea when you are in a new and strange land. This is particularly true for illegal immigrants where contact with the criminal justice system will reveal their status. Another reason why immigrants are less crime prone may be found in selection processes. Immigrants are motivated to come to the US, work hard, and play by the rules. Thus, the antisocial liability of immigrants is low because immigration selects for persons who are motivated and ambitious to achieve.

 

J.-M. Delarue
# Avis du Contrôleur général des lieux de privation de liberté du 9 mai 2014 relatif à la situation des personnes étrangères détenues
Journal Officiel de la République Française, 3 juin 2014

Au 1er janvier 2014, 18,5 % des 77 883 personnes écrouées étaient de nationalité étrangère. Cette réalité appelle plusieurs précisions. En premier lieu, l’administration pénitentiaire ne publie pas de données sur la part d’étrangers dans les personnes effectivement hébergées (au nombre de 67 075, à la même date). Elle n’est vraisemblablement pas différente de celle des étrangers écroués. Il est possible qu’elle soit légèrement supérieure, en raison de plus grandes difficultés d’accès des étrangers qu’on peut supposer à l’aménagement des peines, comme on verra ci-après.

 

Luigi Pannarale (a cura di)
Passaggi di frontiera. Osservatorio sulla detenzione amministrativa degli immigrati e l’accoglienza dei richiedenti asilo in Puglia
www.altrodiritto.unifi.it/ Ed. Pacini 2014
La detenzione amministrativa degli stranieri è un istituto giovane nell’ordinamento giuridico italiano. Introdotto per la prima volta come misura eccezionale di natura temporanea nel 1995, è stato poi normalizzato a partire dal 1998, subendo tuttavia significative evoluzioni, così come notevoli trasformazioni hanno registrato anche le regole e gli standard per la creazione e la gestione dei centri destinati a “trattenere” gli stranieri in attesa di un’espulsione che di fatto si realizza soltanto in una minoranza di casi. Nel corso del tempo, la “normalizzazione” della detenzione amministrativa ha progressivamente distorto la funzione dei Centri di identificazione ed espulsione, finendo per trasformarli in una “pena accessoria”, spesso inutilmente afflittiva, destinata a vincere la comprensibile resistenza dei migranti ad abbandonare il loro progetto migratorio.

 

Pew Research Global Attitudes Project
# A Fragile Rebound for EU Image on Eve of European Parliament Elections.EU Favorability Rises, but Majorities Say Their Voice Is Not Heard in Brussels
http://www.pewglobal.org/ May 12, 2014
Views of minorities vary widely, both between countries and about specific minority populations. Roma are viewed unfavorably by a median of 50% of those surveyed, with Italians (85%) holding particularly negative sentiments. A median of 46% hold anti-Muslim views. Again it is Italians (63%) who see Muslims in the most negative light. And Jews are seen negatively by a median of 18%, with Greeks (47%) harboring the strongest anti-Jewish sentiment. Negative sentiments about all three groups are consistently more common among people on the ideological right.

 

Haimin Zhang
# Immigration and Crime: Evidence from Canada
Canadian Labour Market and Skills Researcher Network, April 2014
Directly or indirectly, empirical evidence from labour market studies suggests that it is possible that immigration would increase crime rates in Canada. However, there also exist reasons to believe that the immigrant-crime relationship in Canada could operate in the opposite direction... An increase in the new-immigrant share does not have statistically significant impact on the property crime rate while a higher share of more established immigrants actually decreases the property crime rate.

 

Emilia De Bellis, Nicoletta Marini
# Razzismo, intolleranza e discriminazione. Repertorio delle principali organizzazioni e dei relativi strumenti giuridici ed operativi
Ministero della Giustizia - Direzione Generale del Contenzioso e dei Diritti Umani, aprile 2014

 

United Nations General Assembly
# Report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Joy Ngozi Ezeilo - Addendum - Mission to Italy
www.ohchr.org/ 1 April 2014
The Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, visited Italy from 12 to 20 September 2013, at the invitation of the Government. In the present report, the Special Rapporteur highlights the country’s commitment to combating trafficking in persons, as evidenced by its legal framework on trafficking and its strong partnership with civil society organizations.

 

Eduardo Gianfrancesco
# Gli stranieri, i diritti costituzionali e le competenze di Stato e Regioni
www.amministrazioneincammino.luiss.it/ 7 marzo 2014
1. Il diritto degli stranieri: dal diritto di polizia al diritto costituzionale. Le premesse costituzionali. – 2. L’immigrazione tra materie e diritti (con spazi esigui per gli statuti regionali). – 3. La partecipazione degli stranieri alla vita della Regione. – 4. La diversità delle soluzioni regionali: un laboratorio per il legislatore statale e per l’interprete.

 

Kellie L. Robson
# The State of Personal Liberty in Australia after M47: A Risk Theory Analysis of Security Rights
Monash University Law Review (Vol 39, No 2) 2014
In Plaintiff M47/2012 v Director General of Security, the High Court of Australia unanimously applied a test of compatibility with human rights related statutory responsibilities to an impugned public interest criterion. A clear majority of the High Court appeared willing to consider whether the right to personal liberty in Australia has constitutional protections extending to refugees. This article applies Ulrich Beck’s risk theory to recent preventive, administrative detention of refugees under adverse security assessments to examine the relationship between liberty rights and the decision-makers responsible for assessing, and for managing, national security risk. Risk theory casts light on how the collective right to national security relies on respecting every individual’s right to liberty and security of person. The High Court’s formal, values-based method of statutory interpretation is endorsed as an effective accountability mechanism capable of protecting fundamental values expressive of human rights.

 

Fondazione Leone Moressa
# Acquisizioni di cittadinanza: Italia ultima in Europa
www.fondazioneleonemoressa.org/ 7 febbraio 2014
Al 31 Dicembre 2011, i cittadini naturalizzati
Italiani residenti nel nostro Paese sono 670 mila. Confrontando le acquisizioni di cittadinanza nei Paesi UE nel 2011, l’Italia si colloca in quinta posizione con 56 mila naturalizzazioni. Osservando però l’indice di acquisizione della cittadinanza, l’Italia si trova molto al di sotto della media europea: mentre in Europa su 100 cittadini stranieri 3,7 acquisiscono la cittadinanza, in Italia solo 1,2. In Svezia sono 5,6 e in Portogallo 4,9 su 100.

 

La Carta di Lampedusa | Testo approvato a Lampedusa l’1 Febbraio 2014

Osservando come i dispositivi di respingimento formali e informali, le pratiche di identificazione, detenzione e confinamento, i percorsi autorizzati ma condizionati, e l’attribuzione di status differenziati, impediscano a chi migra di farlo con la libertà di scegliere dove arrivare e dove restare... La Carta di Lampedusa afferma che nessun essere umano, in nessun caso, può essere privato della libertà personale, e quindi confinato o detenuto, per il fatto di esercitare la libertà di muoversi dal luogo di nascita e/o di cittadinanza, o la libertà di vivere e di restare nel luogo in cui ha scelto di stabilirsi... La Carta di Lampedusa afferma la necessità dell’immediata abrogazione dell’istituto della detenzione amministrativa e la chiusura di tutti i centri, comunque denominati o configurati, e delle strutture di accoglienza contenitiva - siano essi legalmente istituiti secondo leggi vigenti, o semplici decreti e regolamenti, o informalmente preposti alla detenzione e al confinamento delle persone - e la conversione delle risorse fino ad ora destinate a questi luoghi a scopi sociali rivolti a tutti e a tutte.

 

Giovanni Mastrobuoni, Paolo Pinotti
# Legal Status and the Criminal Activity of Immigrants
Upjohn Institute Working Papers Upjohn Institute Working Papers January 2014 [First draft July 2011]

We exploit exogenous variation in legal status following the January 2007 European Union enlargement to estimate its effect on immigrant crime. We difference out unobserved timevarying factors by 1) comparing recidivism rates of immigrants from the “new” and “candidate” member countries and 2) using arrest data on foreign detainees released upon a mass clemency that occurred in Italy in August 2006. The timing of the two events allows us to set up a difference-in-differences strategy. Legal status leads to a 50 percent reduction in recidivism and explains one-half to two-thirds of the observed differences in crime rates between legal and illegal immigrants.

 

Bianca E. Bersani
# An Examination of First and Second Generation Immigrant Offending Trajectories
Justice Quarterly, 31:2, 315-343, 2014
The myth of the criminal immigrant has permeated public and political debate for much of this nation’s history and persists despite growing evidence to the contrary. Results suggest that the myth remains; trajectory analyses reveal that immigrants are no more crime-prone than the native-born. The research findings presented here do not suggest that immigrants are not involved in crime. Rather, the findings reveal that immigrants, regardless of generational status, pose no greater criminal threat than the general nativeborn population. As Zimring recently argued, what seems to be occurring is a pattern of regression to the mean where second generation immigrants are becoming typical mainstream Americans at least in regard to their criminal involvement

 

Mar Griera, Julia Martínez-Ariño
# The Accommodation of Religious Diversity in Prisons and Hospitals in Spain
RECODE Working Paper Series - n. 28 (2014)
First, at the state level, it is crucial to note the creation of the Fundación Pluralismo y Convivencia (Pluralism and Coexistence Foundation) by the Spanish government in 2004. The Foundación –whose board includes representatives of minority religions– is aimed at promoting the accommodation of religious diversity in Spanish society. One of the Foundación’s main initiatives in this matter is the publication of guidelines concerning religious assistance in hospitals, prisons (forthcoming) and the establishment of multi-faith rooms...

 

Fondazione Leone Moressa
# Carceri italiane: diminuiscono gli stranieri. Dal 2007 al 2013 è in progressivo calo la percentuale di detenuti stranieri,
mentre gli italiani commettono più reati: effetto della crisi?

http://www.fondazioneleonemoressa.org/ 10 gennaio 2014
Il 35% dei detenuti in Italia sono stranieri. I detenuti stranieri in Italia al 31.12.2013 sono 21.854 e rappresentano il 35% del totale detenuti. L’incidenza più elevata si registra nelle regioni del Nord: fra quelle con più di mille detenuti stranieri, la percentuale più alta si registra in Liguria (59%), Veneto (58%) e Toscana (54%). Nelle Regioni del Sud, invece, l’incidenza si attesta ovunque sotto la media nazionale. Furto e droga i principali delitti... Nella fascia 18-20 anni i detenuti stranieri sono il 60%, e rappresentano oltre la metà dei detenuti complessivi se si amplia il target fino ai 30 anni.

 

Nicholas G Procter, Diego De Leo, Louise Newman
# Suicide and self-harm prevention for people in immigration detention
MJA 199 (11) · 16 December 2013
Suicide is the leading cause of premature death for people in the Australian immigration detention network. Prolonged detention in poor conditions directly contributes to mental deterioration. What we do for asylum seekers while they are in detention has the potential to prevent future loss of  life. Optimal mental health promotion and suicide prevention strategies can help to prevent self-harm among detainees and help detainees reclaim their lives on release.

 

Zsolt Bobis | Open Society Justice Initiative
# International Standards on Ethnic Profiling: Standards and Decisions from the European Systems
www.opensocietyfoundations.org/ November 2013
“Ethnic profiling” is the use by law enforcement of generalizations based on impermissible grounds such as race, ethnicity, religion or national origin - rather than individual behavior or objective evidence - as the basis for suspicion in directing discretionary law enforcement actions. By its nature, ethnic profiling departs from a basic principle of the rule of law: that law enforcement determinations should be based on individuals’ personal conduct, not on their membership of or appearance as belonging to an ethnic, racial, national, or religious group.

 

Luca Masera
# Il delitto di illecito reingresso dello straniero nel territorio dello Stato e la direttiva rimpatri
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 6 Novembre 2013
Il lavoro analizza il delitto di illecito reingresso dello straniero nel territorio dello Stato, che dopo la riforma del 2011 costituisce l’unica fattispecie legata all’irregolarità dell’ingresso o del soggiorno ancora punita con la sanzione detentiva, e sviluppa le ragioni per cui tale reato, contrariamente a quanto ritenuto dalla giurisprudenza della Cassazione, deve considerarsi incompatibile la direttiva 2008/115/CE (la c.d. direttiva rimpatri), prospettando i termini di un possibile rinvio pregiudiziale alla Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea

 

Ivan Salvadori

# Le politiche penali dell'immigrazione in Spagna. Spunti per una riflessione comparata

www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 24 Ottobre 2013
1. Introduzione. - 2. Il reato di favoreggiamento dell'immigrazione irregolare (art. 318-bis CP sp.). - 2.1. Sulla mancata previsione di una «scriminante umanitaria». - 2.2. Il quadro sanzionatorio e le circostanze aggravanti. - 2.3. Il bene giuridico tutelato. - 3. Brevi cenni sugli illeciti amministrativi in materia di immigrazione irregolare. - 4. La tratta di persone a fini di sfruttamento sessuale prima della riforma del 2010 (art. 188, comma 2, CP sp.). - 5. Il nuovo reato di tratta di persone (art. 177-bis CP sp.). - 5.1. Circostanze aggravanti e responsabilità penale delle persone giuridiche per il reato di tratta di persone. - 6. L'espulsione giudiziaria dei cittadini extracomunitari irregolari. - 7. L'espulsione amministrativa quale sanzione sostitutiva della multa. - 7.1. L'espulsione amministrativa quale sanzione sostitutiva del processo penale. - 8. Il divieto di reingresso nel territorio spagnolo a seguito dell'espulsione giudiziaria. - 9. Il divieto di reingresso nel territorio spagnolo a seguito dell'espulsione amministrativa. - 10. Il trattenimento nei centri di «internamento» per stranieri. - 11. Considerazioni finali.

 

Laura Jaitman, Stephen Machin
# Crime and Immigration: New Evidence From England and Wales
http://personal.lse.ac.uk/ October 2013
We find no evidence of an average causal impact of immigration on crime... We also study London by itself as the immigration changes over time in the capital city were large. Again, we find no causal impact of immigration on crime from our spatial econometric analysis and also present evidence from unique data on arrests of natives and immigrants in London which shows no immigrant differences in the likelihood of being arrested.

 

Joanna Parkin
# The Criminalisation of Migration in Europe. A State-of-the-Art of the Academic Literature and Research
CEPS Papers in Liberty and Security in Europe, No. 61 / October 2013

 

Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria | Gabriella Caputo, Daniela Di Mase
# Lo straniero in carcere - Dispense dell'Issp - n.2 - Il carcere degli stranieri: problematiche e aspetti gestionali nella pratica operativa della polizia penitenziaria. essere stranieri in carcere: profili di gestione e linee di intervento.
http://issp.bibliotechedap.it/ Data: 07/10/2013

 

Corte di giustizia dell'Unione europea
# Causa C‑378/12 | Nnamdi Onuekwere contro Secretary of State for the Home Department
http://curia.europa.eu/ 3 ottobre 2013
Un periodo di reclusione non può essere qualificato come «soggiorno legale» e non può dunque essere preso in considerazione nel calcolo del periodo di cinque anni richiesto ai fini dell’acquisizione di un diritto di soggiorno permanente... i periodi di soggiorno legale precedenti e successivi a un periodo di reclusione non possono essere sommati ai fini del calcolo dei cinque anni, dal momento che la reclusione ha interrotto il decorso di detto periodo.

 

Federica Toso
# La dimensione esterna della politica migratoria dell'UE
Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013

 

Luca Masera

# Ilecito reingresso dello straniero e direttiva rimpatri al vaglio della Corte UE
# Corte Giustizia UE, Quarta sezione, sent. 19 settembre 2013, C-297/12, Filev e Osmani
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 26 Settembre 2013
C
on questa nuova sentenza la Corte di giustizia, in seguito ad una domanda di pronuncia pregiudiziale presentata da un giudice tedesco (il Pretore di Laufen), torna ad occuparsi dell'interpretazione della direttiva rimpatri (2008/115/CE) e dei suoi effetti sul diritto penale dell'immigrazione degli Stati membri. La sentenza ha in particolare ad oggetto l'interpretazione dell'art. 11 della direttiva relativo al divieto di reingresso, e risolve tre distinte questioni.

 

Giovanni Bianconi
«Noi, uomini-impronta digitale». Tra gli immigrati del centro d'identificazione di Gradisca dopo le rivolte dell'estate. Rinchiusi fino a un anno e mezzo perché per lo Stato non hanno un nome.
www.corriere.it/ 15 settembre 2013

 

Elina Treyger, Aaron Chalfin, Charles Loeffler
# Estimating the Effects of Immigration Enforcement on Local Policing and Crime: Evidence from the Secure Communities Program
Geoge Mason University, 2013
In 2008, the federal government introduced “Secure Communities,” a program that requires local law enforcement agencies to share arrestee information with federal immigration officials at the time of booking. Supporters of the program have argued that it will enhance public safety by facilitating the efficient removal of criminal aliens... We do not observe any clear effect of the program on the crime rates or arrest patterns...

 

Brian Bell, Francesco Fasani, Stephen Machin
# Crime and immigration: evidence from large immigrant waves
The Review of Economics and Statistics, 95 (4), 2013, 1278-1290
This paper focuses on empirical connections between crime and immigration, studying two large waves of recent U.K. immigration (the late 1990s/early 2000s asylum seekers and the post-2004 inflow from EU accession countries). The first wave led to a modest but significant rise in property crime, while the second wave had a small negative impact. There was no effect on violent crime; arrest rates were not different, and changes in crime cannot be ascribed to crimes against  immigrants. The findings are consistent with the notion that differences in labor market opportunities of different migrant groups shape their potential impact on crime.

 

Australian Government | Department of Immigration and Citizenship
Immigration Detention and Community Statistics Summary
www.immi.gov.au/ 31 August 2013
There were 8732 people in immigration detention facilities and alternative places of detention, including 6173 in immigration detention on the mainland and 2559 in immigration detention on Christmas Island as at 31 August 2013. Separately, 2739 people have been approved for a residence determination to live in the community.

 

The Sentencing Project
Report of The Sentencing Project to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. Regarding Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System
http://sentencingproject.org/

 

Izabella Majcher
“Crimmigration” in the European Union through the Lens of Immigration Detention
Global Detention Project, Working Paper No. 6, September 2013
While much of the discussion of crimmigration has emerged from the work of scholars in the United States, more recently the term has been applied in Australia, Canada, and some European countries. Here we are observing a “greater criminal punitiveness within a formally administrative system of immigration regulation.

 

Karen Manges Douglas, Rogelio Sáenz
The Criminalization of Immigrants & the Immigration-Industrial Complex
American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2013
Over the last few decades, and particularly after 9/11, we have witnessed the increasing criminalization of immigrants in the United States. We draw on the institutional theory of migration to understand the business of detention centers and the construction of the immigration-industrial complex.We link government contracts and private corporations in the formation of the immigration-  industrial complex... We conclude with a discussion of how the privatization of detention centers is part of a larger trend in which basic functions of societal institutions are being farmed out to private corporations with little consideration for basic human rights.

 

Walter Citti (ed)
La tutela civile contro le discriminazioni etnico-razziali e religiose. Guida alla normativa e alla giurisprudenza
www.asgi.it/ Associazione Studi Giuridici sull'Immigrazione, 31 Agosto 2013
Per quanto riguarda gli stranieri, il principio costituzionale di eguaglianza trova piena applicazione quando siano in questione i diritti inviolabili della persona umana garantiti dall’art. 2 Cost.. Tuttavia l’articolo 3 Cost. pone anche un limite di carattere generale che consente di censurare la previsione di trattamenti differenziati rispetto ai cittadini, quando tali trattamenti siano in astratto consentiti dalla diversità oggettiva delle situazioni regolate, allorchè la discriminazione legale risulti “manifestamente irragionevole” e comunque non giustificata da esigenze di protezione di valori di pari rango costituzionale.

Walter Citti, Ethnic-profiling e divieto di discriminazione nelle attività di polizia e controllo, Verona, 5 aprile 2013

 

Tito Boeri
Chi paga i pasti agli immigrati?
La Repubblica 23 agosto 2013

 

Dipartimento per gli affari di giustizia – Direzione generale della giustizia penale
# Monitoraggio della Legge 30 luglio 2002, n. 189 (c.d. Legge 'Bossi Fini'): "Modifica alla normativa in materia di immigrazione e di asilo" di cui al D.L.vo 25 luglio 1998, n. 286 "Testo Unico delle disposizioni concernenti la disciplina dell'immigrazione e norme sulla condizione dello straniero"
31 dicembre 2012 (aggiornamento luglio 2013)

 

Jörg L. Spenkuch
# Understanding the Impact of Immigration on Crime
Northwestern University, July 2013
Since the 1960s both crime rates and the share of immigrants among the American population have more than doubled; and almost three quarters of Americans believe that immigration increases crime. Yet, existing academic research has shown no such effect. A 10% increase in the share of immigrants is estimated to lead to an increase in the property crime rate of circa 1.2 %, while the rate of violent crimes remains essentially unaffected...

# Understanding the Impact of Immigration on Crime, 2010

 

Paolo Bricco

# All'immigrato serve integrazione. Il 10% degli illegali commette il 70% dei reati di tutti gli extracomunitari

Il Sole 24ore, 23 giugno 2013, p. 18

 

Vladimiro Polchi
# Immigrati, solo gli irregolari commettono più reati. La fondazione Debenedetti smonta i falsi miti: dopo le sanatorie diminuiscono i crimini
laRepubblica 22 giugno 2013, p. 19

 

Francesco Fasani, Ludovica Gazzè, Paolo Pinotti, Marco Tonello
# Immigration Policy and Crime | Report prepared for the XV European Conference of the Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti “Legal and Illegal Careers”
www.frdb.org / Caserta June 22, 2013

 

Elisabetta Povoledo
# Italy’s Migrant Detention Centers Are Cruel, Rights Groups Say
The New York Times | June 5, 2013

Whatever the view of the centers, there is no doubt that they amount to a life of limbo. The “guests,” as they are officially known, are often bewildered by their predicament. Research by the Jesuit Refugee Service Europe found that in centers around the Continent, detainees “primarily suffer mentally, severe, psychological stress from not knowing when the detention will end,” Mr. Amaral said. It is worse, he said, than imprisonment, which has a fixed term.

 

Medici per i Diritti Umani MEDU | Alberto Barbieri, Cecilia Francini, Novella Mori, Mariarita Peca, Marie Aude Tavoso, Marco Zanchetta
# Arcipelago CIE. Indagine sui centri di identificazione ed espulsione italiani
www.mediciperidirittiumani.org/ Maggio 2013
L’indagine – realizzata da un gruppo di lavoro di Medici per i Diritti Umani composto da un coordinatore, quattro medici e otto operatori socio–legali – si è svolta nell’arco di un anno (febbraio 2012–febbraio 2013), durante il quale sono stati visitati tutti i centri di identificazione ed espulsione operativi in quel momento in Italia... Anche questa indagine conferma la presenza all’interno dei CIE di un alto numero di trattenuti
provenienti dal carcere, la cui identificazione sarebbe dovuta avvenire durante il periodo di espiazione della pena. Accade infatti che detenuti in condizioni d’irregolarità non siano identificati durante il periodo della permanenza in carcere, e allo scadere della pena, in luogo di essere rimpatriati, siano trasferiti nei centri di identificazione ed espulsione, dovendo così scontare un periodo aggiuntivo di trattenimento. A questo proposito non è stato possibile ottenere dei dati ufficiali ma soltanto delle stime – a volte non del tutto concordanti tra loro – da parte degli enti gestori e dei funzionari delle Prefetture (si veda Tabella 2). Si va dunque da alcuni centri in cui la presenza di ex–carcerati raggiungerebbe il 90% (Milano, Lamezia Terme)...

 

Human Rights Watch
# Turning Migrants into Criminals. The Harmful Impact of US Border Prosecutions
www.hrw.org | May 2013
Illegal entry and reentry to the United States are today the most prosecuted federal crimes. Although immigration enforcement is normally a civil law matter—involving fines and deportation—US officials claim that increased criminal prosecution is necessary to deter illegal immigration and keep dangerous criminals out of the country... Turning Migrants Into Criminals concludes thatthe currentfocus on criminal prosecution of immigration offenders is misguided and in many cases impinges on fundamental human rights. It urges US policymakers and officials to take steps to ensure that asylum seekers andnon-violentoffenders seeking to rejoin lovedones are notprosecuted. More generally,iturgespolicymakers to reassess the current prosecution-focused approach and ensure that government resources are being used effectively to protect public safety and advance US immigration objectives.

 

Aaron James Chalfin
# Essays on the Economics of Crime
http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ May 14, 2013
This paper identifies a causal effect of Mexican immigration on crime using an instrument that leverages temporal variation in rainfall in different regions in Mexico as well as persistence in regional Mexico-U.S. migration networks. The intuition behind the instrument is that deviations in Mexican weather patterns isolate quasi-random variation in the assignment of Mexican immigrants to U.S. cities. My findings indicate that Mexican immigration is associated with no appreciable change in the rates of either violent or property crimes in U.S. cities. Notably, this is a precisely estimated null effect as I can reject that a one percentage point increase in the rainfall-induced share of Mexican migrants leads to greater than a one percent increase in the crime rate.

 

Aaron Chalfin
# The Economic Cost of Crime
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ December 16, 2013
Industrial societies allocate a great deal of resources towards crime control. In the United States, public expenditures on criminal justice alone amount to approximately $630 per capita or approximately 2.5 percent of gross domestic product (U.S. Census 2007). Private expenditures on crime prevention are probably at least as large. As spending by a utilitarian social planner on crime control will be, in large part, a function of the perceived harmfulness of crime...

 

Laurent Mucchielli
# Délinquance et immigration: des préjugés à l’analyse
L’essor de la gendarmerie nationale, mai 2013
Le propre de l’idéologie comme de la croyance religieuse, c’est de ne retenir de la réalité que ce qui confirme ses préjugés. Le propre de l’analyse scientifique comme de toute rigueur professionnelle, est au contraire de restituer la réalité dans toute sa complexité, quitte à modifier nos idées si celles-ci s’avèrent trop simples. Depuis la fin du xixe siècle, le thème « délinquance et immigration » est au cœur des discours d’extrême droite. Mais il tend à se banaliser dans le débat public ces dernières années. L’argument couramment utilisé consiste à dire : « En prison, il y a surtout des Noirs et des Arabes », et à en déduire qu’il y a « quelque chose » (la culture, l’éducation, la religion...) qui relie la délinquance et l’immigration de façon substantielle. Voyons pourquoi c’est un bon exercice de réflexion sur les préjugés.

 

Lunaria

# Costi disumani. La spesa pubblica per il "contrasto all'immigrazione irregolare" (rapporto)
# Costi disumani. La spesa pubblica per il "contrasto all'immigrazione irregolare" (sintesi)
www.lunaria.org/ Maggio 2013
Dal 2005 al 2012 sono stati stanziati in Italia più di un miliardo e seicento milioni di euro per finanziare le politiche di contrasto all’immigrazione irregolare: una spesa pubblica significativa, largamente inefficiente e irrispettosa dei diritti umani fondamentali dei migranti. Il Rapporto di Lunaria ricostruisce e analizza in dettaglio i costi delle “politiche del rifiuto” e spiega perché è necessario e urgente invertire rotta.

 

Redattore Sociale

# Sono 1.906 gli immigrati in carcere per irregolarità dei documenti di soggiorno
Pubblicato il 06/05/13

 

United Nations General Assembly
# Report by the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, François CrépeauAddendum - Mission to Italy (29 September–8 October 2012)
www.ohchr.org/ 30 April 2013

The Special Rapporteur is very concerned about the high number of ex-prisoners who are transferred from prison to CIEs. For example, at the CIE Ponte Galeria in Rome, a majority of detainees were in fact former prisoners who had served their prison sentences. The ex-prisoners were often unaware that they would be transferred to a CIE at the completion of their sentence, and often had no clear indication of how long they would be held there, with some being held for numerous months. The Special Rapporteur notes that a process of identification should be initiated at the beginning of any prison term, to avoid unnecessary detention in CIEs of prisoners.

 

Cour Européenne des Droits de l'Homme - European Court of Human Rights

# Samsam Mohammed Hussein and Others against the Netherlands and Italy
http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/ 2 April 2013

 

Hilde Tubex
# The Revival of Comparative Criminology in a Globalised World: Local Variances and Indigenous Over-representation
www.crimejusticejournal.com IJCJ&SD 2013 2(3): 55‐68

 

Matthew Freedman, Emily Owens, Sarah Bohn
# Immigration, Employment Opportunities, and Criminal Behavior
www.law.umich.edu/ March 2013

Immigrants have long been associated with lawlessness and criminality in the public mind. In spite of this perception, there is very little consistent evidence that the arrival of new immigrants, legal or illegal, is correlated with an increase in crime rates. One potentially important explanation for the mixed results on the relationship between immigration and crime is that there is no first-order relationship; the propensity of a new immigrant to engage in criminal behavior is a function of his or her ability to access jobs, housing, and other social services as well as his or her expected returns to and costs of committing crime.

 

Antigone
# La detenzione amministrativa degli stranieri. Esperienze in Europa
Antigone, anno VIII, n. 1/2013

A seguire le categorie vulnerabili, coloro che non dovrebbero essere lì ma vi sono per prassi o errore (come accade a volte per i minori) o per disposizioni di legge che in alcuni paesi europei (la Gran Bretagna è forse il caso paradigmatico) prevedono tout court la detenzione di minori e richiedenti asilo. Le violazioni dei diritti e la soluzione caso per caso. Anche in paesi che visti con occhi italiani paiono insospettabili, le violazioni dei diritti, la necessità di appellarsi quando possibile alle Corti superiori sono la realtà della detenzione amministrativa.

 

Marc Mauer
# The Changing Racial Dynamics of Women’s Incarceration
The Sentencing Project. Research and Advocacy for Reform - February 2013

In the first decade of the 21st century the United States began to experience a shift in the 30-year buildup to a world record prison system. Although the decade ended with an increased number of people in prison, the rate of growth overall was considerably below that of previous decades and since 2008 the overall number of people in state prisons has declined slightly each year... Dramatic shift in racial disparities among women – In 2000 black women were incarcerated in state and federal prisons at six times the rate of white women. By 2009 that ratio had declined by 53%, to 2.8:1. This shift was a result of both declining incarceration of African American women and rising incarceration of white women. The disparity between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women declined by 16.7% during this period.

 

Ruth D. Peterson, Lauren J. Krivo, John Hagan
# Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America

in Francis T. Cullen and Pamela Wilcox (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013

Taken together, the fine set of chapters in this volume offer keen and varied insights into the ways in which race and ethnicity permeate views and actions of crime and the criminal justice system in the United States. The meaning of race and ethnicity in crime and criminal justice is important but underinvestigated. Indeed, progress in expanding knowledge in this area has been hampered by a lack of a coherent approach and a failure to put forth race and ethnicity as core concerns in their own right rather than as simply dichotomous independent variables in analyses of aggregate and survey data. The papers in this volume offer correctives to these limited approaches... the chapters herein offer starting places for a more holistic approach to the study of race/ethnicity, crime, and criminal justice that centers analyses in the positioning of groups within society

 

Kubrin, Charis E.

# Immigration and Crime

in Francis T. Cullen and Pamela Wilcox (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013

Historically, immigrants have disproportionately taken the blame for many of cociety's problems. It is claimed that they steal jobs from hard-working native-born Americans, they drain America's health care and educational resources, and perhaps most problematically, they cause higher crime rates. This blame is often based on fales assumptions and stereotypes.

 

Ross L. Matsueda, Kevin Dralulich, Charis E. Kubrin
# Race and Neighborhood Codes of Violence

in Francis T. Cullen and Pamela Wilcox (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013

Contributors explore a key mechanism that has been argued to link race/ethnic with violent crime—cultural codes of violence. They use data for Seattle to capture neighborhood codes, as distinct from individual codes, of violence, and investigate whether variation in these codes exist across African American, Latino, and Asian communities.

 

Sergio Briguglio

# Norme su immigrazione, asilo, cittadinanza e tratta

www.stranieriinitalia.it/ 1 gennaio 2013

 

# Treatment of migrants and asylum-seekers in Calais and French overseas territories denounced by national Ombudsman and European Court of Human Rights
www.statewatch.org/ 19.12.2012

Inappropriate police intervention on sites where food and medical care are provided by humanitarian organisations - The arrest of asylum-seekers to check their identity, in breach of the right to free circulation for all people legally staying in the country - The arbitrary eviction of migrants from informal settlements or unoccupied buildings in breach of legal procedures - Police harassment and violence against migrants and migrant rights activists, especially the inappropriate use of tear gas during operations

 

Cecilia Valbonesi
# Il Reato di Immigrazione Clandestina nell’Ordinamento Italiano fra “Diritto Penale del Nemico” e “Multiculturalismo”
Revista de Estudios Jurídicos nº 12/2012

L’incriminazione della condizione soggettiva di migrante costituirebbe quindi una violazione del principio di uguaglianza, il quale non tollera discriminazioni nella formulazione e nella applicazione di sanzioni, soprattutto se legate ad una mera condizione del soggetto reo. La “differenza soggettiva” fra il fatto del clandestino ed il fatto di chiunque altro, non ha alcun riscontro ai fini della valutazione della gravità della condotta. Anticipando un profilo critico che sarà oggetto di riflessione nel corso della trattazione, si può sin da ora evidenziare come l’incriminazione della condizione di migrante irregolare sanzioni un “modo di essere” dell’autore, non sintomatico di una effettiva pericolosità sociale, piuttosto che un fatto offensivo da questi compiuto, con tutti i corollari che ne derivano...

 

Ruth Ellen Wasem
# Immigration of Foreign Nationals with Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Degrees
www.fas.org/ November 26, 2012
Although the United States remains the leading host country for international students in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) fields, the global competition for talent has intensified. A record number of STEM graduates—both U.S. residents and foreign nationals—are entering the U.S. labor market, and there is a renewed focus on creating additional immigration pathways for foreign professional workers in STEM fields. Current law sets an annual worldwide level of 140,000 employment-based admissions, which includes the spouses and children in addition to the principal (i.e., qualifying) aliens. “STEM visa” is shorthand for an expedited immigration avenue that enables foreign nationals with graduate degrees in STEM fields to adjust to legal permanent resident (LPR) status without waiting in the queue of numerically limited LPR visas. The fundamental policy question is should the United States create additional pathways for STEM graduates to remain in the United States permanently?

 

Peter H. Schuck, Karin D. Martin, Jack Glaser
# Racial Profiling
https://gspp.berkeley.edu/ 2012
The furor over racial profiling is easy to understand. Harassment of those who, as the sayings go, “drive while Black” or “fly while Arab,” are emblems of the indignities that law enforcement officials are said to inflict on minorities on the basis of demeaning stereotypes and racial prejudice. This is no laughing matter. The state’s coercive power creates special responsibilities for law enforcement officials to screen only in accordance with legal guidelines. Respect for the rule of law means that people must not be singled out for enforcement scrutiny simply because of their race or ethnicity.

 

Tim Hoff, Laura Lambert
# Racial Profiling in Germany: Is Lecraft vs. Spain applicable?
www.humanityinaction.org/ 2012
The UN Human Rights System does offer one substantial ruling on the question of racial profiling: In 1992, Rosalind Williams Lecraft, a Spanish citizen of African-American descent, was singled out for an identity check by a National Police officer at the Spanish railway station Valladolid. When asked to explain the reasons for the identity check, the police officer stated that he was obliged to "check the identity of people like her" to control undocumented migration and that he was following instructions from the Ministry of the Interior to control "'coloured people' in particula"...

 

Salvatore Palidda
# Più di venti anni di sviluppo economico dell’Unione Europea grazie alle migrazioni interne e internazionali in cambio di ?
Seminario internazionale di studi "La migrazione in Unione Europea tra mercato del lavoro, diritti e sicurezza", Palermo, 8 - 10 novembre 2012

Quello che si sperimenta sulla pelle degli immigrati finisce per colpire buona parte dei nazionali10. Oggi, assai spesso, le vittime di incidenti sul lavoro, malattie professionali, molestie sessuali, abusi di potere, supersfruttamento, violenze e razzismi non sono tutelate e neanche soccorse dalle polizie mentre è frequente che rom e immigrati siano oggetto di umiliazioni se non addirittura vere e proprie persecuzioni (e ciò sia con governi di destra che con governi di sinistra ... basta pensare la Francia e anche l’Italia). La lotta per i diritti universali e quindi le tutele dei più deboli è una lotta di tutti e non solo per i rom e gli immigrati.

 

Fondazione ISMU (Iniziative e studi sulla multietnicità)
# XVIII rapporto sulle migrazioni 2012 (Tabelle)
www.ismu.org/ 2012

Al 1° gennaio 2012 per la prima volta in Italia la crescita della presenza straniera è sostanzialmente pari a zero. Nel complesso si registrano infatti circa 27mila presenze in più rispetto al 1° gennaio 2011, che in termini percentuali si traduce in un incremento dello 0,5%. Un vero e proprio crollo rispetto al 2008-2009, anni in cui ancora si calcolavano aumenti annui di 500mila unità. Il numero degli immigrati presenti in Italia quindi è rimasto pressoché invariato: se al 1° gennaio 2011 si contavano 5 milioni e 403mila unità (regolari e non), a distanza di un anno se ne contano 5 milioni e 430mila.... Criminalità e devianza degli immigrati: Tab. 1 - Italiani e stranieri denunciati e arrestati/fermati per vari tipi di reato. Valori assoluti e percentuali. Anni 2010-2011

 

# XVII rapporto sulle migrazioni 2011 (Tabelle)

 

Ministero della Giustizia DAP

# La radicalizzazione del terrorismo islamico. Elementi per uno studio del fenomeno di proselitismo in carcere

Istituto Superiore di Studi Penitenziari - Quaderni ISSP n. 9, Giugno 2012

La giustizia, nell’ottica islamica, non si raggiunge attraverso la violenza o la prevaricazione, ma attraverso lo sforzo interiore e personale di ciascuno, attraverso mezzi leciti ed istruttivi che possano spingere gli uomini alla conoscenza, alla perfezione, per quanto possibile. Jihad significa lavorare molto per realizzare ciò che e’ giusto: il Corano lo nomina 33 volte, ed ogni volta esso ha un significato differente, ora riferito  ad un concetto come la fede, ora al pentimento, alle azioni buone, all’emigrazione per la causa di Dio.

 

Luciana Goisis
# Giustizia penale e discriminazione razziale. Il soggetto “altro” dinanzi al diritto penale e alla criminologia. Atto I: Il contributo della criminologia.
Diritto Penale Contemporaneo,
19 Ottobre 2012
Sommario: Parte I - Le idee. - 1. Premessa. I termini del dibattito negli ordinamenti nord-americani ed europei. - 2. Teorie criminologiche su razza e criminalità: paradigma del consenso v. teorie del conflitto. - parte II - La verifica empirica. - 3. Alcune distinzioni preliminari tratte dal diritto antidiscriminatorio. - 4. Le indagini empiriche. - 4.1. La ricerca sulla sentencing disparity. L'esperienza dei Paesi di common law. - 4.2. Il caso della pena di morte e la capital sentencing disparity. - 5. Uno sguardo allo stato del dibattito criminologico nei Paesi di civil law. - 6. Conclusioni. Una lezione di criminologia comparata e una indicazione al legislatore italiano

 

Isabella Mastropasqua, Raffaele Bracalenti, Maria Maddalena Leogrande (eds)
# "Seconda chance". Prevenzione del rischio di recidiva per i minori stranieri presenti nel circuito penale
www.iprs.it/ iprs Istituto psicanalitico per le Ricerche Sociali, ottobre 2012

L’immigrazione rompe le famiglie; disperde i figli, anche i più giovani e li espone, da soli, alla necessità di ricostruire un mondo amico, compito difficile in cui non pochi falliscono; ma l’immigrazione spezza con violenza anche le generazioni, lasciando genitori e figli più incomprensibili gli uni agli altri. L’immigrazione, inoltre, promette molto e concede poco: i sognati approdi nella ricchezza e nell’agiatezza risultano molto più prosaicamente difficili vite spese nel tentativo di raggiungere condizioni appena accettabili. Quando si giunge si è sempre gli ultimi della scala sociale e la salita non avviene attraverso comodi ascensori sociali, ma grazie ad una lotta e una competizione dura e senza esclusione di colpi. Non sorprende quindi che minori di prima e seconda generazione, seppur per ragioni diverse, paiano più esposti al rischio di delinquere, ma soprattutto paiano più esposti al rischio di commettere altri crimini dopo un primo reato...

 

Angelo Marletta
# Detenzione "amministrativa" dello straniero e riserva di giurisdizione in materia di libertà personale
Criminalia 2012
1. Le parole e le cose: “trattenimento”, “detenzione amministrativa”, “riserva di giurisdizione”. – 2. Alcune riflessioni sui contenuti necessari del controllo giurisdizionale. - 2.1 Un controllo negletto: la verifica della legittimità del provvedimento espulsivo presupposto. - 2.2 Controlli necessari: a) le “esigenze” legittimanti la detenzione amministrativa. - 2.3 segue: b) il rischio di fuga tra presunzioni iuris et de iure ed accertamento in concreto. - 2.4 segue: c) il principio di proporzionalità ed il comma 2-bis dell’art. 19 T.U. Imm. nell’ottica «caso per caso». – 3. Il controllo sulla detenzione in itinere. - 3.1 Mutamento dei presupposti, “riesame” a richiesta e revoca anticipata della detenzione. - 3.2 Il controllo in sede di proroga sul diligente espletamento delle attività amministrative legittimanti la detenzione. – 4. Conclusioni.

 

Elena Valentina Zonca
# Multiculturalismo e protezione sociale dei "non cittadini". Uno studio comparativo della giurisprudenza costituzionale italiana e francese
www.gruppodipisa.it/ 2012
Se la mancanza di cittadinanza non pregiudica i diritti fondamentali dei soggetti presenti in un determinato territorio, riconosciuti sulla base del principio costituzionale di eguaglianza, tuttavia lo stesso potrebbe non avvenire in relazione agli interventi pubblici in materia di assistenza e sicurezza sociale – attualmente in forte crisi – che incidono necessariamente sulla solidarietà e l’integrazione tra cittadini e “non cittadini”. Occorre, dunque, chiedersi in che modo le scelte normative nazionali possano contemperare l’esigenza di integrazione e protezione sociale degli stranieri presenti su un determinato territorio con la mancanza della cittadinanza nazionale o europea.

 

Stephanie J. Silverman,  Ruchi Hajela

# “Immigration Detention in the UK.” Migration Observatory briefing
COMPAS, University of Oxford, UK, 2012

The Migration Observatory - Based at the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) at the University of Oxford, the Migration Observatory provides independent,  authoritative, evidence-based analysis of data on migration and migrants in the UK, to inform media, public and policy debates, and to generate high quality research on international migration and public policy issues. The Observatory’s analysis involves experts from a wide range of disciplines and departments at the University of Oxford.

 

Tito Boeri, Marta De Philippis, Eleonora Patacchini, Michele Pellizzari
# Moving to Segregation: Evidence from 8 Italian Cities
Institute for the Study of Labor IZA DP No. 6834 - September 2012
We use a new dataset and a novel identification strategy to analyze the effects of residential segregation on the employment of migrants in 8 Italian cities. Our data, which are representative of the population of both legal and illegal migrants, allow us to measure segregation at the very local level (the block) and include measures of house prices, commuting costs and migrants’ linguistic ability. We find evidence that migrants who reside in areas with a high concentration of non-Italians are less likely to be employed compared to similar migrants who reside in less segregated areas. In our preferred specification, a 10 percentage points increase in residential segregation reduces the probability of being employed by 7 percentage points or about 8% over the average. Additionally, we also show that this effect emerges only above a critical threshold of 15-20% of migrants over the total local population, below which there is no statistically detectable effect. The negative externality associated with residential segregation arises only for the employment prospects of immigrants, whether legal or illegal. We do not find evidence of either spatial mismatch or skill bias as potential explanations of this effect. Statistical discrimination by native employers is the remaining suspect.

 

Gian Luigi Gatta
Immigrati, carcere e diritto penale
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ Maggio 2012
Testo della lezione svolta il 10 maggio 2012 presso il carcere di Bollate (seconda casa di reclusione di Milano), alla presenza congiunta di un gruppo di detenuti e di studenti della Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università degli Studi di Milano

 

Mario L. Barnes, Robert S. Chang
# Analyzing Stops, Citations, and Searches in Washington and Beyond
Seattle University Law Review, Vol. 35:673, 2012
Racial disproportionality in the criminal justice system is a fact. But the fact of racial disproportionality is the beginning and not the end of the conversation. The fact that blacks are overrepresented in stop, arrest, charge, pretrial detention, conviction, and incarceration statistics demonstrates only correlation and not causation. A number of commentators caution that disproportionality and the overrepresentation of blacks, Native-Americans, and Hispanics in Washington State’s prisons do not prove racial discrimination... This Article seeks to examine more closely the disproportionality with regard to traffic stops, citations, and searches. We focus on three reports produced by a team of researchers from Washington State University (WSU) that examine Washington State Patrol traffic stops, citations, and searches

 

UNHCR ASGI SPRAR Ministero dell'Interno
# La tutela dei richiedenti asilo. Manuale giuridico per l’operatore
www.asgi.it/ 2012

Il presente Manuale non può affrontare in modo esaustivo la complessa tematica relativa alla nozione di asilo costituzionale. In questa sede ci si limita a ricordare che la giurisprudenza (Cassazione, sezioni unite sentenze n. 4674/97 e n. 907/99; Cassazione, sez. I n. 8423/04 ) ha stabilito che l’asilo costituzionale è un diritto soggettivo perfetto, il cui riconoscimento può essere richiesto direttamente innanzi al giudice ordinario, seppure in assenza di una normativa che ne definisca i contenuti.

 

Antonio Accetturo, Francesco Manaresi, Sauro Mocetti and Elisabetta Olivieri
# Don’t stand so close to me: the urban impact of immigration
Banca d'Italia | Working papers Number 866 - April 2012
We examine the impact of immigration on the residential market within urban areas. We develop a spatial equilibrium model that shows how the effect of an immigrant inflow in a district affects local housing prices through changes in how natives perceive the quality of their local amenities and how this influences their mobility. Predictions of the model are tested using a novel dataset on housing prices and population variables at the district level for a sample of 20 large Italian cities. To address endogeneity problems we adopt an instrumental variable strategy which uses historical enclaves of immigrants across districts to predict current settlements. We find that immigration raises average housing prices at the city level; however it reduces price growth in a district affected by an inflow vis-à-vis the rest of the city. This pattern is driven by the natives’ flight from immigrant-dense districts towards other areas of the city. These findings are consistent with native preferences to live in predominantly native areas.

 

République française - CNCDH Commission Nationale Consultative des Droits de l'Homme

# Rapport sur la lutte contre le racisme 2012

Publié le 21 mars 2013 par CPDH

 

Assfam, Forum Réfugiés, France terre d'asile, La Cimade, Ordre de Malte
# Rapport 2011 sur les centres et locaux de rétention administrative
http://www.lacimade.org/ 20 novembre 2012

En 2011 le gouvernement a procédé à un durcissement de la rétention, sous prétexte d’une nécessaire transposition de la directive « retour ». L’allongement à 45 jours de la durée maximale et surtout le recul du contrôle du juge judiciaire au 5ème jour de la rétention au lieu du 2ème, entraient en vigueur en juillet. Ces nouveaux outils au service de la politique du chiffre ont permis à l’administration dès l’été 2011 d’augmenter nettement le nombre de placements dans tous les centres de rétention. Ce recul de l’intervention des juges est en contradiction avec les principes fondamentaux des lois de la République. Comment justifier en effet, dans un État de droit, que le contrôle du juge judicaire, garant de la régularité de la procédure et du respect des droits et libertés fondamentales, soit considéré comme un obstacle à l’éloignement qualifié d’« efficace » ?

 

Gian Luigi Gatta
# Immigrati, carcere e diritto penale
www.penalecontemporaneo maggio 2012
1. Gli stranieri come ‘clienti privilegiati’ delle carceri italiane: i numeri. – 2. I possibili fattori che fanno dello straniero il ‘cliente privilegiato’ del carcere. – 3. Un carcere ad hoc per gli stranieri: il C.I.E. quale ‘galera amministrativa’ non assistita dalle garanzie del diritto, del processo e dell’esecuzione penale. – 4. Una sanzione penale ad hoc per gli stranieri: l’espulsione dal territorio dello Stato. – 5. Le recenti scelte politico-criminali in materia di contrasto alla criminalità degli immigrati e all’immigrazione ‘clandestina’. – 6. Una parziale decarcerizzazione, a favore degli extracomunitari, per effetto del diritto dell’Unione europea. – 7. Un obiettivo per l’agenda politica: rimuovere la sproporzione tra detenuti stranieri e italiani.

 

Alberto di Martino
La disciplina dei C.I.E. è incostituzionale. Un pamphlet
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 11 Maggio 2012
La questione nodale è dunque che quel trattenimento è effettuato in strutture apposite – i CIE, appunto: si legga innanzi tutto cemento armato, gabbie di ferro, filo spinato, videosorveglianza, sorveglianza armata – la cui disciplina, allo stato attuale della normativa italiana, è incostituzionale per le ragioni che saranno snocciolate qui di séguito, a mo’ di pamphlet piuttosto che di saggio accademico

 

Brian Bell, Stephen Machin

The Crime - Immigration Nexus: Evidence from Recent Research

CESifo DICE Report 1/2012

... Where attachment is low (e.g. asylum seekers in the UK) or labour market opportunities are poor (e.g. low wage migrants in the US), an impact on crime can be detected. On the other hand, when labour market attachment is strong no such crime impact can be found. These findings are in line with the way in which the orthodox economic model of crime can be used to think about possible immigration impacts on crime...

 

Luigi Manconi, Stefano Anastasia (a cura di) | LarticoloTre
# Lampedusa non è un’isola. Profughi e migranti alle porte dell’Italia
www.protezionecivile.gov.it/ Associazione A Buon Diritto Onlus giugno 2012

I dati che presentiamo sono il risultato, tra l’altro, di un lungo e impegnativo lavoro sulle fonti che si è giovato, in misura rilevante, del contributo  dell’Osservatorio per la sicurezza contro gli atti discriminatori (OSCAD) presso la Polizia di Stato e dell’Ufficio nazionale antidiscriminazioni razziali (UNAR) presso la Presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri, Dipartimento per le Pari Opportunità.

 

Guido Corso
# La disciplina dell’immigrazione tra diritti fondamentali e discrezionalità del legislatore nella giurisprudenza costituzionale
www.cortecostituzionale.it/ Roma, 26 ottobre 2012

Sommario: 1. – La condizione giuridica dello straniero. 2. – Politica dell’immigrazione e sovranità dello Stato. 3.- La scelta delle sanzioni. 4. – L’incidenza dei principi sul diritto e processo penale. 5. – L’immigrato ed i diritti sociali. 6. – Diritto al ricongiungimento e unità familiare. 7. – L’immigrazione fra Stato e regioni. 8. – L’immigrato irregolare. 9. – Discrezionalità e vincoli.

 

Caterina Mazza
# La gestione dei Centri di detenzione amministrativa per stranieri in alcune democrazie contemporanee: uno studio comparativo tra la realtà italiana e quella francese
www.sisp.it/ XXVI Convegno SISP 13-15 settembre 2012
A oggi, sono poco indagate le problematiche relative alle modalità di gestione effettiva dell’accoglienza e in particolar modo dell’amministrazione da parte di soggetti privati dei centri preposti per i migranti. Merita quindi soffermare l’attenzione sul processo di privatizzazione dei centri di detenzione per immigrati, fenomeno che non coinvolge esclusivamente la realtà italiana, ma che si sta diffondendo a livello europeo e globale. Occorre porsi alcuni interrogativi riguardo alle ragioni che spingono diversi Stati ad avvalersi di soggetti privati per la gestione di strutture che costituiscono nodi fondamentali del sistema d’accoglienza e sulle caratteristiche e implicazioni della questione. L’analisi di tale realtà si è svolta effettuando una comparazione tra due democrazie europee: l’Italia e la Francia.

 

Homer Venters, Allen S. Keller
# Diversion of patients with mental illness from court-ordered care to immigration detention
Psychiatr Serv. 2012 Apr;63(4):377-9
Over 350,000 immigrants are de-tained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) each year. An unknown fraction of these detainees have serious mental illnesses and are taken into ICE custody even though a criminal court has ordered them to enter inpatient mental health care. The authors report findings from 16 such cases in which they have provided advocacy over the past four years. In some cases, they were able to secure release of detainees into inpatient care in community (non-forensic) settings, which involved substantial logistical challenges...

 

The European Court of Human Rights
# Case Hirsi Jamaa and others v. Italy (Application no. 27765/09) -- # IT
Strasbourg 23 February 2012

International human rights law has established non-refoulement as a fundamental component of the absolute prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. The duty not to refoule is also recognized as applying to refugees irrespective of their formal recognition, thus obviously including asylumseekers whose status has not yet been determined. It encompasses any measure attributable to a  State which could have the effect of returning an asylum-seeker or refugee to the frontiers of territories where his or her life or freedom would be threatened, or where he or she would risk persecution. This includes rejection at the frontier, interception and indirect refoulement, whether of an individual seeking asylum or in situations of mass influx.”

 

David Alan Sklansky
# Crime, Immigration, and Ad Hoc Instrumentalism
Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository, 2012
Criminal law and immigration law, once separate fields of governance in the United States, are rapidly growing less distinct. Immigration crimes now account for a majority of all federal prosecutions; deportation is widely seen as a key tool of crime controk immigration authorities run the nation 's largest prison system; and state and local law enforcement officers work hand-in-hand with federal immigration officials. The rise of an intertwined regime of "crimmigration" law  as generally been attributed to some combination of nativism, overcriminalization,and a cultural obsession with security...

 

Joshua C. Cochran, Patricia Y. Warren
# Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Perceptions of the Police: The Salience of Officer Race Within the Context of Racial Profiling
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 28(2) 206–227, 2012
Racial profiling in the United States has been traditionally geared toward the relationship between Black citizens and the police, and only until recently have Hispanic citizens been linked to biased experiences with and perceptions of the police. However, this study’s findings suggest that Black citizens are still the most skeptical of police officers’ behavior and the most likely to perceive that they have been treated unfairly or perhaps racially profiled—especially when the officer is White.

 

Mario La Rosa
# Diritto penale e immigrazione in Francia: cui prodest?
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ Diritto Penale Contemporaneo 1 Febbraio 2012
Il controllo e la regolamentazione del fenomeno migratorio sono divenute notoriamente una priorità nell’agenda dei governi d’Europa in quest’ultimo decennio. La direttiva 2008/115/CE1 , altrimenti detta “rimpatri” (retour, sposando il lessico francese), è solo uno dei frutti recenti di una produzione normativa destinata a reiterarsi con una certa frequenza2 e che, purtroppo, accresce le distanze tra “greci” e “barbari”. Essa rappresenta il primo provvedimento in tema di immigrazione adottato secondo la procedura di codecisione. Tale significativa notazione, indice di un surplus di democraticità, non deve tuttavia portare a sottovalutare le forti tensioni emerse durante i lavori preparatori...

 

Angelo Caputo

# La disciplina dell’immigrazione e della condizione giuridica dello straniero
in Giancarlo Amato, Angelo Caputo, Giorgio Fidelbo (eds), Reati in materia di immigrazione e di stupefacenti, Giappichelli 2012
Alla prova dei fatti e vista nel suo insieme, la disciplina dell’immigrazione si è rivelata incapace di governare gli ingressi in termini realistici e di effettività, incapace di riassorbire, in via ordinaria, quote di irregolarità e costruita in modo da spingere anche parti rilevanti dell’immigrazione regolare verso l’irregolarità: l’ineffettività di un sistema degli ingressi incentrato sull’impraticabile pretesa dell’incontro a livello planetario tra domanda e offerta di lavoro ha trovato corrispondenza in un governo reale dell’immigrazione affidato, da un lato, a sanatorie ufficiali ed eccezionali e, dall’altro, a sanatorie ufficiose e periodiche, ossia all’utilizzo dei meccanismi di ammissione imperniati sui decreti flussi per consentire (non, come pretenderebbe la legge, l’ingresso di chi si trova all’estero al momento della richiesta di assunzione del datore di lavoro, ma) la prosecuzione legale della permanenza dello straniero già irregolarmente presente in Italia....

 

International Commission of Jurists | Per la promozione e la protezione dei diritti umani attraverso lo stato di diritto
# L’immigrazione e la normativa internazionale dei diritti umani - Guida per operatori del diritto n. 6
International Commission of Jurists (Eng. 2011 - It. 2012)
La titolarità dei diritti umani spetta a tutte le persone, senza eccezioni. Le persone non li acquisiscono perché sono cittadini, lavoratori, o sulla base di uno status particolare. Nessuno può essere privato dei propri diritti umani perché ha fatto ingresso o si è trattenuto in un Paese contravvenendo alla normativa nazionale sull’immigrazione, o perché ha l’aspetto di uno “straniero”, perché è una donna o un bambino, o non parla la lingua locale. Il principio dell’universalità dei diritti umani è prezioso per i migranti. La realtà, tuttavia, rivela che il godimento dei diritti è illusorio se non vi è il modo di rivendicarne l’attuazione...

 

Jesse J. Norris
# State Efforts to Reduce Racial Disparities in Criminal Justice: Empirical Analysis and Recommendations for Action
Gonzaga Law Review, Vol. 47:2, 2011
A number of states have begun high-level processes to analyze and reduce racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system. This article provides a preliminary empirical evaluation of these efforts, focusing on both the governance and substantive content of the anti-disparities processes. Results indicate that these efforts are not governed in a systematic and transparent manner, and tend to ignore or neglect the most glaring causes of disparity and the most promising measures to reduce them. This article discusses how anti-disparities processes and concerned citizens can stimulate more vigorous and effective strategies to minimize racial disparities...

 

Amnesty International
# Stop Racism, Not People. Racial Profiling and Immigration Control in Spain
Amnesty International 2011

Amnesty International is concerned that as this report went to print, the Spanish authorities continue to deny the very existence of identity checks based on ethnic characteristics, and therefore persist in a failure to take any measures to address the issue of racial profiling by the police. Spain cannot keep on denying the existence of these checks, and must take immediate and effective steps to address this discriminatory practice. International human rights bodies have also repeatedly called on Spain to end racial profiling.

 

Brian Bell, Stephen Machin

# The Impact of Migration on Crime and Victimisation. A report for the Migration Advisory Committee
Centre for Economic Performance, LSE
December 2011

Overall, our general sense is that the migrant flows into the UK that we have observed over the last decade have most likely been associated with small declines in the rate of property crime... The impact on violent crime is less well measured, but the results suggest that migrants have the same propensity to commit violent crimes as natives.

 

Juliet P. Stumpf
# Doing Time: Crimmigration Law and the Perils of Haste
www.uclalawreview.org/ 2011
Criminal and immigration law intersect both formally and functionally, magnifying the government’s exclusionary power. This exclusion manifests in four ways. First, criminal and immigration law combine to expand the Criminal and immigration law intersect both formally and functionally, magnifying the government’s exclusionary power. This exclusion manifests in four ways....

 

Jörg L. Spenkuch
# Understanding the Impact of Immigration on Crime
http://home.uchicago.edu/ may 2011

Since the 1960s both crime rates and the share of immigrants among the American population have more than doubled. Almost three quarters of Americans believe immigration increases crime, yet existing academic research has shown no such effect. Using panel data on US counties, this paper presents empirical evidence on a systematic and economically meaningful impact of immigration on crime. Consistent with the economic model of crime this effect is strongest for crimes motivated by financial gain, such as motor vehicle theft and robbery. Moreover, the effect is only present for those immigrants most likely to have poor labor market outcomes. Failure to account for the cost of increased crime would overstate the “immigration surplus” substantially, but would most likely not reverse its sign.

 

Sarah S. Willen
# Do “Illegal” Im/migrants Have a Right to Health? Engaging Ethical Theory as Social Practice at a Tel Aviv Open Clinic
Medical Anthropology Quarterly, vol. 25, 2011

Critical ethnographies of right to health discourse and practice can enlighten us, and help us enlighten scholars in other fields, to the complexity, messiness, and “mushiness” of this right, especially in the context of advocacy on nauthorized im/migrants’ behalf. It can also deepen understanding of the complicated and sometimes tense relationships among human rights, humanitarianism, and other contemporary idioms of social justice mobilization, especially in the health domain.

 

Doris Marie Provine, Roxanne Lynn Doty
# The Criminalization of Immigrants as a Racial Project
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 27(3) 261 –277, 2011
Contemporary policy responses to unauthorized immigration, we argue, reinforce racialized anxieties by (a) focusing attention on physically distinctive and economically marginalized minorities who are defined as the nation’s immigration “threat,” (b) creating new spaces of enforcement within which racial anxieties flourish and become institutionalized; and thereby (c) racializing immigrant bodies. We examine three federal enforcement policies: (a) the physical border buildup that began in the 1990s, (b) partnerships with local police, and (c) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) initiatives to enhance interior enforcement. The result has been the construction of a landscape of institutionalized racial violence embedded in our current immigration regime.

 

James Forman Jr
# The black poor, black elites, and America's prisons
Cardozo Law Review, vol. 32:3, 2011
African Americans have borne the brunt of the prison explosion. Blacks constitute a larger percentage of the prison population today than they did at the time of Brown v. Board of Education. 13 This trend is especially shocking given America's racial progress over the past fifty years. The civil rights movement radically reshaped the nation, ushering in an era of increased opportunity for black Americans in virtually every domain of American society.

 

Alberto di Martino, Rosa Raffaelli
# La libertà di Bertoldo: «direttiva rimpatri» e diritto penale italiano. Nota a Corte di Giustizia dell'Unione europea, sent. 28 aprile 2011, Hassen El Dridi, causa C-61/11 PPU
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ Diritto Penale Contemporaneo 26 Luglio 2011
1. I termini essenziali della questione sottoposta alla Corte di Giustizia.– 2. Il contenuto della direttiva e le ragioni di contrasto con l’ordinamento interno.– 2.1. Le norme rilevanti della direttiva.– 2.2. Le ragioni di contrasto con l’ordinamento interno: incompatibilità “diretta” od “indiretta” della normativa nazionale…..– 2.3. ... e la tesi del mancato contrasto. – 3. La decisione della Corte.– 3.1. Il fatto.– 3.2. La presa di posizione dell’Avvocato Generale.– 3.3. La sentenza. – 4. Sistema della direttiva, status libertatis e valutazioni critiche. – 5. Conseguenze per l’ordinamento interno (valutazioni generali).

 

Corte di Giustizia dell'Unione Europea - Luxenbourg
# Sentenza 28. 4. 2011 – Causa C-61/11 PPU | Hassen El Dridi, alias Soufi Karim
Lussemburgo 28 aprile 2011

 

European Commission - Directorate-General for Research & Innovation
# Crime and deviance in the EU Key findings from EU funded social sciences and humanities research project
https://ec.europa.eu/ 2011

 

Fabio Basile
# Il diritto penale nelle società multiculturali: i reati culturalmente motivati
http://politicacriminal.cl/ 2011
I
massicci flussi immigratori degli ultimi decenni hanno portato in Italia ed in altri Stati europei individui e famiglie provenienti da luoghi e culture diverse. L’immigrato, nel Paese d’arrivo, trova regole di condotta e, in particolare, norme penali, diverse da quelle presenti nel suo Paese d’origine, e tale diversità è dovuta, almeno in alcuni casi, alla diversità di cultura. Ciò potrebbe, quindi, indurre l’immigrato a commettere un fatto previsto come reato nel Paese d’arrivo, ma che risulta, invece, conforme, o per lo meno tollerato, nella sua cultura d’origine. Come deve reagire il diritto penale a siffatti reati culturalmente motivati?

 

Guido Savio
# La nuova disciplina delle espulsioni dopo la legge 129/2011
www.meltingpot.org/ 30 agosto 2011
.. sintomo di una volontà politica di escludere il più possibile la giurisdizione dal controllo della gestione dei C.I.E , preferendo riservarla all’amministrazione in via esclusiva, mantenendo così una gestione separata dei centri di detenzione amministrativa italiani. Tuttavia, la situazione descritta può essere agevolmente superata se solo iniziasse a diffondersi nella prassi e nella giurisprudenza dei giudici di pace – con il fondamentale ausilio degli avvocati - la piena consapevolezza che il giudice nazionale è il primo giudice cui è devoluta l’applicazione del diritto U.E., infatti come rammenta la CGE con la citata sentenza El Dridi del 28.4 scorso (§ 61) al giudice che è “incaricato di applicare, nell’ambito della propria competenza, le disposizioni del diritto dell’Unione e di assicurarne la piena efficacia, spetterà disapplicare ogni disposizione del decreto legislativo 286/98 contraria al risultato della direttiva 2008/115”.

 

Giovanni Mastrobuoni, Paolo Pinotti
# Legal status of immigrants and criminal behavior: evidence from a natural experiment
www.bancaditalia.it/ Working Papers June 2011
We use a natural experiment, namely the last round of the EU enlargement, to identify the effect of legal status on immigrants' crime. We provide a theoretical framework that illustrates the two main effects of legal status: on the one hand, it increases crime by precluding deportation of potential foreign criminals; on the other hand, it lowers the propensity to engage in crime by providing immigrants with better income opportunities. Evidence from a sample of former prison inmates released in Italy a few months before the enlargement suggests that the second effect prevails. In particular, the probability of rearrest decreases by more than half after obtaining legal status as a consequence of the EU enlargement.

 

Joanne P. van der Leun, Maartje A.H. van der Woude
# Ethnic profiling in the Netherlands? A reflection on expanding preventive powers, ethnic profiling and a changing social and political context
Policing and Society, 21:4, 444-455 (2011)
By means of expanding preventive powers the criminal justice system is more and more aimed at detecting risky (groups of) persons as soon as possible. This so-called actuarial justice is accompanied by a great deal of discretionary power on the hands of those who have to enforce the law, bearing the risk that such powers may be carried out (in part) on the basis of generalisations relating to race, ethnicity, religion or nationality instead of on the  basis of individual behaviour and/or objective evidence.

 

Chris Cunneen
# Punishment: Two Decades of Penal Expansionism and Its Effects on Indigenous Imprisonment
www.austlii.edu.au/ 2011

 

Francisca Cukjati
# Nuovi attori e processi di riterritorializzazione in ambiti urbani degradati: il ruolo dell’immigrato a Brescia
Università degli Studi di Padova - 31 luglio 2011

 

A.S.G.I. Associazione per gli Studi Giuridici sull´Immigrazione
# Il diritto alla protezione: studio sullo stato del sistema di asilo in Italia e proposte per una sua evoluzione
www.asgi.it/ giugno 2011

 

Francisco Díez de Velasco
# Guía técnica para la implementación y gestión de espacios multiconfesionales
Observatorio del pluralismo religioso en España, Madrid, 2011
La necesidad de lugares para el desarrollo del culto y en general de la asistencia religiosa en los centros penitenciarios resulta especialmente evidente dada la restricción de la libertad de movimientos de las personas sometidas a reclusión. Por ello, la legislación es más específica en estos asuntos. Se repasará a continuación únicamente la legislación general, pero hay que recordar que algunas comunidades autónomas han suscrito diversos acuerdos y convenios en lo relativo al servicio religioso penitenciario.

 

Andrea Natale
# La direttiva 2008/115/CE e i reati previsti dall’art. 14 D.lgs. n. 286/1998

Relazione all'incontro per la formazione decentrata dei magistrati del distretto di Corte d'Appello di Bologna svoltosi il 18 febbraio 2011

... La Corte di Giustizia ha già esplicitamente –e ripetutamente- riconosciuto che “anche se, in via di principio, la legislazione penale è riservata alla competenza degli Stati membri, da una costante giurisprudenza risulta che tuttavia il diritto comunitario pone limiti a tale competenza, non potendo, infatti, una tale legislazione limitare le libertà fondamentali garantite dal diritto comunitario”...

 

Osservatorio Europa dell'Unione delle Camere Penali Italiane
# Immigrazione clandestina tra incriminazioni interne e diritto dell'Unione Europea.
Roma, 25 febbraio 2011

Direttiva rimpatri: l'U.C.P.I. aderisce alla tesi della disapplicazione delle disposizioni nazionali

 

Jacques Rancière
# Il razzismo viene dall'alto
il manifesto, 26 settembre 2010
Sarebbe forse tempo di riorientare il pensiero e la lotta contro una teoria e una pratica di stigmatizzazione, di precarizzazione e di esclusione che oggi costituiscono un razzismo che viene dall'alto: una logica di Stato e una passione dell'intellighentia.

 

Mary D. Fan
# Post-Racial Proxies: Resurgent State and Local Anti-"Alien" Laws and Unity-Rebuilding Frames for Antidiscrimination Values
Cardozo Law Review | Volume 32, Number 3, January 2011
Though unauthorized migration into the United States has diminished substantially since 2007, anti-“illegal alien” state and local laws and furor are flaring again. While one of the biggest worries regarding such “anti-alien” laws is the risk of racialized harm, courts invalidating overreaching statutes are relying on structural or procedural grounds, such as preemption and due process doctrines. This Article examines how these political and legal trends point to how proxies are used in a post-racial era to dance around race, in constructive, national unity-rebuilding as well as divisive, inflammatory ways.

 

Marc Mauer
# Justice for All? Challenging Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System
Human Rights, Volume 37, Number 4, Fall 2010
While reasonable people may disagree about the causes of racial disparities in the criminal justice system, all Americans should be troubled by the extent to which incarceration has become a fixture in the life cycle of so many racial and ethnic minorities. The impact of such dramatic rates of imprisonment has profound consequences for children growing up in these neighborhoods, mounting fiscal burdens, and reductions in public support for vital services. These developments also contribute to eroding trust in the justice system in communities of color—an outcome that is clearly counterproductive to public safety goals. It is long past time for the nation to commit itself to a comprehensive assessment of the causes and remedies for addressing these issues.

 

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights FRA
# Towards More Effective Policing. Understanding and Preventing Discriminatory Ethnic Profiling: A Guide  # It # Sintesi
https://fra.europa.eu/ 2010

 

Federico Zumpani
# Critica del diritto penale del nemico e tutela dei diritti umani
www.dirittoequestionipubbliche.org/ n. 10, 2010

 

Don Weatherburn
# The effect of prison on adult re-offending
www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/ Crime and Justice Bulletin, August 2010
Offenders who received a prison sentence were slightly more likely to re-offend than those who received a non-custodial penalty. The difference was just significant for non-aggravated assault but not significant for burglary. There is no evidence that prison deters offenders convicted of burglary or non-aggravated assault. There is some evidence that prison increases the risk of offending amongst offenders convicted of non-aggravated assault but further research with larger samples is needed to confirm the results.

 

ONC CNEL
# VII Rapporto. Indici di integrazione degli immigrati in Italia. Il potenziale di integrazione nei territori italiani. Analisi dell’occupazione e della criminalità per collettività
Roma 13 luglio 2010
Il VII Rapporto è stato realizzato dall’équipe del Dossier Statistico Immigrazione Caritas/Migrantes su incarico dell’ONC-CNEL ed è stato curato da Luca Di Sciullo, con la collaborazione di Franco Pittau e Alberto Colaiacomo (indici di integrazione per nazionalità: occupazione e devianza), Raffaele Callia (indice di inserimento occupazionale), Vincenzo La Monica (indice di attrattività territoriale) e Roberta Ricucci (indice di inserimento sociale). Si ringrazia il prof. Mario Badaloni per la collaborazione scientifica e per l’apporto offerto nel perfezionamento degli aspetti metodologici della ricerca.

 

Brian Bell, Stephen Machin, Francesco Fasani
# Crime and Immigration: Evidence from Large Immigrant Waves
June 2010
This paper examines the relationship between immigration and crime in a setting where large migration flows offer an opportunity to carefully appraise whether the populist view that immigrants cause crime is borne out by rigorous evidence. We consider possible crime effects from two large waves of immigration that recently occurred in the UK. The first of these was the late 1990s/early 2000s wave of asylum seekers, and the second the large inflow of workers from EU accession countries that took place from 2004. A simple economics of crime model, when dovetailed with facts about the relative labour market position of these migrant groups, suggests net returns to criminal activity are likely to be very different for the two waves. In fact, we show that the first wave led to a small rise in property crime, whilst the second wave had no such impact. There was no observable effect on violent crime for either wave. Nor were immigrant arrest rates different to natives. Evidence from victimization data also suggests that the changes in crime rates during the immigrant waves cannot be ascribed to crimes against immigrants. Overall, our findings suggest that focusing on the limited labour market opportunities of asylum seekers could have beneficial effects on crime rates

 

Assunta Maria Paola Crisci
# Il trattamento penale dello straniero irregolare
https://boa.unimib.it/ 2010

Si innesca un corto circuito in cui l'immagine del nemico, icui tratti sono di difficile delineazione, si sovrappone a quella dello straniero. Il pericolo è sentito venire dal di fuori della comunità, nella sua estraneità ha il volto degli “estranei” per eccellenza. Si susseguono programmi di lotta, le democrazie occidentali si armano anche contro l'immigrazione clandestina: si pattugliano le coste ed i confini, si stringono intese che delegano a Stati extraeuropei il compito di filtrare, se non impedire, le partenze dei migranti, si riformano in senso restrittivo le discipline nazionali in tema di ingresso.

 

Alessandra Caldarozzi (a cura di) | SPRAR
# Le dimensioni del disagio mentale nei richiedent asilo e nei rifugiati. Problemi aperti e strategie di intervento
www.meltingpot.org/ SPRAR, giugno 2010
Le difficoltà, le sofferenze ed i conflitti sperimentati da molti di essi ci ricordano infine quanto i nostri pazienti siano anche soggetti indocili, non sempre disposti cioè ad accettare passivamente ciò che viene offerto (una diagnosi frettolosa, qualche farmaco che plachi l’insonnia o l’ansia, una borsa lavoro priva di prospettive), e soprattutto recalcitranti ad accettare le ragioni di un senso comune con il quale si prova a spiegare l’inspiegabile (l’orrore del sopruso e della violenza), ad addomesticare ciò che non è addomesticabile.

 

Kjartan Páll Sveinsson (ed)
# Ethnic Profiling The Use of ‘Race’ in UK Law Enforcement
www. runnymedetrust.org/ 2010

Evidence to suggest that ethnic profiling is in operation in the procedural aspects of ensuring the rights and safety of citizens is thus contrary to this principle. Figures on stop and search and empirical studies have indicated that stop and search measures are not applied evenly by the police and the figures vary according to the ethnic background of those stopped...

 

Roberta Bisi
# Migrazioni e criminalità nella società globalizzata
Rivista di Criminologia, Vittimologia e Sicurezza Vol. III - N. 3, Vol. IV – N. 1 – Settembre 2009–Aprile 2010
L’immigrazione è un fenomeno solo in parte economico: è prevalentemente un fenomeno sociale e culturale da valutare nella sua complessità. Affrontare i problemi che la popolazione immigrata pone significa, tra l’altro, considerare che si tratta di un attore sociale che, con i propri comportamenti, le proprie scelte, i meccanismi logici e le politiche presenti nelle società industriali. I paesi europei, ad esempio, che si confrontano per la prima volta con l’ingresso di numerosi lavoratori stranieri sono portati a rivedere non solo l’apparato legislativo riguardante l’ingresso  e il soggiorno degli stranieri, ma anche tutti gli aspetti del diritto legati alla presenza sul territorio di popolazioni non nazionali.

 

Marc Mauer
# Justice for All? Challenging Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System
Human Rights, Volume 37, Number 4, Fall 2010
While reasonable people may disagree about the causes of racial disparities in the criminal justice system, all Americans should be troubled by the extent to which incarceration has become a fixture in the life cycle of so many racial and ethnic minorities. The impact of such dramatic rates of imprisonment has profound consequences for children growing up in these neighborhoods, mounting fiscal burdens, and reductions in public  support for vital services. These developments also contribute to eroding trust in the justice system in communities of color—an outcome that is clearly counterproductive to public safety goals. It is long past time for the nation to commit itself to a comprehensive assessment of the causes and remedies for addressing these issues.

 

Milo Bianchi, Paolo Buonanno, Paolo Pinotti
# Do Immigrants Cause Crime?
February 2010
We examine the empirical relationship between immigration and crime across Italian provinces during the period 1990- 2003. Drawing on police administrative records, we rst document that the size of the immigrant population is positively correlated with the incidence of property crimes and with the overall crime rate. Then, we use instrumental variables based on immigration toward destination countries other than Italy to identify the causal impact of exogenous changes in Italy's immigrant population. According to these estimates, immigration increases only the incidence of robberies, while leaving unaffected all other types of crime. Since robberies represent a very minor fraction of all criminal offenses, the effect on the overall crime rate is not signifcantly di erent from zero.

 

Uberto Gatti, Hans M.A. Schadee, Giovanni Fossa
# L'impatto dell'immigrazione sulla delinquenza: una verifica dell'ipotesi della sostituzione nell'Italia degli anni '90
Rassegna Italiana di Criminologia, anno III, n. 2, 2009
Dobbiamo ritenere che il grande aumento di stranieri nelle nostre città conduca ad un aumento della delinquenza? La nostra risposta è negativa... I nostri risultati non stanno a significare che, almeno per alcuni reati, non vi sia un forte coinvolgimento degli stranieri. Quello che dimostrano è che ad un eventuale aumento di coinvolgimento degli stranieri nella delinquenza, corrisponde una diminuzione di coinvolgimento degli italiani. Se per paradosso si allontanassero tutti gli immigrati, probabilmente il tasso di reati non diminuirebbe, in quanto gli italiani subentrerebbero nella commissione dei reati. I nostri risultati confermano quindi l’ipotesi della sostituzione...

 

Elena SCHLEIN
# Le carceri “nere”. Criminalizzazione e sovrarappresentazione dei migranti nelle carceri europee
Diacronie. Studi di Storia Contemporanea | www.studistorici.com N. (1) 2 | 2010 |
In un mondo – quello contemporaneo – nel quale xenofobia e criminalizzazione degli stranieri sembrano evolversi come due processi interdipendenti e paralleli, il carcere assume significati e discorsi carichi di implicazioni sociologiche e antropologiche. Gli istituti di detenzione diventano dunque topoi identitari, nei quali vengono a disegnarsi i nuovi criteri di esclusione / inclusione delle popolazioni migranti. Una lettura diacronica dei dati statistici relativi ai flussi di stranieri nei paesi europei (e in particolar modo in Italia e in Svizzera) e alla loro presenza nel sistema di carcerazione va dunque letta alla luce degli studi sulla sociologia delle migrazioni e sulla devianza, onde evitare equazioni fuorvianti.

 

# Davanti e dietro le sbarre: forme e rappresentazioni della carcerazione. Editoriale

Diacronie. Studi di Storia Contemporanea | www.studistorici.com N. (1) 2 | 2010 |

L’istituzione carceraria non è un semplice luogo fisico in cui relegare “chi sbaglia”, ma porta con sé implicazioni sociologiche e antropologiche legate alle modalità di esclusione dalla società. Immagini come quella della cattura o della punizione, sono gli elementi che richiamano con più incisività la funzione di deterrente sociale e riportano inevitabilmente alla dimensione del carcere come “istituzione totale”.

 

Salvatore Palidda (ed)
# Razzismo democratico. La persecuzione degli stranieri in Europa
XBook - Agenzia X - Associazione culturale Mimesis, 2009
Introduzione – Salvatore Palidda 7 | L’Europa e il mondo Le statistiche sui detenuti stranieri in Europa (1989-2006) Nathalie Delgrande e Marcelo F. Aebi 21 |  Confronti statistici fra alcuni paesi – Salvatore Palidda 35 | L’esperimento penale americano – Alessandro De Giorgi 36 | La metamorfosi dell’asilo in Europa – Jérôme Valluy 44 | I rom nell’Europa neoliberale – Nando Sigona 54 | I media e la guerra alle migrazioni – Marcello Maneri 66 | Delinquenti, criminalizzati e vittime nei principali paesi dell’Ue | Delinquenza, vittimizzazione e criminalizzazione degli stranieri in Francia – Laurent Mucchielli e Sophie Nevanen 89 | Criminalizzazione e vittimizzazione degli immigrati in Germania Hans-Joerg Albrecht 112 | Gran Bretagna: governare attraverso il controllo delle migrazioni Mary Bosworth e Mhairi Guild 129 | L’immigrato come categoria di rischio nel sistema penale spagnolo José Ángel Brandariz García e Cristina Fernández Bessa 142 | L’immigrazione in Spagna nei discorsi dei media e della politica Edoardo Bazzaco 155 | Il crime deal italiano – Salvatore Palidda 164 | Pratiche specifiche dell’accanimento repressivo | Governare mediante gli sgomberi e la segregazione dei gruppi zigani Tommaso Vitale 179  | punizione dei minorenni: il caso inglese come paradigma Yasha Maccanico 191 | La Guantanamo d’Europa? – Fulvio Vassallo Paleologo 200 | La guerra al terrorismo globale nelle pratiche giudiziarie – Gabriella Petti 214 | La strada verso il profiling razziale è lastricata di immigrati Bernard E. Harcourt 231.

 

Open Society Institute
# Profiling Minorities. A Study of Stop-and-Search Practices in Paris
http://oppenheimer.mcgill.ca/ 2009
According to these reports, disproportionate use of stops and identity checks on people of immigrant origin is common in public spaces such as metro or suburban rail stations. As declared by a French advocacy group a decade ago, “You could stand in any station and observe who gets stopped and it won’t be the white, French-looking citizens. It will be the ethnic minorities, regardless of whether or not they have been acting suspiciously.

 

Open Society Institute.
# Addressing Ethnic Profiling by Police. A Report on the Strategies for Effective Police Stop and Search Project. Improving relations between police and minority communities by increasing the fairness, effectiveness, and accountability of police stops in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Spain
www.opensocietyfoundations.org/ 2009

 

Dossier Caritas/Migrantes – Agenzia Redattore Sociale
# La criminalità degli immigrati: dati, interpretazioni e pregiudizi | Ricerca promossa dalle équipe del Dossier Statistico Immigrazione Caritas/Migrantes e dell’Agenzia Redattore Sociale e coordinata da Franco Pittau e Stefano Trasatti
Ottobre 2009

La conclusione della ricerca, tutt’altro che in sintonia con lo slogan “tolleranza zero”, porta ad affermare che la più efficace politica è quella che non si ferma alle norme penali e si impegna per rendere più agibile la normativa sugli stranieri, promuove politiche sociali più inclusive e coinvolge i rappresentanti degli immigrati nell’impegno per la legalità. La vera emergenza, insomma, è l’integrazione, o più precisamente la  mancata insistenza sull’integrazione.

 

Andrea Pugiotto
# «Purché se ne vadano». La tutela giurisdizionale (assente o carente) nei meccanismi di allontanamento dello straniero
http://www.astrid-online.it/ Relazione al Convegno nazionale dell’Associazione Italiana Costituzionalisti, Lo statuto costituzionale del non cittadino, Cagliari, 16-17 ottobre 2009.

Il problema, semmai, è l’effettivo godimento del diritto alla tutela giurisdizionale di cui lo straniero è formalmente titolare. Come si vedrà, infatti, il suo pieno esercizio talvolta è negato de facto, in ragione delle modalità esecutive delle misure di allontanamento, altre volte de jure, a causa di una disciplina legislativa omissiva o carente. Questa distinzione tra titolarità ed effettivo godimento rispetto alle garanzie giurisdizionali, che finisce per differenziare la condizione dello straniero da quella di cittadino...

 

Associazione Italiana Costituzionalisti: Convegno annuale – 2009

Lo statuto costituzionale del non cittadino
# Valerio Onida, Relazione introduttiva
# Paolo Stancati, Le libertà
# Beniamino Caravita di Toritto, I diritti politici
# Barbara Pezzini, I diritti sociali
# Enrico Grosso, I doveri costituzionali
# Bruno Nascimbene, Asilo e statuto di rifugiato
# Andrea Pugiotto, Garanzie giurisdizionali
# Giuseppe Franco Ferrari, Relazione conclusiva

http://archivio.rivistaaic.it/ Cagliari, 16 e 17 ottobre 2009

 

Sunghoon Roh, Matthew Robinson
# A Geographic Approach to Racial Profiling: The Microanalysis and Macroanalysis of Racial Disparity in Traffic Stops
Police Quarterly, 12(2): 137-169, June 2009
Despite numerous studies explaining racial disparity in traffic stops, the effects of spatial characteristics in patrolling areas have not been widely examined. In this article, the authors analyzed traffic stop data at both micro- and macro- levels. The micro- level analysis of individual stops confirmed racial disparity in the frequency of traffic stops as well as in subsequent police treatments. Blacks were overrepresented and other racial/ethnic groups were underrepresented in traffic stops, with a greater disparity in investigatory stops. The macro- level analysis found that the likelihood of being stopped and being subjected to unfavorable police treatment (e.g. arrest, search, and felony charge) was greater in beats where more blacks or Hispanics resided and/or more police force was deployed, consistent with the “racial threat” or “minority threat” hypothesis.

 

Parlamento Europeo
# Raccomandazione del Parlamento europeo del 24 aprile 2009 destinata al Consiglio sul problema i definire un profilo, in particolare sulla base dell'origine etnica o della razza, nelle operazioni antiterrorismo, di applicazione della legge, di controllo dell'immigrazione, dei servizi doganali e dei controlli alle frontiere
Gazzetta Ufficiale dell’Unione europea, Venerdì 24 aprile 2009

 

Stefano Caneppele, Giulia Mugellini
# Evoluzione del fenomeno criminalità: italiani e stranieri a confronto | in Dieci anni di immigrazione in Lombardia
Osservatorio Regionale per l'integrazione e la multietnicità, 2009

Va evidenziato come, in linea di massima, gli stranieri presentano un tasso di autori noti di gran lunga superiore alla media dei cittadini italiani. Un recente lavoro di Transcrime (2007) ha indicato alcune possibili spiegazioni quali: la condizione di irregolarità; lo stato di precarietà della condizione socio-economica, abitativa, lavorativa e famigliare-affettiva; le differenze culturali e linguistiche; la collocazione degli immigrati devianti in quei posti di lavoro criminosi più visibili e rischiosi della filiera criminale; una generale maggiore visibilità degli immigrati rispetto ad altre categorie dovuta a tratti somatici diversi (soprattutto per il blocco africano, sudamericano e asiatico) e comunque per il maggior tempo che questi passano negli spazi aperti.

 

David G. Blanchflower, Chris Shadforth
# Fear, Unemployment and Migration
The Economic Journal, 119 (February), 2009
We examine the impact on the UK economy of the flow of workers from ten East European countries after their accession to the European Union. We find evidence that those most susceptible to competition from these workers have seen weaker wage inflation. We document that the presence of these foreign workers has increased the fear of unemployment and helped to contain wage pressure. We argue that this inflow of workers has increased supply by more than it has raised demand and, thus, had the effect of reducing both inflationary pressures and the natural rate of unemployment.

 

RAND Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Program (HPDP).
# Reparable Harm: Assessing and Addressing Disparities Boys and Men of Color in California
RAND Corporation 2009
Nationally,
African-American men are 5.5 times more likely than white men to go to prison in their lifetime, and the odds for Latino men for this outcome are 2.9 times higher than for white men. Overall, 1 in 3 African-American men, 1 in 6 Latino men, and 1 in 17 white men are expected to go to prison during their lifetime (assuming current trends in incarceration rates). Changes in first incarceration and mortality rates between 1974 and 2001 have had different impacts on lifetime incarceration depending on race and ethnicity. The likelihood of African American men going to prison over their lifetimes has increased more than any other group, with Latino men experiencing the second-largest increase. Based on current rates of first incarceration, an estimated 6.7 percent of African-American men in the United States will enter state or federal prison by age 20, compared with 3 percent of Latino men and less than 1 percent of white men...

 

Graham C. Ousey, Charis E. Kubrin
# Exploring the Connection between Immigration and Violent Crime Ratesin U.S. Cities, 1980–2000
Social Problems, Vol. 56, Issue 3, pp. 447–473, 2009
A popular perception is that immigration causes higher crime rates. Yet, historical and contemporary research finds that at the individual level, immigrants are not more inclined to commit crime than the native born. Knowledge of the macro-level relationship between immigration and crime, however, is characterized by important gaps. Most notably, despite the fact that immigration is a macro-level social process that unfolds over time, longitudinal macro-level research on the immigration-crime nexus is virtually nonexistent. Moreover, while several theoretical perspectives posit sound reasons why over-time changes in immigration could result in higher or lower crime rates, we currently know little about the veracity of these arguments. To address these issues, this study investigates the longitudinal relationship between immigration and violent crime across U.S. cities and provides the first empirical assessment of theoretical perspectives that offer explanations of that relationship. Findings support the argument that immigration lowers violent crime rates by bolstering intact (two-parent) family structures. Keywords: immigration, violent crime, demographic transitions, family structure, drug markets.

 

S. Magnanensi, P. Passaglia, E. Rispoli (a cura di)
# La condizione giuridica dello straniero extracomunitario
Quaderno predisposto in occasione dell’incontro trilaterale delle Corti costituzionali italiana, spagnola e portoghese Madrid, 25 - 26 settembre 2008

... La normativa costituzionale in materia di stranieri si caratterizza non solo per la sua esiguità, ma soprattutto per i principi di cui è sinteticamente latrice e che ben possono riassumersi nell’estensione, anche all’extraneus, di quel principio personalista che si è posto come cardine della convivenza civile e dei rapporti tra il cittadino ed i pubblici poteri...

 

Cesar Alonso, Nuno Garoupa, Marcelo Perera, Pablo Vazquez
# Immigration and Crime in Spain, 1999-2006
www.fedea.es | Fedea Report October 2008
Crime in Spain is not high, by European standards, but together with immigration, crime rates have increased significantly in the last decade.. We find that both immigrants and natives have contributed to the increase in the crime rate. However, the contribution of immigrants seems to be relatively higher. This result is partly explained by the fact that immigration has contributed to the main increase of the collective of males aged 20 to 50, which are responsible for most offences, and by differences in socioeconomic opportunities between migrants and natives...  We find significant differences in the behavior of immigrants towards crime by their nationality of origin. The crime gap between immigrants and natives is moderate, and can be largely explained by a higher propensity of immigrants to commit minor offences. This type of crimes, although being the less serious, generates a strong perception of insecurity among native population, but its number has decreased in recent years.

 

Barbara Randazzo (a cura di)
# Lo straniero nella giurisprudenza della Corte Europea dei Diritti dell'Uomo. Quaderno predisposto in occasione dell'incontro trilaterale delle Corti costituzionali italiana, spagnola e portoghese
Madrid, 25 - 26 settembre 2008

 

Charles Gheorghiev, Pierre Raffray, Franck De Montleau
# Dangerosité et maladie mentale
L’Information psychiatrique 2008 ; 84 : 941-7
La dangerosité a entretenu des liens changeants au cours de son histoire commune avec la pratique psychiatrique, tout en excédant le cadre de la maladie mentale par sa dimension transversale. Une définition du concept de dangerosité sera un préalable à une étude des liens qui unissent dangerosité et maladie mentale à travers une revue critique de la littérature des différents facteurs de risque de dangerosité. La dimension probabiliste du concept de dangerosité est rappelée, son évaluation anticipatoire devant se dégager de ce qui s’apparente à une prédiction, en figeant par un jugement a priori une incertitude évolutive en un état de faits.

 

Consiglio dell'Unione Europea
# Decisione quadro 2008/909/GAI del Consiglio del 27 novembre 2008 relativa all’applicazione del principio del reciproco riconoscimento alle sentenze penali che irrogano pene detentive o misure privative della libertà personale, ai fini della loro esecuzione nell’Unione europea

Gazzetta ufficiale dell’Unione europea L 327/27 -- 5.12.2008

 

Brett E. Garland, Cassia Spohn, Eric J. Wodahl

# Racial Disproportionality in the American Prison Population: Using the Blumstein Method to Address the Critical Race and Justice Issue of the 21st Century
Justice Policy Journal JPJ Volume 5 – No. 2 – Fall 2008
Statistics indicate that racial/ethnic minorities, particularly black and Hispanic males, face a disproportionately high risk of incarceration in the United States. We argue that this is the most serious issue facing contemporary criminal justice policymakers. This determination is made by assessing the negative impact that incarceration can have on individuals, their communities, and the integration of minorities into the nation’s larger social, economic, and political landscape. Our paper also reviews literature that uses Alfred Blumstein’s method of calculating the amount of racial disproportionality in prisons that is explained by arrest rates. This review identifies a number of themes in the research. Two key themes are that a national figure of explained racial disparity in imprisonment is not generalizable to the states and that drug of enses consistently have one of the lowest amounts of disproportionality explained by arrest. The paper concludes by discussing several new opportunities to use Blumstein’s method in the study of race and justice. A couple of these opportunities include using the Blumstein method to monitor locations of potential discrimination across the country and guide research on judicial discrimination in prison sentencing.

 

Robert J. Sampson
# Rethinking crime and immigration
Contexts, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 28–33 winter 2008
Consider first the “Latino Paradox.”... Notably, we found a significantly lower rate of violence among Mexican-Americans compared to blacks and whites. A major reason is that more than a quarter of those of Mexican descent were born abroad and more than half lived in neighborhoods where the majority of residents were also Mexican. In particular, first-generation immigrants (those born outside the United States) were 45 percent less likely to commit violence than third-generation Americans, adjusting for individual, family, and neighborhood background. Second-generation immigrants were 22 percent less likely to commit violence than the third generation. This pattern held true for non-Hispanic whites and blacks as well. Our study further showed living in a neighborhood of concentrated immigration was directly associated with lower violence (again, after taking into account a host of correlated factors, including poverty and an individual’s immigrant status). Immigration thus appeared “protective” against violence...

 

Micaela Malena
# Il diritto di asilo tra ordinamento costituzionale e sistema europeo di protezione multilivello
Università di Bologna 2008
Il presente lavoro intende ricostruire - attraverso lo studio della normativa e della giurisprudenza rilevanti in Italia, Francia e Germania - l'ambito soggettivo di applicazione del diritto costituzionale d'asilo e del suo rapporto con il riconoscimento dello status di rifugiato ai sensi della Convenzione di Ginevra del 1951, nonché con le altre forme di protezione della persona emergenti dal diritto comunitario e dal sistema CEDU di salvaguardia dei diritti fondamentali. 

 

Direction de l’administration pénitentiaire |
# Étrangers incarcérés. D’après les données milieu fermé issues des statistiques permanentes et du fichier national des détenus depuis 1993 en métropole
Cahiers d’études pénitentiaires et criminologiques, octobre 2008 - no 25
Depuis une quinzaine d’années, la régulation des flux migratoires est une priorité affichée des gouvernements. Ce cahier se propose d’apporter un éclairage quantitatif sur l’évolution du nombre d’étrangers dans les prisons françaises depuis 1993. La part des étrangers présents en détention a fortement diminué en raison de la baisse de leurs incarcérations combinée à une modification de la structure par nationalité et par infraction des entrants. Les incarcérations des étrangers originaires d’Afrique et plus particulièrement du Maghreb ont ainsi fortement diminué sur la période tout comme les incarcérations pour infractions à la législation sur les étrangers. Toutefois, à la sortie de prison, les étrangers ne bénéficient que minoritairement d’aménagements de peine sous écrou, comme le placement sous surveillance électronique, davantage prononcé pour les Français.

 

John Finnis

# Nationality, Alienage and Constitutional Principle
Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08/2008

Authority to exclude and expel non-citizens (non-nationals, foreigners, aliens), and to detain them pending, and in order to effect, their removal from the national territory, is an instrumental aspect of the common good. Governmental powers, even the most basic, can atrophy unless understood as rooted in constitutional principles which, like competing constitutional principles such as equality before the law or liberty of movement and association, are aspects of the nation's common good. Inattention to the place of the expulsion power in a web of principles of reciprocity, trust, and differential obligation to accept risk, together with inexplicable neglect of both conventional and statutorily mandated norms of statutory interpretation, led to a thoroughly mistaken set of judgments in the leading case

 

Devah Pager, Bruce Western, Bart Bonikowski
# Race at Work: A Field Experiment of Discrimination in Low-Wage Labor Markets
Princeton Research Institute 2008

Racial progress over the past four decades has lead some researchers and policy makers to proclaim the problem of discrimination solved. But the debates about discrimination have been obscured by a lack of reliable evidence. In this study, we adopt an experimental audit approach to formally test patterns of discrimination in the low-wage labor market of New York City. By using matched teams of individuals to apply for real entry- evel jobs, it becomes possible to directly measure the extent to which race/ethnicity, in the absence of other disqualifying characteristics, reduce employment opportunities among equally qualified applicants. We find that whites and Latinos are systemically favored over black job seekers. Indeed, the effect of discrimination is so large that white job seekers just released from prison do no worse than blacks without criminal records. Relying on both quantitative and qualitative data from our testers' experiences, this study presents striking evidence of the continuing significance of race in shaping the employment opportunities of low-wage workers.

 

Kristin F. Butcher, Anne Morrison Piehl, Jay Liao
# Crime, Corrections, and California. What Does Immigration Have to Do with It?
www.ppic.org/ California Counts. Population Trends and Profiles, vol. 9, n.3, February 2008
We find that the foreign-born have low rates of incarceration and institutionalization, and that these rates hold true across education and region-of-origin subgroups. Even for those immigrants with demographic characteristics that, among the U.S.-born, are positively correlated with jail and prison time, we find low rates of institutionalization. Forexample, among foreign-born men ages 18–40 with less than a high school diploma, the institutionalization rate is 0.5 percent. Among the U.S.-born with less than a high school diploma, the rate is 13.4 percent.

 

Andrea Maria Candidi, # La «Babele» delle carceri. Gli stranieri sono il 38%dei detenuti, oltre 4mila dal Marocco
Andrea di Nicola.
# E' lo status di irregolare la prima causa di devianza, IlSole 24 Ore 28 aprile 2008

 

Medici senza Frontiere onlus

# Una stagione all'inferno. Rapporto sulle condizioni degli immigrati impiegati in agricoltura nelle regioni del Sud Italia
www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/ 30/01/2008

Gli stranieri visitati e intervistati provengono da paesi dell'Africa sub-sahariana quali Sudan, Eritrea, Etiopia, Ghana, Camerun, Costa d'Avorio, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal e Togo; dai paesi del Maghreb quali Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia ed Egitto e dal Sud Est Asiatico, in particolare dall'India. Per quanto riguarda gli stranieri provenienti dai paesi dell'Unione Europea va sottolineato che il dato relativo al campione intervistato (5%) si riferisce unicamente a cittadini bulgari e rumeni11 di etnia rom. Status giuridico I lavoratori stranieri stagionali sono nella stragrande maggioranza irregolari: il 72% degli intervistati non ha un regolare permesso di soggiorno12, mentre il 28% ha un permesso di soggiorno per motivi di lavoro, motivi umanitari, ha ottenuto lo status di rifugiato o ha presentato richiesta di asilo.

 

Marc Mauer
# Racial Impact Statements as a Means of Reducing Unwarranted Sentencing Disparities
Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, Vol 5:19 2007
The extreme racial disparities in rates of incarceration in the United States result from a complex set of factors. Among these are sentencing and drug policies which, intended or not, produce disproportionate racial/ethnic effects. In retrospect, it is clear that many of these effects could have been predicted prior to the adoption of the legislation. In order to reduce the scale of unwarranted disparities, policymakers should address the potential racial impact of proposed legislation prior to enactment, rather than after the fact when any necessary reform is more difficult to achieve. One means of accomplishing this would be through the establishment of “Racial Impact Statements.” Similar to fiscal or environmental impact statements, such a policy would enable legislators and the public to anticipate any unwarranted racial disparities and to consider alternative policies that could accomplish the goals of the legislation without causing undue racial effects

 

Katherin Rosich
# Race, Ethnicity, and the Criminal Justice System
www.asanet.org/ American Sociological Association, September 2007
Racial and ethnic disparities persist in crime and criminal justice in the United States. Minorities remain overrepresented in delinquency, offending, victimization, and at all stages of the criminal justice process from arrest to pretrial detention, sentencing (including capital punishment), and confinement...

 

Greg Ridgeway
# Analysis of Racial Disparities in the New York Police Department’s Stop, Question, and Frisk Practices
www.rand.org/ 2007

 

Kitty Calavita
# Law, immigration and exclusion in Italy and Spain - Papers 85, 2007
# The Immigration Conundrum in Italy and Spain. Laws and policies in Italy and Spain reveal ambivalence about immigration
Insights on Law & Society 7.2, Winter 2007

 

Felice Dassetto, Silvio Ferrari, Brigitte Maréchal | European Parliament - Directorate General Internal Policies of the Union

# L'Islam nell'Unione Europea: che cosa ci riserva il futuro?
# Islam in the European Union: What's At Stake In The Future?
www.europarl.europa.eu/ 14.05.2007
The problems arising from the presence of Muslims in hospitals, prisons, and to a smaller extent, among the members of the Army, are once again problems de facto and not de iure. As already mentioned, some well-established national rules might be applied, without substantial modifications, also to the Muslim communities, but, for a number of reasons, Muslims are not always in a position to fully take advantage of them. Until a few years ago, for example, in Belgium imams working as chaplains in hospitals and prisons did not enjoy the financial support they should have been entitled to receive from the State as chaplains and in 1997 there was no Muslim chaplain in the prisons of England and Wales, where about 9% of the inmates who had stated their religious membership had declared they were Muslims.

 

Massimo De Pascalis, Maria Martone
# Regime penitenziario dei detenuti stranieri
Semestrale dell'Immigrazione per la Pubblica Amministrazione, II semestre 2007

 

Transcrime - Università di Trento e Università Cattolica di Milano
# Gli stranieri in carcere tra esclusione e inclusione: l'esperienza trentina. Rapporto finale del progetto "Cittadinanza e immigrazione a Trento".
Giunta della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Collana infosicurezza 5 - 2007

 

Transcrime
# Gli stranieri in carcere tra esclusione e inclusione
www.transcrime.it/ Settembre 2007

 

Giorgio Agamben
# La città e la metropoli
www.sinistrainrete.info/ Novembre 2007

 

Rubén G. Rumbaut, Walter A. Ewing
# The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men
www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/ 2007
... For every ethnic group, without exception, incarceration rates among young men are lowest for immigrants, even those who are the least educated and the least acculturated. This holds true especially for the Mexicans, Salvadorans, and Guatemalans who make up the bulk of the undocumented population... Given the cumulative weight of this evidence, immigration is arguably one of the reasons that crime rates have dropped in the United States over the past decade and a half. Indeed, a further implication of this evidence is that if immigrants suddenly disappeared and the country became immigrant-free (and illegal-immigrant free), crime rates would likely increase.

 

Kristin F. Butcher, Anne Morrison Piehl
# Why are Immigrants' Incarceration Rates so Low? Evidence on Selective Immigration, Deterrence, and Deportation
NBER National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 13229, July 2007
The perception that immigration adversely affects crime rates led to legislation in the 1990s that particularly increased punishment of criminal aliens. In fact, immigrants have much lower institutionalization (incarceration) rates than the native born - on the order of one-fifth the rate of natives. More recently arrived immigrants have the lowest relative incarceration rates, and this difference increased from 1980 to 2000. We examine whether the improvement in immigrants' relative incarceration rates over the last three decades is linked to increased deportation, immigrant self-selection, or deterrence.

 

Pager, Devah

# The Use of Field Experiments for Studies of Employment Discrimination: Contributions, Critiques, and Directions for the Future

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 609: 104-133.  2007

Have we conquered the problems of racial discrimination? Or have acts of discrimination become too subtle and covert for detection? This discussion serves to situate current debates about discrimination within the context of available measurement techniques. In this article, the author considers the arguments from recent debates over the contemporary relevance of labor market discrimination; provides a detailed introduction to experimental field methods for studying discrimination (also called audit studies), including an overview of the findings of recent  audit studies of employment; addresses the primary critiques of the audit methodology and the potential threats to the validity of studies of this kind; and considers how we might reconcile evidence from field experiments with those from analyses of large-scale survey data, each of which points to markedly different conclusions. Only by gathering rigorous empirical evidence can we begin to understand the nature of race and racial discrimination in labor markets today.

 

Joseph Pugliese
# The Event-trauma of the Carceral Post-human
Social Semiotics, vol. 17, n. 1, March 2007
In this essay, I complicate the category of the post-human by locating it in the context of Australia’s Refugee Detention Centres. In this context, in which refugees and asylum seekers are unjustly imprisoned and disenfranchised of fundamental human rights, the underside of Eurocentric conceptualisations of the post-human emerges. I proceed to identify and name the violent production of this subaltern subject as the event-trauma of the carceral post-human.

 

William F. McDonald, Edna Erez
# Immigrants as Victims: a Framework
International Review of Victimology, vol. 14, pp. 1-10, 2007
Criminological research on immigrants has focused on the criminality of immigrants. Concern for immigrants as victims of crime or immigrant victims' access to justice has been scarce... The lack of research on the victimization of immigrants is undoubtedly related to the difficulty of obtaining valid data on the immigration status of crime victims. Information about crimes against immigrants is mostly anecdotal coming from either news reports or the experiences of immigrant service providers. There are no official crime statistics on this matter in the United States or Australia.  Such data are available, however, in some European countries but not uniformly...

 

Stephen H. Legomsky
# The New Path of Immigration Law: Asymmetric Incorporation of Criminal Justice Norms
Washington and Lee Law Review, Volume 64 | Issue 2, 3-1-2007
Starting about twenty years ago, and accelerating more recently, a clear trend has come to define modern immigration law. The trend, noted in recent scholarship, has sometimes been dubbed the "criminalization" of immigration law. The term connotes the incorporation of criminal justice principles into a domain that previously had been conceived as civil in nature. This Article argues, however, that the new path has embraced the criminal justice model only asymmetrically. The asymmetry, it is submitted, has followed a pattern: Elements aligned with criminal enforcement have steadily found their way into immigration law, while the procedural safeguards at the core of criminal adjudication have been consciously rejected.

 

Jock Collins
# Immigrants As Victims of Crime and Criminal Justice Discourse in Australia
https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/ First Published January 1, 2007
Issues related to immigrants as criminals or victims of crime resonate strongly in Australia because it has a relatively larger and more diverse immigrant population than most western countries. Focussing on Sydney, the aim of this article is to explore a number of aspects of immigrant victimology in Australia: immigrants as victims of crime; as victims of the fear of crime; as victims of racial abuse and violence in the aftermath of the 11th of September, 2001; and as victims of media discourses about ‘ethnic crime’. The paper provides evidence of each dimension of immigrant victimology and concludes that there has been a disproportionate focus on, and fear of, immigrant or ‘ethnic’ crime in the Sydney media.

 

Juliet Stumpf
# The Crimmigration Crisis: Immigrants, Crime, and Sovereign Power
American University Law Review, vol. 56, issue 2, december 2006
This article provides a fresh theoretical perspective on the most important development in immigration law today: the convergence of immigration and criminal law. It proposes a unifying theory - membership theory - for why these two areas of law recently have become so connected, and why that convergence is troubling. Membership the ory restricts individual rights and privileges to those who are members of a social contract between the government and the people

 

Jocelyne Cesari (ed)
# Muslims In Western Europe After 9/11: Why the term Islamophobia is more a predicament than an explanation
www.libertysecurity.org/ Wednesday 22 November 2006

 

Yu Aoki, Yasuyuki Todo
# Are Immigrants More Likely to Commit Crimes? Evidence from France
Applied Economics Letters · October 2009
Using French data, we find that the share of immigrants in the population has no significant impact on crime rates once immigrants’ economic circumstances are controlled for, while finding that unemployed immigrants tend to commit more crimes than unemployed non-immigrants.

 

George J. Borjas, Jeffrey Grogger, Gordon H. Hanson
# Immigration and African-American Employment Opportunities: the Response of Wages, Employment, and Incarceration to Labor Supply Shocks
National Bureau of Econmomic Research, September 2006
The employment rate of black men, and particularly of low-skill black men, fell precipitously from 1960 to 2000. At the same time, the incarceration rate of black men rose markedly. Using data drawn from the 1960-2000 U.S. Censuses, we find a strong correlation between immigration, black wages, black employment rates, and black incarceration rates. As immigrants disproportionately increased the supply of workers in a particular skill group, the wage of black workers in that group fell, the employment rate declined, and the incarceration rate rose. Our analysis suggests that a 10 percent immigrant-induced increase in the supply of a particular skill group reduced the black wage by 4.0 percent, lowered the employment rate of black men by 3.5 percentage points, and increased the incarceration rate of blacks by almost a full percentage point.

 

Ronald Francis, Anona Armstrong and Vicky Totikidis
# Ethnicity and Crime: A Statewide Analysis by Local Government Areas in Victoria, Australia
Asian and Pacific migration journal: APMJ · June 2006
• New arrivals are not committing the crime but tend to ‘arrive to’ already disadvantaged and crime- ridden areas • Crime does not decrease with the decision to become a citizen rather a third variable such as increasing age contributes to lower crime as well as to greater citizenship • Younger people in the general Australian population tend to commit more crimes; new arrivals also tend to be younger and therefore as equally crime prone as other young people ...

 

Open Society Institute
# Ethnic Profiling in the Moscow Metro
www.opensocietyfoundations.org/ June 2006
Trained monitors observed over 1,000 police stops in the Moscow Metro system. Based on data from their observations and interviews with victims of these stops, the report proves not only the pervasiveness of ethnic profiling in the Moscow Metro but also its futility, as the study concludes that these stops rarely result in arrest or uncover minor administrative infractions. In addition to giving a scientific measure of racial profiling, the report provides recommendations for reforming the Moscow Metro police's practices...

 

Bernard E. Harcourt

# Muslim Profiles Post 9/11: Is Racial Profiling an Effective Counterterrorist Measure and Does It Violate the Right to Be Free from Discrimination?
The Law School - The University of Chicago - March 2006

 

Adam Calverley, Bankole Cole, Gurpreet Kaur, Sam Lewis, Peter Raynor, Soheila Sadeghi, David Smith, Maurice Vanstone, Ali Wardak,
# Black and Asian probationers: Implications of the Home Office study
Probation Journal | The Journal of Community and Criminal Justice 2006; 53; 24
This article presents the main findings of a survey of Black, Asian and mixed heritage men supervised by the probation service in 2001–2003. It discusses the long-standing concern that minority ethnic groups may be subject to discriminatory treatment in the criminal justice system, and examines the probation service’s response to this concern. In the presentation and discussion of the findings, comparisons are made where possible with predominantly white probation samples. These suggest that minority ethnic offenders in the sample had received the same community sentences as white offenders with higher levels of criminogenic need. The possible meanings of this finding are explored, along with the implications of respondents’ views of what constitutes helpful probation practice.

 

Devah Pager
# Evidence-Based Policy for Successful Prisoner Reentry
Criminology and Public Policy Vol. 5 n. 3 2006
The problems of prisoner reentry are by now well known to academics and policymakers. With over two million individuals currently incarcerated, and over 12 million individuals with prior felony convictions, the challenge of integrating this large and growing population has become an urgent priority. Employment is widely considered a centerpiece of the reentry process, with evidence that steady work can reduce the incentives that lead to crime. And yet, hindering this goal, we know that ex-offenders face bleak prospects in the labor market, with the mark of a criminal record representing an important barrier to finding work. Indeed, more than 60% of employers claim that they would not knowingly hire an applicant with a criminal background. Overcoming the barriers to employment facing ex-offenders, then, represents an important challenge for policies aimed at effective prisoner reentry.

 

Robert J. Sampson
# Open Doors Don't Invite Criminals
www.nytimes.com/ March 11, 2006
The first-generation immigrants (those born outside the United States) in our study were 45 percent less likely to commit violence than were third-generation Americans, adjusting for family and neighborhood background. Second-generation immigrants were 22 percent less likely to commit violence than the third generation. This "protective" pattern among immigrants holds true for non-Hispanic whites and blacks as well. Our study further showed that living in a neighborhood of concentrated immigration is directly associated with lower violence (again, after taking into account a host of factors, including poverty and an individual's immigrant status)

 

Richard J. Coley, Paul E. Barton | Educational Testing Service
# Locked Up and Locked Out: An Educational Perspective on the U.S. Prison Population
http://files.eric.ed.gov/ Educational Testing Service February 2006
The size of the prison population continues to explode, even as the crime rate shrinks. The rate of incarceration has surged, more than doubling from 313 per 100,000 people in 1985 to 726 in 2004. Over the same period, victimizations data show a fairly dramatic and steady decrease in crime. A variety of explanations are given for this seeming paradox. Prisons bulge with poorly educated inmates, and as this population grows, the related investment in education and training is not keeping pace. This low and declining investment contrasts with an increasing body of research showing that education and training programs can raise employment prospects and cut recidivism. The public is realizing that bulging prisons also mean that large numbers of ex-prisoners will return to their communities with three strikes against them for getting a job — an essential step to going straight. Longer sentences or not, most prisoners come back to the community. Hindered by the following barriers, ex-prisoners are less likely to become self-supporting — and therefore, less likely to succeed in society...

 

Louise Amoore
# Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror
Political Geography 25 (2006)
This article proposes the concept of the biometric border in order to signal a dual-faced phenomenon in the contemporary war on terror: the turn to scientific technologies and managerial expertise in the politics of border management; and the exercise of biopower such that the bodies of migrants and travellers themselves become sites of multiple encoded boundaries... The use of risk profiling as a means of governing mobility within the war on terror, segregating ‘legitimate’ mobilities such as leisure and business, from ‘illegitimate’ mobilities such as terrorism and illegal immigration.

 

Armando Caputo (ed) | Istat
# Gli stranieri e il carcere: aspetti della detenzione
Istat Informazioni n. 19 - 2006
Tra gli stranieri gli atti di autolesionismo sono risultati essere 2.762, corrispondenti al 43,5% del totale di tali eventi. In termini di incidenza sulla popolazione carceraria, gli autolesionismi hanno riguardato 167 stranieri su mille, mentre tra gli italiani 92. Questo divario testimonia un maggior disagio del detenuto straniero: alle motivazioni valide per tutti i detenuti se ne aggiungono delle altre, in primo luogo l’assenza nella maggior parte dei casi di una famiglia o di amici che possano assisterlo, sia dal punto di vista affettivo che da quello materiale. Altrettanto ovvia e rilevante è la maggiore difficoltà rispetto agli italiani, per motivi linguistici, di comprendere e adeguarsi ai meccanismi rigidi del carcere-

 

Emilio Santoro
# Dalla cittadinanza inclusive alla cittadinanza escludente: il ruolo del carcere nel governo delle migrazioni
«D&Q», n. 6, 2006

 

Grzegorz Jerzy Kaczyński

# Contatto culturale come trauma. Glossa socio-antropologica
Annali della facoltà di Scienze della formazione, Università degli studi di Catania, Italia. Vol 5 (2006)
Fino a pochi decenni fa il contatto culturale era considerato oggetto di ricerca congeniale all’antropologia e, ovviamente, a tutte le altre discipline affini come l’etnologia, l’etnografia, l’etnolinguistica ecc. E questo avveniva per la coincidenza di due motivi: epistemologico e contestuale.

 

Judith Ann Warner
# The Social Construction of the Criminal Alien in Immigration Law, Enforcement Practice and Statistical Enumeration: Consequences for Immigrant Stereotyping
Journal of Social and Ecological Boundaries, Winter 2005-6
The federal government is unlikely to prevent terrorism through retroactive criminal deportation. It will only increase the potential for the public to stereotype immigrants as criminals, and now, as terrorists, reinforcing a hostile mode of reception for certain immigrant groups, possibly impacting upon crime rates in the second generation or beyond. These laws have a potential for creating prejudice and encouraging discrimination, which is not socially just, and they should be reexamined by policy-makers...

 

V. Totikidis, A. F. Armstrong, R. D. Francis
# The Concept of Community Governance: A Preliminary Review
http://vuir.vu.edu.au/ November 2005

 

Defending Justice: an Activist Resource Kit
# How the Criminal Justice System Is Anti-Immigrant
PRA Political Research Associates, 2005

 

Roberta Ricucci
# Carcere e immigrazione. La popolazione detenuta straniera negli istituti di pena piemontesi
Ires/Piemonte 186/2005
Da un’elevata presenza nelle carceri italiane degli stranieri non è possibile dedurre deterministicamente un indice criminogeno degli stessi. Infatti “una percentuale non trascurabile di stranieri si trova in carcere appunto in quanto stranieri, se per ipotesi stranieri non fossero – a prescindere dalla gravità dei reati di cui sono accusati o da quella per cui sono stati puniti – o non sarebbero mai finiti in carcere, ovvero dal carcere sarebbero già usciti”. In questo quadro va considerato il peso dei meccanismi sociali che può condizionare il rapporto dei cittadini stranieri all’interno del sistema penale, ponendoli in una condizione di svantaggio (la scarsa conoscenza della lingua e della legislazione, la maggiore visibilità e probabilità di essere sottoposti a controlli e a processi di stereotipizzazione, le condizioni socio-economiche che non consentono di evitare l’ingresso in carcere per custodia cautelare).

 

R. Serin, R. | Crime and Justice Institute.

# Evidence-Based Practice: Principles for Enhancing Correctional Results in Prisons

Washington, U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute ofCorrections, 2005

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is the body of research and replicable clinical knowledge that describes contemporary correctional assessment, programming and supervision strategies that lead to improved correctional outcomes such as the rehabilitation of offenders and increased public safety. Such principles not only meet the public’s expectations for quality, efficiency, and effectiveness but also reflect fairness, public safety and accountability.

 

L. K. Cheliotis, A. Liebling
# Race Matters in British Prisons: Towards a Research Agenda
British Journal of Criminology 46(2): 286-317, 2005
Drawing on surveys of 4,860 prisoners’ perceptions of the quality of prison life in 49 establishments in England and Wales, this paper examines the extent to which prisoners viewed race relations in prison as problematic. Our findings suggest that racism is both a distinctive act and part of a more general tendency to express, and translate into action, inhumane, abusive and insensitive attitudes. The prison confines groups endowed with ‘negative symbolic capital’  and their stigmatization constitutes part of the relationship between the confined and those in authority.

 

Robert J. Sampson, Jeffrey D. Morenoff, Stephen Raudenbush
# Social Anatomy of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Violence
American Journal of Public Health | February 2005, Vol 95, No. 2
We analyzed key individual, family, and neighborhood factors to assess competing hypotheses regarding racial/ethnic gaps in perpetrating violence. From 1995 to 2002, we collected 3 waves of data on 2974 participants aged 8 to 25 years living in 180 Chicago neighborhoods, augmented by a separate community survey of 8782 Chicago residents. The odds of perpetrating violence were 85% higher for Blacks compared with Whites, whereas Latino-perpetrated violence was 10% lower. Yet the majority of the Black–White gap (over 60%) and the entire Latino–White gap were explained primarily by the marital status of parents, immigrant generation, and dimensions of neighborhood social context. The results imply that generic interventions to improve neighborhood conditions and support families may reduce racial gaps in violence.

 

Maurice Crul, University of Amsterdam
# The Second Generation in Europe
Paper presented at the Conference Seconde generazioni in Italia. Scenari di un fenomeno in movimento - Milan, May 20, 2005

Studies of the second generation play a very important role in the theoretical debate on integration. The classical assimilation theory has been developed by studying the generational development in a number of domains. Studies that showed social mobility over generations and studies that proved mother tongue language loss in the second and third generation were essential in formulating the classical assimilation theory. The debate about what is often called the new second generation in the United States (children of the post 1960’s migration to the United States) launched a number of new theoretical paradigm’-s on integration. The most important theoretical framework is that of segmented assimilation.

 

Luigi Maria Solivetti
# Immigrazione, integrazione e crimine in Europa
Dipartimento di Scienze Demografiche dell’Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza 2004

Più ancora che l’assai alta incidenza media della popolazione non-nazionale sulle cifre della criminalità, la ricerca ha messo a fuoco un aspetto che è sembrato di grande significatività: ossia, le differenze di tale incidenza che si delineano tra Paese e Paese. In altre parole, il fenomeno migratorio non è apparso come una inevitabile fonte di devianza e criminalità. Al contrario, sono emerse prove del fatto che, in certi contesti nazionali, i non nazionali immigrati non contribuiscono al fenomeno criminale che in misura simile alla loro incidenza sulla popolazione residente. Mentre altrove, all’interno di diversi contesti nazionali, la loro incidenza sul fenomeno della criminalità appare abnorme.

 

Maria Concetta Chiuri, Giuseppe De Arcangelis, Angela Maria D’Uggento, Giovanni Ferri
# Illegal Immigration in Italy: Evidence from a field survey
LUISS Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali | LLEE Working Document No. 16 July 2004
The Survey on illegal migration in Italy (SIMI henceforth) aims to analyse the phenomenon of clandestines migrating to or through Italy. SIMI contains information concerning the main demographic, economic and social characteristics of a sample of 920 clandestines crossing Italian borders and apprehended during 2003. Migrants’ motivations, intention to send remittance and expectations about the future are collected within SIMI and reported in this paper.

 

Patricia L. Hardyman, James Austin, Johnette Peyton
# Prisoner Intake Systems: Assessing Needs and Classifying Prisoners
The Institute on Crime, Justice, and Corrections at The George Washington University, february 2004
During the past several decades, the population of the nation’s prison system has increased dramatically. Approximately 200,000 persons were housed in the nation’s prisons in 1970. By 2002, that number had increased to approximately 1.4 million. It is now estimated that more than 600,000 admissions and releases occur each year. Not only are prison systems facing growing populations, but they are doing so with declining  resources.

 

Sonja Snacken, Jan Keulen, Leentje Winkelmans
# Etrangers dans les prisons belges: problèmes et solutions possibles
Rapport d’étude: 1 novembre 2003 – 31 janvier 2004
La Belgique compte un nombre important d’« étrangers » dans ses prisons. Ces personnes rencontrent des problèmes spécifiques liés à leur statut d’« étranger », tant sur le plan juridique et pénitentiaire qu’en matière d’une éventuelle mise en liberté/expulsion. L’objectif de cette étude consiste à passer en revue ces problèmes spécifiques et à chercher d’éventuelles solutions et actions qui pourraient être mises en œuvre sur ce terrain par la Fondation Roi Baudouin.

 

Sandro Mezzadra, Brett Neilson
# Né qui, né altrove. Migration, Detention, Desertion: A Dialogue
www.borderlands.net.au/ borderlands, vol. 2, n. 1, 2003
Much of the work done in the name of solidarity with migrants in Italy has treated them as victims, as people in need of assistance, care, or protection. Doubtless this work has been inspired by noble motives, but it also has a certain ambiguity. By exploring the subjective aspect of migration, one is able to move beyond this paternalistic vision and to see migrants as the central protagonists of current processes of global transformation.

 

Dario Melossi
# Security, Migration and "Social Control" in the context of the "Constitution" of the EU
International Conference on Law and Justce in the 21st Century - Coimbra, 29 to 31 May 2003

 

Jock Collins
# Immigrant Crime in Europe and Australia: Rational or Racialised Responses?
National Europe Centre Paper No. 80, February 2003
Immigrant crime is a reality in Europe and Australia, though data does not as yet allow a sufficiently precise image of this relationship. But the important issue here is how to respond to immigrant crime in a way that is sensitive to broader social cohesion of our towns, cities and neighborhoods... Immigrant crime is a reality in Europe and Australia, though data does not as yet allow a sufficiently precise image of this relationship. But the important issue here is how to respond to immigrant crime in a way that is sensitive to broader social cohesion of our towns, cities and neighborhoods...

 

Consiglio d'Europa
# Direttiva 2002/90/CE del 28 Novembre 2002
Gazzetta ufficiale delle Comunità europee, 5.12.2002
Direttiva volta a definire il favoreggiamento dell'ingresso, del transito e del soggiorno illegali. La presente direttiva integra altri strumenti adottati per combattere l'immigrazione clandestina, il lavoro illegale, la tratta degli esseri umani e lo sfruttamento sessuale dei bambini.

 

Nicola Persico
# Racial Profiling, Fairness, and Effectiveness of Policing
The American Economic Review, Decemver 2002
Law enforcement practices often have disparate impact on different ethnic and racial groups. To take one well-publicized example, the current debate on racial profiling has shown that motorists on highways are much more likely tobe searched by police looking for illegal drugs if the motorists are African-American. Similar allegations are made in connection with customs searches at airports, and in a number of other situations involving policing.

 

Peter L. Martens
# Immigrants as Victims of Crime
International Review of Victimology, 2001, Vol. 8, pp.199-216
The present paper is a review of the empirical research done on crime victimisation and anxieties about crime among immigrants and native Swedes. Immigrants more often than native Swedes have been a victim of personal crimes, whereas no differences worth mentioning are found regarding victimisation through property crimes. Immigrants more often than native Swedes are afraid of being victimised in various social contexts. Thereby, immigrants with a non-European appearance are more often a victim of personal crimes than are other immigrants. They also feel less safe in various everyday contexts.

 

Barbara Faedda
# L’Antropologia del diritto interpreta il problema immigrazione e criminalità
Diritto&Diritti | www.diritto.it aprile  2001

L’illegale più noto, quello di cui oggi forse si parla maggiormente, è il clandestino, figura particolarmente critica: il clandestino è il perenne escluso, è colui che in ogni momento si scontra con il proprio “non dover esserci, con la sua necessaria “invisibilità”; egli ha, come sottolinea A. Gnisci, “due destini possibili: cercare di venire alla luce, con circospezione e timore, per mettersi in regola, oppure sottrarsi vertiginosamente alle regole spostandosi continuamente, correndo invisibile – ma solo a tratti – lungo il perimetro nascosto ed oscuro dell’anomia e del disagio, per non farsi cogliere dal sonno, dalla sfortuna, dall’espulsione o dalla morte...

 

Lincoln Quillian, Devah Pager
# Black Neighbors, Higher Crime? The Role of Racial Stereotypes in Evaluations of Neighborhood Crime
American Journal of Sociology AJS Volume 107 Number 3 (November 2001)
This article investigates the relationship between neighborhood racial composition and perceptions residents have of their neighborhood’s level of crime. The study uses questions about perceptions of neighborhood crime from surveys in Chicago, Seattle, and Baltimore, matched with census data and police department crime statistics. The percentage young black men in a neighborhood is positively associated with perceptions of the neighborhood crime level, even after controlling for two measures of crime rates and other neighborhood characteristics. This supports the view that stereotypes are influencing perceptions of neighborhood crime levels. Variation in effects by race of the perceiver and implications for racial segregation are discussed.

 

Kevin Johnson
# The Case against Race Profiling in immigration Enforcement
Washington University Law Quarterly, vol. 78, n. 3, 2000

In some ways, the public attacks on undocumented immigrants may represent the displacement of more generalized social anxieties about all citizens and lawful immigrants of Latin American ancestry.329 Although the law generally limits the ability to discriminate against citizens and to some extent, lawful permanent residents, legal race-based enforcement allows government and the public lawfully to lash out at undocumented immigrants of a similar ancestry as a sort of transference or displacement of animus for Latinos to Latin American immigrants. A displacement theory helps explain why society willingly accepts the harms imposed on Latinos when the current border enforcement regime has proven to be largely symbolic in nature; border enforcement does not appear to have actually reduced the number of undocumented immigrants in the United States...

 

M. Jacques Floch | Assemblee Nationale - Onzième Législature
Commission d'enquête sur la situation dans les prisons françaises -
# Tome I Rapport | # Tome II Auditions
www.assemblee-nationale.fr/
Rapport n° 2521, déposé le 28 juin 2000

 

Kristin F. Butcher, Anne Morrison Piehl
# The Role of Deportation in the Incarceration of Immigrants
University of Chicago Press, January 2000
While  any amount of immigration must increase the total number of crimes in the United States, Butcher and Piehl reported that increasing immigration did not increase crime rates in the largest US. cities

 

John Hagan, Alberto Palloni
# Sociological Criminology and the Mythology of Hispanic Immigration and Crime
Social Problems, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Nov., 1999), pp. 617-632
Our sociological knowledge of crime is fragmented and ineffective in challenging and correcting mistaken public perceptions, for example, linking immigration and crime. These misperceptions are perpetuated by government reports of growing numbers of Hispanic immigrants in U.S. prisons. However, Hispanic immigrants are disproportionately young males who regardless of citizenship are at greater risk of criminal involvement. They are also more vulnerable to restrictive treatment in the criminal justice system, especially at the pre-trial stage. When these differences are integrated into calculations using equations that begin with observed numbers of immigrants and citizens in state prisons, it is estimated that the involvement of Hispanic immigrants in crime is less than that of citizens.

 

Fabio Quassoli
# Rappresentazioni di senso comune e pratiche organizzative degli operatori del diritto
Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia, gennaio-marzo 1999

 

James A. Beckford
# The Management of Religious Diversity in England and Wales with Special Reference to Prison Chaplaincy
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/ International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS) Vol. 1, No. 2, 1999
Anglican prison chaplains are in a strange situation: as representatives of a universalist religion they are legally required by the Prison Act of 1952 to facilitate the practice of other religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism and Sikhism. They are agents of the British state’s policy for managing religious diversity...

 

Giorgio Agamben

# Non più cittadini, ma solo nuda vita. Un colloquio di Beppe Caccia col filosofo Giorgio Agamben sui "Centri di Permanenza Temporanea".
il manifesto, 3 novembre 1998

Le zone di attesa per gli immigrati sono spazi d'eccezione dove sono sospesi i diritti legati alla cittadinanza... Dobbiamo pensare due cose. Da una parte c'è la privazione di ogni statuto giuridico che pone il problema della loro tutela, della difesa. Dall'altra è anche vero che proprio queste figure estreme mettono a nudo ciò che sta dietro la figura del cittadino: per questo potrebbero diventare il nucleo di una riflessione volta a pensare in un altro modo, a superare questi concetti di cittadinanza e nazionalità. Certo in ogni caso, non è pensabile che possano essere creati dei luoghi di questo genere.

 

Darryl Plecas, John Evans, Yvon Dandurand
# Migration and Crime: A Canadian Perspective
The International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Vancouver 1998
The Canadian experience with criminality among immigrants seems to be very similar to that of Australia. Very simply, immigrants have a lower rate of crime than non-immigrants. A study conducted in the mid-fifties, for example, showed that immigrants were convicted of indictable offenses at literally half the rate of non-immigrants and that this pattern of under-representation of immigrants in the rates of convictions held true across nearly all offense categories. 

 

Robert J. Sampson, Stephen W. Raudenbush, Felton Earls

# Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy
SCIENCE | VOL. 277 | 15 AUGUST 1997
It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782 residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of concentrated disadvantage and residential instability with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.

 

Kristin F. Butcher, Anne Morrison Piehl
# Recent Immigrants: Unexpected Implications for Crime and Incarceration
National Bureaus of Economic Research, Working Papers 6067, June 1997

 

Jeremy Travis
# 25 Years of Criminal Justice Research
The National Institute of Justice, December 1994
The essay on science and technology documents many developments at NIJ that are particularly exciting, perhaps because they affect all areas of criminal justice, and perhaps because they often very directly and immediately affect law enforcement and investigatory practices. Two areas in which NIJ's role has been prominent are in the development of lightweight body armor, which has saved the lives. of countless police officers over the years; and in DNA "fingerprinting" to improve evidence used in investigating crime.

 

Pierre Tournier
# Contribution à la connaissance de la population des personnes incarcérées en France 1968-1980 (Actualisation des tableaux sur la period 1981-1985)
Ministere de la Justice - Direction de l'administration penitentiaire - Mai 1985

 

Alfred Blumstein
# On the Racial Disproportionality of United States' Prison Populations
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 73, Issue 3 Fall 1982
The group with the highest incarceration rate, black males in their twenties, suffer an incarceration rate that is twenty-five times that of the total population. On any given day, one can expect to find over three percent of that group in state prisons. In view of the relatively low likelihood of imprisonment generally (about one person per 800 of the total population is in a state prison on any day), finding as many as one person out of thirty-three from any demographic group in prison is strikingly high and represents a source of considerable concern.

 

... actuarialism... risk-based model ... penal populism ... carceral geography

 

Elisabetta Pietrocarlo
# Predictive policing: criticità e prospettive dei sistemi di identificazione dei potenziali criminali
https://www.sistemapenale.it/ 28 settembre 2023

 

Marco Nocente
# “We are prisoners, not inmates”: prison letters as liminal counter-carceral spaces
Geogr. Helv., 76, 289–297, 2021
In recent years, carceral geography has introduced innovative thinking that reframes the classic concept of “prison” through the notion of the “carceral space” to describe prison institutions and other forms of legal and non-legal detention and the carceral logic inherent in the wider society. Carceral geographers reconnect society in its “carceral entirety” and consider prison to be “less total, more liminal, less delimited, more porous”...

 

Marco Nocente (Intervista)
# Geografia carceraria: riflessioni sul carcere e i suoi confini attraverso le lettere dei prigionieri
https://festivalgeografie.it/ 28 Luglio 2020

 

Carolyn McKay
# Predicting risk in criminal procedure: actuarial tools, algorithms, AI and judicial decision-making
The University of Sydney Law School - Legal Studies Research Paper Series, No. 19/67, November 2019
This article focuses on risk assessment and what happens when decision-making is delegated to a predictive tool. Specifically, this article scrutinises the inscrutable proprietary nature of such risk tools and how that may render the calculation of the risk score opaque and unknowable to both the offender and the court.

 

Livio Pepino

# La sicurezza e il controllo delle "classi pericolose" (Intervista a Livio Pepino di di Susanna Ronconi)

www.dirittiglobali.it/ 1 febbraio 2019
Il povero come nemico. Il governo securitario delle città non è semplicemente un insieme di sanzioni in più contro soggetti fragili descritti come pericolosi: è una tappa di un processo complesso che cambia il volto del governo della società, e che sta via via disegnando un sistema di garanzie variabili, e cambiando lo stesso diritto.

 

Jennifer Turner
# A Carceral Geographer’s Examination of the Prison Boundary: An Interview with Jennifer Turner
https://www.europenowjournal.org/ November 8, 2018

Intrinsically, carceral geography enables empirical studies about the criminal justice system, about how we construct and manage law-making, the kinds of spaces we build to incarcerate people, how we punish people and for what particular crimes. Beyond that, what comes out of my work on prison as boundary is that the criminal justice system in any country is not just about law-making or law-breaking, but it is also related to systems of welfare, education, health, employment, and increasingly also aging.

 

Zelia Anna Gallo
# The penal implications of austerity: Italian punishment in the wake of the Eurozone crisis
European Journal of Criminology, 7 May 2018
The article discusses the implications of the Eurozone crisis for Italian penality. It begins by analysing the ‘politics of austerity’. It then reflects upon the penal implications of such changes, focusing on the conceptual links between state-citizen relations, political institutional arrangements, and punishment in Italy. The article argues that Italy will continue to display an alternation of punitiveness and moderation. However, the meaning and contours of both punitiveness and moderation are changing. Punitiveness is likely to be exacerbated, as punishment is used to impose cohesion on an ever more fragmented polity. Moderation, far from being a collective good and ‘public philosophy’, is likely to become a narrow, stratified and personalistic good. The article urges us to consider whether austerity may be engendering similar dynamics across other EU polities.

 

Moran, Dominique; Turner, Jennifer; Schliehe, Anna
# Conceptualising the carceral in carceral geography
Progress in Human Geography, 2018, Vol. 42(5) 666–686
Following Foucault’s rippling carceral circles, a variety of domestic, urban, and embodied sites have been theorised as spaces of surveillance and control reminiscent of the diffuse carceral model, with carceral geographers tracing the relationships between the prison as a compact but porous carceral institution, and these other spaces. This scholarship has three complementary foci: on the ways in which the prison seeps into its surroundings; in relation to the porosity of the prison boundary itself; and with reference to a mobile and embodied carcerality.

 

Antonio Cavaliere
# Il diritto penale minimo in Alessandro Baratta: per un’alternativa alla “cultura del penale”
Archivio Penale, n. 3, 2018
Il punto di partenza del progetto di un diritto penale minimo, nell’impostazione di Baratta - diversamente da quella, in particolare, di Ferrajoli1-è costituito dalla critica criminologica, ovvero dal riferimento all’empiria, vista alla luce delle acquisizioni della criminologia “della reazione sociale”; si tratta, com’è noto, di quell’orientamento che amplia l’orizzonte epistemologico della criminologia, assumendo ad oggetto di studio il processo – formale ed informale - di criminalizzazione, ossia di definizione di ciò che è criminale e va punito, in particolare da parte dei mass media, del legislatore e delle ‘agenzie’ del sistema penale, quali polizia e magistratura, ma anche la scienza penalistica con il suo ‘discorso’ che legittima tale sistema.

 

Natalia Sypion-Dutkowska, Michael Leitner
# Land Use Influencing the Spatial Distribution of Urban Crime: A Case Study of Szczecin, Poland
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6, 74
The originality of the adopted approach lies in its consideration of a large number of different land use types considered as hypothetically influencing the spatial distribution of nine types of common crimes, geocoded at the address-level: car crimes, theft of property—other, residential crimes, property damage, commercial crimes, drug crimes, burglary in other commercial buildings, robbery, and fights and battery. The empirical study covers 31,319 crime events registered by the Police in the years 2006–2010 in the Polish city of Szczecin with a population ca. 405,000. 

 

Peter Edelman
# In 2017, It’s Still a Crime to Be Poor. But across the country, a new movement is pushing back against the criminalization of poverty.
www.thenation.com/ November 3, 2017
Meanwhile, even more people are locked up pending trial on low-level misdemeanors or violations because they can’t afford the bail set for them. Altogether, roughly 500,000 people are in jails across the country simply because they are poor. These men and women haven’t been found guilty of any crime. Rather, most of them have merely been accused of low-level infractions that shouldn’t be crimes at all and that often don’t carry jail time. One result is that many low-income people plead guilty just to get out even if they are innocent, leaving them with a lifetime of collateral consequences

 

Armstrong, S. and Jefferson, A.
# Disavowing 'the' prison
In: Moran,D. and Schliehe, A. K. (eds.) Confined Places, Secure Spaces: The Spatialisation of Studies of Confinement, Palgrave Macmillan - 2017

 

Peter Temin
# The Political Economy of Mass Incarceration: An Analytical Model
Institute for New Economic Thinking, Working Paper No. 56, May 15, 2017
Mass incarceration is a major problem of the United States today that is largely invisible to us.  Prisons are located in rural areas to save money and provide rural jobs, even  though it makes family visits more difficult. And the effects of mass incarceration are largely ignored in political and social discussions. How many people know that one out of three African American men will go to prison at today’s incarceration rates? And how many kids in urban public education are distracted by having a parent or a friend’s parentin prison? These are problems that urgently need to be addressed... I have argued that we cannot improve urban education without reducing mass incarceration. Prisoners are not drawn randomly from the American population. Instead they come from poor urban areas where police activity is concentrated.

# Peter Temin, Mass Incarceration’s Dangerous New Equilibrium, Institute for New Economic Thinking – Jun 22, 2017

 

Osonde Osoba, William Welser IV
# An Intelligence in Our Image. The Risks of Bias and Errors in Artificial Intelligence
www.rand.org/ 2017
The U.S. criminal justice system is increasingly resorting to algorithmic tools. Artificial agents help ease the burden of managing such a large system. But any systematic algorithmic bias in these tools would have a high risk of errors and cumulative disadvantage. We first look at the use of algorithms at the sentencing and parole phase...

 

John Pratt, Michelle Miao
# Penal Populism: The End of Reason
The Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 2017-02
If it might be thought that penal populism represents an attack on the long established link between reason and modern punishment, this has been only the prelude to the way in which a much more free flowing political populism now threatens to bring an end to Reason itself, the foundation stone of modernity. This shift from penal to political populism has been precipitated by two interconnected factors: the impact of the 2008 global fiscal crisis and the mass movement of peoples across the globe.

 

Michael Tonry
# Community Punishments in a Rational Society
University of Minnesota Law School - Legal Studies Research Paper Series - Research Paper No. 17-05, February 18, 2017
Compared with other developed countries, American jurisdictions overuse community punishments as much as they  overuse imprisonment, but mostly for minor and low risk offenders for whom they are often not  necessary. That is a waste of money and an unjust intrusion into peoples’ lives. In most developed countries, 5 to 20 percent of convicted offenders are sentenced to confinement and the rest receive community punishments, fines, and suspended prison entences. Compared with jail or prison terms, community punishments are less expensive, less criminogenic, and more humane. They do less collateral damage to the lives and futures of offenders and their loved ones

 

Sam Corbett-Davies, Emma Pierson, Avi Feller, Sharad Goel, Aziz Huq
# Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness
Working paper, January 31, 2017, Stanford University
Algorithms are now regularly used to decide whether defendants awaiting trial are too dangerous to be released back into the community. In some cases, black defendants are substantially more likely than white defendants to be incorrectly classified as high risk. To mitigate such disparities, several techniques recently have been proposed to achieve algorithmic fairness...

 

Alexandra Chouldechova
# Fair prediction with disparate impact: A study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments
https://arxiv.org/ February 2017
We would like to note that there is a large body of literature showing that data-driven risk assessment instruments tend to be more accurate than professional human judgements, and investigating whether human-driven decisions are themselves prone to exhibiting racial bias. We should not abandon the data-driven approach on the basis of negative headlines. Rather, we need to work to ensure that the instruments we use are demonstrably free from the kinds of biases that could lead to disparate impact in the specific contexts in which they are to be applied...

 

Miguel Mellino
# I perimetri armati della segregazione
www.ilmanifesto.it/ 25 gennaio 2017

La realtà descritta nel testo di Angela Davis può apparire distante da quella dell’Europa. Davis chiede infatti di pensare la centralità della “prigione come metodo” anche come la risposta del capitalismo razziale americano e di una riconfigurazione della white supremacy alla nuova situazione della forza lavoro nera dopo la conquista di una condizione di libertà formale da parte del movimento per i diritti civili e l’annientamento politico del movimento del black power. Ma se concentriamo lo sguardo sull’universo concentrazionario nascosto dietro il cosiddetto “business  ell’accoglienza” (anche sotto il significante umanitario) che sta caratterizzando la gestione europea della “crisi dei rifugiati” le distanze cominciano sicuramente ad accorciarsi.

 

Daniel Martin Katz, Michael J Bommarito II, Josh Blackman
# A General Approach for Predicting the Behavior of the Supreme Court of the United States
https://papers.ssrn.com/ January 16, 2017
At its core, our effort relies upon a statistical ensemble method used to transform a set of weak learners into a strong learner. We believe a number of future advancements in field of legal informatics will likely rely on elements of that basic approach. Namely, our focus on statistical crowd sourcing actually foreshadows future developments in the field. Future research will seek to find the optimal blend of experts, crowds and algorithms as some ensemble of these three streams of intelligence likely will produce the best performing model for a wide class of prediction problems.

 

Avshalom Caspi, Renate M. Houts, Daniel W. Belsky, Honalee Harrington, Sean Hogan, Sandhya Ramrakha, Richie Poulton, Terrie E. Moffitt
# Childhood forecasting of a small segment of the population with large economic burden
www.nature.com/ nature human behaviour, 12 december 2016
Policymakers are interested in early-years interventions to ameliorate childhood risks. They hope for improved adult outcomes in the long run that bring a return on investment. The size of the return that can be expected partly depends on how strongly childhood risks forecast adult outcomes, but there is disagreement about whether childhood determines adulthood. We integrated multiple nationwide administrative databases and electronic medical records with the four-decade-long Dunedin birth cohort study to test child-to-adult prediction in a different way, using a population-segmentation approach. A segment comprising 22% of the cohort accounted for 36% of the cohort’s injury insurance claims; 40% of excess obese kilograms; 54% of cigarettes smoked; 57% of hospital nights; 66% of welfare benefits; 77% of fatherless child-rearing; 78% of prescription fills; and 81% of criminal convictions. Childhood risks, including poor brain health at three years of age, predicted this segment with large effect sizes. Early-years interventions that are effective for this population segment could yield very large returns on investment.

 

Elisabetta Grande

# Legal Transplants and the Inoculation Effect. How American Criminal Procedure Has Affected Continental Europe.
The American Journal of Comparative Law 64(3):583-618 · November 2016

The injection of a small portion of the American adversarial procedure into the body of the Continental European procedure looks like inoculation. Indeed just like a vaccination would do, it seems to have generated the antibodies able to make the latter more resistant against any future effective Americanization, i.e. against any future transplantation of an adversarial party controlled contest system...

 

Andrea Baiguera Altieri
# L'abolizionismo carcerario contemporaneo. Gli Stati Uniti d’ America, ovvero l’Anti-abolizionismo per antonomasia
Diritto internazionale, 21/11/2016

Gli Stati uniti d’ America spendono il 5 % delle loro entrate tributarie per il mantenimento dei Penitenziari, in cui è rinchiuso il 25 % della popolazione carceraria mondiale, con un totale di 2.300.000 detenuti nel 2010 (1.900.000 nel 2000), tra i quali più di 100.000 minorenni. A tale cifra vanno aggiunti 5.000.000 di soggetti sottoposti alla messa alla prova o al regime della liberazione condizionale. Ogni 100.000 residenti, si calcolano ben 785 detenuti in media, ovverosia il 3 % degli ultra-18.enni. Molte sono le discriminazioni razziali, giacché soltanto 1 bianco ogni 45 è o è stato in Penitenziario, mentre 1 nero su 11 ed un ispanico su 27 subiscono o hanno subito l’esperienza della reclusione

 

Jon Kleinberg, Sendhil Mullainathan, Manish Raghavan
# Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores
https://scholar.harvard.edu/ November 2016
At various points in the criminal justice system, including decisions about bail, sentencing, or parole, an officer of the court may use quantitative risk tools to assess a defendant’s probability of recidivism — future arrest — based on their past history and other attributes. Several recent  analyses have asked whether such tools are mitigating or exacerbating the sources of bias in the criminal justice system...

 

Angwin, Julia, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu, and Lauren Kirchner
# Machine Bias: There’s Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And It’s Biased Against Blacks
ProPublica, May 23, 2016

 

Benjamin Forman, Laura van der Lugt, Ben Golberg, Anise Vance, Sandy Kendall | The Boston Indicators Project
# The Geography of Incarceration. The Cost and Consequences of High Incarceration Rates in Vulnerable City Neighborhoods. A Special Report from the Boston Indicators Project in Partnership with MassINC and the Massachusetts Criminal Justice Reform Coalition

Massachusetts Institute for a New Commonwealth (MassINC), October 2016
People of color represent three-quarters of those convicted of mandatory minimum drug offenses in Massachusetts though they make up less than one-quarter of the Commonwealth’s population. The Supreme Judicial Court recently heard a case questioning whether a policy leading to such gross racial disparities is constitutional. While it was dismissed on  procedural grounds, it is clear that reforms are needed in order to allow  judges to craft solutions that address community challenges. In crafting those  solutions, evidence is crucial: What works according to data-driven analysis should be the cornerstone of any sentencing guidelines or policies. 

 

James Cullen, Ames Grawert
# Fact Sheet: Stop and Frisk’s Effect on Crime in New York City
Brennan Center for Justice, 2016

... one might expect crime generally, and murder specifically, to increase as stops tapered off between 2012 and 2014. Instead, as shown below, the murder rate fell while the  number of stops declined. In fact, the biggest fall occurred precisely when the number of stops also fell by a large amount — in 2013. As the graph shows, property and violent crime also fell, both while the number of stops increased and fell. Crime continued to decline as the program wound to its 2014 close.

 

Georgetown Law Center on Privacy & Technology
# The Perpetual Line-Up. Unregulated Police Face Recognition in America
www.perpetuallineup.org/ October 18, 2016
Law enforcement face recognition networks include over 117 million American adults—and may soon include many more. Face recognition is neither new nor rare. FBI face recognition searches are more common than federal court-ordered wiretaps. At least one out of four state or local police departments has the option to run face recognition searches through their or another agency’s system. At least 26 states (and potentially as many as 30) allow  aw enforcement to run or request searches against their databases of driver’s license and ID photos. Roughly one in two American adults has their photos searched this way.

 

Charles C. Branas, Michelle C. Kondo, Sean M. Murphy, Eugenia C. South, Daniel Polsky, John M. MacDonald
# Urban Blight Remediation as a Cost-Beneficial Solution to Firearm Violence
American Journal of Public Health: December 2016, Vol. 106, No. 12, pp. 2158-2164
Abandoned building remediation significantly reduced firearm violence −39% (95% confidence interval [CI] = −28%, −50%; P < .05) as did vacant lot remediation (−4.6%; 95% CI = −4.2%, −5.0%; P < .001). Neither program significantly affected nonfirearm violence. Respectively, taxpayer and societal returns on investment for the prevention of firearm violence were $5 and $79 for every dollar spent on abandoned building remediation and $26 and $333 for every dollar spent on vacant lot remediation.  Abandoned buildings and vacant lots are blighted structures seen daily by urban residents that may create physical opportunities for violence by sheltering illegal activity and illegal firearms. Urban blight remediation programs can be cost-beneficial strategies that significantly and sustainably reduce firearm violence.

 

Michael Tonry
# Making American Sentencing Just, Humane, and Effective
University of Minnesota Law School - Legal Studies Research Paper Series - Research Paper No. 16-32, July 9, 2016
Most American sentencing systems need to be rebuilt from the ground up. Mass incarceration has to be unwound and the sentencing laws and practices that caused it have to be changed. Unwinding mass incarceration will require creation and extensive use of new systems for reviewing the need for continuing confinement of people serving long prison sentences. Reinventing sentencing will require repeal or radical refashioning of three-strikes, mandatory minimum, truth-in-sentencing, life without parole (LWOPs), and similar laws, and creation of new sentencing systems that treat offenders fairly, justly, respectfully, and parsimoniously.  

 

Jennifer L. Skeem, Christopher T. Lowenkamp
# Risk, race, & recidivism: predictive bias and disparate impact
http://risk-resilience.berkeley.edu/ June 14, 2016
One way to unwind mass incarceration without compromising public safety is to use risk assessment instruments in sentencing and corrections. Although these instruments figure prominently in current reforms, critics argue that benefits in crime control will be offset by an adverse effect on racial minorities. Based on a sample of 34,794 federal offenders, we examine the relationships among race, risk assessment [the Post Conviction Risk Assessment (PCRA)], and future arrest...

 

National Institute of Justice
# Five Things About Deterrence
www.ncjrs.gov/ May 2016
NIJ’s “Five Things About Deterrence” summarizes a large body of research related to deterrence of crime into five points. Two of the five things relate to the impact of sentencing on deterrence — “Sending an individual convicted of a crime to prison isn’t a very effective way to deter crime” and “Increasing the severity of punishment does little to deter crime.” ... Research has found evidence that prison can exacerbate, not reduce, recidivism. Prisons themselves may be schools for learning to commit crimes...

 

Georgia Zara
# Tra il probabile e il certo. La valutazione del rischio di violenza e di recidiva criminale
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 20 Maggio 2016
1. Introduzione. - 2. Definizione di risk assessment. - 3. Storia del risk assessment. - 3.1. Evoluzione del risk assessment: le quattro generazioni di rischio. - 4. Epistemologia del rischio: identificare il rischio significa tentare di prevenirlo. - 5. Applicabilità del risk assessment. - 6. La cornice giuridica italiana. - 7. Conclusioni.

 

Margarita Dobrynina

# The Roots of “Penal Populism”: the Role of Media and Politics

Kriminologijos studijos 2016/4

Penal populism is often labeled as a process whereby politicians devise punitive penal policies, which are adjudged to be “popular” within the general public, and are designed to mobilize votes rather than improve the crime and justice situation. A “tough on crime” policy stance is usually most manifest during election campaigns. This definitional assessment, however, is overly simplified, and does not reflect the complexity of the actual issue which, in true fact, is “[…] representing a major shift in the configuration of penal power in modern society, rather than something within the purview of politicians to tinker with as they please”...

 

Angèle Christin, Alex Rosenblat, Danah Boyd
# Courts and Predictive Algorithms
datacivilrights.org 10.27.2015
One of the most striking innovations in the criminal justice system during the past thirty years has been the introduction of actuarial methods – statistical models and software programs –designed to help judges and prosecutors assess the risk of criminal offenders. Predictive algorithms are currently used in four major areas of the U.S. criminal justice system: pretrial and bail, sentencing, probation and parole, and juvenile justice. These algorithms consider a small number of variables about a defendant – either connected to her or his criminal history (previous offenses, failure to appear in court, violent offenses, etc.) or socio-demographic  characteristics (age, sex, employment status, drug history, etc.) – in an effort to predict a defendant’s risk of recidivism or their likelihood to fail to appear in court if they are let out on bail.

 

Iñaki Rivera Beiras
# Actuarialismo penitenciario. Su recepción en España
Revista Crítica Penal y Poder, 2015, nº 9
Pocas dudas existen acerca de la recepción en España de una racionalidad punitiva de corte actuarial que ha impregnado fuertemente el sistema penal juvenil y penitenciario de adultos. Esa importación de modelos foráneos y extraños a la tradición constitucional en la que se inserta España, pese a haber sido resistida en ocasiones por sus propios aplicadores de base y otros operadores del sistema penal, ha penetrado fuertemente en el mismo.

 

Alessandro De Giorgi
# Cinque tesi sull'incarcerazione di massa negli Stati Uniti
Studi sulla questione criminale, X, n. 2-3, 2015, pp. 151-181

 

Toni Negri
# "La società punitiva". Una prigione a cielo aperto di Michel Foucault
Il Manifesto, 5 maggio 2016

Ma parlare del carcere è parlare della fabbrica: de te fabula narratur. Il rovello del Politico . Ed è parlare del «politico», dello Stato come prodotto di una «guerra civile permanente». Di dove esce questa formula? Dal rovesciamento del dicton clausewitziano sulla «guerra come politica fatta con altri mezzi» nella concezione del «politico come immediato terreno di guerra sociale».

 

Robert Eme
# Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior
Journal of Forensic Psychology, 2016
The article reviewed the status of the Life Course Persistent category of antisocial behavior some two decades plus from its original formulation as well as the finding from the landmark Dunedin longitudinal study of antisocial behavior that this category is comprised almost entirely of males. The importance of this category for forensic psychology is the robust and remarkable finding that the small group of individuals (5-10%) who tend to cluster in this category are responsible for over half of all crimes in the United States and other developed countries, and an even greater proportion of violent crimes.

 

Will Jennings, Emily Gray, Stephen Farrall, Colin Hay
# Penal Populism and the Public Thermostat: Crime, Public Punitiveness and Public Policy
Paper for the P.S.A. Elections, Public Opinion and Parties Specialist Group annual conference, Cardiff, 2015
This paper sets out to establish whether feedback between crime rates, public opinion and public policy can account for this rising tide of penal populism in Britain. To do this it considers the degree to which there has in fact been a punitive shift in mass opinion, and the degree to which this has reflected trends in crime rates (or perceptions of crime). It examines whether the trend towards popular punitiveness has, in turn, been reversed in response to the crime drop over the past couple of decades. Implicit to the concept of penal populism is that the public has a preference for generally punitive policies in the field of criminal justice... These punitive attitudes are viewed as stable and enduring, as well as electorally popular. Wlezien’s (1995) “thermostatic” theory of public opinion would suggest, however, that the public’s preferences for punitive policies to deal with crime should recognise and adjust in response to, changes in policy.

 

Mark R. Fondacaro, Megan O'Toole
# American Punitiveness and Mass Incarceration: Psychological Perspectives on Retributive and Consequentialist Responses to Crime
http://papers.ssrn.com/ in press, June 3, 2015
A recent National Academy of Sciences Report explored the drivers of the fourfold increase in incarceration rates in the United States and provided a firm recommendation for significant reduction in incarceration rates. Although public sentiment is generally favorably disposed toward reform in the abstract, when confronted with specific examples of crime, they tend to favor more punitive, retributive responses to crime. Retributive justifications for punishment that are deeply ingrained in our culture and our legal system as well as our biological and psychological make-up are a major impediment to constructive reform efforts. However, recent advances in research across neurobiological, psychological, and social levels of analysis suggest that following our retributive impulses to guide legal decision making and criminal justice policy is not only costly and ineffective in reducing crime, but unjust and increasingly difficult to justify morally.

 

Hilde Tubex, David A Green
# Punishment, values and local cultures
Punishment & Society, 2015, Vol. 17(3) 267–270
The recent penal history of post-industrial societies is well described in a set of overarching, global narratives, including, for instance, those that describe and interpret the myriad consequences of the arrival of ‘late-modernity’, as well as others that focus most on the ways in which the expansion of neo-liberal thinking and policy, and the withering of welfare states, have shaped justifications for and methods of state punishment and social control...

 

Cheryl Lero Jonson, Francis T. Cullen
# Prisoner Reentry Programs
Crime and Justice, University of Chicago Press, 2015
Research suggests that, overall, reentry services reduce recidivism, but program effects are heterogeneous and at times criminogenic. A sustained effort to evaluate carefully designed programs rigorously is needed and may require development of a “criminology of reentry.” More needs to be understood about why recidivism rates are high in the first year after reentry, why some offenders have late-onset failure, whether who comes home matters, and how stigma and other collateral consequences of conviction can be managed.

 

Jean Bérard
# Des hommes derrière les murs
www.laviedesidees.fr/ 23 avril 2015
Les prisons changent-elles ? Dans son enquête dans une maison d’arrêt, Didier Fassin montre que les transformations promues pour protéger les droits des détenus sont limitées par les politiques pénales répressives, qui produisent la surpopulation et la violence derrière les murs, en enfermant toujours davantage de jeunes hommes pauvres. Recensé : Didier Fassin, L’Ombre du monde, une anthropologie de la condition  carcérale, Seuil. Paris. 2015. 602 p. [Prologue]

 

Sonia Faure
# Didier Fassin : «Pour certains, la prison n’est qu’un lieu vide d’activité et vide de sens»
www.liberation.fr/ 6 Février 2015

 

Michael Meranze 
#  on Marie Gottschalk, Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics - Pathology of the Carceral State | Princeton University Press 2014
Los Angeles Review of Books, February 4th, 2015

 

Amnesty International
# You Killed My Son. Homicides by military police in the city of Rio de Janeiro
www.amnesty.org/ 2015
In a 10-year period (2005-2014), 8,466 cases of killings resulting from police intervention were recorded in the state, 5,132 of which occurred in the capital. Although the number began to fall in 2010, between 2013 and 2014, there was a 39.4% increase in the number of cases of “resistance followed by death” in the state as a whole and a 9% increase in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

 

Brennan Center for Justice | Oliver Roeder, Lauren-Brooke Eisen, Julia Bowling, Inimai Chettiar | Foreword by Joseph E. Stiglitz
# What Caused the Crime Decline?
www.brennancenter.org/ February 12, 2015
What Caused the Crime Decline? The over-harsh criminal justice policies, particularly increased incarceration, were not the main drivers of the crime decline. In fact, the report finds that increased incarceration has been declining in its effectiveness as a crime control tactic for more than 30 years. Its effect on crime rates since 1990 has been limited, and has been non-existent since 2000. More important were various social, economic, and environmental factors, such as growth in income and an aging population. The report concludes that considering the immense social, fiscal, and economic costs of mass incarceration, programs that improve economic opportunities, modernize policing practices, and expand treatment and rehabilitation programs, all could be a better public safety investment.

 

Inimai Chettiar, Michael Waldman (eds) | Brennan Center for Justice
# Solutions: American Leaders Speak Out On Criminal Justice
www.brennancenter.org/ 2015
Our nation is beginning to understand certain fundamental truths. Mass incarceration exists. It is not needed to keep down crime. It comes at a huge cost to the country. And there are practical solutions on which we can agree to reduce our prison population, while keeping the country safe. One in 100 Americans is currently behind bars. Our nation’s prisons include one-third of the planet’s incarcerated women. One in three black men will spend time behind bars. Mass incarceration is among the greatest challenges facing our nation. These numbers are intolerable, irrational, and unsustainable. 

 

Jess Bravin, # Two Supreme Court Justices Say Criminal-Justice System Isn’t Working. Justice Breyer says mandatory minimum sentences are “a terrible idea”, www.wsj.com/ March 24, 2015

Nicole Flatow, # Supreme Court Justices Blast The Corrections System, http://thinkprogress.org/ March 24, 2015

# Gian Luigi Gatta, www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 25 marzo 2015

 

Department of Juvenile Justice - Florida
# Analysis of Serious, Violent, & Chronic Delinquency in Florida
http://www.djj.state.fl.us/ Updated January 2015
The resulting analysis determined the number and percent of juvenile arrests involving serious, violent, chronic, and SVC youth averaged over the seven year study period. On average, 55% of the youth arrested during a given fiscal year were serious, 28.8% violent, 15.4% chronic, and 8.9% are SVC (serious, violent, and chronic). Furthermore, on average, 43.2% of the youth were not serious, not violent, and not chronic (none of the three categories) in a given fiscal year.......    # Myths vs. Facts (Updated: August 2013)

 

Marc Schindler
# Bringing an End to the Incarceration Generation
www.huffingtonpost.com/ Posted: 06/01/2015

 

Nicolas Duvoux
# Prison : le contre-exemple américain
Le Monde | 29.06.2014
Depuis le début des années 2010, la situation s'est stabilisée et la population pénitentiaire a même commencé à diminuer (passant de 758 personnes sur 100 000 incarcérées en 2008 à 710 en 2012), mais elle reste à un niveau historiquement très élevé. Si l'incarcération a pu sembler réduire la criminalité qui avait atteint des niveaux très élevés dans les années 1990, la corrélation n'a jamais été rigoureusement établie et les « retours » de cette politique sont aujourd'hui beaucoup plus controversés, y compris en termes de sécurité publique.

 

Lynne Copson
# Penal Populism and the Problem of Mass Incarceration: The Promise of Utopian Thinking
The Good Society, 23(1) pp. 55–72 (2014)
As the twenty-first century has witnessed prison populations in both the US and UK reaching record levels with little side of abatement and the emergence of ever-more punitive responses to crime (see Tonry, 2007), there has been growing concern regarding the dangers of ‘penal populism’ and/or ‘popular punitiveness’. Characterized as “politicians tapping into, and using for their own purposes, what they believe to be the public’s generally punitive stance” towards crime and offenders as an electioneering tool by which to gain political advantage, this punitiveness is arguably reflected in such measures as California’s infamous ‘three strikes and you’re out policy’; increased mandatory minimum sentencing; Anti-Social Behaviour Orders and the shift towards mass incarceration

 

Paul J. Larkin, Jr
# The Extent of America’s Overcriminalization Problem
The Heritage Foundation, Legal Memorandum, n- 121, May 9, 2014

 

Sonia B. Starr
# Evidence-Based Sentencing and the Scientific Rationalization of Discrimination
Stanford Law Review, vol. 66, April 2014
This Article critiques, on legal and empirical grounds, the growing trend of basing criminal sentences on actuarial recidivism risk prediction instruments that include demographic and socioeconomic variables. I argue that this practice violates the Equal Protection Clause and is bad  policy: an explicit embrace of otherwise-condemned discrimination, sanitized by scientific language...

 

Abby Sewell, Jack Leonard
# System would change how L.A. County inmates get early release. Sheriff's officials plan to propose a 'risk-based' system that supporters say would help select jail inmates for early release who are less likely to commit new crimes
latimes.com, March 8, 2014

 

Consiglio d'Europa
# Raccomandazione CM/REC(2014) 3 del Comitato dei Ministri agli Stati Membri relativa ai delinquenti pericolosi
http://www.coe.int/ Comitato dei Ministri, 19 febbraio 2014

 

John Monahan, Jennifer L. Skeem | Vera Institute of Justice
# Risk Redux: The Resurgence of Risk Assessment in Criminal Sanctioning
Federal Sentencing Reporter, Vol. 26, No. 3, February 2014
A  variety of tools are used to assess risk in contemporary sanctioning contexts. Some of these tools assess only ‘‘risk,’’where as others ostensibly assess both ‘‘risk’’ and ‘‘needs.’’ This distinction between ‘‘risk’’ and ‘‘needs’’ reflects the evolution of popular tools and correctional approaches overtime, from an emphasis on prediction-oriented (‘‘risk’’) to reduction-oriented (‘‘need’’) approaches...

 

José Ángel Brandariz García
# La difusión de lógicas actuariales y gerenciales en las políticas punitivas
www.indret.com/  InDret - Revista para el analisis del derecho, 2/2014
Las relaciones – no siempre armónicas entre seguridad y derechos en el ámbito de la Política criminal  experimentan una redefinición con la progresiva penetración del gerencialismo y el actuarialismo en este campo de las políticas públicas. No en vano, tales racionalidades conforman modelos de garantía de la  seguridad que operan con lenguajes ajenos y distantes al léxico de la libertad y los derechos. El presente texto analiza la progresiva penetración del gerencialismo y el actuarialismo en el ámbito de la Política criminal, abordando las circunstancias que han favorecido su difusión y los ámbitos en los que se encuentra hoy presente...

 

Julie Gerlinger, Susan Turner | Center for Evidence-Based Corrections University of California, Irvine
# California’s Public Safety Realignment: Correctional Policy Based on Stakes Rather than Risk
Working Paper September 2013 Revised December 2013

 

Laurent Mucchielli
# Délinquance et criminalité à Marseille: fantasmes et réalités
Fondation Jean-Jaurès, 11/2013
La sociologie américaine a analysé dès la première moitié du XXe siècle ce genre de «prédiction créatrice» ou de «prophétie auto-réalisatrice». Ajoutons que ces mécanismes sont peut-être d’autant plus forts à Marseille qu’un imaginaire à la fois violent et romantique du « bandit social » ou du « bandit justicier » irrigue depuis très longtemps les représentations de la jeunesse et ne fait que se renforcer au gré des mises en scènes politiques, médiatiques et fictionnelles du « Marseille-Chicago » évoquées en introduction de ce texte.

 

Massimo Pavarini
# Governare la penalità. Struttura sociale, processi decisionali e discorsi pubblici sulla pena
Studi e materiali i diritto penale, settembre-dicembre 2013


Giorgio Agamben
# Per una teoria del potere destituente
Conferenza pubblica, Atene, 16 novembre 2013
Permettetemi di iniziare con un concetto che sembra aver rimpiazzato ogni altra nozione politica a partire dal settembre 2001: la sicurezza [security]. Come sapete, la formula “per ragioni di sicurezza” funziona oggi in ogni ambito, dalla vita quotidiana ai conflitti internazionali, come una parola chiave che serve per imporre misure che le persone non hanno alcuna ragione di accettare. Tenterò di mostrare che lo scopo reale delle misure di sicurezza non è, come si ritiene comunemente, prevenire pericoli, disordini o addirittura catastrofi. Sarò dunque obbligato a fare una breve genealogia del concetto di “sicurezza”. Una possibile modalità per abbozzare questa genealogia sarebbe quella di inscrivere la sua origine e la sua storia nel paradigma dello “stato di eccezione”.

 

Bernard Harcourt
# Le Ku Klux Klan, la peine de mort et la tolérance zéro
Interview in the Tribune de Genève October 27, 2013

 

David Garland
# Penality and the Penal State
Criminology Volume 51 Number 3 2013
The decline of penal-welfarism, the rise of penal populism, the shift to a more risk-averse criminal justice, the expansion of private security, and the emergence of mass imprisonment were all concomitants of this cultural transformation. A rightward shift in politics, the discrediting of the welfare state, a backlash against 1960s permissiveness, law-and-order politics, penal populism, free-market policies, precarious employment, welfare reform, racial (and anti-immigrant) hostilities, and a strengthening of social and penal controls—all of these have been present elsewhere. And in many instances, these developments have been associated with tougher penal olicies and increased rates of imprisonment.

 

Susan Turner, James Hess, Charlotte Bradstreet, Steven Chapman, Amy Murphy | Center for Evidence-Based Corrections UCIrvine
# Development of the California Static Risk Assessment (CSRA): Recidivism Risk Prediction in the California Department of orrections and Rehabilitation
http://ucicorrections.seweb.uci.edu/ Working Paper September 2013

 

Department of Justice
# Smart on Crime. Reforming The Criminal Justice System for the 21st Century
www.justice.gov/ August 2013

The United States today has the highest rate of incarceration of any nation in the world, and the nationwide cost to state and federal budgets was $80 billion in 2010 alone. This pattern of incarceration is disruptive to families, expensive to the taxpayer, and may not serve the goal of reducing recidivism...

 

Jan Looman, Jeffrey Abracen
# The Risk Need Responsivity Model of Offender Rehabilitation: Is There Really a Need For a Paradigm Shift?
International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, vol. 8, n. 3-4, 2013

 

James Austin, JFA Institute | Eric Cadora, Justice Mapping Center | Todd R. Clear, Rutgers University | Kara Dansky, American Civil Liberties Union | Judith Greene, Justice Strategies | Vanita Gupta, American Civil Liberties Union | Marc Mauer, The Sentencing Project | Nicole Porter, The Sentencing Project | Susan Tucker, Former Director, The After Prison Initiative, Open Society Foundations | and Malcolm C. Young, Bluhm Legal Clinic, Northwestern University Law School
# Ending Mass Incarceration. Charting a New Justice Reinvestment
http://sentencingproject.org/ April 17, 2013

 

Marie Griffin, John R. Hepburn
# Inmate Misconduct and the Institutional Capacity for Control
Criminal Justice and Behavior 40(3):270-288, March 2013

 

Walter L. Perry, Brian McInnis, Carter C. Price, Susan C. Smith, John S. Hollywood
# Predictive Policing. The Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations
www.rand.org/ 2013
In the criminology sciences, the “deviant place” theory suggests that there are places that attract people who commit crimes regularly. As part of their normal activity, people who commit crimes will frequent these areas, streets, and intersections.,, Because the people who commit crimes exhibit  behavioral problems—lack of self-control, lack of moral development, and persistent  risk taking—the places that attract criminals are more likely to experience high rates  of violations, specifically those leading to traffic collisions. The theory also posits that the traffic crime will attract other types of crime without persistent enforcement. The theory has led to a series of police interventions known as data-driven approaches  to crime and traffic safety (DDACTS)...

 

Dominique Moran
# Carceral Geography and the Spatialities of Prison Visiting: Visitation, Recidivism and Hyperincarceration
Environment and Planning D Society and Space 31(1):174-190 - February 2013

 

Alain Blanc
La justice pénale entre nouvelle démocratie judiciaire et nouveaux savoirs
Droit et Société 83/2013

 

Claudio Alberto Gabriel Guimarães
# Reflections on the formal social control: revisiting the grounds of the right of punishment
Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UERJ-RFD- Rio de Janeiro, v.1, n.23, 2013

 

Lisa Degiorgio
Managing Inmate Risk in the United States: Construct and Predictive Validity of the Prison Inmate Inventory
International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences Vol 8 Issue 2 June – December 2013

 

Anne R. Traum
Mass Incarceration at Sentencing
Hastings Law Journal, February 2013
Although the systemic problem of mass incarceration may ultimately be redressed only through systemic reform, courts do not have to wait. They can and should address mass incarceration at sentencing under existing legal frameworks with minimal changes to legal doctrine.

 

John R. Sutton
The Transformation of Prison Regimes in Late Capitalist Societies
www.soc.ucsb.edu/ January 25, 2013

 

McGurrin, Danielle, Melissa Jarrell, Amber Jahn and Brandy Cochrane.
White Collar Crime Representation in the Criminological Literature Revisited,  2001-2010

Western Criminology Review14(2):3-19 | 2013.

 

ACLU Foundation
# A Living Death. Life without Parole for Nonviolent Offenses
www.aclu.org/ 2013
About 79 percent of the 3,278 prisoners serving life without parole were sentenced to die in prison for nonviolent drug crimes. This report documents the thousands of lives ruined and families destroyed by sentencing people to die behind bars for nonviolent offenses, and includes detailed case studies of 110 such people. It also includes a detailed fiscal analysis tallying the $1.784 billion cost to taxpayers to keep the 3,278 prisoners currently serving Life without parole (LWOP) for nonviolent offenses incarcerated for the rest of their lives.  

 

David S. Abrams
# Estimating the Deterrent Effect of Incarceration using Sentencing Enhancements
www.law.upenn.edu/ December, 2011

 

Bernard E. Harcourt
On the Mass Paradox of Laissez Faire and Mass Incarceration
Harward Law Review, vol. 125:54, 2012

 

Bernard E. Harcourt
# Punitive Preventive Justice: A Critique
http://www.law.uchicago.edu/ Draft: 05/23/2012

 

Devon L. L. Polaschek
# An appraisal of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment
Legal and Criminological Psychology (2012), 17, 1–17

 

Gabriel J. Chin
# The New Civil Death: Rethinking Punishment in the Era of Mass Incarceration
University of Pennsylvania Law Review, [Vol. 160: 1789 ] 2012
This Article proposes that civil death has surreptitiously reemerged. It no longer exists under that name, but effectually a new civil death is ut to persons convicted of crimes in the form of a substantial and permanent change in legal status, operationalized by a network of collateral consequences...

 

David Niget, Martin Petitclerc
# Le risque comme culture de la temporalité
www.pur-editions.fr/ 2012
La gestion des risques criminels qui repose, en droit, sur l’attribution de responsabilités, devient également perméable, sous l’influence des technologies du risque, à une analyse et à une prise en charge actuarielles de la délinquance...

 

Jean-Pierre Guay
# La prédiction de la récidive chez les membres de gangs de rue
www.securitepublique.gc.ca/ 2012

À la lumière du profil personnel et social des membres de gangs de rue, il est difficile de s’étonner de leur production criminelle. Ces délinquants sont donc aux prises avec un nombre important de facteurs de risque et de besoins criminogènes. Comme pour tous les récidivistes, leurs infractions sont importantes et variées

 

Cole F. Heyer
# Comparing the Strike Zones of “Three Strikes and You’re Out” Laws for California and Georgia, the Nation’s Two Heaviest Hitters
Suffolk University Law Review [Vol. XLV: 2012]
If California’s three strikes law is considered overly broad, at the opposite end of the spectrum is Georgia’s version, which only applies to seven specific offenses.11 Colloquially known as Georgia’s “Seven Deadly Sins Law” (two strikes law), Georgia’s two strikes law is considered the nation’s harshest because it only takes two strikes—as opposed to three—for a criminal to be “out.”12 A criminal who is convicted for committing a second serious violent felony is sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole or any other sentence-reducing measures...

 

Marie Absil
# Société Disciplinaire et Société de Contrôle
www.psychiatries.be Centre Franco Basaglia Liège, août 2012
Les caméras de surveillance, la géolocalisation, le marketing, les réseaux sociaux... sont des innovations technologiques qui alimentent, chacune à leur manière, les sociétés de contrôle. Mais la technologie n'est pas seule responsable d'un contrôle qui devient envahissant et permanent. Les formes de contrôle sont peut-être moins évidentes, moins « classiques » que les procédés disciplinaires mais elles n'en sont pas moins présentes dans nos sociétés. Moins visibles, elles n'en sont que plus insidieuses.

 

James Q. Whitman
# The Free Market and the Prison | Book Review - The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order. By Bernard Harcourt, Harvard U. P. 2011
www.harvardlawreview.org/ Harvard Law Review, Vol. 125 · March 2012 · n. 5

 

Kim Williams, Jennifer Poyser, Kathryn Hopkins
# Accommodation, homelessness and reoffending of prisoners: Results from the Surveying Prisoner Crime Reduction (SPCR) survey
www.gov.uk/ march 2012
Prisoners who reported being homeless before  custody were more likely to agree that having a place to live would be important in stopping them from reoffending (87% compared with 55%). Prisoners who reported being homeless before custody were more likely to be reconvicted upon release than prisoners who did not report being homeless (79% compared with 47% in the first year,  and 84% compared to 60% in the second year).

 

Eamonn Carrabine
# Just Images. Aesthetics, Ethics and Visual Criminology
Brit. J. Criminol. (2012) 52, 463–489
The last few years have seen a remarkable visual turn in criminology and this article explores some of the implications of this renewed interest in the power of images. It begins by setting out influential sociological understandings of aesthetics, before turning to the distinctive ethical questions posed by visual representations of harm, suffering and violence that feature so prominently in these multimediated times. These arguments are then developed in relation to the documentary photography tradition, as it explicitly confronts the relationships between aesthetics, ethics and justice...

 

Bernard Harcourt
# Punishment and the myth of natural order: an interview with Bernard E. Harcourt (Eric Anthamatten ed.)
Interview in Cabinet magazine (Issue 46, Summer 2012)

 

John Hagan, Holly Foster

# Intergenerational Educational Effects of Mass Imprisonment in America
Sociology of Education 2012

 

Bruno Gravier, Valérie Moulin, Jean-Louis Senon
# L’évaluation actuarielle de la dangerosité: impasses éthiques et dérives sociétales
L’Information psychiatrique 2012 ; 88 : 599–604

 

Jonathan Simon

# Overcoming Mass Incarceration

Dignity and the American Prissoner: Brown v. Plata and the Jurisprudence of Mass Incarceration

www.law.berkeley.edu/ last visit april 2013

 

Kübra Gültekin, Sebahattin Gültekin
Is juvenile boot camp policy effective?
International Journal of Human Sciences, Volume: 9 Issue: 1 Year: 2012
Militaristic boot camps became very popular in the U.S. in the early 1990’s as an alternative to traditional prisons and probation. Less recidivism and less cost were the shibboleths of correctional boot camps. The boot camps are believed to reduce the number of repeat offenders and to lower operational costs. The rehabilitation programs and aftercare activities are thought to bring ongoing changes in inmates’ behaviors. Therefore, boot camps are strongly supported by politicians and the public. Tax dollars are spent to operate the boot camps. However, despite the fact that only two decades have passed since the existence of juvenile boot camps, numerous studies have declared that juvenile boot camp prisons are ineffective in reducing future offenses of inmates, operational costs, and in continually changing the behaviors of young offenders.

 

Miriam H. Baer
Choosing Punishment
Boston UNiversity of Law, vol. 92, 2012

 

Bernard E. Harcourt

Surveiller et punir à l’âge actuariel. Généalogie et critique (I)

déviance et société 2011, vol. 35, n°1, pp. 5-33

 

Surveiller et punir à l’âge actuariel. Généalogie et critique (partie II)

déviance et société 2011, vol. 35, n°2, pp. 163-194

 

Kristine Levan, Katherine Polzer, Steven Downing
# Media and Prison Sexual Assault: How We Got to the “Don’t Drop the Soap” Culture
International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2011, 674-682
Sexual assault among inmates has become a topic which is generating considerable interest. For many years, public perceptions have been nonchalant and dismissive of this phenomenon. Because the general public has little practical knowledge of the correctional system, these attitudes are likely, at least in part, a result of the media depiction of sexual assault among the incarcerated population. This paper will seek to understand the ways which popular movies characterize sexual misconduct that occurs among inmates. Ultimately, this discussion will help not only understand why individuals hold their beliefs of prison sexual assault, but also allow the public to understand the seriousness this topic.

 

Erwan Dieu et Olivier Sorel
Le concept illusoire d’une catégorisation artificielle: la dangerosité de la délinquance sexuelle
Revue Européenne de Psychologie et de Droit 21spet 2011

 

National Health Care for the Holessness Council
# Criminal Justice, Homelessness & Health
www.nhchc.org 2011

Homelessness contributes to the risk for incarceration, and incarceration contributes to higher risks of homelessness. Approximately 15% of jail inmates had been homeless in the year prior to their incarceration and 54% of homeless individuals report spending time in a correctional facility at some point in their lives. In addition, those experiencing homeless are found to be arrested more often, incarcerated longer, and re-arrested at higher rates than people with stable housing...

 

Jessi Lee Jackson, Erica R. Meiners
# Fear and Loathing: Public Feelings in Antiprison Work
WSQ: Women’s Studies Quarterly 39: 1 & 2 (Spring/Summer 2011)
For antiprison organizers, one potential source of hope in the current economic recession has been an increased willingness of budget-conscious state officials to reconsider mass incarceration. Starting in 2009, many states have tried to decrease prison-related expenses through the expansion of parole and the implementation of early release programs.

 

Francis T. Cullen, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Daniel S. Nagin
# Prisons Do Not Reduce Recidivism: The High Cost of Ignoring Science
The Prison Journal, Supplement to 91(3) 48S–65S 2011
One of the major justifications for the rise of mass incarceration in the United States is that placing offenders behind bars reduces recidivism by teaching them that “crime does not pay.” This rationale is based on the view that custodial sanctions are uniquely painful and thus exact a higher cost than noncustodial sanctions. An alternative position,  developed mainly by criminologists, is that imprisonment is not simply a “cost” but also a social experience that deepens illegal involvement. Using an evidence-based approach, we conclude that there is little evidence that prisons reduce recidivism and at least some evidence to suggest that they have a criminogenic effect.

 

American Civil Liberties Union ACLU
# Smart Reform Is Possible. States Reducing Incarceration Rates and Costs While Protecting Communities
www.aclu.org/ August 2011

Since President Richard Nixon first announced the “War on Drugs” forty years ago, the United States has adopted “tough on crime” criminal justice policies that have given it the dubious distinction of having the highest incarceration rate in the world. These past forty years of criminal justice policymaking have been characterized by overcriminalization, increasingly draconian sentencing and parole regimes, mass incarceration of impoverished communities of color, and rapid prison building. Between 1970 and 2010, the number of people incarcerated in this country grew by 700%. As a result, the United States incarcerates almost a quarter of the prisoners in the entire world although we have only 5% of the world’s population.

 

Alex R. Piquero
# Invited Address: James Joyce, Alice in Wonderland, the Rolling Stones, and Criminal Careers
J Youth Adolescence (2011) 40:761–775
These authors reported an estimate of the present value of saving a 14-year old high risk juvenile from a life of crime to range from $2.6 to $5.3 million, and that saving a high risk youth at birth would save society between $2.6 and $4.4 million... A high rate chronic offender on average would exert a crime penalty of £1,494 ($2,381) per U.K. citizen. In sum, these and related studies indicate that offending over the life-course incurs a considerable amount of economic and social costs and that these costs are differentially distributed across offending trajectories...

 

Russell Smyth
# Costs of Crime in Victoria
Monash University, Discussion Paper 25/2011
This paper has provided an estimate of the costs to the Victorian community in 2009 - 2010. The findings from this study suggest that the costs of crime in Victoria in 2009-2010 were $9.8 billion. This amount is equivalent to $1678 per person in Victoria or 3.4% of Gross State Product in Victoria in 2009-2010...

 

Paolo Buonanno, Francesco Drago, Roberto Galbiati, Giulio Zanella
# Crime in Europe and the United States: dissecting the ‘reversal of misfortunes’
Economic Policy July 2011 pp. 347–385

 

Lisa Guenther
# Solitary Confinement and the Rhetoric of Accountability: A Levinasian Critique
North American Levinas Society | Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, May 2, 2011
We ask too little of prisoners when we lock them into control units where theyare neither allowed nor obliged to create and sustain meaningful, supportive relationswith others. For the sake of justice, not only for them but for ourselves, we must put anend to the use of solitary confinement in this country, and we must begin the difficult but mutually-rewarding work of bringing the tens of thousands of currently-isolatedprisoners back into the world.

 

Sonya Faure
# Récidive: la tentation de prédire. La methode anglo-saxonne évaluant la probabilité pour un détenu de commettre de noveau un délit séduit en France. Au risque d'enfermer plus longtemps
Libération, 25 mars 2011

 

Lucia Beltramini
# La negazione della violenza nella costruzione della mascolinità
Università degi Studi di Trieste | XXIV Ciclo del Dottorato di Ricerca in Neuroscienze e Scienze Cognitive | Anno Accademico 2010-2011
Nella prima metà degli anni Ottanta, gli psicologi Diana Scully e Donald Marolla (1984), decisero di realizzare uno studio qualitativo in sette prigioni di massima e media sicurezza dello Stato della Virginia, intervistando 114 uomini incarcerati per il reato di violenza sessuale nei confronti di donne adulte. L’obiettivo dello studio era di indagare come gli uomini descrivevano le loro esperienze di violenza, se erano consapevoli di quanto avevano fatto e se si sentivano responsabili per l’accaduto. Dall’analisi dei colloqui e dopo aver incrociato i resoconti degli uomini con i loro fascicoli investigativi, è emerso che la maggioranza dei partecipanti non si riconosceva in quanto stupratore. Nel campione intervistato ad ammettere di aver forzato una donna per avere dei rapporti sessuali erano stati 47 uomini (il 41% dei soggetti, identificati come “admitters”); quasi sei uomini su 10 avevano negato l’accaduto, 35 di questi dicendo che il fatto non si era mai verificato e 32 (i “deniers”) sostenendo che non si trattasse di violenza. I resoconti degli admitters erano coerenti con quanto riferito da polizia e vittime, mentre quelli dei deniers differivano significativamente.

 

RAND Europe |  Priscillia Hunt, Beau Kilmer, Jennifer Rubin

# Development of a  European Crime Report Improving safety and justice  with existing crime and criminal justice data
Prepared for the European Commission Directorate-General Home Affairs

Rand Corporation - European Commission 2011

 

Heather Ann Thompson
# Why Mass Incarceration Matters: Rethinking Crisis, Decline, and Transformation in Postwar American History
The Journal of American History, December 2010
By 2006 more than 7.3 million Americans had become entangled in the criminal justice system. The American prison population had by that year increased more rapidly than had the resident population as a whole, and one in every thirty- ne U.S. residents was under some form of correctional supervision, such as in prison or jail, or on probation or parole. As importantly, the incarcerated and supervised population of the United States was, overwhelmingly, a population of color. African American men experienced the highest imprisonment rate of all racial groups, male or female. It was 6.5 times the rate of white males and 2.5 times that of Hispanic males.

 

Valerie Wright
# Deterrence in Criminal Justice Evaluating Certainty vs. Severity of Punishment
www.sentencingproject.org/ November 2010
While the criminal justice system as a whole provides some deterrent effect, a key question for policy development regards whether enhanced sanctions or an enhanced possibility of being apprehended provide any additional deterrent benefits. Research to date generally indicates that increases in the certainty of punishment, as opposed to the severity of punishment, are more likely to produce deterrent benefits. 

 

Raffaella Dimatteo
# Il diritto penale tra principio di extrema ratio e realtà di overcriminalization. Ragione discorsiva, razionalità empirica e democrazia penale: riflessioni intorno alla giustiziabilità del principio di sussidiarietà
Università degli Studi di Trento, 2009-2010

 

Pat O'Malley

# Crime and Risk | Ch. 1 Risk, crime and criminal justice
Sage publication 2010

 

Martine Kaluszynski
# La récidive, une mise à l'épreuve de la République
Jean-Pierre Alline et Mathieu Soula. Les récidivistes. Représentations et traitements de la récidive XIX-XXI siécle PUR 2011, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, pp.141-154, 2010
Le phénomène de la récidive, et les solutions qu'il a engendrées révèlent des agencements et des conceptions qui peuvent nous sembler un paradoxe de la république (au vu d'une image illustrée avec éclat par de grandes lois de libertés publiques), mais en fait dévoilent tout simplement une facette, un trait saillant de la République à l'action. En quelque sorte, la récidive est un objet pénal total.

 

Henrik Andershed, Anna-Karin Andershed
# Risk-need assessment for youth with or at risk for conduct problems: introducing the assessment system ESTER
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 5 (2010) 377–383
This paper introduces ESTER, a research based and computerized risk-need assessment system for youths (0-18 years) with or at risk for conduct problems. The ESTER-system includes a screening tool/questionnaire (ESTER-screening) and a professional structured risk-need assessment instrument (ESTER-assessment). This article briefly presents the background and purpose of ESTER, and the risk and protective factors assessed. It also illustrates how the computerized system effectively helps in presenting results of single as well as repeated assessments, assisting the practitioner in tailoring suitable interventions...

 

Leonidas K. Cheliotis, Sappho Xenakis
# What’s neoliberalism got to do with it? Towards a political economy of punishment in Greece
Criminology & Criminal Justice: An International Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2010 

 

Bruce Western, Becky Pettit
# Incarceration & social inequality
Daedalus Summer 2010, Vol. 139, No. 3, Pages 8-19
Crime is just one danger, joining unemployment, poor health, and family instability along a spectrum of threats to an orderly life. Public safety is built as much on the everyday routines of work and family as it is on police and prisons. Any retrenchment of the penal system therefore must recognize how deeply the prison boom is embedded in the structure of American social inequality. Ameliorating these inequalities will be necessary to set us on a path away from mass incarceration and toward a robust, socially integrative public safety.

 

Robert Weisberg, Joan Petersilia
# The dangers of Pyrrhic victories against mass incarceration
Dædalus Summer 2010


M. B. Short, A. L. Bertozzi, P. J. Brantingham
# Nonlinear Patterns in Urban Crime: Hotspots, Bifurcations, and Suppression
SIAM J. APPLIED DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 462–483, 2010


Roberto Camarlinghi, Francesco d’Angella (eds) | Testi di Giovanni Jocteau, Rossana Giove, Enrico Teta, Sara Zazza, Stefania Pasqualin, Stefano Bolognesi
# Solo il carcere nel futuro delle nuove «classi pericolose»?
Animazione Sociale novembre | 2010
Il carcere sta diventando il luogo della reclusione di una serie di problemi un tempo affrontati con politiche di welfare. Prova ne è che il 60% della popolazione detenuta è composta dalle fasce più deboli: tossicodipendenti, stranieri, senza dimora, sofferenti psichici. Dati che indicano come il carcere sia oggi utilizzato come dispositivo di governo e controllo delle questioni sociali. Come il luogo, per citare Zygmunt Bauman, «dell’esclusione sociale continuata, forse permanente» di una popolazione sempre più povera e relegata ai margini...  «Detenuti sociali», in questo senso, sono i tossicodipendenti, gli immigrati e tutti quei soggetti non integrati come senza dimora, sofferenti psichici, ecc. Ciò che li accomuna è la precarietà della loro condizione, legami sociali frammentati o inesistenti, l’accumularsi di fatiche cresciute negli anni.

 

Pietro Buffa (intervista a cura di R. Camarlinghi e F. d'Angella)
# Perdere i vinti è perdere noi stessi. Se il carcere denuncia il ricorso alle (troppe) discariche sociali
Animazione Sociale novembre 2010

 

American Civil Liberties Union ACLU
# In for a Penny. The Rise of America’s New Debtors’ Prisons
www.aclu.org/ October 2010

 

John R. Hipp, Joan Petersilia, Susan Turner
# Parolee Recidivism in California: The Effect of Neighborhood Context and Social Service Agency Characteristics
Criminology 2010 48(4): 947-979

 

Adrienne Austin
# Criminal Justice Trends Key Legislative Changes in Sentencing Policy, 2001–2010
http://archive.vera.org/ September 2010
The “tough on crime” political mantra that drove sentencing legislation 30 years ago has transformed into talk of being “smart on crime,” with increasing reliance on research and data to drive and substantiate policy decisions. This willingness to adopt less punitive, more rational sentencing policies is driven, in part, by budget concerns that have emerged and remained prominent in recent years.

 

Laurie A. Gould
# Perceptions of Risk, Need, and Supervision Difficulty in the Community Corrections Setting
The Southwest Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 6(3) 2010

 

Marion Vacheret

# La nouvelle pénologie constitue-t-elle l’avenir de l’exécution des peines privatives de liberté?
Les chroniques du cirap Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Appliquée au champ Pénitentiaire
Énap École national d'administration pénitentiaire | www.enap.justice.fr/ Janvier 2010

 

Lincoln Quillian, Devah Pager

# Estimating Risk: Stereotype Amplification and the Perceived Risk of Criminal Victimization

Social Psychology Quarterly 73(1):79-104. 2010

 

Dimitris Koros
# Prisons in the Neoliberal Era: Class and Symbolic Dimensions
Dissertation.com Boca Raton 2010

 

Aya Gruber
# A Distributive Theory of Criminal Law
Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1 (2010)

 

Ronald E. Wilson
# Place as the Focal Point: Developing a Theory for the DDACTS Model
Geography Public Safety, June 2010
Individuals who commit crimes are also likely to commit traffic violations that lead to crashes. This research states that these individuals exhibit one or a combination of behavioral problems, which include a lack of self-control, a persistent risk-taking behavior, or a lack of moral development. Simply put, an individual who engages in risky behavior in one activity will likely engage in risky behavior in other activities.

 

Robin Antony Duff
# A Criminal Law for Citizens
Theoretical Criminology · August 2010
Rather than appealing to penal parsimony as a constraint on the otherwise insatiable demands of the criminal justice system, we should develop a positive account of the proper aims of criminal law which shows parsimony, or moderation, to be integral to those aims. We can do this by developing a republican conception of criminal law as a law that citizens impose on themselves: such a law will be modest in its scope, and will provide a criminal process of trial and punishment that addresses those subjected to it with the respect due to them as citizens.

 

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development | Office of Policy Development and Research | Prepared by Martha R. Burt, Jenneth Cerpenter, Samuel G. Hall, Kathrin A. Henderson, Debra j. Rog, John A. Hornik, Ann V. Denton, Garrett E. Moran

# Strategies for Improving Homeless People's Access to Mainstream Benefits and Services
HUD’s Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R) - March 2010
In 2000, HUD, in recognition that any solution to homelessness must emphasize housing, targeted its McKinney-Vento Act homeless competitive programs towards housing activities. This policy decision presumed that mainstream programs such as Medicaid, TANF and General Assistance could pick up the slack produced by the change. This study examines how seven communities sought to improve homeless people’s access to mainstream services following this shift away from funding services through the Supportive Housing Program (SHP). By examining the different organizations used and activities undertaken by communities to maximize homeless people’s access to mainstream benefits and services, this study provides communities with models and strategies that they can use. It also highlights the limits of what even the most resourceful of communities can do to enhance service and benefit access by homeless families and individuals.

 

Laurent Mucchielli
# Vers une criminologie d’État en France ? Institutions, acteurs et doctrines d’une nouvelle science policière
www.cairn.info/ Politix, 2010/1 n° 89, p. 195-214
Depuis 2007 et l’élection de Nicolas Sarkozy à la présidence de la République, on assiste au retour du débat sur la légitimité scientifique d’une discipline baptisée « criminologie » en France ainsi qu’à la mise en place d’une série d’institutions visant à centraliser et contrôler la production des statistiques et, plus largement, la production de connaissance dans le domaine de la sécurité et de la justice. Ces processus sont mis en oeuvre par un réseau d’acteurs qui partagent une conception policière de cette science (la connaissance de la délinquance a pour but l’interpellation des délinquants). Ce sont ces institutions, ce réseau d’acteurs et cette doctrine que le présent article s’efforce d’objectiver.

 

Laurent Mucchielli
# De la criminologie comme science appliquée et des discours mythiques sur la « multidisciplinarité » et « l’exception française »
http://champpenal.revues.org/ Champ Pénal, Vol. VIII, 2010
L’objet de cet article est de montrer que la pluridisciplinarité est un discours mythique (irréel) qui se trouve démenti empiriquement à la fois par l’histoire des sciences en France et par l’observation un peu attentive des « modèles » étrangers généralement désignés, en particulier l’École de criminologie de Montréal. On comprend mieux dès lors pourquoi la criminologie ne peut exister qu’en tant que science appliquée et ne saurait être une science fondamentale. On contribue aussi, au fil de la démonstration, à une réflexion sur les conditions et les limites du dialogue interdisciplinaire au sein des sciences humaines et sociales.

 

D. A. Andrews, James Bonta
# Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice
Psychology, Public Policy, and Law | 2010, Vol. 16, No. 1, 39–55
Programs that adhere to the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model have been shown to reduce offender recidivism by up to 35%. The model describes: a) who should receive services (moderate and higher risk cases), b) the appropriate targets for rehabilitation services (criminogenic needs) and c) the powerful influence strategies for reducing criminal behavior (cognitive social learning). Although the RNR model is well known in the correctional field it is less well known, but equally relevant, for forensic, clinical, and counseling psychology.

 

International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC)
# Crime Prevention and Community Safety. Trends and Perspectives
www.crime-prevention-intl.org/ 2010
At the international level there is a consensus that good governance is central to achieving sustainable development and safe, secure societies. Many international organizations have emphasized the importance of strengthening and reforming institutions, to ensure access to justice and the rule of law. They have often seen good governance largely in terms of strengthening criminal justice systems, for example, and the reform of state structures, particularly to reduce corruption and aid transparency. The increasing capacity of state structures is only one aspect of good governance. It is also important to build capacity for governance beyond the institutions of the state, particularly where they are weak and lack resources and/or legitimacy.

 

Christine S. Scott-Hayward | VERA Institute of Justice
# The Fiscal Crisis in Corrections: Rethinking Policies and Practices
New York: Vera institute of Justice, 2009
A growing body of research suggests that improving community supervision and helping formerly incarcerated people reintegrate into society can save money and, in many cases, also increase public safety. Over the past decade, more and more states have begun to focus on these strategies... Given that more than five million people in the United States are on probation, parole, or post-prison supervision and that many of them will return to prison for failing to comply with their conditions of supervision, states are looking for ways to reduce both the cost of supervision and the number of technical violations that return people into custody—violations of conditions of release, such as not attending meetings with parole officers or failing drug tests. The costs of technical violations are huge: more than one-third of prison admissions are the result of a parole violation...

 

Alice Goffman
# On the Run: Wanted Men in a Philadelphia Ghetto
American Sociological Review, 2009 74: 339
The number of people incarcerated in the United States has grown seven times over the past 40 years, and this growth has been concentrated among Black men with little education. For Black men in recent birth cohorts, the experience of incarceration is now typical: 30 percent of those with only high school diplomas have been to prison, and 60 percent of those who did not finish high school have prison records by their mid-30s. One in four Black children born in 1990 had a father imprisoned. Such “mass imprisonment” transmits social and economic disadvantage, to be sure...

 

Stephen F. Eisenman
# The Resistable Rise and Predictable Fall of the U.S. Supermax
Monthly Review 2009

 

Hannah Holleman , Robert W. McChesney , John Bellamy Foster, R. Jamil Jonna
# The Penal State in an Age of Crisis
Monthly Review 2009

 

Bruce Western, Christopher Wildeman
# Punishment, Inequality, and the Future of Mass Incarceration
Kansas Law Review vol. 57, 2009

 

Emily G. Owens
# More Time, Less Crime? Estimating the Incapacitative Effect of Sentence Enhancements
Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 52 (August 2009)
The relationship between incarceration and crime rates is further complicated because incarceration theoretically has two distinct effects on individual criminal behavior: deterrence and incapacitation. A deterred offender is able to commit crime but chooses not to, whereas an incapacitated offender would choose to commit crime but is unable to do so. The relative contribution of these factors to the decline in crime has important fiscal implications for governments.

 

Philippe Robert
# L’évaluation des politiques de sécurité et de prévention en Europe
www.crimprev.eu/ 2009
Le dernier demi-siècle a vu apparaître de nouveaux et puissants instruments de connaissance de la délinquance. Leur particularité consiste à s’affranchir des données institutionnelles dans lesquelles l’étude du crime s’était traditionnellement enfermée. Non seulement ces instruments ont renouvelé – au moins partiellement – la connaissance scientifique que l’on avait de la délinquance, mais encore ils peuvent constituer des outils importants d’aide à la décision.

 

Giuseppe Campesi
# Recensione a Bernard E. Harcourt, Against prediction. Profiling, policing, and punishing in an actuarial age, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2007
Studi sulla questione criminale, III, n. 1, 2008, pp.113-119

 

Laurent Mucchielli
# Une «nouvelle criminologie» française ? Pourquoi et pour qui?
http://laurent-mucchielli.org/ RSC Octobre - Décembre 2008
Les universités et le CNRS sont aujourd’hui saisis du projet de création d’une « nouvelle criminologie » française émanant du pouvoir politique actuel et s’inscrivant dans un programme plus vaste de mise sous tutelle de la recherche sur les questions de sécurité et de justice pénale. L’auteur se propose ici de montrer que ce projet ne présente pas les garanties requises en termes de cohérence intellectuelle et scientifique, d’indépendance de la recherche et d’existence de débouchés pour une telle formation universitaire. Il rappelle également la nature des conceptions épistémologiques défendues par les principaux protagonistes de cette entreprise, en émettant à cet égard les plus expresses réserves.

 

Bernard Harcourt interviewé par Antoine Garapon

«La criminologie actuarielle»
France Culture, Le bien commun - 23 avril 2008

 

Clive R. Hollin
# Evaluating offending behaviour programmes: Does only randomization glister?
Criminology & Criminal Justice 2008

 

Gilles Chantraine
# The Post-Disciplinary Prison
http://foucaultblog.wordpress.com/ Carceral Notebooks, Volume 4, 2008
The emergence of the post-disciplinary model in Canada followed the wave of criticism that broke upon the correctional services during the 1970s. The promotion of prisoners’ rights, a discourse based not on the improvement of conditions of detention but on the rights-of-prisoners-ascitizens was an important engine of the process.

 

Fabienne Brion
# Des classes à la population? Formules de gouvernement et détention
http://foucaultblog.wordpress.com/ Carceral Notebooks, Volume 4, 2008
Soit deux formes d’investissement politiques du corps : la forme prison, d’une part ; la forme du partage du demos entre un peuple-sujet et un peuple-objet du pouvoir et des lois, en cet avatar qu’est le partage entre les nationaux et les étrangers, d’autre part. Toutes deux assurent une prise sur le corps, l’une via la criminalité, l’autre via l’extranéité.

 

Paul J. Hirschfield
# Preparing for prison? The criminalization of school discipline in the USA
Theoretical Criminology 2008

 

Laetitia Delannoy-Brabant - Centre d’analyse stratégique

# Quelles évolutions des politiques de traitement du crime à l’ère de la « nouvelle pénologie » ? Une perspective internationale

La note de veille n° 106 Juillet 2008

 

Katherine Beckett and Steve Herbert
# Dealing with disorder: Social control in the post-industrial city
Theoretical Criminology 2008; 12; 5

 

Carissa Byrne Hessick
# Why Are Only Bad Acts Good Sentencing Factors?
Boston University Law Review, vol. 88, 2008

 

nternational Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC)
# Crime Prevention and Community Safety. Trends and Perspectives
www.crime-prevention-intl.org/ 2008
Crime prevention “comprises strategies and measures that seek to reduce the risk of crimes occurring, and their potential and harmful effects on individuals and society, including fear of crime, by intervening to influence their multiple causes”. Within this framework and as described in this report, prevention includes social prevention (or “prevention through social development”)* emphasising the promotion of well-being and social cohesion through intervention in the fi elds of health, education, economic, urban and social development, crime prevention at the local level or “community-based crime prevention”* mobilising all members of the community, situational and environmental prevention* and fi nally the prevention of recidivism.

 

Jeffrey Fagan, Tracey L. Meares
# Punishment, Deterrence and Social Control: The Paradox of Punishment in Minority Communities
Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, vol. 6, 2008

The failure of crime rates to decline commensurately with increases in the rate and severity of punishment reveals a paradox of punishment: recent experiments have shown that among persons of color, especially those who are poor or reside in poor neighborhoods, harsher punishment has produced iatrogenic or counterdeterrent effects...

 

Martine Kaluszynski
# Le retour de l’homme dangereux. Réflexions sur la notion de dangerosité et ses usages
Champ pénal/Penal field Vol. V | 2008
In France, the re-emergence of the notion of dangerousness in the process of law-making makes it necessary to elaborate on the objectives of political actors. The aim of this article is to analyse the social construction of this notion through the criminological discourse at the end of the XIXth century. The Third Republic is preoccupied by the question of recidivism, fears degenerescence and birth rate decline, and is seduced by another notion emerging at this time: eugenics.

 

Andrew Bosworth
# Incarceration Nation: The Rise of a Prison-Industrial Complex
Dissident Voice | A Radical Newsletter in the Struggle for Peace and Social Justice November 8th, 2008

 

Jens Soering
# Correctional Capitalism in the “Land of the Free”. How profit fuels Americ's prison  industry and keeps our citizens in captivity
Prism 2008

 

Peter Scharff Smith
# Solitary confinement. An introduction to The Istanbul Statement on the Use and Effects of Solitary Confinement
Torture, Volume 18, Number 1, 2008

United Nations General Assembly


# Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Note by the Secretary-General
UN General Assembly 28 July 2008
Interim report of the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak

 

International Psychological Trauma Symposium, Istanbul.
# The Istanbul statement on the use and effects of solitary confinement
http://solitaryconfinement.org/ 9 December 2007
Solitary confinement harms prisoners who are not previously mentally ill and tends to worsen the mental health of those who are. The use of solitary confinement in prisons should therefore be kept  to a minimum. In all prison systems there is some use of solitary confinement – in special units or prisons for those seen as threats to security and prison order...

 

Bernard E. Harcourt
# Post-Modern Meditations on Punishment: On the Limits of Reason and the Virtues of Randomization (A Polemic and Manifesto for the Twenty-First Century)
social research Vol 74 : No 2 : Summer 2007

 

Thibaut Slingeneyer

# The new penology: a grid for analyzing the transformations of penal discourses, techniques and objectives
Champ pénal vol. IV, 2007

 

Eric Helland, Alexander Tabarrok
# Does Three Strikes Deter? A Non-Parametric Estimation
The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Spring, 2007), pp. 309-330
We take advantage of the fortuitous randomization of trial outcome to provide a novel strategy to identify the deterrent effect exclusive of incapacitation. The identification strategy allows us to estimate the deterrent effect non-parametrically using data solely from the threestrikes era. We find that the third strike provision of California’s three strike legislation significantly reduces felony arrests rates by among the class of criminals with two strikes by 17 to 20 percent.

 

Curt T. Griffiths, Yvon Dandurand, Danielle Murdoch
# The Social Reintegration of Offenders and Crime Prevention
National Crime Prevention Centre (NCPC), Ottawa April 2007

 

Stephen D. Hart, Christine Michie, David J. Cooke
# Precision of actuarial risk assessment instruments. Evaluating the‘margins of error’ of group v. individual predictions of violence

The British Journal of Psychiatry (2007)

 

Stephen Metraux, Caterina G. Roman,Richard S. Cho
# Incarceration and Homelessness
2007 National Symposium on Homelessness Research
This paper provides a synthesis of the emerging literature on the nexus between incarceration and homelessness. The authors explain how the increasing numbers of people leaving carceral institutions face an increased risk for homelessness and, conversely, how persons experiencing homelessness are vulnerable to incarceration. The authors review recent efforts to address reentry issues and review research results on studies of homelessness among prison and jail populations and research on incarceration among people who homeless. After reviewing common barriers to housing for people who have been incarcerated, the authors assess what is known about the effectiveness of services and housing interventions to address these barriers and outline needs for future research.

 

Malathi Velamuri, Steven Stillman
# Longitudinal Evidence on the Impact of Incarceration on Labour Market Outcomes and General Well-Being
www.melbourneinstitute.com/ March 2007
This paper examines the causal effect of being incarcerated on labour market outcomes and general well-being using longitudinal data from the nationally representative Household Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia survey. Crucially for our analysis, individuals in HILDA are asked whether they experienced a number of major life events in the previous year including being detained in a jail or a correctional facility. While only a small number of individuals (less than 100) are incarcerated in the three waves of HILDA data used in this paper, the richness of the data allows us to extend the literature in a number of ways.

 

Hazel Kemshall and Jason Wood
# Beyond public protection: An examination of community protection and public health approaches to high-risk offenders
Criminology and Criminal Justice 2007; 7; 203

 

Martin Grann, Niklas Langstrom
# Actuarial Assessment of Violence Risk. To Weigh or Not to Weigh?
Criminal Justice and Behavior, vol. 34, January 2007

 

Jean-Baptiste Thomas-Sertillanges
# Identification biométrique, protection des données et droits de l’homme

Mémoire soutenu par Jean-Baptiste Thomas-Sertillanges en vue de l’obtention du Master - Session de Septembre 2007
http://www.univ-paris1.fr/
Depuis quelques années, une intelligentsia mondiale s’est férocement engagée pour contrer la véritable croisade menée par les industriels et les États du monde entier en faveur de la biométrie.  La nature du juriste ne l’incitant traditionnellement pas à prendre pour parole d’évangile  l’argumentaire des acteurs économiques et encore moins les justifications gouvernementales  restreignant les libertés des citoyens, il n’apparaît pas anormal que nombre d’entre eux se rangent  aux côtés des défenseurs des droits de l’homme et des pourfendeurs de l’État omniscient. D’autant  que l’introduction de la biométrie se fait dans une certaine forme d’opacité, qui pourrait justifier une opposition de principe

 

Muncie, John

# Governing Young People: coherence and contradiction in contemporary youth justice

Critical Social Policy, 26(4), 2006, pp. 770–793.

 

Eileen Baldry, Desmond McDonnell, Peter Maplestone, Manu Peeters
Ex-Prisoners, Homelessness and the State in Australia
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, vol. 39, n. 1, 2006

International research has consistently indicated that suitable housing is a vital factor in ex-prisoners’ social integration. This project investigated whether and to what extent ex-prisoner housing and associated social factors are important to integration in Australia, specifically New South Wales and Victoria, where no reliable prior research on this matter had been done. Analyses indicated significant differences between states; chronic homelessness, poverty and lack of support in the participants’ lives; and that accommodation instability is a predictor of return to prison.

 

Anabela Miranda Rodrigues

L’exécution de la peine privative de liberté, Problèmes de politique criminelle
Colloque de la Fondation internationale pénale et pénitentiaire « L’exécution des sanctions privatives de liberté et les impératifs de la sécurité » 2006 , Budapest, Hongrie

 

Bernard E. Harcourt
# Carceral Continuities
www.thecarceral.org/ The Carceral Notebooks vol. 2, 2006
Today, the categories of “mental illness” and “criminal deviance” seem so distinct. With the exception of the 16 percent or more prison inmates who are diagnosed as suffering from mental illness, it feels so wrong, so confused to lump together the insane and the criminal, to mix the two categories. It seems almost insulting. But is it? Will later generations question our own inability to see the continuity of spatial exclusion and confinement?

 

Alexandra Natapof
# Underenforcement
Fordham Law Review, vol 75, 2006

 

Leonidas K. Cheliotis
# How iron is the iron cage of new penology? The role of human agency in the implementation of criminal justice policy
Punishment & Society 2006 vol. 8(3), 313-340

 

James Austin, Tony Fabelo, Angela Gunter, Ken McGinnis
# Sexual Violence In The Texas Prison System
www.JFA-Associates.com - March 2006

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the nation’s third largest prison system (along with California and the Federal Bureau of  Prisons) with over 150,000 prisoners. Each year approximately 500-600 prisoner on prisoner sexual assaults are reported by prisoners and staff to the TDCJ. For each reported assault, detailed information is collected and stored on a specially created database that was developed as part of the agency’s effort to report, evaluate and reduce prison sexual assaults.

 

Adolphus G. Belk Jr
A New Generation of Native Sons: Men of Color and the Prison-Industrial Complex
Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies 2006

 

Trevor Jones, Tim Newburn
Exploring Symbol and Substance in American and British Crime Control Politics
Brit. J. Criminol., 46, 2006
In sum, the ‘three strikes’ story highlights the haphazard and contingent nature of penal policy making. In this, it conforms closely to Kingdon’s observation that the public policy process includes ‘considerable doses of messiness, accident, fortuitous coupling and dumb luck’...

 

Federica Resta

Nemici e criminali. Le logiche del controllo

L'indice Penale, gennaio-aprile 2006

 

Bruce Western, Becky Pettit
Black-White Wage Inequality, Employment Rates, and Incarceration
American Journal of Sociology, September 2005
The incarcerated significantly increased their share of total joblessness between 1980 and 1999. Among all white men of working age, about 2% of those without jobs were in prison or jail in 1980 compared to 6% by 1999. The share of inmates among the jobless is almost twice as high for white men ages 22–30. Incarceration’s share of joblessness is much higher for blacks. More than 20% of nonworking black men of working age were in prison or jail in 1999. Among black men ages 22–30, incarceration accounted for 30.5% of all joblessness in this same year.

 

Vanessa Barker
# The politics of punishing. Building a state governance theory of American imprisonment variation
Punishment & Society 8(1) 2006

 

Roger Matthews
# The myth of punitiveness
Theoretical Criminology 9(2) 2005

 

Alexander Belser
# Revisiting the Carceral City: From Panopticonism to Self-Governmentalism in the Late-Modern Prison
Cambridge University 31 March 2005

 

Richard Dubourg, Joe Hamed, Jamie Thorns
# The economic and social costs of crime against individuals and households 2003/04
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ Home Office 2005

 

Jean-François Cauchie, Gilles Chantraine
# Use of Risk in the Government of Crime. New Prudentialism and New Penology
http://champpenal.revues.org/ Champ Pénal, vol. II, 2005

 

Mike Davis
# Il volto urbano del controllo sociale
Next Nuove Energie X il Territorio – Teorie e pratiche del controllo sociale. Carcere, migrazioni, società | 2005

 

Bernard E. Harcourt
# Rethinking Racial Profiling: A Critique of the Economics, Civil Liberties, and Constitutional Literature, and of Criminal Profiling More Generally
The University of Chicago Law Review | Volume 71 Fall 2004 Number 4

 

Gilles Chantraine
# Prison et regard sociologique. Pour un décentrage de l'analyse critique
Champ Pénal, vol. I, 2004
Il nous semble essentiel que les sociologues de la prison redoublent non seulement d'imagination sociologique, mais également de vigilance critique vis-à-vis de leurs propres présupposés, de leurs propres habitudes et des principes de justice sociale à partir desquels ils adoptent leur posture critique. Il faut donc soumettre la critique à la critique, non pas pour l'annihiler mais au contraire pour saisir sa nature et évaluer sa portée potentielle.

 

Pat O’Malley

# The Uncertain Promise of Risk
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology | vol 37, n. 3, 2004

 

Caterina Gouvis Roman, Jeremy Travis
# Taking Stock: Housing, Homelessness, and Prisoner Reentry
Urban Institute Justice Policy Center, March 2004
Every prisoner facing discharge from a correctional institution must answer this question: “Where will I sleep tonight?” For many returning prisoners, the family home provides an answer to that question. But reunions with families are not always possible—or are only temporary—sometimes due to the dictates of criminal justice or housing policies, or sometimes due to family dynamics. For those who cannot return to the homes of families or friends, the question of housing becomes considerably more complex. For some, the final answer to the question “Where will I sleep tonight?” is a homeless shelter or the street

 

Becky Pettit, Bruce Western
# Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration
American Sociological Review, vol. 69, April 2004
Although growth in the U.S. prison population over the past twenty-five years has been widely discussed, few studies examine changes in inequality in imprisonment. We study penal inequality by estimating lifetime risks of imprisonment for black and white men at different levels of education. Combining administrative, survey, and census data, we estimate that among men born between 1965 and 1969, 3 percent of whites and 20 percent of blacks had served time in prison by their early thirties. The risks of incarceration are highly stratified by education. Among black  men born during this period, 30 percent of those without college education and nearly 60 percent of high school dropouts went to prison by 1999. The novel pervasiveness of imprisonment indicates the emergence of incarceration as a new stage in the life course of young lowskill black men.

 

James P. Lynch, William J. Sabol
# Assessing the Effects of Mass Incarceration on Informal Social Control in Communities
Criminology and Public Policy, Mar 2004

 

Julia Sudbury
# A World Without Prisons: Resisting Militarism, Globalized Punishment, and Empire
Social Justice Vol. 31, Nos. 1–2 (2004

 

Laurent Mucchielli
# L’impossible constitution d’une discipline criminologique en France. Cadres institutionnels, enjeux normatifs et développements de la recherche des années 1880 à nos jours
Criminologie, vol. 37 no 1 (2004)

 

Bernard E. Harcourt
# The Shaping of Chance: Actuarial Models and Criminal Profiling at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century

University of Chicago Law Review, 2003

 

Nan Ellin
# Fear and City Building
The Hedgehog Review / Fall 03

“Prisonization”—or the increased building of prisons to deal with crime—is another example of retreating. This trend has been taken even further as many states have been moving their prisons to other states and privatizing them. There are currently 124 private jails in the United States, and the state of Texas has 38 of these. Florida ranks second. These states pay private companies to care for the inmates, an “industry” growing at an annual rate of 35%.

 

Vera Institute of Justice | Nino Rodriguez, Brenner Brown
# Preventing Homelessness Among People Leaving Prison
Vera Institute of Justice 2003
At any given time in Los Angeles and San Francisco, 30 to 50 percent of all people under parole supervision are homeless. In New York City, up to 20 percent of people released from city jails each year are homeless or their housing arrangements are unstable. One study found that at least 11 percent of people released from New York State prisons to New York City from 1995 to 1998 entered a homeless shelter within two years—more than half of these in the first month after release...

 

Eric S. Janus, Robert A. Prentky
# Forensic use of actuarial risk assessment with sex offenders: accuracy, admissibility and accountability
Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1443 (2003)

The decade of the nineties ushered in an unprecedented number of state and federal laws intended to manage sexual offenders. Among the most controversial are the so-called “sexually violent person” (hereinafter “SVP”) laws —schemes that use civil commitment to supplement criminal sentences in order to incapacitate the “most dangerous” sex offenders. Risk assessment—the prediction  of sexual recidivism—is essential to this legislative agenda. As a result, the demand for specialized risk assessments has been rapidly growing, and has produced a “cottage industry of forensic psychologists” and vigorous development of actuarial and other structured approaches to supplement the traditional clinical assessment of this risk.

 

David Garland
# The Rise of Risk

in R. Ericson (ed) Risk and Morality, Toronto: University of Toronto Press (2003), pp 48–86

 

Simone Lucido
# Tutti dentro. Dallo Stato sociale allo Stato penale
Postfazione a Alain Brossat, Scarcerare la società, Milano, Eleuthera, 2003

 

Yves Zenou
# The Spatial Aspects of Crime
Journal of the European Economic Association April–May 2003 1(2–3):459 – 467

 

John Braithwaite
What’s Wrong with the Sociology of Punishment?
Australian National University - Regulatory Institutions Network (RegNet), Research School of Social Sciences | November 20, 2002

 

Mike Hough

# Populism and Punitive Penal Policy

The centre for crime and justice studies -cjm - no. 49 Autumn 2002There are two striking facts about crime and justice across the developed world over the last decade or so. Crime, with some exceptions, has been in decline; and punitive penal policies have been on the increase. The trend is particularly marked in the industrialized Englishspeaking world. In England and Wales crime has fallen significantly since the mid-1990s whether measured by the British Crime Survey or by police statistics... It is also important to ensure that the political costs of penal populism are increased.

 

Stephen Metraux, Dennis P. Culhane
# Homeless Shelter Use and Reincarceration Following Prison Release: Assessing the Risk
October 2002

In the past two decades both the homeless and the prison populations have grown substantially. These two phenomena may be interrelated insofar as the difficulties in reintegrating into the community may increase the risk of homelessness for released prisoners, and homelessness may in turn increase the risk for subsequent reincarceration. This study examines the incidence of shelter use and reincarceration among a cohort of 48,424 persons who were released, either outright or on parole, from New York State prisons to New York City in 1995-1998...

 

Robert H. DeFina, Thomas M. Arvanites
# The Weak Effect of Imprisonment on Crime: 1971–1998
Spcoal Science Quarterly, vol. 83, n. 3, Sept. 2002

 

Daniel F. Wilhelm, Nicholas R. Turner | Vera Institute of Justice
# Is the Budget Crisis Changing the Way We Look at Sentencing and Incarceration?
Vera Institute of Justice 2002.
The budget traumas of the current economic crisis are playing out against a backdrop of changed public attitudes about crime and incarceration. While perhaps immediately cost effective, prison closings, layoffs, and program eliminations fail to address the broader issue of how to better manage a state’s fiscal resources. As this Issue in Brief shows, several states have seized on the importance and value of creating governmental organizations and arming them with appropriate instruments to take up this systemic challenge. The experiences of Kansas, North Carolina, and Virginia illustrate the importance of creating a state entity that can inform the creation of sentencing and corrections policy by providing data-based information that can both predict a system’s needs and guide development of laws and policies that respond to those needs. And, as the innovations in these three states show, such reform-minded responses need not compromise public safety.

 

Bruce Western, Becky Pettit
# Beyond Crime and Punishment: Prisons and Inequality
http://faculty.washington.edu/ Contexts, fall 2002
The inequalities produced by the penal system are new. The state and federal governments have never imprisoned so many people, and this increase is the result not of more crime but of new policies toward crime. This expansion of imprisonment represents a more massive intrusion of government into the lives of the poor than any employment or welfare program.

 

Stephen D. Hart
# Actuarial Risk Assessment: Commentary on Berlin et al.
http://faculty.uml.edu/ 2002
Berlin and his colleagues have raised some important questions regarding the use of actuarial risk assessment instruments in sex offender civil commitment proceedings, also known as sexually violent predator or SVP proceedings. Their primary point is that interpreting the findings of existing actuarial risk assessment instruments is a tricky business because it is not certain the extent to which probability estimates derived from group data can be applied to individual cases. I agree completely with Berlin et al. on this point, but disagree with them concerning the extent to which probability estimates — and, therefore, actuarial instruments — are legally relevant in SVP proceedings. I outline some potential problems with respect to the legal admissibility of actuarial instruments, including their legal relevance. 

 

Fred S. Berlin, Nathan W. Galbreath, Brendan Geary, Gerard McGlone
# The Use of Actuarials at Civil Commitment Hearings to Predict the Likelihood of Future Sexual Violence
http://faculty.uml.edu/ 2002
Finally, from an ethical perspective, it is important to note that actuarial methods represent a form of profiling. For example, arguably the likelihood of committing a future violent crime may be heightened amongst persons within a group who (1) have previously been convicted of a criminal offense involving a handgun, (2) have had a prior diagnosis of a personality disorder, (3) are impoverished, (4) are residents of an inner city ethnic ghetto, (5) come from a single parent home, (6) had failed to graduate from high school, (7) had a history of school truancy and (8) are male. However, to deprive any given individual within such a group of his future liberty based primarily upon such group membership, ostensively in order to treat his personality disorder, would likely never be tolerated. In a free society, predicting a given individual’s future dangerousness based predominately upon membership in a purportedly “high risk” group, can itself constitute a dangerous precedent.

 

John R. Sutton
# Imprisonment and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from 15 Affluent Western Democracies
University of California, January 9, 2002

 

William J. Stuntz
# The Pathological Politics of Criminal Law
Harvard Law School Public Law - Working Paper No. 022 (2001)

 

David Garland

# The Culture of Control. Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society | Ch 1 - A History of the Present

Oxford Un. Pr. 2001

 

Philippe Mary

# Pénalité et gestion des risques: vers une justice “ actuarielle ” en Europe ?
Dév. et soc., 2001, vol.25, n°1, pp. 33-51.

 

Terri Adams-Fuller
# Prison Industrial Complex
Institute for Public Safety & Justice Fact Sheet | Winter 2001

 

Christopher D. Man, John P. Cronan
# Forecasting Sexual Abuse in Prison: The Prison Subculture of Masculinity as a Backdrop for "Deliberate Indifference".
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 92 Fall 2001
Our analysis of prisoner rape relies on the unique dynamics of the subculture that pervades many male penal institutions. This subculture, which relies on an aggressive conception of masculinity, places the quest for power and dominance at the forefront.' sexBehind prison walls, male inmates are stripped of most traditional means of asserting their masculinity and, consequently, turn to intimidation and aggression...

 

The Civil Rights Project | Harvard University
# Opportunity Suspended: The Devastating Consequences of Zero Tolerance and School Discipline
Report from A National Summit on Zero Tolerance, June 15-16, 2000, Washington, D. C.

 

Sam Brand, Richard Price
# The economic and social costs of crime
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ Home Office Research Study 217, October 2000

 

John Pratt
# The return of the wheelbarrow men; or, the arrival of postmodern penality?
Brit. J. Criminol. (2000)40, 127-145

 

Alfred Blumstein
# Disaggregating the Violence Trends
in A. Blumstein, J. Wallman (eds), The Crime Drop in America
Cambridge University Press 2000

 

Julie Sudbury
# Transatlantic visions: Resisting the globalization of mass incarceration
Social Justice; Fall 2000

 

Pat O’Malley

# Volatile and contradictory punishment
Theoretical Criminology 1999 Vol. 3(2): 175–196

 

Daniel Kessler, Steven D. Levitt
# Using Sentence Enhancements to Distinguish Between Deterrence and Incapacitation
Journal of Law and Economics, 42(1), 1999

 

David Lapido
# Regulating the American Labour Market. The Role of the Prison Industrial Complex
21st Conference of the International Working Party on Labour Market Segmentation,Bremen (Germany), September 9th to 11th 1999

 

Edward L. Glaeser, Bruce Sacerdote
# Why Is There More Crime in Cities?
Journal of Political Economy, 1999, vol. 107, no. 6, pt. 2

 

John Pratt
# Sex crime and new punitiveness
www.aic.gov.au/ Australian Institute of Criminology 1999

 

Laurent Mucchielli
# Les champs de la sociologie pénale. Vingt ans de recherches et de débats dans Déviance et Société (1977-1997)
Déviance et société. 1999 - Vol. 23 - N°1. pp. 3-40.

 

David Garland

# Les contradictions de la "société punitive" : le cas britannique

In: Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. Vol. 124, septembre 1998. De l’État social à l’État pénal. pp. 49-67

 

Karol Lucken
# Contemporary penal trends: modern or postmodern?
British Journal of Criminology  | January 01, 1998 |

 

Florence Raynal
# De l’Etat social à l’Etat carcéral. Une seule punition, l’enfermement ?
www.monde-diplomatique.fr/ juillet 1998

Pour vider les prisons - ou ne plus les remplir -, plusieurs organisations de juges s’interrogent aussi sur l’impact de certaines condamnations. C’est le cas de celles qui concernent les étrangers en situation irrégulière, lesquels représentent une fraction importante du nombre des détenus. En quoi l’enfermement apporte-t-il une solution à ce type de délits ? Même question pour la toxicomanie, surtout quand aucune prise en charge adaptée n’est assurée ? « A des problèmes divers, on applique une réponse unique. On justifie un système parce qu’on n’en a pas cherché d’autres », conclut M. Patrick Marest.

 

Michael Vitiello
# Three Strikes: Can We Return to Rationality
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, v. 87, Winter 1997
California's widely publicized "Three Strikes"' legislation was the culmination of over a decade of "get tough on crime" legislation. The story surrounding Three Strikes is symptomatic of the excesses of our nation's crime prevention policy during the 1980s and 1990s. Despite a threefold increase in the nation's prison population between 1980 and 1994,s most Americans felt more vulnerable to violent crime than they did a decade earlier.

 

Wendy L. Watson, Joan Ozanne-Smith
# The Cost of Injury to Victoria
Monash University, Report 124, December 1997
In 1993/94, injuries resulted in at least 1,487 deaths (with an estimated 142 deaths occurring in later years as a result of injuries sustained in that year), 67,402 persons hospitalised, and an estimated 397,160 medically-treated, non-hospitalised injured persons in Victoria in 1993/94. In total, over 466,000 people were injured or 10.5 persons injured per year for every 100 Victorian residents. he total lifetime cost of injury sustained in 1993/94, in Victoria, is $2,583 million, consisting of direct costs of $759 million, plus indirect costs including mortality costs of $813 million and morbidity costs of $1,010.5 million.

 

Janet Chan

# The Limits of Incapacitation as a Crime Control Strategy
http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/ NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research 1995

 

Steven D. Levitt
# Why Do Increased Arrest Rates Appear to Reduce Crime: Deterrence, Incapacitation, or Measurement Error?
www.nber.org/ National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 5268, September 1995

A strong, negative empirical correlation exists between arrest rates and reported crime rates. While this relationship has often been interpreted as support for the deterrence hypothesis, it is equally consistent with incapacitation effects, and/or a spurious correlation that would be induced by measurement error in reported crime rates. This paper attempts to discriminate between deterrence, incapacitation, and measurement error as explanations for the empirical relationship between arrest rates and crime.

 

Joachim J. Savelsberg
# Knowledge, Domination, and Criminal Punishment
The American Journal of Sociology, Val. 99, No.4 (Jan., 1994)

 

Terrie E. Moffitt
# Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy
Psychological Review, 1993, Vol. 100, No.4, 674-701
The stability of antisocial behavior is closely linked to its extremity. The extreme frequency of crime committed by a very few males is impressive; it has been repeatedly shown that the most persistent 5% or 6% of offenders are responsible for about 50% of known crimes. In their study of 10,000 men, Wolfgang et al. found that 6% of offenders accounted for more than half of the crimes committed by the sample; relative to other offenders, these high-rate offenders began their criminai careers earlier and continued them for more years.

 

Malcolm M. Feeley, Jonathan Simon

# The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications
Criminology 449 (1992),
http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/

 

Peter W. Greenwood, Susan Turner
# Selective Incapacitation Revisited. Why the High-Rate Offenders Are Hard to Predict
National Institute of Justice NIJ | The RAND Corporation 1987

 

Philip J Cook

# Criminal Incapacitation Effects Considered in a Adaptive Choice Framework

in The Reasoning Criminal, Ed. Derek Cornish and Ron Clarke, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986: 202-216.

 

Louk H. C. Hulsman
# Critical criminology and the concept of crime
Contemporary Crises, 1986, 10(1): 63-80

 

Norval Morris, Marc Miller
# Predictions of Dangerousness
Crime and Justice, vol. 6, 1985

 

Tamar Lewin
# Making Punishment Fit Future Crimes
The New York Times, November 14, 1982

 

Jan Chaiken, Marcia Chaiken
# Varieties of Criminal Behavior
www.rand.org/ Rand Corporation, 1982

 

Peter Greenwood, Allan Abrahamse
# Selective Incapacitation
Prepared for The National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice
Rand Corporation | August 1982

 

Kristen M. Williams

Selection Criteria for Career Criminal Programs
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 71, Summer 1980

 

Joan Petersilia, Paul Honig
# The Prison Experiences of Career Criminals

Prepared under a grant from the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice
The RAND Corporation 1981
Revolving-door justice seems to be associated with career criminals-those persistent offenders who make repeated transits of the criminal justice system. They sometimes avoid conviction entirely, or are convicted of only a few of many  alleged crimes, or are incarcerated for a short period...

 

Peter Greenwood, Jan Chaiken, Joan Petersilia, Mark Peterson
The Rand Habitual Offender Project: a Summary of Research Findings to Date
The Rand Corporation | March 1978

 

Michael I. Liechenstein
# Reducing Crime in Apartment Dwellings: a Methodology for Comparing Security Alternatives
Rand June 1971

 

The President's Commissione on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
# The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society
www.ncjrs.gov/ Washington 1967

 

Sanford H. Kadish

# Some Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing Economic Regulations

Chi. L. Rev. 423 (1962)

 

Anche il capitalismo più altamente organizzato... si trova ancor sempre dinanzi al conflitto tra la sempre più larga disponibilità di mezzi potenzialmente atti a pacificare la lotta per l'esistenza, ed il bisogno di intensificare codesta lotta; tra la progressiva «abolizione del lavoro» ed il bisogno di conservare il lavoro come fonte di profitto. Il conflitto perpetua l'esistenza inumana di coloro che formano la base umana della piramide sociale - gli ultimi venuti ed i poveri, i disoccupati e coloro che non sono occupabili, le razze di colore perseguitate, gli ospiti delle prigioni e delle case di cura per malattie mentali. (H. Marcuse, L'uomo a una dimensione)

 

privatization

 

Darwin BondGraham
# California bans private prisons – including Ice detention centers
www.theguardian.com/ Thu 12 Sep 2019

 

Urban Justice Center
# The Prison Industrial Complex: Mapping Privare Sector Players
www.urbanjustice.org/ April 2018
Today, more than half of the $80 billion spent on incarceration annually in the U.S. is used to pay the thousands of vendors that serve the criminal legal system.They are healthcare providers, food suppliers, commissary merchants, and more. Focused on their bottom line and advantaged by an obscure and often monopolistic environment, the private, for-profit corporations that operate in the prison industrial complex raise particular concerns for the incarcerated population, vulnerable to corporate abuse. This report exposes over 3,100 corporations that profit from the devastating mass incarceration of our nation’s marginalized communities. It serves as the largest lens into the prison industrial complex ever published. While this report still far from covers all the private sector companies in this space, it captures all the major players.

 

Marta Valier
# Quando il carcere è un affare privato. Il fenomeno delle prigioni quotate in Borsa in Usa
caffe.ch, 3 dicembre 2017
Già prima di Trump, il settore privato era proprietario di nove dei dieci più grandi centri di detenzione per migranti e aveva in gestione il sessantacinque per cento dei migranti detenuti. Durante l’ultimo anno della presidenza Obama, il dipartimento di Homeland Security aveva detenuto più di 352mila migranti, con una media di circa 31mila al giorno. Per farsi un’idea del business, nel 2014, il governo statunitense ha speso più di due miliardi di dollari per mantenere in funzione i centri di detenzione. Trump quindi ha solo dato una spinta a una politica già avviata dall’amministrazione precedente. Una spinta piuttosto forte, che ha ampliato le categorie dei migranti irregolari passibili di arresto e ordinato la loro detenzione.

 

Marco Valsania
# Trump-trade: dalle carceri s'involano azioni e obbligazioni
www.ilsole24ore.com/ 1 marzo 2017
Il settore carcerario americano - privato e pubblico - si sta avvantaggiando delle crociate anti-crimine di Donald Trump e delle sue promesse di legge e ordine. Le azioni dei due maggiori gruppi for profit di centri di detenzione, CoreCivic e Geo Group, hanno visto i loro prezzi in Borsa raddoppiare dal giorno delle elezioni l'8 novembre ad oggi, all'indomani cioè del primo discorso di Trump al Congresso a Camere riunite. Sono, inoltre, vicini ai massimi delle ultime 52 settimane, in rialzo rispettivamente del 19% e del 68 per cento nel corso di un intero anno.

 

Fredreka Schouten
# Private prisons back Trump and could see big payoffs with new policies
www.usatoday.com/ USA TODAY, Feb. 23, 2017

GEO Group, one of the nation’s largest forprofit prison operators, donated $250,000 to support Trump’s inaugural festivities... Another prison operator, CoreCivic, gave $250,000 to support Trump’s inauguration, recently filed congressional reports show. Forprofit prison companies' hopes for significant gains under the Trump administration already are coming to fruition...

 

Alan Travis
# Privatisation of probation service has left public at greater risk. Chief inspector of probation says some offenders not seen for months and some lost in the system entirely
www.theguardian.com/ Thu 15 Dec 2016
The public have been left more at risk by the privatisation of the probation service with some offenders not seen for weeks or months and others lost in the system altogether, according to an official watchdog.
inspection report published on Thursday said probation services in north London have deteriorated since a community rehabilitation company took over the supervision of medium- to low-risk offenders in 2014 and was now poorer than any other area that had been inspected this year. [The Report...]

 

Sally Q. Yates
# Memorandum for the Acting Director Federal Bureau of Prisons. Reducing our Use of Private Prisons
Office of Deputy Attorney General, August 18, 2016

Matt Zapotosky, Chico Harlan, # Justice Department says it will end use of private prisons, The Washington Post, August 18, 2016

Luca Celada # Stati Uniti. Obama "stop alle prigioni private", Il Manifesto, 20 agosto 2016

 

Jane Andrew, Max Baker, Philip Roberts
# Prison Privatisation in Australia: The State of the Nation Accountability, Costs, Performance and Efficiency
https://sydney.edu.au/ June 2016
In terms of costs, there is no evidence to suggest the hybrid model operating in South Australia is cost-effective. Indeed, South Australia makes limited information about the cost of the contract available to the public at certain levels of occupancy, but it is difficult to determine the actual cost at the level of occupancy that is currently operational. The state does not make available the costs per prisoner per day across the sector, prohibiting comparisons of this kind. In terms of performance, a lack of information related to actual, as opposed to expected, outcomes prohibits a proper assessment of Mount Gambier. Whilst KPIs and SLAs are made publicly available, we do not know how Mount Gambier performs in relation to these or the amount they are paid in PLFs...

 

Carlo Alberto Romano, Luisa Ravagnani, Nicoletta Policek
# La privatizzazione degli Istituti di Pena: il caso Italia
Rassegna Italiana di Criminologia, anno X, n. 1, 2016
Alla base della privatizzazione rimane comunque il concetto di massimizzazione dei profitti: detenere il più alto numero di persone al costo più basso possibile. Il risultato di questa formula non può che essere la riduzione delle spese relative al personale penitenziario, ai servizi offerti e all’aumento della popolazione dei reclusi...

 

Alberto Flores D'arcais
# Stati Uniti: le celle trasformate in affari, negli Usa il boom dei privati
La Repubblica, 30 maggio 2016

Il business delle prigioni private negli Usa sta vivendo da anni un vero e proprio boom, in controtendenza rispetto agli sforzi federali che da un qualche tempo tentano (con pene alternative) di ridurre il mostruoso numero di carcerati (circa 2,2 milioni, in percentuale sulla popolazione il più alto numero al mondo) che affollano le prigioni Usa. Sono già 138, con 133mila detenuti, diffuse in tutti gli States, altre ne stanno costruendo...

 

Kyle Coleman
# Private Prisons in New York
faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/ Saturday, May 2nd 2015

The growth of the private prison industry threatens our political system, by encouraging the undue and outsized influence of said firms... From 2000 to 2011, the national prison population grew by 16%, while the private prison population grew by 106%. During approximately the same period, Corrections Corporation of America and GEO Group, two of the largest private prison companies, spent $13,990,000 and $3,110,000, respectively, on lobbying efforts...

 

William Paul Simmons, Leonard Hammer
# Privatization of Prisons in Israel and Beyond: A Per Se Violation of the Human Right to Dignity
Santa Clara Journal of International Law, Volume 13, 2015
Making a rather ambitious, broad-form decision, the Israeli Supreme Court (ISC) in 2009 ruled that privatization of prisons is a per se violation of human rights, in particular the rights to liberty and dignity. The Court ruled that it was not the often deleterious consequences of privatization that violated the rights to liberty and dignity, but that privatization of prisons by itself was a violation.

 

Anita Mukherjee
# Do Private Prisons Distort Justice? Evidence on Time Served and Recidivism
University of Wisconsin - Madison - School of Business, March 15, 2015
I contribute new evidence on the impact of private prisons on prisoner time served and recidivism by exploiting the staggered entry and exit of private prisons in Mississippi between 1996 and 2004. My first result is that private prisons increase a prisoner's fraction of sentence served by an average of 4 to 7 percent, which equals 60 to 90 days; this distortion directly erodes the cost savings offered by privatization. My second result is that prisoners in private facilities are 15 percent more likely to receive an infraction (conduct violation) over the course of their sentences, revealing a key mechanism by which private prisons delay release. Conditional on receiving an infraction, prisoners in private prison receive twice as many. My final result is that there is no reduction in recidivism for prisoners in private prison despite the additional time they serve...

# Peter Kerwin, Study finds private prisons keep inmates longer, without reducing future crime, http://phys.org/ 11 June 2015

 

Giuseppe Caputo
# Stati Uniti: lavori forzati, il sogno di Report (e l'incubo dei detenuti) qui è già realtà
Il Garantista, 21 dicembre 2014

Ma il dato forse più decisivo nel sancire l'inefficienza dei lavori forzati made in Usa è il fatto che hanno aumentato i costi a carico del pubblico invece di diminuirli. L'amministrazione per attrarre i privati ad investire nel penitenziario consente loro di gestire direttamente alcune prigioni e/o di assumere i detenuti con paghe da fame. I privati fanno così affari d'oro anche perché la gran parte dei costi (quali quelli di mantenimento dei detenuti e di sicurezza) sono sostenuti dal pubblico. Questo sistema nel giro di pochi anni ha prodotto un forma di corporate welfare, finanziato con soldi pubblici, che sta arricchendo le imprese del settore penitenziario senza vantaggi reali per la collettività. Un business da 1 miliardo di dollari l'anno, secondo una recente indagine del Seattle Times.

 

Mike Baker, Michael J. Berens | A Seattle Times Investigation
# Broken prison labor program fails to keep promises, costs millions
http://projects.seattletimes.com/ , Dec. 13 -15, 2014

 

Devlin Barrett
# Prison Firm CCA Seeks to Reduce Number of Repeat Offenders. Company Pushes to Reduce Costs Associated with Recidivism
Wall Street Journal, Sept. 12, 2014

CCA Corrections Corp. of America, has built a profitable business from incarcerating people—nearly 70,000 inmates are currently housed in more than 60 facilities. The company is the fifth-largest correction system in the country, after only the federal government and the states of California, Florida and Texas...

 

Trades Union Congress (TUC).
# Justice for sale – the privatisation of offender management services. A TUC report based on research by the New Economics Foundation
www.tuc.org.uk/ 2014
Electronic monitoring: Electronic monitoring allows the imposition of movement restrictions on offenders and the remote monitoring of curfew compliance. Defendants on bail, offenders serving a community or a suspended sentence, or who are on early release from prison are fitted with ankle bracelets which communicate with a base station in their place of residence. This device reports back to a central provider, confirming whether the offender is at home. The service has  been outsourced since its inception and is commissioned nationally by NOMS.

Private management of prisons: The UK has the most privatised prison system in Europe with one in six prisoners held in privately managed prisons. 1 Supporters of private prisons argue that they are cheaper and more effective thanpublicly run institutions. However, critics have raised concerns around staffing levels and the effect that the make-up of private sector prisons is having on inmates.

 

ACLU American Civil Liberties Union
# Warehoused and Forgotten: Immigrants Trapped in Our Shadow Private Prison System
www.aclu.org/ June 2014

Prisoners report that there is only one doctor for the entire population of 3,500 prisoners and that the doctor is infrequently present at any particular unit of the facility. Health care services are primarily provided by nurses, who arereportedly overworked and underresourced. It may take weeks or even months to see a physician’s assistant or doctor after initial evaluation by a nurse. “Sick-call” lines to access medical services are long, and prisoners report that they are sometimes forced to choose between eating a meal and receiving medical attention—a practice that is especially hazardous for prisoners with conditions such as diabetes, for which scheduling medication and food intake is necessary to prevent emergencies.

 

Aaron Cantú
# America on lockdown: Why the private prison industry is exploding. For-profit companies are buying up any politician they can find to expand their share of the “market”
AlterNet 15 april 2014
While the total prison population in the country grew 16% between 2000 and 2011, the state private prison population grew 106%. Yet despite this astronomical growth, not a single independent study has ever corroborated the incarceration industry’s claim that its services save taxpayers’ money... There are two reasons for this astronomical growth: Official lobbying and revolving door politics...

 

Matt Stroud
# Private Prison Racket. Companies that manage prisons on our behalf have abysmal records. So why do we keep giving them business?
www.politico.com/ February 24, 2014
As inmate populations have soared over the last 30 years, private prisons have emerged as an appealing solution to cash-starved states. Privately run prisons are cheaper and can be set up much faster than those run by the government. Nearly a tenth of all U.S. prisoners are housed in private prisons, as are almost two-thirds of immigrants in detention centers—and the companies that run them have cashed in. CCA, the oldest and largest modern private prison company, took over its first facility in 1983. Now it’s a Wall Street darling with a market cap of nearly $3.8 billion. Similarly, GEO Group, the second largest private-prison operator, last week reported $1.52 billion in revenue for 2013.

 

Alexander Volokh
# Philosophical Objections to Prison Privatization. Israeli Supreme Court strikes down privatization statute on “liberty” and “dignity” grounds
November 26, 2013
The Israeli opinion is interesting both for what it might portend in other countries and as an example of the sort of high-level political-theory reasoning about privatization that seems foreign to the U.S. constitutional tradition. Prison litigation is important in the U.S., but always in terms of instrumental concerns like the constitutional rights of prisoners and the accountability of prison authorities. Private prisons are considered  state actors in the U.S., so public and private prisoners have all the same constitutional rights.

 

Alexander Volokh
# Privatization and the Constitutional Delegation of Coercive Power in Germany. German Supreme Court upholds a (more-or-less) private delegation of the use of force
October 30, 2013
From a comparative constitutional perspective, it’s interesting to compare this German case with related American doctrines... Does the fact that the Germans have a specific piece of privatization-related text to interpret make a difference, compared to the relatively vague text of the U.S. Constitution? Perhaps not: the “as a rule” exception here allowed plenty of room for creative interpretation, and future Courts that are more or less friendly to privatization could interpret the scope of the exception more broadly or narrowly. On the other hand, it seemed to anchor the analysis in a way that was absent in the Israeli Supreme Court’s decision striking private prisons. Interpreting specific text probably tends to make judges more like appliers of law and less like philosopher kings.

 

Alexander Volokh
# Prison Accountability and Performance Measures
Emory Law Journal vol. 63, 2013
This Article argues that performance measures should be implemented more widely in evaluating prisons. Implementing performance measures would advance our knowledge of which sector does a better job, facilitate a regime of competitive neutrality between the public and private sectors, promote greater clarity about the goals of prisons, and, perhaps most importantly, allow the use of performance-based contracts.

 

Nina Champion, Kimmett Edgar | Prison Reform Trust and Prisoners Education Trust
# Through the Gateway. How Computers Can Transform Rehabilitation
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/ First published in 2013
... Laptops, tablets, PCs, smart phones, the cloud… It’s  hard to think of an area of our lives that has not been touched by the new technologies or the way in which we operate not transformed. There is a dark side to these developments too. We have learnt some hard lessons about how these technologies can be abused and our children have had to be taught how to use them safely. Most prisoners are excluded from all this and are placed at the far end of the digital divide. Neither helped to obtain any of the benefits these new technologies bring nor supported and supervised to avoid its risks.

 

Raffaella Cosentino
# Il grande business dei Centri accoglienza. La loro gestione diventa una miniera d'oro
http://inchieste.repubblica.it/ 16 ottobre 2013
Castelnuovo di Porto... per il triennio fino al 2016 l'appalto è di 21.352.500 euro. Per ora la struttura è ancora in mano all'Associazione temporanea di imprese (Ati) formata dalle associazioni Acuarinto di Agrigento e Synergasia di Roma con a capo la francese Gepsa (Gestion etablissements penitenciers services auxiliares) e Cofely Italia, entrambe sono società che appartengono al gruppo Gdf-Suez, multinazionale dell'energia. Gepsa in Francia lavora nel campo delle carceri.

 

Cody Mason
# International Growth Trends in Prison Privatization
http://sentencingproject.org/ The Sentencing Project August 2013
Although privatization has enjoyed a steady reemergence in the United States, the companies managing these facilities have faced persistent criticism for providing low-quality services, failing to save taxpayer money, and negatively affecting criminal justice policy. Despite these failures, several countries have followed the United States in utilizing private prisons and detention centers with the intent of decreasing correctional expenditures and reducing prison overcrowding. These developments have helped  private U.S. prison companies diversify their investments at a time when America’s prison population growth has stalled...

 

Maria Sosa Troya
# Arranca la privatización de la seguridad exterior en las cárceles
El Pais Madrid 7 may 2013
La presencia de vigilantes privados en las cárceles españolas es ya un hecho. Ayer, 250 trabajadores se incorporaron a 21 centros, donde se encargarán de "labores secundarias", según fuentes del Ministerio del Interior, que aseguran que se trata de un proyecto piloto que durará nueve meses y que en ningún caso supondrá la sustitución de policías y guardias civiles, que ahora están encargados de la protección en las prisiones.... Ni llevarán pistola ni tendrán trato directo con los internos. Así explica un portavoz del ministerio la labor de los vigilantes de seguridad privada: se encargarán de la visualización de monitores y de controlar el perímetro de los centros penitenciarios, tarea que ya desempeñan agentes de la policía y la Guardia Civil. La intención del Gobierno es comprobar si funciona el plan y si los nuevos trabajadores son capaces de desempeñar estas tareas que no exigen una especialización. De ser así, el Ejecutivo se plantea, a largo plazo, liberar a uniformados de sus tareas en las cárceles..

 

Peter H. Kyle
# Contracting for Performance: Restructuring the Private Prison Market
http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr, vol. 54, 2013
In the extensive literature on prison privatization, critics clearly recognize the perverse incentive structures the private prison industry creates but nevertheless fail to move the cheese, instead proposing simply to kill the mouse. This Note serves as an attempt to begin filling this gap in the literature by establishing a theoretical and practical framework for restructuring the private prison market and the incentives corrections companies face. 

 

Michael Santos
# Blocking Internet access in prisons is a crime against common sense
www.dailydot.com/ April 23, 2013
Allowing prisoners access to the Internet—to blog, to email, to write about their experiences—would almost certainly help us learn much sooner about these violent and reckless abuses of power, and perhaps even help prevent them from happening. Outside prison doors over past 25 years, the ubiquitous presence of video cameras has gone a long way toward reducing police brutality. That awareness advanced prospects for justice.

 

Grant Duwe, Valerie Clark
# The Effects of Priivate Prison Confinement in Minnesota on Offender Recidivism
http://www.doc.state.mn.us/ March 2013
This study analyzes whether private prison confinement in Minnesota has had an impact on recidivism by examining 3,532 offenders released from prison between 2007 and 2009. The evidence suggests that private prisons are not more effective in reducing recidivism, which may be attributable to fewer visitation and rehabilitative programming opportunities for offenders incarcerated at private facilities.

 

Will Tanner
# The case for private prisons
Reform Ideas No 2 - February 2013

 

Human Rights Advocates
# Human Rights Implications of Private Prisons
www.humanrightsadvocates.org/ February 2013
The human rights implications of private prisons raise concern in countries where private companies are profiting off imprisonment. Private companies have an incentive for higher rates of imprisonment in order to maximize profits. The most affected are immigrants who have taken the brunt of the privatization, by being imprisoned for non-criminal offenses across the globe. The United States, United Kingdom, and Australia utilize private prisons the most. The facilities cut costs in order to maximize profits. The resultant treatment of prisoners in such an environment creates an advocacy for transparency in the prisons. It is a multi-billion dollar industry profiting off the despair of its prisoners.

 

Judith Resnik
# Globalization(s), privatization(s), constitutionalization, and statization: Icons and experiences of sovereignty in the 21st century
I·CON International Journal of Constitutional Law - January 2013

A few decisions break the constitutional silence on privatization. One case, whose name (Academic Center of Law and Business V. Minister of Finance) gives no hint that its subject matter is prisons, was issued in 2009 by Israel's Supreme Court,I6 The Israeli Parliament had, in 2004, licenced a single "private" prison with 800 beds... The Israeli Supreme Court, in turn, undertook its own "comparative analysis" to address "the phenomenon of prison privatization around the world." After surveying diverse case law and political theories, the justices concIuded that privatization was constitutionally noxious as a domestic matter, because the legislation chartering the prison violated prisoners' human dignity and liberty, expressly protected by one of Israel's Basic Laws...

 

Shaun Genter, Gregory Hooks, Clayton Mosher
# Prisons, Jobs and Privatization: The Impact of Prisons on Employment Growth in Rural U. S. Counties, 1997-2004
http://cooley.libarts.wsu.edu/ January 2013

According to Hallett, the incarceration boom diverted public resources “toward prisons and away from public programs in education and childcare.” Coming to terms with the impacts of privatization is of growing importance. Facing budget pressures, a growing number of states are contracting out public services, including corrections. Our findings suggest these trends will have deleterious consequences for rural counties and their  efforts to expand and retain middle-class jobs.

 

Adrian Smith
# Private vs. Public Facilities, Is it cost effective and safe?
corrections.com, 06/11/2012
Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) has a capacity of more than 80,000 beds in 65 correctional facilities. The GEO Group operates 61 facilities with a capacity of 49,000 offender beds.An evaluation of 24 different studies on cost-effectiveness revealed that, at best, results of the question are inconclusive and, at worst, there is no difference in cost-effectiveness.An evaluation of 24 different studies on cost-effectiveness revealed that, at best, results of the question are inconclusive and, at worst, there is no difference in cost-effectiveness.

 

Sandro Cabral, Stéphane Saussier
# Organizing Prisons through Public-Private Partnerships: a Cross-Country Investigation
http://anpad.org.br/ Brazilian Administration Review 2012
In this paper, we analyze the private participation in prison services in three countries: Brazil, France, and the United States. We highlight striking differences in efficiency between these countries and argue that the explanation for these differences is not restricted to the way property rights are distributed (i.e. public vs. private management). Instead, our analysis suggests that understanding those differences also requires an analysis of the incentives provided by contractual choices as well as decision and revenue rights distribution and institutional constraints. The theoretical literature usually analyzes these blocks separately, and often focuses on property rights distribution. We argue that an efficient arrangement is the result of the way these elements are combined, giving rise to a distinctive governance structure.

 

Michael Cryans, Omer Ahern, Ray Burton | Travis Blalock, Benjamin Schifberg, Christopher Whitehead
# Methods of Privatization. Privatization in State Parks, Hospitals, and Prisons
http://rockefeller.dartmouth.edu/ June 22, 2012

 

Vicki Helyar-Cardwell (ed)
# Delivering Justice. The role of the public, private and voluntary sectors in prisons and probation
Criminal Justice Alliance, May 2012

 

United States Department of Justice | Civil Rights Division
# Investigation of the Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility
Walnut Grove, Mississippi - March 20, 2012
WGYCF is a 1,500-bed prison that houses young men aged 13-22 years who are in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections (“MDOC”)... The Facility is owned by the Walnut Grove Development Authority (“WGDA”). The WGDA contracts with a private, for-profit company, the GEO Group, Inc. (“GEO”), to operate the Facility... In violation of their constitutional rights, youth at WGYCF are not adequately protected from harm by staff or other youth, suffer sexual abuse, are denied adequate medical and mental health care, are not protected from suicide risk, and are inadequately supervised. These unsafe conditions of confinement create an environment that is dangerous and detrimental to youth development and well-being. The constitutional deprivations uncovered by our investigation are not the result of isolated incidents or the misconduct of a few WGYCF staff members. Instead, WGYCF’s deliberate indifference to protecting youth from harm is a systemic failure.

 

Cody Mason
# Too Good to be True. Private Prisons in America
The Sentencing Project, January 2012
The available evidence does not point to any substantial benefits to privatizing prisons. Although there are instances where  private prisons result in small savings, the structure and demands of for-profit prisons appear to produce a negative overall  impact on services. In order to reconcile this information with the continued claims  that private prisons are superior, one must assume that these contentions are  couched more in ideology than in facts.

 

Daphne Barak-Erez
# The Private Prison Controversy and the Privatization Continuum
Law & Ethics of Human Rights, Volume 5, Issue 1, 2011
Imprisonment calls into question the institutionalized violence of the state and its organs. It touches on the very core of the meaning of state sovereignty and concerns one of the most disempowered groups of society: indicted criminals. Therefore, privatization of prisons signals the willingness to apply privatization policies almost with no limitations. Private prisons have become a known phenomenon in many countries. After the debate on this issue seemed to lose its pragmatic value—in contrast to its importance on the theoretical level—privatization of prisons reemerged as an issue of legal debate due to the Israeli Supreme Court decision that declared a law authorizing the establishment of a private prison unconstitutional.

 

American Civil Liberties Union ACLU
# Banking on Bondage. Private Prisons and Mass Incarceration
ACLU, NY, November 2, 2011

 

Veronica Smink
# Brasil tendrá las primeras cárceles privadas de América Latina
BBC Mundo, Cono Sur - Domingo, 19 de junio de 2011

El complejo penal de Ribeirão das Neves, en el estado de Minas Gerais, y el Centro Integrado de Resocialización de Itaquitinga, en Pernambuco, tendrán capacidad para alojar a unos 3.000 presos, respectivamente.
Ambos presidios se construyeron siguiendo el modelo de Sociedad Pública-Privada (PPP, según su sigla en portugués y en inglés), un formato desarrollado por el gobierno británico que permite usar capital privado para pagar por infraestructura pública.
... Por ahora esta cárcel será una experiencia de prueba, si tiene éxito quizás adoptemos el sistema

 

Cour des comptes
# Les partenariats public-privé pénitentiaires. Communication à la commission des finances de l’économie générale et du contrôle budgétaire de l’Assemblée Nationale
www.ccomptes.fr/ Octobre 2011
La logique progressive d’externalisation des fonctions pénitentiaires non régaliennes se traduit par une part croissante de crédits consacrés à la gestion déléguée. Ainsi, de 2002 à 2010 les crédits consommés de gestion déléguée ont augmenté de 118 % tandis que dans le même temps les crédits consommés du ministère de la justice (hors titre 2) n’ont augmenté que de 40 %. Mais dans le même temps, l’élargissement du périmètre d’intervention du secteur privé dans les prisons n’a pas d’impact notable sur les charges de personnels qui continuent de progresser (augmentation de 200 % des crédits de titre 2 de 1997 à 2011).

 

Richard A. Oppel Jr

# Private Prisons Found to Offer Little in Savings

The New York Times, May 18, 2011

Despite a state law stipulating that private prisons must create “cost savings,” the state’s own data indicate that inmates in private prisons can cost as much as $1,600 more per year, while many cost about the same as they do in state-run prisons.

 

Arizona Department of Corrections ADC
# FY 2010 Operating Per Capita Cost Report. Cost Identification and Comparison of State and Private Contract Beds
Bureau of Planning, Budget and Research - April 13, 2011
Section II identifies inmate management functions that are provided by and paid for by the state but are not provided by the private contractors. This inequity increases the state per capita cost which in comparison, artificially lowers the private bed cost... The state pays for and provides a majority of the inmate management functions which the private contract vendors do not. As a result, the "real" costs for private contract beds are understated in comparison to the reported costs for state beds...

 

Barak Medina
# Constitutional Limits to Privatization: The Israeli Supreme Court Decision to Invalidate Prison Privatization
Hebrew University of Jerusalem - Faculty of Law | August 30, 2010
The Israeli Supreme Court recently decided to strike down legislation to establish a privately operated prison. The Court’s decision to invalidate this legislation is interesting, as it stipulates that prison privatization is unconstitutional per se, irrespective of its specific characteristics or expected outcome. It ruled that executing governmental powers by prison staff employed by a for-profit organization violates the prisoners’ basic rights to liberty and human dignity. This essay discusses this position, and points out some of its difficulties. It suggests that while the decision’s ultimate outcome can be justified, it would have gained greater (normative) legitimacy if it were based on a constitutional norm prohibiting the privatization of “core” governmental powers rather than on an analysis of human rights.

 

Israeli High Court of Justice (HCJ)
# HCJ 2605/05 Academic Center of Law and Business v. Minister of Finance
2 Kislev 5770 - 19 November 2009

Facts: The Knesset enacted the Prisons Ordinance Amendment Law (no. 28), 5764-2004 (‗amendment 28‘), which provides that the State of Israel will establish, for the  first time, a (single) prison that will be operated and managed by a private  corporation rather than by the state. The constitutionality of this law was challenged by the petitioners, who argued that amendment 28 disproportionately violated the rights of prison inmates as a result of the actual transfer of imprisonment powers to a private enterprise, and as a result of the concern that human rights in a private prison would be violated to a greater extent than in a state-run prison. Held: (Majority opinion — President Beinisch, Vice-President Rivlin, Justices Procaccia, Grunis, Naor, Arbel, Joubran, Hayut) Amendment 28 violates human rights disproportionately and is therefore unconstitutional.

 

American Friends Service Committee
# Prison Privatization in Arizona
www.afsc.org/ October 2010

 

Gerald G. Gaes
# The Current Status of Prison Privatization Research on American Prisons
From the SelectedWorks of Gerald G Gaes | August 2010
While the earlier studies found privatization was associated with lower recidivism rates, the last of this series of studies conducted by Bales et al., found no difference in the recidivism rates between inmates primarily housed in privately operated as opposed to publicly operated facilities. The Bales et al analysis was the most rigorous of all of these studies...

 

Barak Medina
# Constitutional limits to privatization: The Israeli Supreme Court decision to invalidate prison privatization
International Journal of Constitutional Law 8,4 (2010) 690-713
The Israeli Supreme Court recently decided to strike down legislation to establish a privately operated prison. The Court’s decision to invalidate this legislation is interesting, as it stipulates that prison privatization is unconstitutional per se, irrespective of its specific characteristics or expected outcome. It ruled that executing governmental powers by prison staff employed by a for-profit organization violates the prisoners’ basic rights to liberty and human dignity. This essay discusses this position, and points out some of its difficulties. It suggests  that while the decision’s ultimate outcome can be justified, it would have gained greater (normative) legitimacy if it were based on a constitutional norm prohibiting the privatization of “core” governmental powers rather than on an analysis of human rights.

 

David W. Miller
# The Drain of Public Prison Systems and the Role of Privatization: An Analysis of State Correctional Systems
ProQuest Discovery Guides, February 2010
In 1984 only three states had privatized some of their prisons; however, by 1994 thirty states contracted with private organizations to house some of their inmates, while the private prison population grew from 20,000 to over 140,000 within a decade. Lastly, the number of sites significantly increased.

 

Mary Sigler

# Private Prisons, Public Functions, and the Meaning Punishment
Florida State University Law Review, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2010
As the prison population in the United States soars, states and the federal government have come to rely increasingly on private prisons. In 2007, private detention facilities housed more than seven percent of incarcerated adults in federal and state prisons... If private prisons achieve any cost savings, they come at the expense of inmate well-being... Finally, the profit motive creates perverse incentives to extend inmate sentences and promote criminal justice policies that yield more and longer prison sentences regardless of whether they are in the public interest. While these important policy considerations may be reason enough to worry about the proliferation of praperivate prisons around the world, this paper defends the position that an even more basic consideration concerns the nature and justification of legitimate punishment. In a liberal democratic polity, punishment is an inherently public function. It is inflicted for public wrongs in the name of the people themselves. Outsourcing punishment to nonpublic agents thus represents the abdication of a core state responsibility.

 

Donna Selman and Paul Leighton

# Punishment for Sale. Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge. America’s Incarceration Binge. The Expansion of Prisons, Budgets, and Injustice
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2010
Imprisonment may prevent an inmate from committing crimes in the outside world, but research shows that a small number of career criminals commit a disproportionate number of offenses, so after they are locked up, further increases in the prison population have a declining effect on crime (Vieraitis, Kovandzic, and Marvell 2007, 597). More and more trivial, nonviolent offenders received harsh sentences as the decades progressed: “Between 1980 and 1997 the number of people incarcerated for nonviolent offenses tripled, and the number of people incarcerated for drug offenses increased by a factor of 11. Indeed, the criminal-justice researcher Alfred Blumstein has argued that none of the growth in incarceration between 1980 and 1996 can be attributed to more crime” (Loury 2007).

 

Melissa Chan
# Prison Profiteers Who Makes Money from Mass Incarceration (Tara Herivel and Paul Wright, eds. The New Press 2007, 344 pp.)
Journal of Court Innovation 2009
Child abuse and neglect. Substandard medical care. Inadequate food rations. One might expect to find such appalling standards of living in a Dickens novel. However, legislators currently condone such mistreatment of prisoners in the United States. In their latest work, Prison Profiteers: Who Makes Money from Mass Incarceration, editors Tara Herivel and Paul Wright bring to light the all too real human injustices that have become the norm as a result of the institution of privatized prisons.

 

Guy Shefer and Alison Liebling
# Prison privatization: In search of a business-like atmosphere?
Criminology and Criminal Justice 2008

 

Elisa D'Alterio
# L'esternalizzazione delle funzioni di ordine: il caso delle carceri
Rivista Trimestrale di Diritto Pubblico, 2008

 

James F. Blumstein, Mark A. Cohen, Suman Seth
# Do Government Agencies Respond to Market pressures? Evidence from Private Prisons
Vanderbilt Law and Economics Research Paper No. 03-16 | Vanderbilt Public Law Research Paper No. 03-05 | December 2007
This paper examines the role of privatization on the cost of government-provided services. We examine data on the cost of housing public and private prisoners from all 50 states over the time period 1996-2004, and find that the existence of private prisons in a state reduces the growth in per prisoner expenditures by public prisons by a statistically significant amount. In 2004, the average Department of Corrections expenditures in states without private prisoners was approximately $493 million. Our findings suggest that if the "average" state in that group were to introduce the use of private prisons, the potential savings for one year in Department of Corrections expenditures for public prisons could be approximately $13 to $15 million for that particular hypothetical state. These savings on public prisons would be in addition to any direct savings from the use of private prisons by itself.

 

The Economist
# Private jails. Locking in the best price. Private prisons are now widely accepted, but it's hard to get the terms right
www.economist.com/ Jan 25th 2007
More than 17% of Australia's inmates are held in private prisons, says Stephen Nathan, the editor of Prison Privatisation Report International. Next comes Britain, with 10%, and America at 7%. These markets are dominated by big prison-services firms such as GEO, MTC and Serco...

 

Ira P. Robbins

# Privatization of Corrections: A Violation of U.S. Domestic Law, International Human Rights, and Good Sense
Human Rights Brief 13, no. 3 (2006)

 

Grégory Salle
# État de droit, État gestionnaire
Champ pénal, Vol. III | 2006
L
’épuisement des utopies pénitentiaires s’est accompagné du déclin de l’idéal réhabilitatif, au profit d’un repli sur une incarcération d’incapacitation. Cette renaissance n’est que l’une des composantes d’une reconfiguration complexe de l’économie punitive, dont participe aussi la commercialisation des pratiques du contrôle social et l’importation du raisonnement managérial dans la machine pénale.

 

Phillip G. Rapoza
# The privatization of prisons and the issue of security: is the private sector up to the task?
http://www.internationalpenalandpenitentiaryfoundation.org/ 2006

 

Prison Reform Trust PRT
# Private Punishment: Who Profits?
www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk | January 2005

 

Alfred C. Aman

# Privatization, Prisons, Democracy, and Human Rights: The Need to Extend the Province of Administrative Law Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies | Volume 12, Issue 2,  Article 9 | 7-1-2005

 

Scott D. Camp, Dawn M. Daggett
# Quality of Operations at Private and Public Prisons: Using Trends in Inmate Misconduct to Compare Prisons
Office of Research and Evaluation Federal Bureau of Prisons, June 27, 2005
A model-based approach was used to develop performance measures from inmate misconduct data to compare public and private prisons. The performance measures indicated the impact of different prisons upon raising or lowering the probability of inmate misconduct. Data for all misconduct and two categories of misconduct, violent and drug, were generated for the 36 month period between January of 1999 and December of 2001 for all prisons within the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and one low-security private prison under contract to the BOP. The private prison performed within the lower range of performance for low-security prisons within the BOP.

 

Harley G. Lappin, Thomas R. Kane, William G. Saylor, Scott D. Camp,
# Evaluation of the Taft Demonstration Project: Performance of a Private-Sector Prison and the BOP
Federal Bureau of Prisons 2005
TCI (Taft Correctional Institution) consistently demonstrated lower levels of performance on the performance measures examined here, primarily inmate misconduct and illegal drug use. This relationship holds both when TCI is compared to the three BOP comparison prisons as well as when TCI is compared to other BOP low-security prisons. TCI experienced three significant incidents that did not occur at the BOP comparison prisons. TCI experienced two escapes from inside of the secure perimeter of the low-security prison and one large-scale disturbance in which at least 1,000 inmates refused to return to their cells. These instances endangered both public safety and institution safety.

 

William D. Bales, Laura E. Bedard, Susan T. Quinn, David T. Ensley, Glen P. Holley
# Recidivism of Public and Private State Prison Inmates in Florida
Criminology and Public Policy, vol. 4, February 2005
This study shows no convincing evidence that exposure to private prisons reduces recidivism. We recommend that additional research be conducted on this question, especially in jurisdictions other than Florida. In the meantime, until reliable evidence that private prison exposure appears, it is reasonable that public policy debate on the value of private prisons should focus on cost-savings or other arguments regarding private prisons, not on recidivism-reduction claims.

 

Amy Cheung | The Sentencing Project
# Prison Privatization and the Use of Incarceration
WWW.SENTENCINGPROJECT.ORG | 1/02 - updated 9/04

 

Adam Mcbeth
# Privatising Human Rights_Whatt Happens to the State's Human Rights Duties When Services Are Privatised?
Melbourne Journal of International Law, vol. 5, 2004
This article concludes that private providers of social services have certain human rights obligations within their respective spheres of activity and influence, but those obligations have a different character than the state’s obligations. At the same time, the nature of the state’s obligations changes from a duty of action to one of supervision and, where necessary, intervention. The state retains an overarching obligation to guarantee the protection and realisation of the human rights of  everyone under its jurisdiction, regardless of the character of the service provider.

 

Kim Richard Nossal, Phillip J. Wood
# The Raggedness of Prison Privatization: Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the United States Compared
Prisons 2004 conference on Prisons and Penal Policy: International Perspectives City University London, 23-25 June 2004
What students of prison privatization need to develop is more robust theorizing on the decision-making process in otherwise similar jurisdictions that leads to prison privatization in some jurisdictions and to the retention of prisons in public hands in others.

 

House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts
# The operational performance of PFI prisons. Forty-ninth Report of Session 2002–03
The House of Commons | 2 December 2003

 

National Audit Office NAO
# The Operational Performance of PFI Prisons
Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General - HC 700 Session 2002-2003: 18 June 2003

 

Oliver Hart
# Incomplete Contracts and Public Ownership: Remarks, and an Application to Public-Private Partnerships
The Economic Journal, Vol. 113, No. 486, Conference Papers (Mar., 2003), pp. C69-C76

... If the gov- ernment buys an electricity company or prison, the benefit is that some govern- ment bureaucrat who is in charge of the prison will invest more (have more ideas, be more entrepreneurial); but the cost is that the manager of the prison - who used to be an owner but is now an employee - will invest less. The latter effect - that a government employee will be less entrepreneurial than an owner-manager - seems very plausible, but the idea that government ownership leads to more entrepreneurship by bureaucrats seems less so.

 

David E. Pozen
# Managing a Correctional Marketplace: Prison Privatizationin the United States and the United Kingdom
Journal of Law & Politics, 2003

 

Tracy F. H. Chang and Douglas E. Thompkins
# Corporations Go to Prisons: The Expansion of Corporate Power in the Correctional Industry
Labor Studies Journal: Spring 2002

 

Bureau of Justice Assistance | James Austin, Garry Coventry
# Emerging Issues on Privatized Prisons
National Council on Crime and Delinquency, February 2001
... it was discovered that, rather than the projected 20-percent savings, the average saving from privatization was only about 1 percent, and most of that was achieved through lower labor costs. Nevertheless, there were indications that the mere prospect of privatization had a positive effect on prison administration, making it more responsive to reform. It is hoped that this monograph will prove enlightening to those involved with the issue of privatized prisons and promote a greater discussion about it...

 

European Parliament | The STOA Programme | Luc Mampaey, Jean-Philippe Renaud, GRIP - Groupe de Recherche et d'information sur la paix et la sécurité Bruxelles
# Prison Technologies. An appraisal of technologies of political control. Final Study
Luxembourg, July 2000
Penal policies centred solely on the privatisation and technicalisation of tasks eludes the entire debate on the role that our society wishes to see prison play. Is the sole function of the criminal justice to protect society by isolating individuals it considers dangerous or undesirable, or do we assign it a role of reintegration and rehabilitation into society – that can contain a reparation of the damages caused to the victims ? The American technological “model” has made prison an asocial and non-law place. It is for Europe to oppose it with a penal model respectful of Human Rights and human dignity. Any technological innovation should not necessarily be excluded, but is should be evaluated with prudence and given back its true value : a role of auxiliary and ‘facilitator’ of social relations with the offenders, but in no way, their substitute...

 

Oliver Hart, Andrei Shleifer, Robert W. Vishny
# The proper scope of government theory and an application to prisons
The Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1997
When should a government provide a service in-house, and when should it contract out provision? We develop a model in which the provider can invest in improving the quality of service or reducing cost. If contracts are incomplete, the private provider has a stronger incentive to engage in both quality improvement and cost reduction than a government employee has. However, the private contractor’s incentive to engage in cost reduction is typically too strong because he ignores the adverse effect on noncontractible quality. The model is applied to understanding the costs and benefits of prison privatization.

 

Oliver Hart, Andrei Shleifer, Robert W. Vishny
# The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons
National Bureau of Economic Research, working Paper 5744, September 1996
Critics voice a strong concern about the quality of private incarceration, including the quality of prisoner life, the incidence of prison violence by inmates and use of force by guards, escapes, and to a lesser extent rehabilitation... Private contractors may seriously reduce quality in the process of reducing costs, and, moreover, the benefits from the potential quality innovation by the private contractors are limited... Finally, corruption seems to be a more severe problem in this business than patronage, since the union premium as of this writing is not large. For all these reasons, our theory suggests significant skepticism about private incarceration. 

 

monitoraggio elettronico

Il carcere sta alla modernità solida come il braccialetto elettronico sta alla modernità liquida?

.Ministry of Justice
# Electronic Monitoring Statistics Publication, England and Wales: December 2022
https://www.gov.uk/ 19 January 2023
Nicol Turner Lee and Caitlin Chin
# Police surveillance and facial recognition: Why data privacy is imperative for communities of color https://www.brookings.edu/ Tuesday April 12, 2022.

 

Ram Subramanian, Jackie Fielding, Lauren-Brooke Eisen, Hernandez Stroud, and Taylor King
# Revenue Over Public Safety. How Perverse Financial Incentives Warp the Criminal Justice System
Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, July 6, 2022

 

ACLU American Civil Liberties Union
# Rethinking ElectronicvMonitoring: A Harm Reduction Guide
www.aclu.org/ 2022

 

Amy Cross, Alex Roth, Melvin Washington, Nancy Fishman, Andrew Taylor
# Reducing the use of pretrial electronic monitoring
https://www.vera.org/ May 2020

 

Jyoti Belur, Amy Thornton, Lisa Tompson, Matthew Manning, Aiden Sidebottom, Kate Bowers
# A systematic review of the effectiveness of the electronic monitoring of offenders
Journal of Criminal Justice · May 2020

Jenny Williams, Don Weatherburn
# Can Electronic Monitoring Reduce Reoffending?
https://docs.iza.org/ IZA DP No. 12122 January 2019

Iolanthe Brooks
# A New Mass Incarceration: Community Corrections, Carceral Geography, and Spatial Power Scholarly
Undergraduate Research Journal at Clark: Vol. 4 , Article 2, April 2018

... modalities of punishment are shifting, particularly towards community-located corrections involving GPS surveillance. This paper seeks to examine this evolution of the carceral state through the marriage of two theoretical lenses: carceral geography and Foucauldian spatial power analysis. Carceral geography offers a theory of the embodied nuance of movement. Its work revolves around the three mobilities of the carceral system: movement to/from, within, and between prisons. This paper argues that community-located corrections comprises a fourth mobility, moving the carceral regime into communities and coercively moving bodies within those communities...

 

Hannah Graham, Gill McIvor
# Electronic monitoring in the criminal justice system
www.iriss.org.uk/ November 2017
In the Scottish criminal justice system, EM may be used with adults aged 16 years and older as a means of monitoring compliance with different types of orders and licences: • A Restriction of Liberty Order (RLO), which is a community sentence authorised by the court • A Home Detention Curfew (HDC) licence, which is a form of early release from prison, authorised by the Scottish Prison Service • As a condition of a Drug Treatment and Testing Order, authorised by the court • As a condition of a parole licence, authorised by the Parole Board for Scotland • As a restricted movement requirement imposed following breach of a Community Payback Order (CPO), authorised by the court

 

Amyas Morse Comptroller and Auditor General
# The new generation electronic monitoring programme
www.nao.org.uk/ 05 July 2017
In 2011 the Ministry of Justice (the Ministry), identified an opportunity to transform and expand its electronic monitoring service. It sought to reduce the cost of tagging, and also provide wider operational benefits and more sentencing options for the courts. It launched a programme to develop a new world-leading ankle tag, combining both RF and GPS functionality to be used on all tagged offenders...

 

Ajay Singh
# Prolepticon: Anticipatory Citizen Surveillance of the Police
Surveillance & Society, 15(5): 676-688, 2017
This paper introduces the concept of Prolepticon, describing anticipatory citizen surveillance of the police. Over the past four years, the spread of camera-enabled cellphones has allowed citizens to capture moments of police misconduct that previously would have remained unseen. The impact that this ubiquity of cellphone-wielding citizens has on policing is unclear. Former FBI Director James Comey suggests that the increased scrutiny on the actions of law enforcement through citizen video is causing police to retreat from policing, a phenomenon dubbed the YouTube Effect... I introduce the concept of Prolepticon using the Foucauldian lens of the Panopticon, providing a new paradigm to understand the impact of increased citizen surveillance of the police.

 

Giuseppe La Corte
# Il trojan: le intercettazioni nell’era digitale a contrasto della criminalità organizzata
Giurisprudenza Penale web, n. 6, 2017
Attraverso i programmi online surveillance è possibile captare il flusso informatico intercorrente tra le periferiche - video, microfono, tastiera, webcame - e il microprocessore del dispositivo bersaglio, consentendo al centro remoto di controllo di monitorare in tempo reale tutto ciò che viene visualizzato sullo schermo c.d. screenshot, digitato sulla tastiera c.d. keylogger o pronunciato al microfono. Si tratta softwares che, prescindendo dalle autorizzazioni dell’utente, si installano in un sistemo scelto come obiettivo e ne acquisiscono qualsiasi informazione.

 

Reagan JR
# The Impact of Electronic Monitoring and Disruptive Innovation on Recidivism Rates in Federal Prisons: A Secondary Data Analysis
Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, March 31, 2017
A growing body of evidence shows that electronically monitoring offenders is effective for reducing the costs of overcrowded prisons. However, the effectiveness of electronic monitoring technology to reduce recidivism is poorly understood. The aim of this investigation is to assess the relationships between recidivism rates and electronically monitoring offenders using a secondary data analysis. The analysis conducted and was aimed to answer the following questions: Is there any relation between electronic monitoring devices and reducing recidivism rates among offenders?

 

Avlana K. Eisenberg
# Mass Monitoring
Southern California Law Review, vol 90:123, 2017

Pilot programs in various states have yielded results suggesting that EM, as a principal component of post-release programs, may contribute to a reduction in recidivism. One study, which involved offenders convicted of a range of crimes, demonstrated that in the post-release context, monitored individuals were 94.7 percent less likely to reoffend than others who remained unmonitored post - incarceration.

 

Lauren Etter
# Sorry for sending you back to jail. What’s the Maker of Post-it Notes Doing in the Ankle. Monitor Business? Struggling. Technology glitches are putting people in jail and driving law enforcement crazy.
Businessweek, 2017-04-06
Corrections agencies around the world are desperate for cost-effective alternatives to overcrowded prisons, which is why 125,000 people are being monitored with ankle devices in the U.S. alone. Peru is considering putting ankle bracelets on more than 20,000 inmates. In Norway, the Ministry of Justice and Public Security is examining the use of ankle monitors for asylum seekers. Germany recently passed legislation allowing them to be used to track Gefährder, or potential terrorists. 3M’s operations and sales in 200 countries have allowed it to draw on deep networks to win government contracts and move quickly into the top ranks of the $6 billion offender-monitoring business, as it’s called. But there’s evidence that the company’s reach has at times exceeded its technical capabilities, with sometimes disastrous results.

 

Fabian Schmidt
# The electronic 'ankle bracelet' - more of a mental concept
www.dw.com/ 11.01.2017
The main aspect of the monitoring system is the offender's proven intention to comply with the rules. The person must basically have his "ankle bracelet" in his head... There is one golden rule: If the person under observation attempts toto cheat or tamper with any of the systems, he will lose his credibility and all privileges connected to it. And that usually means going back to jail.

 

Xiaolin Wu, Xi Zhang
# Automated Inference on Criminality using Face Images
https://arxiv.org/ November 2016
We are the first to study automated face-induced inference on criminality free of any biases of subjective judgments of human observers. By extensive experiments and vigorous cross validations, we have demonstrated that via supervised machine learning, data-driven face classifiers are able to make reliable inference on criminality. Furthermore, we have discovered that a law of normality for faces of noncriminals. After controlled for race, gender and age, the general law- biding public have facial appearances that vary in a significantly lesser degree than criminals.

 

Yu Wang, Haofu Liao, Yang Feng, Xiangyang Xu, Jiebo Luo
# Do they all look the same? deciphering chinese, japanese and koreans by fine-grained deep learning
https://arxiv.org/ arXiv preprint, 2016

We find that Chinese, Japanese and Koreans do exhibit substantial differences in certain attributes, such as bangs, smiling, and bushy eyebrows. Along the way, we uncover several gender-related cross-country patterns as well. Our  ork, which complements existing APIs such as Microsoft Cognitive Services and Face++, could find potential applications in tourism, e-commerce, social media marketing, criminal justice and even counter-terrorism.  

 

The PEW Charitable Trusts
# Use of Electronic Offender-Tracking Devices Expands Sharply. Number of monitored individuals more than doubled in 10 years
www.pewtrusts.org/ Sept 2016
The number of accused and convicted criminal offenders in the United States who are monitored with ankle bracelets and other electronic tracking devices rose nearly 140 percent over 10 years, according to a survey conducted in December 2015 by The Pew Charitable Trusts. More than 125,000 people were supervised with the devices in 2015, up from 53,000 in 2005.

 

Synøve N. Andersen Kjetil Telle
# Electronic monitoring and recidivism. Quasi-experimental evidence from Norway
Discussion Papers Statistics Norway Research department No. 844 • August 2016
Implementing EM reduced 2-year recidivism rates by about 10 percent in the counties that took part in the implementation, translating into a reduction of about 19 percent for those who served their sentence on EM. However, we find no effects on recidivism intensity nor severity, suggesting that EM has the potential to steer (some) people out of a criminal lifestyle but not to significantly change the characteristics of the reoffending behavior of those who persist.

 

Kristel Beyens, Marijke Roosen
# Le placement sous surveillance électronique en Belgique
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgique, 2016
L'évolution vers une utilisation de la SE comme un moyen de contrôle plus strict pour les condamnés purgeant une peine de prison jusqu’à trois ans a ét é souligné dans ce rapport. Dans sa récente déclaration de politique, le Ministre de la Justice a annoncé son intention de consolider et même d'étendre ce système à deux volets, en distinguant les peines de cinq ans ou moins et celles de plus de cinq ans (au lieu de trois ans). Cela signifieque de plus en plus de détenus seront soumis à la SE...

 

Floriane Vienne
# La peine de surveillance électronique autonome répondelle à ses objectifs fixés par la loi du 7 février 2014 ? Etude comparée du système belge avec le système anglais
Université de Liège, 2016
La prison ne répondant plus aux normes fixées par le législateur, notamment en ce qui concerne la surpopulation, celui-ci s’est tourné vers d’autres alternatives dont la peine de surveillance électronique autonome. Celle-ci a fait l’objet d’une loi le 7 février 2014 qui n’est entrée en vigueur qu’en mai 2016... Le but de notre travail consiste à analyser si les quatre objectifs principaux de la loi du 7 février 2014, à savoir la diminution de la récidive, de la surpopulation carcérale et des coûts budgétaire ainsi que l’amélioration de la réinsertion, seront atteints.

 

Frieder Dünkel, Christoph Thiele, Judith Treig
# Electronic Monitoring in Germany
University of Greifswald, Germany | Criminal Justice Programme of the European Union - May 2016
The only form of EM that is accepted in all German federal states is so-called electronic location monitoring (Elektronische Aufenthaltsüberwachung, EAÜ). EAÜ comes into play as a directive in the context of the measure of supervision of conduct. The purpose of EAÜ is to minimise the risk that offenders, who have committed serious sexual or violent offences (dangerous offenders), reoffend after their release from prison or from a forensic institution. EAÜ uses GPS-technology and thus allows the location of the person under EM to be continuously monitored.

 

Anthea Hucklesby, Kristel Beyens, Miranda Boone, Frieder Dünkel, Gill McIvor, Hannah Graham
# Creativity and Effectiveness in the use of electronic monitoring: a case study of five jurisdictions
Criminal Justice Programme of the European Union, May 2016

No conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of standalone and integrated models of EM but the historical boundaries between the Anglo and European models are being dismantled. Scotland is moving towards greater integration with social work whilst Belgium is expected to continue to increase its use of standalone EM measures. For example, a recent White Paper in Belgium proposes that the boundary for differentiated levels of supervision is raised from the current three years to five...

 

Sally Brooks
# New anklet for NT offenders enable authorities to track blood alcohol
ABC News, 10 May 2016
Minister John Elferink (Northern Territory in Australia) said $4.2 million would be spent over the next two years to track people on parole or bail using three different anklets, including a device called a Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring or SCRAM... SCRAM works by reading a person’s blood alcohol content every 30 seconds, and the information is downloaded on a regular basis to determine if a person has been drinking.

 

Anthea Hucklesby, Ella Holdsworth
# Electronic Monitoring in England and Wales
University of Leeds, UK, May 2016
England and Wales was the first European jurisdiction to deploy electronic monitoring (EM) technology in 1989 and its use has since grown both in terms of numbers and modalities. England and Wales remains one of the largest and most enthusiastic users of EM in the world. At the time of writing, EM is used mostly to enforce curfew requirements and is deployed as a condition of bail, a requirement of community and suspended sentence orders and as a form of early release under the Home Detention Curfew scheme. The use of GPS technologies are limited to a few high-risk cases and voluntary schemes run by the police. At the time of the research, pilots of alcohol monitoring and bi-lateral victims monitoring were taking place.

 

CEP Confederation of European Probation
# 10th CEP Conference on Electronic Monitoring in Europe
Riga, Latvia - 19-21 April 2016
EM can be seen as a form of e-governance. For some target groups the processes could become more automated, with the help of voice verification or ID-cards particularly for low-risk offenders who may not need a great deal of supervision. For higher risk groups, probation officers are required, with a mix of digital and face-to-face communication. A graduated approach would ensure sufficient time is available for the right interventions to be targeted at the correct group. It was also suggested that although it is attractive to look at technological solutions, the focus must remain on offender management and rehabilitation.

 

Soraya Beumer, Marianne Kylstad Øster
# Survey of Electronic Monitoring in Europe: Analysis of Questionnaires 2016
http://cep-probation.org/ 2016
There seems to be a clear understanding between a lot of countries about the general benefit of EM. Several countries indicate that EM is seen as a good alternative to imprisonment; either in general or for certain (low risk) target groups. More specifically, the fact that negative effects (on work, housing, social network) of imprisonment are avoided, is being considered a major benefit. Some countries mention that this will avoid the offender asking for social and financial support. Several other countries mention the availability of supervision during a period of EM as a specific benefit.

 

Anaïs Henneguelle, Benjamin Monnery, Annie Kensey
# Better at Home than in Prison ? The Effects of Electronic Monitoring on Recidivism in France
GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne, January 2016
Our IV estimates show that fully converting prison sentences into electronic monitoring has long-lasting beneficial effects on recidivism, with estimated reductions in probability of reconviction of 6-7 percentage points (9-11%) after five years. There is also evidence that, in case of recidivism, EM leads to less serious offenses compared to prison. These beneficial effects are particularly strong on electronically monitored offenders who received control visits at home from correctional officers, were obliged to work while under EM, and had already experienced prison before. This pattern suggests that both rehabilitation and deterrence are important factors in reducing long-term recidivism, and that electronic monitoring can be a very costeffective alternative to short prison sentences. 

 

Francesca Schianchi
# Braccialetto contro gli stalker, parte la sperimentazione
La Stampa, 5 gennaio 2016
Allo stalker che accetti la proposta (la misura non può essere imposta) viene applicata una cavigliera che registra i suoi movimenti, e dato in dotazione un piccolo gps delle dimensioni di un telefonino, uguale a quello che dovrà tenere con sé la persona perseguitata o vittima di violenza e maltrattamenti: se il molestatore si avvicina più di quanto stabilito dal giudice ai luoghi della vittima (come la casa, il posto di lavoro, la scuola dei figli), i dispositivi elettronici suonano avvertendo entrambi, oltre alla polizia. Stessa cosa avviene se i due si incrociano per caso, entro la distanza di due chilometri.

 

The PEW Charitable Trusts
# Examining Electronic Monitoring Technologies. 5 experts explore advantages, disadvantages, and future research priorities
www.pewtrusts.org/ Nov 2015
Each year, millions of pretrial defendants and convicted offenders are supervised in their communities as they await trial or serve periods of probation or parole. Local and state agencies are increasingly using electronic monitoring (EM) technologies to supplement supervision, tracking where offenders go and whether they are using alcohol or drugs. Although recent studies have found that electronic monitoring is a promising tool for reducing recidivism and controlling corrections costs, questions remain about its effectiveness as an alternative to incarceration. The Pew Charitable Trusts recently interviewed five experts to get their perspectives on the uses, advantages, and disadvantages of EM technologies, as well as possible directions for future research.

 

Paul Aliu
# Public Safety Impact of Electronic Monitoring of Texas High-Risk Offenders
Walden University, November 2015
The growth of EM will continue as an alternative to incarceration. “Among state prisoners released in 30 states in 2005 –2010, about two-thirds (67.8%) of released prisoners were arrested for a new crime within 3 years, and three-quarters (76.6%) were arrested within 5 years”. The TDCJ as of 2013 has more than 3,000 offenders on electronic monitor More studies such as the present study are also needed to evaluate the effectiveness of EM programs. Continued positive results will inform political leaders of the value of superintensive supervision for the offenders at the highest risk of committing further crimes. The social bond between high-risk offenders on EM and parole officers can mean more humanity towards high-risk offenders, that families are not separated, maintenance of employment, and less marginalization of social skills resulting from jail regime.

 

GAO - United States Government Accountability Office
# Electronic Monitoring. Draft National Standard for Offender Tracking Systems Addresses Common Stakeholder Needs
www.gao.gov/ October 2015
Officials from the 10 criminal justice agencies we met with also identified programmatic challenges with implementing offender tracking programs, such as managing public expectations of what the technology can achieve, as well as technical limitations that could affect the success of their offender tracking programs.17 NIJ’s draft guide provides information and guidance on these challenges and other considerations. In recognition of the range of agencies, environments, resources, and objectives of offender tracking, the draft guide does not offer “one size fits all” solutions.

 

Olivier Legrand
# La surveillance électronique des Justiciables
www.iev.be/ Institut Emile Vandervelde, Septembre 2015
Voici maintenant 12 ans que la surveillance électronique des justiciables a été introduite en Belgique. Depuis lors, sur un plan quantitatif, son succès ne s’est jamais démenti : en juin 2015, 1.965 justiciables portaient un bracelet électronique, et ce nombre est appelé à augmenter dans les prochaines années. Il est à mettre en relation avec le nombre de détenus, 11.200, à la même période. La surveillance électronique a pris une place importante dans notre arsenal répressif, bénéficiant d’un soutien réel auprès des citoyens, car perçue comme plus humaine que la prison, tout en garantissant la sécurité de la population.

 

John S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Richard Silberglitt, Brian A. Jackson
# Using Future Internet Technologies to Strengthen Criminal Justice
www.rand.org/ 2015
These technologies will improve the ability of average citizens and criminal justice practitioners to “see” around corners. This improved sight will be physical in terms of remote monitoring,  and informational in terms of having access to (orbeing intelligently supplied with) highly relevant, just-in-time information about individuals’ identities, connections, reputations, histories (including criminal), past and present whereabouts, etc. 

 

Eric Markowitz
# Electronic Monitoring Has Become the New Debtors Prison
September 21, 2015 - March 3, 2016
... Securus recorded $26.3 million in 2014 revenue from its new "offender monitoring systems" business after it purchased Satellite Tracking of People in 2013. Other companies are cashing in too. The GEO group, a private prison firm, purchased Behavioral Incorporated, the largest electronic monitor provider, in 2011 for $415 million. And Omnilink, another large purveyor of electronic monitoring services, was recently acquired for $37.5 million...

 

James Kilgore
# Electronic Monitoring Is Not the Answer. Critical reflections on a flawed alternative
http://src.bna.com/ Urbana Champaign Independent Media Center (UCIMC) - October 2015
However, redefining electronic monitoring as a form of incarceration represents only half of what is necessary to constitut e EM as an alternative. The other half consists of implementing monitors in a way that embodies the notion of human rights — the “rights of the monitored.” Few efforts have been made in the United States to connect human rights with electronic monitoring. To find any serious discussion of the rights of the monitored, we need to look to the United Nations and, more recently, the European Union (EU).  As far back as 1990, the United Nations addressed some of the human rights concerns in regard to noncustodial measures such as  EM. The resolutions adopted are known collectively as the Tokyo Rules... 

 

Hannah Graham, Gill McIvor
# Scottish and International Review of the Uses of Electronic Monitoring
www.sccjr.ac.uk/ August 2015
Three main types of electronic monitoring technologies are referred to in this Review: (1) radio frequency EM, (2) Global positioning system (GPS) EM, and (3) remote alcohol monitoring... Transdermal alcohol monitoring (TAM) involves the person being monitored wearing an anklet – sometimes referred to as a sobriety bracelet – which samples the insensible perspiration on their skin to detect the presence of alcohol. Other forms of remote monitoring include remote breathalysing which also requires a mechanism – such as video or voice recognition – for verifying that the breath sample has been provided by the person being monitored...

 

Roberta Palmisano | Dipartimento dell'amministrazione penitenziaria
# Scheda su braccialetti elettronici
www.giustizia.it/ luglio 2015

 

Unione Camere Penali | Beniamino Migliucci, Riccardo Polidoro
# Il braccialetto elettronico? non c'è... e tu resti in galera
Il Garantista, 30 luglio 2015

Il sondaggio promosso dall'Osservatorio descrive una situazione raccapricciante per uno Stato di Diritto. Restare in carcere, pur potendo uscire, era ed è davvero inimmaginabile. Va sottolineato che il novellato art. 275 bis, contrariamente a quanto era stabilito in precedenza, prevede che la prescrizione degli strumenti elettronici di controllo debba rappresentare la regola. Regola che, invece, per la insufficienza di strumenti, trova le più diverse applicazioni.

 

Mike Nellis
# Standards and Ethics in Electronic Monitoring. Handbook for professionals responsible for the establishment and the use of Electronic Monitoring
Council of Europe, June 2015
CM/Rec (2014)4 constitutes the first European attempt to provide an ethical framework for the use of EM... The refections in this document, elaborated from the discussions that took place at that event, are intended to stimulate further discussion in the jurisdictions using, or planning to use, this technology. Some of the points are made definitively, others more tentatively, but none, in fact  are intended to be the last word. The potential of EM to make a positive diference to penal practice in Europe is clear, but equally its misuse could impose dangers for traditional, but still desirable, forms of probation supervision, as well as giving unprecedented powers of surveillance to the police...

 

Rosamaria Alibrandi

# La privacy da rispettare anche nei dati biometrici
www.lavoce.info/ 17.03.15
Le tecnologie di raccolta e trattamento dei dati biometrici sono sempre più diffuse. Se da una parte rendono più semplici i rapporti con le amministrazioni pubbliche e private, dall’altro aprono problemi di rispetto della privacy dell’individuo. Dal Garante un quadro di riferimento unitario.

 

Roberto Flor, Daniela Falcinelli, Stefano Marcolini (a cura di)
# La giustizia penale nella “rete”. Le nuove sfide della società dell’informazione nell’epoca di Internet
https://iris.univr.it/ 2015

 

Anita Jandrić Nišević, Nena Franić, Saša Rajić
# An Overview of the Research into the Effectiveness of Electronic Monitoring as an Alternative Sanction
Criminology & Social Integration Journal Vol. 23 No.1 2015
The reform of the criminal justice system in Croatia has created some space for a wider use of alternative sanctions in the community, but also for the introduction of novel techniques and technologies, such as electronic monitoring. The introduction of electronic monitoring in Croatia's criminal justice system would allow for the solving of the problem of overcrowded prisons, and for more humane punishments, along with the increase of potential for in-community rehabilitation (Report on the functioning of the Probation Office for 2009, 2010). Alternative sanctions implemented in the community present numerous advantages in comparison with imprisonment, but as electronic monitoring in particular offers potential for long-term change, such as a reduction in recidivism, it is important that it is implemented in a way that allows for successful cooperation between courts, the probation service, and other relevant institutions

 

Stuart S. Yeh
# The Electronic Monitoring Paradigm: A Proposal for Transforming Criminal Justice in the USA
Laws 2015, 4, 60–81
This article proposes a change in public policy that promises to greatly reduce major crime in the United States, protect society, eliminate prison overcrowding, and save taxpayer dollars. This policy would employ electronic monitoring (EM) technology in a way that discourages individuals who might otherwise be tempted to commit crimes. The approach is arguably more effective, efficient, humane and ethical than any alternative strategy and potentially could revolutionize law enforcement and the American criminal justice system.

 

Maya Schenwar

# The Quiet Horrors of House Arrest, Electronic Monitoring, and Other Alternative Forms of Incarceration. How imprisonment extends beyond the jailhouse into every arena of American life
www.motherjones.com/ Jan. 22, 2015

 

Marianne Kylstad Øster, Soraya Beumer | CEP Confederation of European Probation
# EM and Human Rights. 9th European Electronic Monitoring Conference Electronic Monitoring, Probation and Human Rights Frankfurt/Offenbach, 11th – 13th December 2014
http://cep-probation.org/ 2014
Germany, uniquely in Western Europe, has only used radio frequency Electronic Monitoring (EM) on a limited scale, in one region, but since 2011, as a consequence of an ECHR ruling, has been using GPS monitoring on released high risk sex offenders. The human rights implications of GPS technology - which can be used for anytimeeverywhere tracking and/or the monitoring of exclusion zone perimeters, and combined with traditional curfew technologies - have so far been underexplored. 

 

Fabrizio Leonardi
# Il braccialetto elettronico nelle misure alternative al carcere: l’esperienza italiana ed europea
Università di Roma Sapienza, 2014

L’uso della SE implica anche, e fisiologicamente, nuove modalità operative per gli uffici locali di esecuzione penale esterna (UEPE)145. Diventa importante il ruolo che l’UEPE sarà in grado di assumere nel percorso individuale di reinserimento sociale, compreso il supporto alla famiglia del sorvegliato. L’attività dell’assistente sociale dovrà porre meno attenzione sugli aspetti di controllo – a questo servirà il braccialetto elettronico – e potrà concentrarsi su quelli trattamentali.

 

Mayor's press releases
# Mayor of London launches UK’s first compulsory sobriety ‘tag’ scheme for binge drinkers
www.london.gov.uk/ 31 July 2014

A year-long pilot of the scheme begins today in the South London Local Justice Area, covering the Croydon, Lambeth, Southwark and Sutton. It is anticipated that between 100-150 offenders will be sentenced by the courts to an ‘alcohol abstinence monitoring requirement' where they will be banned from drinking any alcohol for up to 120 days and tested constantly using the new ankle tag.

 

Keith Humphreys
# Britain's street are now booze-soaked war zones. A new judicial approach to managing lager louts that is being piloted in South London, has an excellent chance of reversing the tide
www.telegraph.co.uk/ 31 Jul 2014
24/7 sobriety was born when an American judge named Larry Long became frustrated with seeing the same drink driving offenders appear in his court month after month. He fined them, rescinded their driving licences and ordered them to alcohol treatment, but many of them nonetheless went on to die in alcohol-fuelled car crashes or be sent to prison for causing the death of another driver

 

James Kilgore
# The Spread of Electronic Monitoring: No Quick Fix for Mass Incarceration
http://truth-out.org/ 30 July 2014
SuperCom, an Israeli-based Smart ID and electronic monitor producer, announced in early July that they were jumping full force into the US market, predicting this will be a $6 billion a year global industry by 2018.

 

Senato della Repubblica - XVII Legislatura
# Galassia Gutenberg: la finestra sul mondo dei media | L'informazione nella "Società dell'Informazione". La forma alla notizia nel mare del web
Ufficio Stampa e Internet e dell'Emeroteca del Polo Bibliotecario Parlamentare - 24 giugno 2014

 

Melina Sherman
# New Panopticism: the Materiality of Surveillance in Society
http://melinasherman.com/ June 2014
In their 2013 book Liquid Surveillance, Zygmunt Bauman and David Lyon characterize today’s world as “post-panoptical,” meaning that in contrast to the watchmen in Foucault’s model who took some responsibility for the lives of inmates (or for keeping them in line), today’s inspectors are digital monitors who can escape at will to unreachable realms. In other words, because surveillance is “liquid,” it does not operate through the same panoptic mechanisms of “fixing” and “containing” subjects.

 

Vermont Legislative Joint Fiscal Office
# Electronic Monitoring: Preliminary Analysis of Monetary Benefits and Costs
www.leg.state.vt.us/ June 5, 2014

 

Camille Allaria
# Le placement sous surveillance électronique: espace et visibilité du châtiment virtuel
Champ pénal/Penal field [En ligne], Vol. XI | 2014

Si le principe premier du panoptique persiste avec l’usage des TIC de surveillance (un surveillant peut voir, sans être vu, plusieurs surveillés), la nature ubiquitaire des technologies numériques permet de faire l’économie d’un espace de prise de vue à proximité de l’espace observé (comme c’est le cas de la surveillance électronique des prisonniers). Le « panoptique virtuel » rationalise la sanction pénale en faisant l’économie de l’architecture matérielle.

 

Ricardo Urquizas Campello
# Circulações governadas: o monitoramento eletrônico de presos no Brasil
Aurora: revista de arte, mídia e política, São Paulo, v.7, n.19, p. 51-69, fev.-mai.2014
Das máquinas simples, de roldanas e alavancas, atravessando as fábricas da produção esquadrinhada e chegando aos fluxos digitalizados de capitais, a economia do castigo se transforma e perpetua. Entretanto, o manejo da vida pelo poder de morte, como os confinamentos disciplinares, não são dispensados no tempo emergente da prisão sem muralhas. Reafirmam-se no  pêndulo neoliberal de um redimensionado regime de punições: ora o cárcere, ora  sua modulação telemática, ora a execução pura e simples.

 

Samuel R. Wiseman
# Pretrial Detention and the Right to Be Monitored
Yale Law Journal: Volume 123, Number 5 - March 2014
Increasingly sophisticated remote monitoring devices have the potential to sharply reduce the need for flight-based pretrial detention. In a world in which scientists can monitor and recapture wolves, snakes, and even manatees in the wild, and AT&T Wireless offers family-member tracking for $10/month, the question of finding other ways of ensuring a non-dangerous defendant’s presence at trial is one not of ability, but of will—albeit a difficult one. By reducing jail populations, these technologies can lower overall costs—it costs at least four times as much to jail a defendant as it does to monitor him—and, while invasive, are vastly preferable to a jail cell for most defendants.

 

Nuno Caiado
# Pre-trial electronic monitoring in Portugal
www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/ cjm no. 95 March 2014
The Probation Service currently deals with an average of 500 EM cases on a daily basis, equivalent to 15 to 20 per cent of preventive detention cases. By June 2013 we had cumulatively managed more than 5,000 cases, and closed more than 4,500, with a success rate of 95 per cent in 2012. No Portuguese voices have claimed that our use of EM is authoritarian, or raised ethical issues regarding the periods of confinement or procedures.

 

Trades Union Congress (TUC).
# Justice for sale – the privatisation of offender management services. A TUC report based on research by the New Economics Foundation
www.tuc.org.uk/ 2014
Electronic monitoring: Electronic monitoring allows the imposition of movement restrictions on offenders and the remote monitoring of curfew compliance. Defendants on bail, offenders serving a community or a suspended sentence, or who are on early release from prison are fitted with ankle bracelets which communicate with a base station in their place of residence. This device reports back to a central provider, confirming whether the offender is at home. The service has  been outsourced since its inception and is commissioned nationally by NOMS.

Private management of prisons: The UK has the most privatised prison system in Europe with one in six prisoners held in privately managed prisons. 1 Supporters of private prisons argue that they are cheaper and more effective thanpublicly run institutions. However, critics have raised concerns around staffing levels and the effect that the make-up of private sector prisons is having on inmates.

 

Edna Erez, Peter R. Ibarra
# Electronic monitoring: international and comparative perspectives
Crime Law Soc Change (2014) 62:385-387
With the advent of technologies that track and remotely observe offender populations, monitor  compliance with rules and restrictions, and provide virtual detention and incarceration, a range of philosophical, penological, legal, socio-cultural, and practical concerns are raised...

 

Human Right Watch
# Profiting from Probation. America’s “Offender-Funded” Probation Industry
http://www.hrw.org/ February 2014

Sentinel says that it monitors 10,000 offenders every day through electronic monitoring and GPS technologies. In general, probation companies offer no transparency about the profits they earn through these services and public officials do not require them to provide any.

 

Consiglio d'Europa (con una nota di Lorenzo Salazar e Tiziana Barzanti)
# Raccomandazione CM/REC/(2014) 4 del Comitato dei Ministri agli Stati membri sulla Sorveglianza Elettronica

Adottata dal Comitato dei Ministri il 19 febbraio 2014  - in Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 2 - 2013

Lo scopo della presente raccomandazione è definire una serie di principi basilari relativi a questioni etiche ed a norme professionali che permettano alle autorità nazionali di offrire un uso giusto, proporzionato ed efficace delle diverse forme di sorveglianza elettronica nell’ambito della giustizia penale, nel pieno rispetto dei diritti delle persone interessate.

 

Council of Europe
# 1192 Meeting, 19-21 February 2014 - 10 Legal questions [draft om electronic monitoring]
www.coe.int/ 21 January 2014
Many understandable fears have been expressed in relation to this surveillance technology and many European probation services have been concerned of the need to emphasize that the technology should never be used as a replacement for constructive professional relationships with suspects and offenders by competent staff dealing with them in the community. It is important to stress in this respect that probation helps develop a person’s internal control, i.e. helps a person develop resistance to aggression, violence and crime, while electronic monitoring is used to help the external control on a person by the competent authorities. As such electronic monitoring can also be an efficient dissuasive tool for the period for which it is used.

 

# Carceri, braccialetto elettronico: sprechi e flop
www.lettera43.it/ Mercoledì, 15 Gennaio 2014

Ne paghiamo 2 mila. E ne usiamo 90. A 55 mila euro l'uno. Sui dispositivi una polemica di 10 anni. La prima sperimentazione del braccialetto (o della variante cavigliera) fu svolta solo nelle città di Milano, Roma, Napoli, Catania e Torino con diverse aziende, mentre Telecom all'inizio doveva occuparsi solo della rete. Al termine della sperimentazione, il ministro dell'Interno dell'epoca, Giuseppe Pisanu, sentì l'Avvocatura dello Stato e poi firmò un accordo, il 6 novembre 2003, con il colosso della telefonia quale referente unico e fornitore diretto del sistema.

 

Elena Kantorowicz
# The 'Net-Widening' Problem and its Solutions: The Road to a Cheaper Sanctioning System
https://ssrn.com/ December 1, 2013

The net-widening effect may cause inefficiency in two ways. First, the new sanctions fail to reduce the prison population which imposes the highest costs on the society. Second, even though these instruments are less costly than prison, they entail more expenses than the traditional non-custodial sanctions (e.g. fine). Thus, a system which imposes community service or electronic monitoring on lighter offenders unnecessarily increases the sentencing costs. 

 

Mike Nellis
# The Scottish Electronic Monitoring Consultation: Asking the Right Questions
Scottish Justice Matters, december 2013
Four uses of GPS tracking are canvassed: with high risk sex offenders released from prison; in domestic violence cases to keep perpetrators away from victims; to monitor persistent offenders on a voluntary basis; to facilitate better enforcement of exclusion zones with bailed defendants.

 

Alessandra Bassi, Christine Von Borries
# Il braccialetto elettronico, un dispositivo dimenticato
Notizie Radicali, 17 dicembre 2013
Nonostante il possibile impatto sul sovraffollamento carcerario, su 2.000 braccialetti a disposizione, solo 55 sono in uso su disposizione di appena 8 uffici giudiziari... L'esperienza maturata negli uffici nei quali si fa uso da tempo dei dispositivi in oggetto (a Roma dall'ottobre 2012, a Torino dal maggio 2013) è assolutamente positiva. A Torino non si sono mai registrati falsi allarmi, né evasioni. A Roma v'è stato un caso di evasione di un soggetto che è stato tuttavia immediatamente rintracciato dalle forze dell'ordine giunte sul posto a seguito dell'allarme.

 

GIP Tribunale di Torino

# Sull'istanza di sostituzione  della misura coercitiva

Torino 18 luglio 2013

 

Ministry of Justice | Comptroller and Auditor General
# The Ministry of Justice’s electronic monitoring contracts
www.nao.org.uk/ Session 2013-14 19 November 2013
Justice agencies in a number of jurisdictions in the world make use of electronic devices to confirm that individuals are in required locations. In England and Wales, electronic monitoring is used to determine whether an individual is at a specified location at a given time, for example at the direction of a court, for the purposes of bail supervision or as part of a community-based sentence. The relevant authority – for example, the court when electronic monitoring is included as part of a community order – determines the curfew period, which is the times in any given day or week when the individual must be at the specified location. The appropriate authority also sets the period of time during which monitoring must take place.

 

Telecom Italia | Tribunale di Firenze

# Sistema per il controllo elettronico delle persone sottoposte alla misura degli arresti domiciliari (art. 275bis cpp)
www.magistraturademocratica.it/ 2013

 

Policy Exchange
# Sobriety Schemes: Lessons from the US
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/ October 2013
Transdermal alcohol monitoring is a relatively new technology in the UK. It allows individuals’ alcohol consumption patterns to be monitored through an ankle bracelet. The bracelet samples an individual’s skin for the presence of alcohol once every thirty minutes (or 48 times a day). Based on the frequency of the testing, this technology is generally accepted as providing Continuous Alcohol Monitoring (CAM). The bracelet has tamper detection alerts which will notify the relevant authorities if the offender attempts to place objects in between the leg and the skin.  The system is water resistant.

 

Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services
# Review of Applicability of Transdermal Continuous Alcohol Monitoring Devices for First-Time DUI Convictions
www.dcjs.virginia.gov/ October 2013

Transdermal alcohol monitoring devices detect drinking by sensing alcohol that passes through perspiration in the skin. Independent evaluations have concluded that the science behind transdermal alcohol testing is sound, and the devices themselves are generally reliable and accurate . This technology has been commercially available since 2003 and has been used as a supervisory tool in pre-trial and probation/parole programs, in domestic violence cases with alcohol, drugs courts, and in treatment settings.

 

Stefano Aprile
# Il sistema per il controllo elettronico delle persone sottoposte alla misura degli arresti domiciliari previsto dall'art. 275 bis c.p,p, : braccialetto elettronico. L'esperienza del g.i.p. di Roma
Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 2 - 2013

Dopo 10 anni di scarsissima applicazione in Italia, il g.i.p. di Roma ha rivitalizzato l’utilizzo del “braccialetto elettronico” per i soggetti agli arresti domiciliari, ordinando l’installazione di quasi 65 dispositivi in un anno di sperimentazione. Il bilancio è estremamente positivo: non sono state segnalate evasioni o ingiustificati allontanamenti dal domicilio e si è dato un contributo per attenuare la grave tensione carceraria, nonché per rendere più “umana” la fase cautelare

 

Francesco Gianfrotta

# Il braccialetto elettronico questo sconosciuto
Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 2 - 2013

L’introduzione nel nostro ordinamento di norme che consentano l’impiego del braccialetto elettronico, risalente al 2000, non pare essere stata preceduta ed accompagnata da consapevolezza adeguata e diffusa della sua almeno potenziale utilità. Necessario riflettere su quanto nuoccia, sempre, una discussione semplificata su questioni complesse, non deve – peraltro – far deflettere rispetto alla prosecuzione di una esperienza che pare possa essere più utile che inutile e, comunque, per nulla dannosa. Non basta?

 

Tribunale Ordinario di Torino - Sezione dei Giudici per le Indagini Preliminari e dell'Udienza Preliminare, Francesco Gianfrotta (Presidente)
# Esecuzione delle ordinanze cautelari ex art. 275-bis cpp (c.d."braccialetto elettronico") - Modalità Operative
www.magistraturademocratica.it/ Torino, 28-6-13

 

Fabrizio Leonardi
# La sorveglianza elettronica come alternativa al carcere: l'esperienza europea
Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 2 - 2013

La sorveglianza elettronica è stata utilizzata in Europa come alternativa a brevi periodi di detenzione a partire dalla fine degli anni Ottanta del secolo scorso, quando l’Inghilterra ha avviato una sperimentazione basata sul modello nato negli USA. Nei successivi anni Novanta nei sistemi penali della Svezia e dei Paesi Bassi sono stati introdotti modelli originali di sorveglianza elettronica per fronteggiare il sovraffollamento carcerario cercando, al contempo, di limitare i costi della pena. Oggi, guardando le rilevazioni statistiche, l’uso della sorveglianza elettronica appare destinato ad espandersi nei Paesi europei.

 

Benício Caetano da Silva Junior
# O Monitoramento Eletrônico de Reeducandos no Estado de Pernambuco e a Humanização do Sistema Penitenciário
Faculdade de Ciências Humanas de Pernambuco – SOPECE 2013

 

Eustachio Vincenzo Petralla - Michele Ciarpi

# Il controllo elettronico e satellitare in Europa. Possibili applicazioni per lo sviluppo dell'esecuzione penale esterna in Italia
Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 2 - 2013

Si è preso atto dell’ulteriore diffusione della sorveglianza elettronica e dei miglioramenti tecnologici apportati ed è stata sottolineata l’importanza di un impiego accompagnato da interventi di sostegno alla persona, oltre che di una regolamentazione della conservazione dei dati e delle informazioni fornite da tale strumento. In tale quadro risalta con forza l’assenza dell’Italia dal novero dei Paesi che utilizzano appieno e propriamente tale strumento, nonostante le diverse  norme adottate sulla materia e l’impegno economico assunto a carico dello Stato. Si ritiene, ormai, non più rinviabile l’applicazione di tale tecnologia anche nel nostro Paese, in accordo alle linee di indirizzo adottate in Europa.

 

Christophe Mincke et Anne Lemonne
# Prison et mobilité. Et Foucault?
http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ 10 Sep 2013
La traçabilité apparaît donc comme le mode de surveillance adapté à une société de la mobilité. Le monitoring en est le décalque, proposant une actualisation permanente des données relatives aux situations suivies et l'adaptation du système en temps réel. L'effet généré est bien différent de celui du panoptique. Ce dernier consistait en la mise en scène de la surveillance, son caractère spectaculaire participant d'un effet d’internalisation due la surveillance qui était son véritable objectif, davantage que la détection des déviances elle-même. La traçabilité n'est, elle, pas spectaculaire. Au contraire, elle se développe discrètement et se joue des frontières spatiales et temporelles.

 

Mike Nellis
# Sostenere il tracciamento con GPS? Le recenti politiche su probation e Sorveglianza Elettronica in Inghilterra e Galles
Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 3, 2013
L’appalto della Sorveglianza Elettronica. Una breve storia. – il Governo di Coalizione e Transforming Justice. – BUDDi, GPS e la polizia di Hertfordshire: un’iniziativa. – il terzo contratto per la Sorveglianza Elettronica per il periodo 2013-2022. – Policy Exchange: re-immaginare la Sorveglianza Elettronica. – La reazione al rapporto di Policy Exchange. – Neoliberismo, scienza politica e controllo della criminalità. – Conclusioni. – Poscritto, marzo 2014

 

The Scottish Government
# Development of Electronic Monitoring in Scotland. A Consultation on the Future Direction of the Electronic Monitoring Service
www.scotland.gov.uk/ September 2013
Technology on its own, as a solution, is unlikely to be able to provide all the answers to the complex problems faced by those in the criminal justice system. However, electronic monitoring has shown that it has a role to play in helping enforce curfews and in helping to provide structure to people’s lives as it does so. It is important to remember, in considering how the service should develop, that electronic monitoring  also has its limitations, such as some technological constraints as well as ethical implications that need to be very carefully considered. The extent to which electronic monitoring can continue to provide a benefit will depend less on the technology available now and in the future, than on how we might choose to apply it: with which groups, with which safeguards and to what end.

 

J.C. Fell, A.S. McKnight
# Transdermal Alcohol Monitoring (TAM) in compliance with abstinence: Records from 250,000 offenders in the United States
Proceedings of the 2013 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing & Education Conference 28th – 30th August, Brisbane, Queensland
These monitoring devices have the potential to (a) help judges, court and probation officials monitor the abstinence requirement of various offenders and impose swift sanctions for non-compliance; (b) help offenders with alcohol abuse and addiction issues to remain abstinent  while they are receiving professional treatment for their alcohol problem; (c) reduce DUI recidivism  and improve public safety; and (d) provide a cost effective alternative to incarceration for many alcohol offenders...

 

Council of Europe COE | European Comittee on Crime Problems (CDPC) | Council for Penological Cooperation (PC-CP)
# Draft Recommendation on Electronic Monitoring
Strasbourg, 17 April 2013
The aim of this Recommendation is to define a set of basic principles related to ethical issues and professional standards enabling national authorities to provide just, proportionate and effective use of different forms of electronic monitoring in the framework of the criminal justice process in full respect of the rights of the persons concerned. It is also intended to bring to the attention of national authorities that particular care needs to be taken when using electronic monitoring not to undermine or substitute the building of constructive professional relationships with suspects and offenders by competent staff dealing with them in the community.

 

UNODC
# The use of electronic monitoring bracelets as an alternative measure to imprisonment in Panama
www.unodc.org/ 2013
UNODC has already concluded that imprisonment must not be granted as the natural form of punishment and that most of the objectives it implies can be met by using alternative measures, which are normally more effective and less expensive. The international legal basis for the promotion and implementation of alternative measures to imprisonment rely, among other international instruments, in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights...

 

André Lamas Leite
# «Nueva penología», punitive turn y Derecho Penal: quo vadimus? Por los caminos de la incertidumbre (pos)moderna
InDret. Revista para el analisis del derecho | www.indret.com  | abril de 2013
De modo bastante sorprendente para la cultura jurídica nacional y de la Europa continental en general, se ha comprendido que el uso, en público, de una pulsera con la inscripción del crimen por el cual el autor ha sido condenado puede tener un «efecto rehabilitador e impeditivo de la reiteración criminal». Sin embargo, en el mismo país, los EUA, en caso similar, ya ha tendido a generalizarse la decisión contraria bajo el argumento de que la condición impuesta es contraria al desiderátum rehabilitador. Más lejos fue el New York Court of Appeals en el caso People c. McNair, al entender que la vigilancia electrónica como forma de control de la probation se debe recusar en tanto que solamente se justificaba por la «seguridad pública y vigilancia, y no [por la] rehabilitación». Estimamos técnica y político-criminalmente incorrecto sacar esta conclusión toda vez que la monitorización telemática, en sí, no atenta contra la dignidad del condenado o de sus familias, aunque esté preservado, como sucede entre nosotros, el consentimiento de ambos en su aplicación...

 

Council of Europe | European Committee on Crime Problems (CDPC) | Council for Penological Cooperation (PC-CP)
# Draft Commentary to Recommendation on Electronic Monitoring
www.coe.int/ Strasbourg, 26 March 2013
Voice verification is a form of electronic monitoring which uses a person’s unique biometric voiceprint, recorded at the point of conviction. Each time the monitoring centre phones the offender his or her voice is  matched to the voiceprint stored on the computer, while the location of the phone being used by the offender is simultaneously registered... Remote Alcohol Monitoring (RAM) entails the offender wearing an ankle bracelet which picks up the presence of alcohol in the offenders system “transdermally” - through his/her skin - and periodically uploads that data to the monitoring centre via the mobile phone system. RAM can be used with offenders whose crimes have been alcohol-related...

 

Evgeny Morozov
# Imprisoned by Innovation
http://www.nytimes.com/ March 23, 2013
Thanks to the almighty smartphone, offenders can be under the constant gaze of case managers, who will monitor their activities in real time. Welcome to the Panopticon for couch potatoes...

 

Alan Holden, Kara Shuler
# Beyond the Bars. A new model of virtual incarceration for low-risk offenders
Deloitte University Press 2013
In 2008, the average daily cost of incarcerating a prison inmate in the United States was $78.95, while the average daily cost of managing offenders through electronic monitoring ranges from $5 to $25. These savings have led several governments to adopt electronic monitoring more widely. In the United States, 20 companies provide electronic supervision for more than 100,000 offenders, while in the United Kingdom, about 70,000 offenders are subject to electronic monitoring each year.

 

José Cândido Lustosa Bittencourt de Albuquerque
# Monitoramento Eletrônico da Privação da Liberdade no Direito Comparado
R. Fac. Dir., Fortaleza, v. 34, n. 1, p. 241-270, jan./jun. 2013
O presente artigo busca identificar as hodiernas tendências acerca da aplicabilida-de dos modelos contemporâneos de vigilância eletrônica, bem como seus reflexos nas finalida-des de prevenção criminal e no sistema garantista. Infere-se, a partir de um minuncioso estudo comparado, que a aplicação progressiva de sistemas de controle telemático da liberdade ou de sua privação em lugares diversos do cárcere, na América Latina em geral, inclusive no Brasil, é extremamente tímida, não sendo prevista uma pena autônoma nem uma medida de segurança. Em contrapartida, na Europa, observa-se um ambiente mais receptivo de aplicação, existindo uma instituição de penas autônomas aplicáveis de maneira cumulativa ou isolada, de acordo com previsões especiais para determinados tipos penais, além de sua aplicação em caráter substitutivo. Faz-se necessária a realização de uma cuidadosa consideração das esferas de aplicabilidade da vigilância eletrônica nas sociedades de risco, objetivando que não haja uma exacerbada constrição da liberdade e da intimidade dos cidadãos, e sim sirva para que atinja suas devidas finalidades, quais sejam, a eficácia preventiva e um especial efeito socializador.

 

Parliamentary Assembly | Assemblée parlementaire
# La promotion d’alternatives à l’emprisonnement | Rapport - Commission des questions juridiques et des droits de l'homme | Rapporteure: Mme Nataša VUČKOVIĆ, Serbie, Groupe socialiste
http://assembly.coe.int | Doc. 13174 | 19 avril 2013
De nombreux Etats membres du Conseil de l’Europe connaissent de graves problèmes de surpopulation carcérale. Le coût de l’emprisonnement est considérable pour les contribuables européens. Il équivaut en moyenne, parmi les Etats membres du Conseil de l’Europe, à 100 euros par détenu et par jour. La commission juge la surpopulation carcérale inacceptable, tant sur le plan de la protection contre les traitements inhumains et dégradants (article 3 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme), que pour les conséquences négatives concrètes de cette surpopulation sur les intéressés et la société en général, qui risque de pâtir de taux de récidive élevés et de la perte de la contribution à la vie économique et sociale des personnes dont la réinsertion est compromise par la surpopulation carcérale. Les dernières avancées technologiques ont élargi les possibilités d’utilisation des appareils de suivi électronique, notamment les bracelets électroniques ou le GPS, et ont amélioré leur rapport coût-efficacité. Elle considère que ces appareils, en particulier lorsqu’ils sont associés à d’autres mesures plus classiques, permettent d’élargir le champ d’application des peines non privatives de liberté à des infractions plus graves...

 

Margaret Hu
# Biometric ID Cybersurveillance
Indiana Law Journal, vol. 88, 2013
The implementation of a universal digitalized biometric ID system risks normalizing and integrating mass cybersurveillance into the daily lives of ordinary citizens. ID documents such as driver’s licenses in some states and all U.S. passports are now implanted with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. In recent proposals, Congress has considered implementing a digitalized biometric identification card—such as a biometric- ased, “high-tech” Social Security Card—which may eventually lead to the development of a universal multimodal biometric database (e.g., the collection of the digital photos, fingerprints, iris scans, and/or DNA of all citizens and noncitizens). Such “hightech” IDs, once merged with GPS- FID tracking technology, would facilitate exponentially a convergence of cybersurveillance-body tracking and data surveillance, or dataveillance- biographical tracking. Yet, the existing Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is tethered to a “reasonable expectation of privacy” test that does not appear to restrain the comprehensive, suspicionless amassing of databases that concern the biometric data, movements, activities, and other personally identifiable information of individuals.

 

Philip Bulman
# Sex Offenders Monitored by GPS Found to Commit Fewer Crimes
National Institute of Justice - NIJ Journal, February 2013
Jessica’s Law required that all sex offenders be placed on GPS monitoring for life. As of August 2011, almost 10,000 sex offenders were on parole in California. About 7,000 of them were living in the community, with roughly 99 percent being monitored by GPS technology... GPS supervision costs $35.96 daily, whereas the cost of keeping someone in a California prison is about $129 per day...

 

Rafael Di Tella, Ernesto Schargrodsky
# Criminal Recidivism after Prison and Electronic Monitoring
Journal of Political Economy, 2013, vol. 121, no. 1
We study criminal recidivism in Argentina by focusing on the rearrest rates of two groups: individuals released from prison and individuals released from electronic monitoring... Exploiting random assignment to judges with differing inclinations to assign EM, our main IV estimates suggest that treating alleged offenders with electronic monitoring instead of prison induces a large and significant reduction in recidivism of between 11 and 16 percentage points ðwhich, conservatively, is a reduction of approximately 48 percent of the raw recidivism rate following detention in prison... 

 

Council of Europe | Comité européen pour les problèmes criminels (CDPC) | Conseil de coopération pénologique (PC-CP)
# Project de commentaire sur la Recommandation concernant la surveillance electronique
Strasbourg, 31 janvier 2013
Dans certains pays, la surveillance électronique est gérée par les services pénitentiaires (France et Catalogne), dans d’autres, par les services de probation (Belgique, Pays-Bas, Suisse) ou encore conjointement par les services de probation et de police (Angleterre et Pays de Galles, Suède). Ailleurs, d’autres organismes publics compétents sont chargés de la surveillance électronique, comme les tribunaux (Italie) ou les services judiciaires pour mineurs (Suède, Angleterre et Pays de Galles). Dans d’autres pays encore, la surveillance électronique est mise en place par des entreprises privées dans le cadre d’un contrat de sous-traitance avec un organisme public (Suède, Royaume-Uni). En Autriche, le service de probation est géré de façon autonome par une ONG qui s’occupe également de l’exécution de la surveillance électronique. En Fédération de Russie, c’est une entreprise publique rattachée à l’administration pénitentiaire qui est chargée d’exécuter la surveillance électronique.

 

Kevin T. Sullivan
# An Examination of Electronic Monitoring and Re-offending
www.sarasota.usf.edu/ 2012-2013
Do offenders with “zone constrained” probationary requirements have a lessened chance of proven re-offending with a global positioning satellite (GPS) tracking  device, compared to that of offenders with traditional electronic monitoring (EM) devices such  as radio frequency (RF) transmitters?

 

State of Iowa | Department of Correction
# Electronic Monitoring Report
www.legis.iowa.gov/ December 2012

Effective FY2006, the Iowa Code mandated a minimum of five years of electronic  monitoring for persons under community supervision who had committed certain offenses against a minor, including sexually violent offenses. As a result of this law, the number of offenders on electronic monitoring systems (EMS) more than doubled during FY2006, from 196 to 481 offenders. Between FY2006 and FY2012 the EMS population grew by another 339 offenders, or by about 71%. Currently 820 offenders are on some form of electronic monitoring, and the vast majority are sex offenders.

 

Ministère de la Justice
# Le placement sous surveillance électronique
www.justice.gouv.fr/ novembre 2012
Le placement sous surveillance électronique (PSE) ou « bracelet électronique » est une mesure d’aménagement de peine permettant d'exécuter une peine d’emprisonnement sans être incarcéré. Il peut également être décidé dans le cadre d'une assignation à résidence, alternative à la détention provisoire, en attendant l'audience de jugement (ARSE) ou enfin dans le cadre d'une surveillance électronique de fin de peine (SEFIP).

 

Gunda Wössner, Andreas Schwendler
# What do qe gain from earlyrelease preparation under electronic monitoring?
68th Annual Meeting of American Society of Criminology, Chicago, II, 15 November 2012

 

Timothy T. Takahashi
# Drones and Privacy
Colum. Sci. & Tech. L. Rev., vol.XIV, Fall 2012
Because drones represent the technological frontier of remote sensing and data acquisition, interest in them will only increase. With burgeoning use, it is possible “that drones will further erode our individual and collective privacy. Yet the opposite may happen . . . Drones may help restore our mental model of a privacy violation [by being] the visceral jolt society needs to drag privacy law into the twenty-first century.”

 

Köksal Büyük, Uğur Keskin
# Panopticon’s Electronic Resurrection: Workplace Monitoring as an Ethical Problem
Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, Kasım November 2012
Rapid changes in technology in recent years have greatly reduced the costs of electronic monitoring systems, and as a result new electronic monitoring tools have emerged in work life. The purpose of this study is to find out the ethical ways for electronic monitoring in organizations.

 

Council of Europe COE | European Comittee on Crime Problems (CDPC) | Council for Penological Cooperation (PC-CP) | Mike Nellis, Dominik Lehner
# Scope and Definitions. Electronic Monitoring
Strasbourg, 16 October 2012
The present document is intended to propose a set of professional and ethical rules and standards enabling national authorities to provide just, proportionate and effective use of different forms of electronic monitoring in the framework of the criminal justice process in full respect of the rights of the persons concerned. This document is also intended to bring to the attention of national authorities that particular care needs to be taken when using electronic monitoring not to undermine or substitute the building of constructive professional relationships with suspects and offenders by competent staff dealing with them. It should be underlined that the imposition of technological control can be a useful addition to existing socially and psychologically positive ways of dealing with any suspect or offender.

 

Simon Piel

# Le bracelet électronique, star contestée de l'aménagement de peine
Le Monde.fr | 10.04.2012
Le placement sous surveillance électronique [PSE, voir le descriptif du dispositif sur le site du ministère de la justice] est devenu la panacée en termes d'aménagements de peine, explique Marie-Blanche Régnier, secrétaire générale de du syndicat de la magistrature. Malheureusement, il arrive trop souvent que cette mesure ne soit pas accompagnée d'un suivi socio-éducatif. Un manque qui vide un peu de son sens l'aménagement de peine... Pour la présidente de l'ANJAP, le PSE est une bonne mesure, mais il faut rester prudent. "Il ne faut pas que la France devienne comme la Grande-Bretagne, qui a 50 000 personnes équipées de bracelets électroniques et une population carcérale qui explose.

 

Simon Piel

# Le bracelet c'est une peine, pas une faveur
Le Monde.fr | 10.04.2012

Le bracelet est un dispositif qui permet d'imposer un moule supplémentaire pour guider la vie de la personne. Une vie de travailleur honnête, probe, qui ne sort pas, analyse Clément. C'est une manière insidieuse de faire intérioriser un comportement pour au final porter la prison en soi...

 

Agathe Logeart

# Prisons: la vérité sur le bracelet électronique
Enquête publiée dans "le Nouvel Observateur" du 11 octobre 2012 

La loi permettant désormais de placer sous surveillance électronique les condamnés à sept ans d'emprisonnement pour les quatre derniers mois de leur peine, certains porteurs de bracelet ont parfois un lourd passé. "Chez nous, détaille Géraldine Blin, en 2011, sur 476 mesures d'aménagement de peine, 298 étaient des bracelets, ce qu'on appelle des PSE : placement sous surveillance électronique." La moyenne d'âge est de 35 ans. Très peu de femmes sont concernées. L'échec, qui entraîne le retrait de la mesure et le retour en prison, concerne 15% des aménagements de peine classiques (semi-liberté, placement extérieur, libération conditionnelle) et 7% seulement des PSE... 5% des "placés" demandent à retourner en prison. D'autres multiplient délibérément les incidents - bracelet arraché, matériel détérioré, retards répétés - pour manifester, consciemment ou non, leur intolérance à la mesure. Pierre-Victor Tournier évoque un chiffre noir, celui des suicides sous bracelet, phénomène émergent qui n'est pas encore quantifié.

 

Nuno Caiado
# The Third Way: An Agenda for Electronic Monitoring in the Next Decade
The Jouurnal of Offender Monitoring - Civic Research Institute - 2012

Not for everybody. The "third way" is not a universal solution. The type of candidate selected is criticaI. Detennining who to supervise is the first step. For some, the level of supervision is excessive and therefore adds unnecessary cost and effort; for others it wiII be insufficient. This decision should derive from an assessment of risk levels presented by the offender which in turn presupposes a system of assessment calibrated to the varying Ievels of control possible. Eligible offenders might be those of low-toaverage risk or even of average·to-high risk, depending on the technology to be used and on the kind of sentence or stage of the sentence imposed.

 

Increasing Resilience in Surveillance Societies IRISS
# Surveillance, fighting crime and violence
http://irissproject.eu/ 2012

In the UK, electronic monitoring technology is used as part of home detention curfews (HDC) and typically consists of a bracelet containing a transmitter worn around the ankle or wrist. This transmitter sends a signal to a monitoring unit (at the site of curfew) which in turn relays information via a mobile phone network or landline to a central computer system located at the service provider. If the bracelet moves beyond the range of the monitoring unit then the control centre is automatically alerted. More recently, Global Positioning System (GPS) combined with electronic monitoring enables continuous tracking in real time and offers the ability to set exclusion or inclusion zones with automatic alerts if an offender enters a prohibited area or comes into close proximity to someone deemed to be off limits. In many US states, there is a requirement to use GPS as a means of monitoring and tracking sex offenders. In some US states, there is a requirement to track certain sex offenders for life

 

Deloitte Development LLC | A GovLab Study
# Disruptive innovation. Case study: Transforming criminal justice with electronic monitoring
www.deloitte.com/ 2012
In the United Kingdom, about 70,000 offenders annually are subject to electronic monitoring, a number likely to rise significantly in the near future. In October 2011 alone, the UK government bid out £1billion worth of electronic monitoring contracts. Significant growth in electronic monitoring also is expected in other European countries as well as Brazil and South Africa...

 

A. S. McKnight, J. C. Fell J. C., A. Auld-Owens
# Transdermal alcohol monitoring: Case studies
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, August 2012
The Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring (SCRAM) device produced by Alcohol Monitoring Systems (AMS) and the Transdermal Alcohol Detection (TAD) system developed by BI Incorporated (BI) are two transdermal alcohol- monitoring devices that are increasingly being used across the country on alcohol-related criminal offenders. Both devices use ankle bracelets that sample perspiration to detect ethanol vapor and can automatically transfer the information stored on the ankle bracelet via modem to a secure Web server.

 

Francis Taylor, Barak Ariel

# Electronic Monitoring of Offenders: A Systematic Review of Its Effect on Recidivism in the Criminal Justice System
Campbell Collaboration 2012
By 2011 there are very few jurisdictions throughout the western world that do not have some form of electronic monitoring (EM) to supervise offenders. EM was developed to replace custody or imprisonment because the surveillance and control over offenders in the community is believed to prevent criminal activities, by reducing both their capacity and their opportunity to commit crimes. In addition, EM was intended to reduce costs and provide a cheaper alternative to custody and face-to-face supervision. By Governments subcontracting EM out to the commercial sector, it was meant to allow crime control to be increased without increasing the costs of implementing it.

 

Rory Geoghegan | Foreword by Chris Miller
Future of Corrections. Exploring the use of electronic monitoring
www.policyexchange.org.uk | Policy Exchange 2012
In the near future, progress in pharmacological treatments and genetic and neurobiological risk assessments may offer entirely new criminal sentencing disposals for courts, but will give rise to arguments around the ethics and legal protections governing the use of such approaches. As the National Institute of Justice in the United States has acknowledged: “The critical challenge will be to learn how to take advantage of new technological opportunities while minimizing their threats.” Three emerging technologies have been cited as likely to change the face of sentencing and corrections by 2030: * electronic tracking and location-based monitoring systems, * pharmacological treatment, and * genetic or neuro-biologic risk assessment...

 

A. S. McKnight, J. C. Fell, A. Auld-Owens | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NHTSA
# Transdermal Alcohol Monitoring. Case Studies
www.nhtsa.gov/ August 2012
The types of offenders typically assigned to transdermal alcohol monitoring are very similar across the various programs. They include:  • Impaired- riving offenders with prior impaired-driving offenses; • Serious or felony impaired-driving offenders who were involved in a high-BAC offense  or a crash resulting in death or injury; • Assault, domestic violence, or other types of offenders for whom alcohol was a factor in the offense...

 

Jonathan Simon
Punishment and the Political Technologies of the Body
www.law.berkeley.edu/ 2012
While traditional probation sought to change behavior through ‘the periodic co-presence of supervisor and supervisee …; it was via their structured personal encounters (and sometimes through the relationship which grew between them) that an impact on behaviour was effected’, electronic monitoring seeks to extend the spatial and temporal range of control well beyond what human controls or social relations could sustain, indeed range replaces relationships Instead of creating a matrix of surveillance and influence, electronic monitoring enforces a risk based set of spatial exclusions. At the same time electronic monitoring is valued as a managerial tool that can document the performance up to standards of control agents, and protect the human rights interests of the penal subject from the abuses of confinement or the degradation possible in other risk management tools, such as public notification

 

Olivier Razac
La sorveglianza elettronica: l’utopia panoptica rinnovata
materiali foucaultiani, a. I, n. 1, gennaio-giugno 2012, pp. 151-168.
Nessuna costruzione reale ha potuto mai realizzare il programma immaginato da Bentham. Certo, in particolare nel XIX secolo, molte prigioni si sono potute ispirare al progetto o all’idea di una sorveglianza centrale, ma nessuna ha mai realizzato il Panopticon. Oggi non sembra più essere questo il caso. In altre parole, sebbene sia un’idea architettonica, non è certo che sia sufficiente analizzare i progetti delle costruzioni o il funzionamento concreto degli edifici penitenziari per poter comprendere in che misura il Panopticon sia importante nello sviluppo dell’attuale sistema penitenziario. Forse si potrebbe esser portati a constatare il contrario, ovvero la sua desuetudine all’interno dello spazio carcerario moderno. A   meno di non spostare lo sguardo e andare a cercare il Panopticon là dove non ci si aspetterebbe di trovarlo. In un luogo in cui, per l’esattezza, non vi è alcuna architettura carceraria, dove non vi sono mura e, in un certo senso, alcuna materia – in questa architettura carceraria, invisibile e intangibile, che oggi produce l’estensione della sorveglianza elettronica. Quando oggigiorno, in Francia, si parla di sorveglianza elettronica, bisogna attentamente distinguere la sorveglianza elettronica fissa (placement sous surveillance électronique fixe), altrimenti detto PSE, e la sorveglianza elettronica mobile (placement sous surveillance électornique mobile), detto PSEM...

 

Molly Carney
# Correction through Omniscience: Electronic Monitoring and the Escalation of Crime Control
Journal of Law & Policy, Vol. 40, 2012
In 2009, almost 100,000 GPS tracking units were in use in the United States, as compared to 230 in 1999. Numerous companies offer not only GPS tracking equipment, but also devices such as SCRAM drug and alcohol monitoring ankle bracelets, drug testing software, and hidden cameras. New technologies continue to emerge and become more complex. In modern practice, EM technologies have numerous applications. An offender may be assigned an EM device during the pretrial release, probation, parole, or supervised release stages.49 Electronic monitoring is sometimes used as an alternative to incarceration, and often used in conjunction with other conditions and punishments...Where EM surveillance augments the culture of control, it exacerbates underlying problems with the American system. Thus far, EM surveillance controls new populations, cultivates new industry, and creates new constitutional concerns without demonstrating new results. Therefore, new policies must ensure that EM surveillance operates as a solution rather than a useless expansion of the current system.

 

Stephen V. Gies, Randy Gainey, Marcia I. Cohen, Eoin Healy, Dan Duplantier, Martha Yeide, Alan Bekelman, Amanda Bobnis, Michael Hopps
# Monitoring High-Risk Sex Offenders With GPS Technology: An Evaluation of the California Supervision Program
www.ncjrs.gov/ 2012
Only a few earlier studies have carefully examined the effectiveness of global positioning system (GPS) monitoring, and even fewer have concentrated on its effects on sex offenders. The results of this study  suggest that the use of GPS monitoring integrated into a traditional parole supervision regime and  combined with treatment is associated with lower recidivism and fewer compliance problems than the  average expected outcome, had the same subjects received traditional supervision and sex offender treatment alone. As one of the most rigorous evaluations yet reported on the effectiveness of GPS monitoring, this study provides evidence that similar programs may be effective in reducing recidivism

 

A Corrêa Junior
# Monitoramento eletrônico de penas e alternativas penais
www.teses.usp.br/ Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo, 2012
A busca por alternativas à prisão é antiga, e a vigilância eletrônica surgiu como uma solução tecnológica. O monitoramento deve respeitar os princípios do Estado Democrático de Direito (dignidade humana) e estar vinculado aos fins preventivos da pena (prevenção especial positiva). Por si só não reduz a população carcerária e não diminui a reincidência, mas as vantagens econômicas e os bons resultados obtidos por outros países não podem ser desprezados. Assim, a experiência estrangeira revela bons resultados no uso da vigilância junto a programas de acompanhamento social.

 

Edna Erez, Peter R. Ibarra, William D. Bales, Oren M. Gur
# GPS Monitoring Technologies and Domestic Violence: An Evaluation Study
www.ncdsv.org/ June 2012
This study examines the implementation of Global Positioning System (GPS) monitoring technology in enforcing court mandated “no contact” orders in domestic violence (DV) cases, particularly those involving intimate partner violence (IPV). The research also addresses the effectiveness of GPS as a form of pretrial supervision, as compared to other conditions in which defendants are placed. The project has three components: First, a national web-based survey of agencies providing pretrial supervision reported on patterns of GPS usage, as well as the advantages, drawbacks, and costs associated with using GPS for DV cases. The results indicate a gradual increase in agencies’ use of GPS technology for DV cases since 1996, primarily to enhance victim safety and defendant supervision...

 

Criminal Justice Alliance CJA
# Response to the Ministry of Justice Consultation ‘Punishment and Reform: Effective Community Sentences’
www.criminaljusticealliance.org/ June 2012
However it is important to highlight that the evidence available suggests that in and of itself electronic monitoring may not prevent re-offending and as a result it is vital that it does not replace direct human interaction. We share the concern that it could be a move away from values traditionally held by the Probation Service that involve the 'slow nurturing of inner change in offenders towards the galvanising of rapid processes of outward compliance'18. In essence, over reliance on EM could make compliance a tick the box activity which does little to motivate and encourage desistance from crime.

 

Martine Herzog-Evans
# The six month limit to community measures ‘under prison registry’: a study of professional perception
European Journal of Probation | www.ejprob.ro | Vol. 4, No.2, 2012, pp 23 – 45
This paper deals with the sentence feasibility with a special focus on electronic monitoring. The purposes of this research were first to test the „six month limit‟ idea amongst practitioners, before the Prison Law was implemented... The research confirmed that, in the perception of practitioners, there was indeed a maximum length of time that was considered tolerable for offenders. Given the way practitioners still erceived „sentence management measures‟ i.e. measures which were supposed to help people desist, beyond a point situated around six months time, they assumed that things did not work so well.

 

Susana Pinto, Mike Nellis
# Survey of Electronic Monitoring in Europe: Analysis of Questionnaires 2012
www.coe.int/ 2012
In May 2012, the CEP Secretariat sent out questionnaires to designated individuals responsible for EM in the member countries. Despite subsequent promptings from the Secretariat, the response rate was respectable, but lower than it has been in the past: only thirteen countries returned questionnaires. This may be because of the shorter lapse of time between CEP EM conferences than is usual; eighteen months as opposed to two years - some potential respondents may have felt they had less new material to report. Whatever the reason, the picture we can paint of the state of EM in Europe is less comprehensive than it has been on past occasions. The thirteen countries that responded are England & Wales, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany (one lander), Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Sweden and Switzerland (two cantons).

 

Beverly Geesin
# Resistance to Surveilance in Everyday Life
University of York, March 2012
...the fetishisation and consumption of technology also contribute to this by normalising and justifying the use of what we might argue is excessively sophisticated technology to deal with relatively routine offences and circumstances. Examining the mutual adoration and technological determinism amongst the police, governments and the public seeks to explain the investment in (and publicising of) technology such as unmanned drones despite the lack of evidence in regards toeffectiveness and questions regarding the appropriateness and the proportionality of using the devices for low level crime.

 

Marie-Sophie Devresse
# Vers de nouvelles frontières de la pénalité. Le cas de la surveillance électronique des condamnés
www.cairn.info/ Volume 25 - n° 97/2012, p. 47-74
En soi, la surveillance électronique ne dispose pas vraiment d’un statut singulier. C’est seulement lorsqu’elle est investie par un projet identifiable qu’elle peut être située dans un ensemble pénologique plus vaste et faire l’objet de comparaisons. Accessoirisant l’exécution d’un couvre-feu elle sera simple mesure de prévention ; peine autonome, elle rejoindra la gamme des sanctions pénales; modalité d’exécution d’une peine de prison, elle s’insérera dans les mesures dites alternatives; instrument de gestion du risque de récidive, elle deviendra mesure de sûreté, etc.

 

John K. Roman, Akiva M. Liberman, Samuel Taxy, P. Mitchell Downey
# The Costs and Benefits of Electronic Monitoring for Washington, D.C.
The Urban Institute 2012
Electronic monitoring is a method of increasing surveillance of offenders who are under some form of community supervision. EM can be employed at various stages of the criminal justice system, from pretrial to parole. EM allows authorities to monitor and verify offenders’ whereabouts, increasing the likelihood that violations of the terms of community supervision can be detected and sanctions applied. EM may also deter new offending. EM is appealing because it is less expensive than incarceration but provides additional supervision compared with traditional probation

 

Mike Nellis, Delphine Vanhaelemeesch
# Towards a Gold Standard in The Practice of Electronic Monitoring
www.cepprobation.org/ 8th CEP Electronic Monitoring Conference | 8th-10th November 2012, Bålsta, Sweden
So, in thinking about a “gold standard” for EM in all its aspects we should remember that it is not EM in itself that we are judging, but the contribution that EM could and should make to civilised and constructive criminal justice systems, which make only sparing use of imprisonment and which are as firmly committed to the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders as they are to public protection.

 

Mike Nellis
# Electronic Monitoring - the Quest for the Gold Standard
www.cepprobation.org/ 2012
EM can, if necessary, add in a constructive element of control to existing forms of supervising offenders in the community, and help to reduce systemic reliance on the use of custodial sentences. The practical means to enable desistance and the moral & political commitment to reducing both crime and prison use must come from a vital sense of social solidarity...

 

César Barros Leal
# La vigilancia electrónica a distancia como alternativa al encierro : desde la perspectiva del pensamiento de Alessandro Baratta, para quien “la mejor cárcel es sin duda la que no existe”
www.lex.uh.cu/ Revista Cubana de Derecho, n. 39, Enero – Junio 2012
La historia del derecho penal (que se confunde con la abolición lenta pero progresiva de la pena de privación de libertad) es una ruta de avances y retrocesos, de conquistas y engaños continuos. De la venganza de sangre al talión, de las penas infamantes a la pena de prisión, de las celdas en los monasterios a los sustitutivos penales, del panóptico a la monitorización telemática a distancia, mucho se avanzó en busca de respuestas para el drama persistente de la pena.

 

Pretrial Justice Institute PJI
# Using technology to enhance pretrial services: current applications and future possibilities
Bureau of Justice Assistance 2012
The introduction of GPS technology opened substantially more possibilities in electronic monitoring. It became possible to set up exclusion zones, areas where subjects were prohibited from entering. It also became possible to set up proximity zones, areas that move with victims and help protect them. By providing victims with an electronic device, they can receive an alert anytime the subject enters the proximity zone. While this may not provide absolute protection, it does provide the victim some time to react. A 2007 review of GPS technology in use at that time identified several problems with the technology. These included frequent signal loses, frequent equipment failures, limited battery life, and frequent “nuisance alerts,” such as can occur when a subject is inside a building and the GPS signal is blocked. The review also identified several possible vulnerabilities to relying on GPS to monitor persons, including loss of GPS satellite service, loss of cellular or land-line telephone service, loss of electricity, vendor software problems, and loss of data. Notwithstanding the kinks in the development of electronic monitoring technology, the use of these devices has been rising sharply...

 

Scottsdale City Court
# Home Detention and Electronic Monitoring Statistical Report. July 1, 2011 – June 30, 2012
www.scottsdaleaz.gov/ Published August 8, 2012| Scottsdale City Court
In October of 2010 the Scottsdale City Court began the Home Detention Electronic  Monitoring Program (HDEM) for DUI offenders, with oversight services provided by a contracted provider. The statistical measurements have been organized into the following six categories: 1) Intake and Program Participation 2) Demographics 3) Program Cost Savings 4) Sentencing Compliance 5) Reported Program Violations 6) Recidivism

 

Fausto Colombo
# Controllo. identità, parresia. Un approccio foucaultiano al web 2.0
«Comunicazioni sociali», 2012, n. 2, 197-212
Ora, non c’è nessun luogo che più del web 2.0 si presti alla comparazione con il potere di disciplina. Si può anzi dire che è proprio la possibilità nuova data all’utente di intervenire, agire, comunicare e comunicarsi, quindi lasciare tracce seguibili e traducibili in informazioni su se stesso, a costituire la rete come luogo del potere disciplinare. Il Panopticon, il carcere progettato da Jeremy Bentham cui Foucault dedica analisi straordinarie nei testi citati, sembra fatto apposta per costituire una metafora del web e del suo lato oscuro di dominio, e come tale è spesso utilizzato...

 

Eric Maes, Benjamin Mine, Caroline De Man, Rosamunde Van Brakel
# Thinking about electronic monitoring in the context of pre-trial detention in Belgium: a solution to prison overcrowding?
European Journal of Probation, Vol. 4, No.2, 2012, pp 3 – 22
Prison overcrowding is a major problem in the Belgian criminal justice system, with almost 40% of the current population consisting of prisoners in remand custody. Driven by a goal of prison overcrowding prevention, electronic monitoring has been implemented nationally since 2000, but only as an alternative to the execution of the  entire or a part of the prison sentence imposed. This article aims to report some final  results of a recent research on the possible application of electronic monitoring as an alternative to pre-trial detention in Belgium.

 

Rafael Di Tella, Ernesto Schargrodsky
# Criminal Recidivism after Prison and Electronic Monitoring
www.econ.upf.edu/ 2012
In this paper we study electronic monitoring in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. We measure recidivism through re-arrest rates of offenders treated with electronic monitoring since the program’s inception in the late 1990’s. As a benchmark, we take a sample of former prisoners of similar observable characteristics treated with incarceration. We find a large, negative and significant correlation between electronic monitoring and re-arrest rates.

 

Signe Hald Andersen
# Serving time or serving the community? Exploiting a policy reform to assess the causal effects of community service on income, social benefit dependency and recidivism
Study Paper No. 37 The Rockwool Foundation Research Unit and University Press of Southern Denmark January 2012
Today, justice systems in most countries have different types of sentences at their disposal, including traditional imprisonment, suspended sentences, electronic monitoring and community service. The use of the non-conventional – or more specifically, the non-custodial – types of sentence is often due primarily to considerations of the increasing cost of keeping people in prison and of prison overcrowding, but as a more or less intentional side effect, offenders then also avoid the potential contamination encountered in jail. But while most judges, criminologists and the like still believe in Bonneville’s claim, empirical evidence on the actual causal effect of non-custodial sentences is scarce...

 

M. Ryan Calo
# The Drone as Privacy Catalyst
www.stanfordlawreview.org/ December 12, 2011

Associated today with the theatre of war, the widespread domestic use of drones for surveillance seems inevitable. Existing privacy law will not stand in its way. It may be tempting to conclude on this basis that drones will further erode our individual and collective privacy. Yet the opposite may happen. Drones may help restore our mental model of a privacy violation. They could be just the visceral jolt society needs to drag privacy law into the twenty-first century.

 

U.S. Department of Justice | Office of Justice Programs | National Institute of Justice NIJ
# Electronic Monitoring Reduces Recidivism
www.ncjrs.gov/ Sept. 2011
A large NIJ-funded study of Florida offenders placed on electronic monitoring found that monitoring significantly reduces the likelihood of failure under community supervision. The decline in the risk of failure is about 31 percent compared with offenders placed on other forms of community supervision.

 

Olivier Marie, Karen Moreton, Miguel Goncalves

# The effect of early release of prisoners on  Home Detention Curfew (HDC) on recidivism
Research Summary 1/11

Ministry of Justice - Crown copyright 2011

Home Detention Curfew (HDC) was introduced across England and Wales in January 1999 and was aimed at enabling early release on an electronic tag for offenders who had received shorter term custodial sentences and who, in addition, also posed a less serious threat of reoffending upon release. This study used centrally held data on 499,279 discharges from prison between January 2000 and March 2006, with 63,384 discharged receiving HDC... The analysis suggests that the overall outcomes under HDC – especially when costs are taken into account – are preferable to keeping offenders eligible for the scheme in custody at the end of the custodial element of their sentence.According to the 2006 NAO report on The Electronic Monitoring of Adult Offenders, HDC costs £1,300 to monitor an offender who has been released from prison for 90 days compared to £6,500 for the same period in custody.8 As this research shows that HDC does not increase the number of offences committed per offender, it does appear to provide better value for money...

 

Tyler Wall, Torin Monahan
# Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes
Theoretical Criminology, 15(3), 2011
As surveillance and military devices, drones—or ‘unmanned aerial vehicles’—offer a prism for theorizing the technological politics of warfare and governance. This prism reveals some violent articulations of US imperialism and nationalism, the dehumanizing translation of bodies into ‘targets’ for remote monitoring and destruction, and the insidious application of militarized systems and rationalities to domestic territories and populations. In this article, we analyze the deployment of drones within warzones in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan and borderzones and urban areas in the USA. What we call ‘the drone stare’ is a type of surveillance that abstracts people from contexts, thereby reducing variation, difference, and noise that may impede action or introduce moral ambiguity. Through these processes, drones further normalize the ongoing subjugation of those marked as Other.

 

Guillermo Kozlowsky, David Scheer
# Regards : de la prison à la prison, en passant par la téléréalité
http://ep.cfsasbl.be/ 2011
Dans la prison panoptique – ou en tout cas dans le modèle panoptique –, le regard est omniscient et ne vient de nulle part. C'est la vigilance d'une conscience abstraite supérieure et c'est précisément cette conscience qui doit devenir, en quelque sorte, l'âme du condamné (ou de l'ouvrier ou de l'écolier...). Ce dernier intègre ce regard abstrait, jusqu’à le faire sien. Cette conscience – cette « mauvaise conscience » dirait Nietzsche – est la base de la surveillance et de la soumission à la discipline, à l’autodiscipline. Dans la transparence, le regard est autre : toujours omniscient mais également immanent. Ce sont des gens normaux (vous et nous) qui se regardent. La séduction est alors normale face à un regard technique (loin d’un idéal de l’œil de Dieu).

 

Jean-Charles Froment
# Sécurité, justice et technologies. De quelques enseignements du développement des technologies de contrôle à partir des exemples du placement sous surveillance électronique et de la vidéosurveillance
http://droitcultures.revues.org/ 61, 2011
Les réflexions qui structurent cet article sont issues de près de quinze années d’observation du développem ent du recours aux nouv elles technologies de contrôle dans le champ de la justice et de la sécurité. Elles s’appuient plus spécifiquem ent sur l’étude de deux d’entre elles, principalement le placement sous surveillance électronique et accessoirement la vidéosurveillance, qui ont vuleur champ d’application s’élargir considérablement en l’espace d’une vingtaine d’années.

 

Regione Piemonte
# La videosorveglianza e gli enti locali
Regione Piemonte. Quaderni di aggiornamento per la Polizia Locale, n. 47, 2011
L’utilizzo della videosorveglianza sia per la protezione e l’incolumità degli individui, ivi ricompresi i profili attinenti alla sicurezza urbana, all'ordine e sicurezza pubblica, la protezione della proprietà, rilevazione, prevenzione e controllo delle infrazioni svolti dai soggetti pubblici, o l’acquisizione di prove è possibile purché ciò non determini un'ingerenza ingiustificata nei diritti e nelle libertà fondamentali degli interessati...

 

Massimo Ragnedda
# Social control and surveillance in the society of consumers
International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 3(6) pp. 180-188, June 2011
The second part of the article will explain how the famous concept of the iron cage, formulated by Weber, should be accompanied and integrated by the new electronic cage. Indeed in a Postpanopticon society the new surveillance, is also based on an electronic collection of data-imaging, requiring a new cage, no longer iron but electronic...

 

Sarah Armstrong, Margaret Malloch, Mike Nellis, Paul Norris
# Evaluation of the Use of Home Detention Curfew and the Open Prison Estate in Scotland
Scottish Government Social Research | Social Research series  July 2011

Home Detention Curfew (HDC) came into use in Scotland in 2006 and allows prisoners, mainly on shorter sentences, to serve up to a quarter of their sentence (for a maximum  of six months and a minimum of two weeks) on licence in the community, while wearing an electronic tag... HDC use for prisoners in open conditions, unlike in the prison system more generally, does not occur because of pressure on places – there is no pressure here – but precisely because it has some reintegrative potential. 

 

Natasha Alladina
# The Use of Electronic Monitoring in the Alaska Criminal Justice System: A Practical Yet Incomplete Alternative to Incarceration
Alaska Law Review, 2011
This Note proposes increasing the use of electronic monitoring as an alternative to incarceration. The current electronic monitoring program in Alaska has addressed budget concerns but has not met crime reduction goals. Thus, the Note proposes a “hybrid” electronic monitoring program—one that combines the current electronic monitoring program with other alternatives to incarceration, including therapeutic justice and halfway housing. This “hybrid”  should maximizeresources and minimize costs, helping to correct the prison-packing predicament of the Alaskan criminal justice system.

 

Mike Nellis
# The Integration of Probation and Electronic Monitoring – a Continuing Challenge
www.cepprobation.org/ A Reflective Report for CEP - May 2011
Not all European EM programmes are run by probation services. Some – especially where all EM schemes are of the “backdoor” kind - are run by Prison Services, sometimes quite protectively, in ways that might impede the development and expansion of EM – in community-based probation services, as an alternative to custody. Experimentation with ways of releasing offenders from custody in a graduated way - temporary release and early release in particular - is important for offender reintegration.

 

Pamela S. DeVault
# Feasibility of Electronic Monitoring for Pretrial Release in the Lee's Summit Municipal Court
Institut for Court Management - Court Executive Development Program - 2010-11 Phase III Project, May 2011

 

National Conference of State Legislatures | The Forum for America's Ideas
# Principles of Effective State Sentencing and Corrections Policy. A Report of the NCSL Sentencing and Corrections Work Group
www.ncsl.org/ National Conference of State Legislatures 2011
Non-prison options for suitable offenders not only helps states do more with their corrections money, but also ensures prison space is available for the most dangerous offenders. Intermediate supervision options such as electronic monitoring, residential programs and problem-solving courts are less costly than incarceration, and they provide a greater degree of monitoring and requirements than traditional probation or parole programs. Residential and community treatment can address substance abuse and mental health needs commonly related to criminal behavior (see also Treating Drug Offenders). Non-prison sanctions for probation and parole violations can also provide for offender accountability and reserve costly prison space for offenders who may present a public safety concern.

 

County of San Mateo
# Can an Electronic Monitoring Program for Pre-Trial Detainees Help to Reduce Jail Overcrowding?
www.sanmateocourt.org/ 2011
The Grand Jury found that utilizing electronic monitoring devices for pre-trial detainees is not part of the current classification process in San Mateo County, no Electronic Monitoring Program EMP exists for pre-trial detainees, and consequently no persons awaiting trial wear an electronic monitoring device. Several of those interviewed acknowledge that electronic monitoring devices for specific  individuals could be a useful tool in reducing jail populations. Expanding EMP efforts to the  pre-trial detainee population would require some investment in staff and training, as well as  modification of eligibility guidelines. This investment could be partially or wholly offset by cost  savings in reducing jail headcount.

 

Sudipto Roy
# Convicted Drunk Drivers in an Electronically Monitored Home Detention Program: A Three-Year Study on Exit Status and Subsequent Recidivism
Kriminologija i socijalna integracija. Vol. 19 (2011)
This study included adult offenders convicted of drunk driving, sentenced to the EMHD program, and who completed or failed to complete their sentences from the beginning of 2006 through the end of 2008 (three-year time period); afterward, the participants who successfully exited the program were followed till the end of 2009 to investigate their post-program recidivism. At a minimum, the follow-up period for recidivism was one year. Specifically, the objective of this study was to expand on the literature by focusing on the “exit status” of the convicted drunk drivers sentenced to the EMHD program during the three-year study period, and also on “recidivism” among the subjects after their successful exit from the program.

 

Marie-Sophie Devresse
# Surveillance électronique et justice pénale : quelques éléments de pérennité et de changement https://droitcultures.revues.org/ Droit et Cultures, 61 | 2011-1, pp. 195-214
Participant à la dispersion de la pénalité dans l’espace social, la surveillance électronique permet ainsi au condamné – et c’est d’ailleurs l’un de ses objectifs – d’évoluer discrètement dans la vie libre, en « in-corporant » sa sanction et en préservant la plupart de ses relations sociales. Le lieu d’exercice de la justice se trouvant ainsi éclaté et déréalisé, ses acteurs deviennent alors soudainement flous, ce qui n’est pas sans créer de la confusion et générer du trouble...

 

Melissa Spanggaard, Christopher M. Davidson
# Remote Alcohol Monitor Technology Deemed Reliable
The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 39, Number 1, 2011
With the increasingly overstretched correctional system searching for viable options to incarceration, technology such as the SCRAM will continue to be an attractive option, since such programs save the cost of incarceration, and many of these programs require the offender to pay any related fees for the program. These factors make it likely that more jurisdictions will adopt this technology...

 

Jesse Jannetta, Robin Halberstadt
# Kiosk Supervision for the District of Columbia
Urban Institute | Justice Policy Center january 2011
The majority of people involved with the criminal justice system are under community supervision. In 2009, 5 million of the 7.2 million individuals under some form of criminal justice system control were supervised in the community... One supervision method that states and localities across the nation have adopted to supervise low-risk offenders and pretrial defendants efficientl is kiosk supervision. Kiosk systems can replace in-person reporting requirements, are convenient for both supervisees and supervision agencies, and help shift resources to moderate- and high-risk probationers and parolees who need more intensive interventions and monitoring. With supervision budgets under increasing stress and caseloads rising, these aspects of kiosk supervision systems are highly attractive.

 

Torin Monahan
# The Future of Security? Surveillance Operations at Homeland Security Fusion Centers
Social Justice , Vol. 37, No. 2-3, 2010-2011
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has renewed its commitment to creating a robust, nationwide network of "fusion centers" to share and analyze data on citizens and others. As of 2010, at least 72 fusion centers existed at the state and regional levels throughout the United States, with many of them listed as "intelligence centers" or "information analysis centers." Officially, such centers prioritize counterterrorism activities, such as conducting "threat assessments" for events and linking "suspicious activities reports" to other data to create profiles of individuals or groups that might present terrorist risks. In this capacity, fusion centers engage in aform of "intelligence-led policing" that targets individuals who match certain profiles and singles them out for further monitoring or preemptive intervention...

 

Bulletin Officiel du Ministère de la Justice et des Libertés
# Circulaire du 3 décembre 2010 relative à la présentation des dispositions de l’article 723-28 de la loi pénitentiaire n° 2009-1436 du 24 novembre 2009 et du décret n° 2010-1278 relatif aux modalités d’exécution des fins de peines d’emprisonnement en l’absence de tout aménagement de peine.
www.textes.justice.gouv.fr/ BOMJL n° 2010-10 du 31 décembre 2010
Afin d’éviter autant que possible toute sortie sèche de détention, le législateur a posé le principe selon lequel tout détenu condamné à une peine d’une durée inférieure ou égale à cinq ans doit, si aucun aménagement de peine n’a pu être préalablement mis en œuvre, exécuter la fin de sa peine sous le régime de la surveillance électronique. Ce placement est mis en œuvre par le directeur du service pénitentiaire d'insertion et de probation sous  l'autorité du procureur de la République qui peut fixer les mesures de contrôle et les obligations énumérées aux  articles 132-44 et 132-45 du code pénal auxquelles la personne condamnée devra se soumettre.  Les deux acteurs principaux de la mesure sont donc le directeur du service pénitentiaire d'insertion et de  probation et le procureur de la République. Le principe de la «mise en œuvre par le DSPIP sous l’autorité du  procureur de la République » se décline tout au long de la vie de la mesure, au stade de sa validation, de ses  modifications comme de son retrait

 

Susan Turner, Alyssa Whitby Chamberlain, Jesse Jannetta, James Hess
# Implementation and Outcomes for California’s GPS pilot for High Risk Sex Offender Parolees
http://ucicorrections.seweb.uci.edu/ UCIrvine | Center for Evidence-Based Corrections, November 2010
In November 2006, California passed # Proposition 83 mandating that all sex offenders be monitored by GPS for life. The law was passed without sufficient evidence regarding the effectiveness of GPS monitoring on sex offenders, and lacked a clear plan for how these new provisions would be implemented. This study provides a much needed test addressing the effectiveness of GPS monitoring for high risk sex offenders supervised in the community...

 

Olivier Razac | École nationale d'administration pénitentiaire Énap |  Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche Appliquée au champ Pénitentiaire CÍRAP
# Le Placement sous surveillance électronique mobile: Un nouveau modèle pénal?
www.enap.justice.fr/ Septembre 2010

Le « PSEM » ( Placement sous surveillance électronique mobile) a été présenté comme une innovation importante par ceux qui l'ont défendu et qu'il a pu, à l'inverse, être perçu comme emblématique d'une rupture majeure avec les principes de notre droit introduite par les nouvelles mesures de sûreté. Il produirait donc une forte discontinuité, aussi bien au niveau du cadre juridique dans lequel il s'inscrit, des modalités technologiques inédites qu'il introduit, que des pratiques pénitentiaires qu'il vient bousculer...

 

Martin Killias, Gwladys Gilliéron, Izumi Kissling and Patrice Villettaz
# Community Service Versus Electronic Monitoring—What Works Better?: Results of a Randomized Trial
Br J Criminol (2010) 50 (6): 1155-1170.
The present study is based on a controlled experiment in Switzerland with 240 subjects randomly assigned either to community service or to electronic monitoring. Measures of outcome include reconvictions, self-reported delinquency and several measures of social integration such as marriage, income and debts. The findings, based on subjects who successfully completed their sanction, suggest, with marginal significance (p < 0.10), that those assigned to electronic monitoring reoffended less than those assigned to community service, that they were more often married and lived under more favourable financial circumstances. Electronic monitoring may be an alternative to non-custodial sanctions. With increasing demands for non-custodial sanctions, it is crucial having more alternatives available.

 

Leentje De Bleser, Birgit Vincke, Fabienne Dobbels, Mary Beth Happ, Bart Maes, Johan Vanhaecke, Sabina De Geest
# A New Electronic Monitoring Device to Measure Medication Adherence: Usability of the Helping Hand™
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Sensors 2010
The aim of this study was to test the user performance, satisfaction and acceptability of the Helping Hand™ (B&O Medicom) electronic medication adherence monitor. Using a mixed-method design, we studied 11 kidney transplant patients and 10 healthy volunteers during three weeks. Although testing showed positive usability aspects, several areas requiring technical improvement were identified: the most important obstacles to usability and acceptability were the weak sound signal, problems loading the medication, and the fact that only one medication could be used at a time.

 

William Bales, Karen Mann, Thomas Blomberg, Gerry Gaes, Kelle Barrick, Karla Dhungana, Brian McManus

# A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Electronic Monitoring. Report Submitted to the Office of Justice Program National Institute of Justice U.S. Department of Justice

http://www.criminologycenter.fsu.edu/ January 2010

The purposes of this research include: (1) determining the effect of electronic monitoring (EM) as a supervision enhancement for offenders in terms of absconding, probation violations, and the commission of new crimes; (2) providing an  explanation of the findings; (3) documenting the implementation of EM; (4) identifying and documenting the impact that EM has on offenders’ personal relationships, families, employment, and assimilation within the community; and (5) developing evidence-based recommendations to improve public safety and lessen negative consequences for offenders and their families.

 

Annie Kensey, René Lévy, Abdelmalik Benaouda
# Le développement de la surveillance électronique en France et ses effets sur la récidive
Criminologie, vol. 43, no 2 (2010)
Institué en France en 1997 comme une mesure d’aménagement des peines, le placement sous surveillance électronique (PSE ou bracelet électronique) connaît depuis quelques années un développement important dans le contexte d’une crise de surpopulation carcérale. La première partie de cet article est consacrée à la diversification des usages de cette mesure, dorénavant présente à toutes les phases du processus pénal (pré-sentencielle, sentencielle, post-sentencielle et post-pénale), ainsi qu’au développement, à côté du dispositif de surveillance statique (à domicile), d’une surveillance mobile. Elle présente également une analyse statistique de la population concernée. La deuxième partie rend compte des résultats d’une étude de suivi d’une cohorte de placés cinq ans après la fi n de la mesure. Elle examine le devenir judiciaire (récidive) de cette population et cherche à en préciser les facteurs, avant de tenter une comparaison avec d’autres sanctions et mesures pénales. Celle-ci tend à montrer que le taux de re-condamnation des placés se situe sensiblement en deçà de celui des condamnés à l’emprisonnement, et se classe au deuxième rang après le travail d’intérêt général.

 

Stuart S. Yeh
# Cost-benefit analysis of reducing crime through electronic monitoring of parolees and probationers
Journal of Criminal Justice 38 (2010) 1090–1096
The objective of this study was to estimate the benefits and costs of using electronic monitoring (EM) and home detention to reduce crime committed by parolees and probationers. Method: Data from a national survey of state prison inmates was adjusted and used to estimate the number of crimes that would have been committed by all parolees and probationers over the course of one year in the absence of EM and home detention. Results: EM plus home detention could avert an estimated 781,383 crimes every year. The social value of the annual reduction in crime is $481.1 billion. Society would gain $12.70 for every dollar expended on the proposed intervention. Conclusion: EM plus home detention could be an effective deterrent to crime and could have enormous social benefits, especially if it is applied early and saves what would otherwise be habitual offenders from a life of crime.

 

Clésio Cavalcante Chagas
# Repercussões na Aplicabilidade do Monitoramento Eletrônico em Presos
Universidade Católica de Brasília, 2010
É importante ressaltar que os resultados na utilização do equipamento eletrônico de presos, nos países adeptos, têm se mostrado positivamente, no âmbito da baixa de reincidentes criminais. Embora este dado seja animador, deverá sempre observar as condições da aplicabilidade do equipamento, como também, a realidade cultural diversificada de cada país. No Brasil existe uma tendência forte quanto ao uso deste recurso, inclusive alguns estados brasileiros já aplicam o monitoramento eletrônico, atrelado ao consentimento do futuro usuário.

 

California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR)
# Sex Offender Supervision and GPS Monitoring Task Force
October 2010
There is no method or instrument available that will detect or predict with absolute certainty when or if a sex offender is going to re-offend. CDCR presently uses the Static-99 score to decide the level of sex offender supervision for male offenders unless mitigating or aggravating factors are considered to warrant modification to the supervision level. This is an actuarial risk assessment tool that primarily measures past behaviors to determine the risk of future behaviors. It does not measure risk of violent behavior or take into account that risk may increase or decrease depending on current dynamic factors.

 

Sébastien Delarre
# Sur le réécrou : d’un usage du fichier national des détenus 20 000 anciens écroués observés sur une période de trois ans
Cahiers d’études pénitentiaires et criminologiques, juillet 2010 - no 34
L’introduction d’un identifiant crypté dans les données issues de l’ancien infocentre (fichier national des détenus - FND) permet d’obtenir une mesure quasi-exhaustive du nombre de personnes connaissant plusieurs séjours sous écrou entre août 2005 et aujourd’hui. Ce type de suivi n’était pas possible avant cela en raison du changement systématique des numéros d’écrou dans les données disponibles, et de l’absence d’identifiant individuel stable remédiant au problème. Ce document présente ce dispositif nouveau, encore imparfait, et en tire les premiers enseignements. Certaines limites inhérentes au mode de mesure, de même qu’à l’étude de l’objet analysé (le réécrou), sont également soulignées.

 

Xavier Bébin
# Le bracelet électronique mobile prévient-il efficacement la récidive ?
www.institutpourlajustice.org/ Avril 2009
L’intérêt du bracelet électronique mobile est qu’il constitue un moyen efficace de lutter contre la criminalité sans imposer une contrainte majeure au condamné. En raison du caractère récent de la technologie, aucune étude statistique rigoureuse n’a encore pu être menée pour mesurer son efficacité. Mais l’ensemble des données criminologiques existantes suggèrent que son efficacité potentielle est très importante. L’intérêt central du bracelet électronique est qu’il permet de détecter rapidement la plupart des actes de récidive.

 

Abdelmalik Benaouda, Annie Kensey, René Lévy
# La récidive des premiers placés sous surveillance électronique
Cahiers d’études pénitentiaires et criminologiques, mars 2010 - no 33
Le placement sous surveillance électronique a fait l’objet d’une recherche au long cours dès sa mise en place en 20001. Si les profils des placés ont été plusieurs fois analysés, de nombreux questionnements subsistent quant à l’évaluation de la mesure au regard de la récidive. Cinq années après le placement sous surveillance électronique, 6 condamnés sur 10 (58 %) n’ont pas de nouvelle condamnation inscrite surleur casierjudiciaire. Moins d’un quart (23 %) ont une nouvelle affaire sanctionnée par une peine de prison ferme. Ces résultats placent a priori la surveillance électronique dans une position plus favorable, en termes de récidive, que la détention.

 

Anna Vitores González
# La transformación de la regulación social mediante las prácticas de monitorización electrónica. La celda en casa, la pena en la calle (Tesis Doctoral)
Departament de Psicologia Social | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2009.

Como he señalado más arriba, la monitorización electrónica opera para prevenir y tranquilizar sobre la posibilidad de perder a la unidad móvil; es decir, al reo. Se trata de maniobrar con una posibilidad futura y, por ello, incierta, aunque posible. En este sentido, el instrumento se erige en necesario y pertinente en cuanto a su función tranquilizadora y aseguradora. De este modo, como en cualquier contrato o póliza de seguro, la asunción de riesgos no es asumida de forma abstracta, sino que se concreta e individualiza. Sin embargo, como ya he dicho, la individualización no se realiza en términos de individuocaso, sino en cuanto perfil de riesgo y de situaciones de riesgo...

 

Bureau of Justice Assistance BJA
# Offender Supervision with Electronic Technology: Community Corrections Resource
U.S. Department of Justice 2009 (second edition)
There are many types of electronic supervision technologies available for community corrections officers to include in their supervision plans. This chapter focuses on several forms of electronic supervision, which include: house arrest units, GPS, programmed contact systems, and remote alcohol monitoring... Combining the mobile monitoring and house arrest units, agencies identified their need to know where offenders are at specified times, besides knowing whether they are at home or not at home. The mobile monitoring units are an added benefit to the continuous signaling devices, but they require significant officer time to conduct drive-bys and they still provide limited location information.

 

Mike Nellis
# Surveillance and Confinement: Explaining and Understanding The Experience of Electronically Monitored Curfews
European Journal of Probation, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, pp. 41 - 65
Electronic monitoring (EM) is now widely used in Western Europe, but its precise nature as a distinct form of penal sanction remains unclear. Since its advent in the USA in the 1980s, it has been most commonly characterized as a form of confinement and seen as an analogue of imprisonment.  The names it had been given - “home detention”, “community custody” and “curfew”, for example - reflect this view. The surveillant aspects of EM have been vaguely acknowledged, but have relied on dubious ocular metaphors, and remain undertheorised. This paper will argue that EM should be understood primarily as a particular form and experience of surveillance, because the precise regulatory regime which it imposes on offenders (including the element of confinement) is only made possible by remote sensing technology, and has collateral effects alongside confinement. The paper concludes by tentatively placing this new, surveillant conceptualization of EM within contemporary debates on the changing nature of penalty.

 

Mike Nellis
# The Electronic Monitoring of Offenders: ethics, policy and technology
Glasgow School of Social Work, University of Strathclyde 2009
EM is not merely about confinement, nor is it incapacitative like prison ! Partial surveillance can be much less intrusive than imprisonment … and extreme punitiveness in a society militates against use of EM... Policy Rationales for the Expansion of EM? Reduce prison numbers and costs; Improve/toughen community supervision (bail, sentence and post- release); “Modernisation” of public policy/state esp; Disillusion with “anachronistic” probation; Growth of (post 9/11?)“surveillance culture”; Research – high compliance whilst on EM; Policy transfer/Transnational showcasing; The growing ICT infrastructure changes social possibilities for crime controllers...

 

Pat Best
# Curfew/Electronic Monitoring: The Northern Ireland Experience
Irish Probation Journal Volume 6, September 2009
Some of the main concerns about the increasing use of technology to monitor offenders are the fear that EM is the thin end of the wedge, that more and more resources will be diverted into surveillance and that technology will displace rehabilitative approaches rather than augment them... prison will remain costly in both human and monetary terms, and public demands for increased protection will not diminish. Professor Mike Nellis, at the CEP EM Conference in May 2009, suggested that ‘Techno-corrections of some sort in the twenty-first century are inevitable’.

 

Olivier Marie
# The Best Ones Come Out First! Early Release from Prison and Recidivism. A Regression Discontinuity Approach
Department of Economics, Royal Holloway University of London - September 2009
In this paper we exploit an administrative rule which makes offenders sentenced to less than three months in prison ineligible for the Home Detention Curfew (HDC) scheme in England and Wales to estimate the impact of early release on recidivism using a regression discontinuity (RD) approach. We have access to detailed data on all prisoners released between 2000 and 2006 and their past and future criminal history. We first obtain estimates controlling and matching on observable characteristics which find that the policy reduced recidivism by about 9 percent. The RD methodology takes into account the potential importance of unobservable characteristics. We find that the policy impacts remain relatively unchanged. However, when taking into account prison establishment unobserved characteristics, our results are weakened but still suggest that early release on electronic monitoring can reduce the likelihood of future  arrest by 5 to 7 percent.

 

James Robert Watt
# Electronic workplace surveillance and employee privacy - A comparative analysis of privacy protection in Australia and the United States
Queensland University of Technology - Faculty of Law 2009
There is little formal regulation of electronic monitoring in Australian or United States workplaces. Without reasonalble limits or controls, this has the potential to adversely affect employees' privacy rights... The analysis demonstrates that existings measures fail to adequately regulate monitoring or provide employees with suitable remedies where unjustifiable intrusion occur.

 

Broward County - Florida
# Evaluation of the Pretrial Services Program Administered by the Broward Sheriff’s Office
www.broward.org/ May 18, 2009
Since January 2008, when the Board of County Commissioners adopted a resolution expanding the Program: - Program expenditures increased by 40%; - The number of Program staff grew by 70%; - The average daily supervised client population went up by 35%; - The use of electronic monitoring has gone up by 31%; and - The Program has implemented specialized mental health supervision services, which serve an average daily caseload of 170 mentally ill clients, meets industry best practices and recent research indicates helps to reduce recidivism and improve clinical outcomes

 

Christelle Rey
# Le bracelet électronique : Nouvelle réalité panoptique ou délocalisation moderne
Université de Genève - Working Paper n°4 / 2009

Nous postulions que le bracelet était une forme d'emprisonnement moins coercitive que la prison fermée, qu'il répondait aux buts visés par les  fondateurs de projets au départ de cette entreprise. Notre hypothèse comportait, certes, une part de contrainte, mais dans une moindre mesure... Avec la quantité d'éléments, d'articles, d'études que nous avions trouvés sur le problème, il nous paraissait évident que le bracelet était davantage une délocalisation moderne, basée sur la confiance et prônant une meilleure réadaptation de l'individu après le passage sous cet objet de la modernité, qu'une nouvelle réalité panoptique...

 

Brian K. Payne, Matthew DeMichele, Nonso Okafo
# Attitudes about electronic monitoring: Minority and majority racial group differences
Journal of Criminal Justice 37 (2009) 155–162
Past public opinion research routinely uncovered significant variation in attitudes toward justice system policies among different racial groups. The bulk of punishment attitudinal research, for the most part, focused on more severe sanctions, namely, incarceration and the death penalty. More recent research investigated the perspectives and experiences associated with intermediate sanctions. There are few intermediate sanctions receiving more attention than the use of electronic monitoring, especially with sex offenders. In this article, it is demonstrated that non-White college students have significantly different attitudes about the punitiveness and inequality of electronic monitoring. These findings were uncovered through 599 completed surveys from two universities, and using factor analysis and least-squares regression analysis. Theoretical and practical implications for continued use of this sanction are discussed.

 

David Lyon

# Surveillance, power, and everyday life
www.oxfordhandbooks.com/ The Oxford Handbook of Information and Communication Technologies, 2009
Surveillance grows constantly, especially in the countries of the global north. Although as a set of practices it is as old as history itself, systematic surveillance became a routine and inescapable part of everyday life in modern times and is now, more often than not, dependent on information and communication technologies (ICTs). Indeed, it now makes some sense to talk of ‘surveillance societies’, so pervasive is organizational monitoring of many kinds. Fast developing technologies combined with new governmental and commercial strategies mean that new modes of surveillance proliferate, making surveillance expansion hard to follow, let alone analyse or regulate

 

Juliet Lodge
# Liberty and Security in the European Union: Foreword
Journal of Contemporary European Research, 2009, 5 (2), pp. 140-147.
Why doliberty and security matter? Why have they been seen as polar opposites? And why is the tension in reconciling individual and collective liberty with collective security so problematic? Without security, liberty is impossible. Without liberty, as we understand it in the European Union (EU), democracy is jeopardised...

 

Ministère de la Justice | Direction de l'Administration Penitentiaire
# L’exécution des décisions en matière pénale en Europe : du visible à l’invisible - Actes du colloque international, Lyon, 15 et 16 décembre 2008
www.justice.gouv.fr/ 2009

 

Marie-Sophie Devresse
# Innovation pénale et surveillance électronique : quelques réflexions sur une base empirique
champpenal.revues.org/ Champ pénal 2008
Cet article interroge la perspective d’ « innovation » par un examen de la mise en œuvre, au sein de la justice pénale, de dispositifs dont l’apparence première est précisément celle de la nouveauté. À travers l’exemple de l’assignation à résidence sous surveillance électronique, l’auteur examine si et comment les modalités et les fondements de l’action pénale peuvent être atteints par le recours à des objets techniques utilisés aux fins de contrôle. Il est également question de voir en quoi l’usage de la technique dans le domaine de l’exécution des peines contribue à configurer celui-ci. L’observation met en effet en lumière que les techniques ne peuvent soutenir qu’un nombre limité de projets, réduisant par là les ambitions de l’institution qui les accueille et qui en fait usage. La question est donc de savoir comment l’institution pénale redéfinit son projet autour des objets techniques qu’elle incorpore.

 

Robert Pallitto, Josiah Heyman
# Theorizing Cross-Border Mobility: Surveillance, Security and Identity
Surveillance & Society 5(3): 315-333, 2008

Specific programs such as retinal scanning and vehicle preclearance are analyzed according to the differential effects they generate in terms of risk, rights and speed of movement. These differentiations suggest that individuals and groups will be identified in unequal ways, and that they will in turn experience their mobility differently...

 

Torin Monahan
# Surveillance and Inequality
Surveillance & Society 5(3): 2008

Surveillance often operates as a mechanism for the management and exclusion of individuals within neoliberal regimes. This can be detected with increases in the surveillance and control of those accessing public services; of refugees, immigrants, and other vulnerable populations crossing borders; of homeless people seeking shelter within public spaces that are being transformed into commercial or tourist zones; or of elderly or young populations who are constructed as being vulnerable (or dangerous, especially in the case of urban youth) and  in need of technical systems of protection or intervention . Rather than seeing contemporary surveillance systems as providing security or threatening individual privacy, it may be more accurate and productive to view them as actualizing a micropolitics of social control within increasingly privatized and individualized public domains

 

Shauna Bottos | Service Correctionnel Canada
# Un aperçu de la surveillance électronique au sein du système correctionnel: questions et répercussions
www.securitepublique.gc.ca/ 2008
Il est peu probable que la SE en vienne à remplacer le contact humain direct caractéristique de la probation ou de la libération conditionnelle traditionnelle ou à éliminer la nécessité d'autres programmes correctionnels, mais elle pourrait s'avérer utile pour la surveillance communautaire et pourrait être efficace si elle constitue un élément d'un programme de réadaptation individualisé répondant à des besoins multiples. En conclusion, nous estimons qu'il faut réaliser une autre étude sur ces questions dans un contexte canadien.

 

C. Paterson
# Commercial crime control and the electronic monitoring of offenders in England and Wales
http://shura.shu.ac.uk/Social justice: a journal of crime, conflict and world order, 34 (3-4), 98-110 (2008)

The commercial markets in incarceration and social control have been driven by the dual forces of  neoliberal globalisation and insecurity that dominate the western world in the twenty-first century.  In England and Wales, despite offering the enticing promise of enhanced competition, reduced costs and improved service in criminal justice this has not been delivered. The market ideals of enhanced competition and service have been translated into an opaque, loosely accountable commercial duopoly, whilst costs have increased through a widening of the net of social control.

 

Jack Wagner
# Using GPS technology to track sex offenders: Should Pennsylvania do more?
Pennsylvania Department of the Auditor General, July 2008
Wagner said that technological advances since then have made GPS more reliable, and that its advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Among the advantages: GPS is the highest level of supervision available, short of incarceration; GPS data can be used in court; and GPS can serve as  a deterrent to criminal behavior.

 

Pierpaolo Cruz Bottini
# Aspectos pragmaticos e dogmaticos do monitoramento eletrônico
Revista da Faculdade de Direito de Uberlândia v. 36: 387-404, 2008
A polêmica sobre a utilização do modelo de monitoramento eletrônico faz-se presente em acaloradas discussões dogmáticas e políticas, sobre sua legitimidade, vantagens ou desvantagens, e formas concretas de implementação. Juristas, operadores do sistema penitenciário, parlamentares e gerenciadores de políticas públicas, debatem os prós e contras do monitoramento.

 

Nathalie Bougeard
# Le bracelet électronique, une liberté très surveillée
www.lien-social.com/ Lien Social n. 887 du 5 juin 2008

Eviter la prison, préparer au mieux la sortie des détenus et réduire la population carcérale. Tels sont les objectifs visés par le placement sous surveillance électronique. Un peu plus de dix ans après la promulgation de la loi de décembre 1997, le bilan est positif. Mais attention, le placement sous surveillance électronique ne constitue pas une solution envisageable pour tous les détenus.

 

Pilar Otero González
# Monitorización electrónica en el ámbito penitenciario
Revista cuatrimestral de las Facultades de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, nº 74, mayo-agosto 2008

En los casos concretos de violencia doméstica el brazalete electrónico se está imponiendo de facto como auténtica alternativa a la prisión provisional para evitar, precisamente, la reiteración delictiva (uno de los tres supuestos para los que está previsto este instituto)

 

Hamed Al-Rjoub, Arwa Zabian, Sami Qawasmeh
# Electronic Monitoring: The Employees Point of view
Journal of Social Sciences 4 (3): 189-195, 2008
In 1960, the concept of electronically monitoring in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom was introduced to reduce prison population. Later, the use of electronic monitoring is disseminating to many other different fields such as business, home and jurisdiction monitoring….

 

Keri B. Burchfield, William Mingus
# Not in My Neighborhood : Assessing Registered Sex Offenders' Experiences With Local Social Capital and Social Control
Criminal Justice and Behavior 2008 35: 356

Finally, these sex offenders reported many problems with formal barriers to local social capital in the form of parole restrictions. These parole restrictions, particularly house arrest and electronic monitoring, effectively served to cut off many people from any positive socializing outside of their homes. Furthermore, these restrictions made getting and keeping a job difficult, a direct result of the bureaucratic complexities of the electronic monitoring system.

 

Leah Satine
# Maximal Safety, Minimal Intrusion: Monitoring Civil Protective Orders Without Implicating Privacy
Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 2008
Permissible monitoring of civil protective orders is not mere fantasy. GPS technologies can feasibly be modified such that only violations of court orders would be known. Multiple methods of accomplishing permissible monitoring exist. The two most promising methods are reverse tagging and filtering.

 

Beau Kilmer
# The Future of DIRECT Surveillance: Drug and alcohol use Information from REmote and Continuous Testing
Journal of Drug Policy Analysis,vol. 1, 2008
It is now possible for probation officers to detect probationer alcohol use remotely and continuously. This essay describes three devices intended to collect Drug and alcohol use Information from REmote and Continuous Testing, or what I call DIRECT surveillance. It also highlights some of the major questions associated with the implementation, consequences, and future of DIRECT surveillance. While most of the focus is on alcohol use among probationers and parolees, the essay does discuss the use of these technologies in other settings, and for other drugs. It also addresses issues related to other types of electronic monitoring which can be used separately or in conjunction with DIRECT surveillance (e.g., GPS).

 

Robyn Robertson, Ward Vanlaar, Herb Simpson | The Traffic Injury Research Foundation (TIRF)
# Continuous Transdermal Alcohol Monitoring: A Primer for Criminal Justice Professionals
www.tirf.ca/ December 2007
In the past decade, alcohol testing technology has evolved, giving rise to a new generation of testing devices. To date, the most promising commercially available technology is Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring (SCRAM). This device uses transdermal alcohol monitoring and allows for continuous monitoring of offenders 24 hours a day, seven days a week for the duration of the supervision period.

 

Éric Heilmann
# Surveiller (à distance) et prévenir. Une nouvelle économie de la visibilité
Questions de communication, 11 (2007)
L’usage de la vidéosurveillance a-t-il accru les capacités de l’appareil policier pour contrôler et surveiller la population ? Cette étude tend à montrer que la réponse est négative. L’éclatement de l’espace urbain et l’essor des agences locales (polices privées et municipales), engagées dans la lutte contre l’insécurité, ont abouti à une fragmentation des connaissances acquises grâce à ces dispositifs techniques sur les populations à surveiller et/ou à protéger. Plus fondamentalement, la diffusion de la vidéosurveillance dans les territoires urbains marque l’émergence d’une nouvelle « économie de la visibilité » dans l’exercice de l’ordre dont les principales caractéristiques sont décrites ici...

 

Torin Monahan, Tyler Wall
# Somatic Surveillance: Corporeal Control through Information Networks
http://www.surveillance-and-society.org/ Surveillance & Society 2007
Somatic surveillance is the increasingly invasive technological monitoring of and intervention into body functions. Within this type of surveillance regime, bodies are recast as nodes on vast information networks, enabling corporeal control through remote network commands, automated responses, or self-management practices. In this paper, we investigate three developments in somatic surveillance: nanotechnology systems  for soldiers on the battlefield, commercial body-monitoring systems for health purposes, and radio-frequency  identification (RFID) implants for identification of hospital patients. The argument is that in present and projected forms, somatic surveillance systems abstract bodies and physiological systems from social contexts, facilitating hyper-individualized control and the commodification of life functions.

 

Craig Paterson
# Street-level surveillance: human agency and the electronic monitoring of offenders
Surveillance & Society 2007
The longstanding prison crisis in England and Wales has provided a backdrop to governmental attempts to find new and innovative ways of containing the problems presented by disorderly populations and neighbourhoods. Electronic Monitoring (EM) technologies provide a potential solution to this incarceration dilemma, as indicated by the political capital placed in EM-based programmes, most recently in satellite tracking, as a part of future strategies of community supervision... Debates on the introduction of crime control technologies such as CCTV, biometrics and identity cards have borne considerable resemblance. While the salient ideological and political discourse in these discussions has revolved around issues of security and control, more practical questions such as, What can the technology achieve? What impact does it have on offending behaviour? and What indirect consequences does it present? remain unanswered.

 

Probation in Europe
# Electronic Monitoring: Big Brother is now watching you in Europe
http://docplayer.net/ 2007

Social monitoring (Net widening) - The advent of EM is accompanied by the resur-facing of a relic from sixties criminology. There is a seemingly widespread fear that introducing new forms of punishment with a low threshold will not replace existing punishments but will cause a greater number of people – who were living peace-fully until now - to be included in the sphere of the sentence. This fear is only partly justified, and there are hardly any comprehensive studies on the subject. Just defining this phenomenon is already creating great difficulties and nobody can deny that widening the social net can prove to be positive when the offender and/or society feel a benefit.

 

Philip Milburn
# Surveiller et punir au XXIe siècle. Les nouvelles technologies du contrôle social en France
Journal des anthropologues, 108-109, 2007, pp. 159-182
Si la prison reste la référence principale en matière de pénalisation, son ultima ratio, elle évolue pour comporter une technologie de contrôle à distance à laquelle le panoptique disciplinaire propre à la prison née à l’âge classique, selon Michel Foucault, tend à laisser la place. Les « bracelets électroniques » dont les textes législatifs récents contribuent à favoriser le développement représentent un dispositif qui relève idéalement de la dimension réticulaire du contrôle dans la technologie pénale...

 

The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention
# Extended use of electronic tagging in Sweden. The offenders´ and the victims´ view
www.bra.se/ Report 2007:3
The significance of electronic monitoring in the criminal justice arena has increased in many countries. In Sweden, intensive supervision with electronic monitoring has existed since 1994 and has proved a solid alternative to prison sentences without the negative consequences of imprisonment. A pilot scheme was introduced on 1 April 2005, which means that intensive supervision with electronic monitoring has now been extended to new groups of sentenced offenders.

 

Mark Andrejevic
# The Discipline of Watching: Detection, Risk, and Lateral Surveillance
Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol. 23, No. 5, December 2006, pp. 391-407
The peer-to-peer monitoring practices described above have been characterized as a displacement of ‘‘Big Brother’’ by proliferating ‘‘little brothers’’ who engage in distributed forms of monitoring and information gathering. Whitaker (1999), for example, invokes the model of a ‘participatory Panopticon’’ in a double sense: it represents a form of consensual submission to surveillance in part because the watched are also doing the watching. As Miller put it in a succinct reformulation of the Big Brother slogan for a reflexive era: ‘‘Big Brother is you, watching”...

 

Jean-Paul Céré (Université de Pau, France)
# La surveillance électronique: une réelle innovation dans le procés pénal?
Revista da Faculdade de Direito de Campos, Ano VII, Nº 8 - Junho de 2006

Le placement sous surveillance électronique, bien que fortement critiqué par quelques auteurs a connu une croissance réelle. Il faut dire que ses promoteurs lui assignent des objectifs particulièrement séduisants. Il s’agit d’une innovation qui touche plusieurs phases du procès pénal. La surveillance électronique peut-être utilisée évidemment entant que mode d’exécution de la peine la prison mais elle peut intervenir à d’autres stades du procès (avant le jugement).

 

House of Commons | Committee of Public Accounts
# The electronic monitoring of adult offenders. Sixty–second Report of Session 2005–06
The House of Commons 12 October 2006
Electronic monitoring, also known as tagging, allows offenders who might otherwise be imprisoned to be released on curfew, with restrictions imposed on their liberty. In England and Wales, courts use Curfew Orders as one element of a community sentence, with or without other measures. Prisoners are also released prior to their normal release date on Home Detention Curfews. Electronic monitoring is also used as a component of sentences for juveniles; however this report focuses on their use for adult offenders only. These account for nearly 80% of electronic monitoring cases. Curfew restrictions vary; but generally they require offenders to be at a given “curfew address” for up to 12 hours, usually overnight. Contractors use monitoring equipment, at curfew addresses, and devices attached to offenders’ ankles to monitor compliance with curfew conditions. Curfews can help with the rehabilitation of offenders by allowing them to have contact with their families and to work or attend education or training. They cost some £70 less per day on average than keeping an offender in prison and help limit the prison population.

 

Jesse Jannetta

# GPS Monitoring of High-Risk Sex Offenders. Description of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s San Diego County Pilot Program
The University of California, Irvine | Center for Evidence-Based Corrections | http://ucicorrections.seweb.uci.edu/ May 2006

The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), Division of Adult Parole Operations (DAPO) launched a pilot program in June of 2005 placing those sex offender parolees judged likeliest to commit further sex offenses on Global Positioning System (GPS) monitoring. The pilot provided for 80 sex offenders in San Diego County to be included in the program at any given time, and was designed to allow CDCR to obtain an initial level of experience with the GPS monitoring system and resolve as many implementation issues as possible before expanding the program throughout the remainder of the state. GPS devices utilize signals from orbiting satellites to determine their location with a high degree of accuracy. By placing a GPS receiver on a High-Risk sex Offender (HRSO) parolee, a parole agent receives a tremendous amount of information about parolee activities, allowing him or her to verify compliance with parole conditions such as curfews, and to investigate suspicious patterns of behavior.

 

J. Roberto Lilly
# Issues beyond empirical EM reports
Criminology & Public Policy | Volume 5, Issue 1, pages 93–101, February 2006
Electronic monitoring (EM) is not like other criminal justice fads. It is different. To understand this and EM's rapid development and staying power, it must b e located within a context broader than "the new surveillance." "The new surveillance" context, described by Marx and his colleagues, is a sub-context of the late 20th-century arms and security industry, a part of the military industrial complex identified by President Eisenhower in 1961. To more clearly and accurately locate EM's role in world-wide criminal justice, it must also be understood that it is part of a "corrections-commercial complex." This complex in turn is part of the transnational criminal justice enterprise which has direct connections to the modern arms and security industry. Recognition of these connections does not diminish the importance of the "technofallacies," but it does inform a broader context with which to assess them...

 

Kathy G. Padgett, William D. Bales, Thomas G. Blomberg
# Under surveillance: an empirical test of effectiveness and consequences of electronic monitoring
Criminology & Public Policy | Volume 5, Issue 1, pages 61–91, February 2006
This study addresses the effectiveness of electronic monitoring (EM) for serious offenders supervised in the community. Using data on 75,661 offenders placed on home confinement in Florida from 1998 to 2002, we find that both radio-frequency and global positioning system monitoring significantly reduce the likelihood of technical violations, reoffending, and absconding for this population of offenders. Additionally, we find that offenders placed on home confinement with EM are significantly more serious than those placed on home confinement without EM, which casts doubt on the anticipated net-widening effect of this particular intermediate sanction.

 

Matthew K. Kucharson
# GPS Monitoring: A Viable Alternative to the Incarceration of Nonviolent Criminals in the State of Ohio
Cleveland State Law Review, Volume 54 | Issue 4 | 2006
Ohio, like many other states, is engaging in a seemingly endless battle between reducing correctional expenditures and maintaining a high level of safety within its communities. Fortunately, Congress has generously provided a solution to this dilemna by bestowing upon the public access to the full capabilities of the most powerful offender-monitoring technology ever created: GPS tracking. Offender monitoring programs utilizing GPS technology have consistently proven to be a constitutional means for decreasing correctional expenditures without impairing public safety.

 

Marc Renzema, Evan Mayo-Wilson
# Can electronic monitoring reduce crime for moderate to high-risk offenders?
Journal of Experimental Criminology (2005) 1: 215–237
Electronic monitoring (EM) of offenders has been in use for just over two decades and motives for using it remain diverse. Some agencies that use EM attempt to deliver humane and affordable sanctions while others seek to relieve jail crowding or to avoid the construction of new jails. Nonetheless, all EM programs aim to suppress the criminal behavior of offenders being monitored and its advocates have always hoped EM could be instrumental in reducing long-term recidivism. This review investigates the history of EM and the extent to which EM empirically affects criminal behavior in moderate to high- isk populations. All available recidivism studies that included at least one comparison group between the first impact study in 1986 and 2002 were considered for the review.

 

Dominik Lehner
# Electronic Monitoring: Big Brother is now watching you in Europe
Probation in Europe. Bulletin of the Conférence Permanente Européenne de la Probation, n. 35, 2005
Although many countries make a very clear distinction between probation and social work, EM has contributed towards the realisation that different approaches, categorised for the sake of simplicity under the term ‘monitoring and assistance’, can be combined easily. Contrary to the practice in the USA, Europe has no EM programmes that are not accompanied by some form of social work in the broadest sense of the term. On its own, an electronic tag is no more than an instrument. While prisons involve a very high level of control, which does not leave sufficient room for social  work, EM allows the resocialisation of the offender exactly where it should happen: in society. Here begins the research into the ideal combination of assistance and monitoring on the road towards an offender attaining freedom with full responsibility.

 

Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, Information and publication
# Effects of prison-release using electronic tagging in Sweden. Report from a trial project conducted between 2001 and 2004
www.tm.lt/ REPORT 2005:8
There where no major differences in reoffending between the EM group and the control group. The EM group reoffended to a slightly lesser extent, but the difference was not statistically significant. The reoffending frequency after one year was eleven per cent within the EM group and fourteen per cent within the control group. After three years, levels of reoffending had risen to 26 and 28 per cent respectively. The reoffending frequency within one year may be compared with that of all those sentenced to a prison term of one month in Sweden, which lies at just over 50 per cent.

 

Stefano Rodotà
# Persona, libertà, tecnologia. Note per una discussione
www.dirittoequestionipubbliche.org/ n. 5, 2005
È tempo di affermare alcuni principi come parte della nuova cittadinanza planetaria: libertà di accesso, libertà di utilizzazione, diritto alla conoscenza, rispetto della privacy, riconoscimento di nuovi beni comuni. È tempo che questi principi siano riconosciuti da una inedita Carta dei Diritti, in un Bill of Rights del nuovo millennio...

 

Ministere de la Justice | Direction des Affaires Criminelle et de Graces | Direction de l'Administration Pénitentiaire
# Le placement sous surveillance électronique mobile. Rapport de la mission confiee par le premier ministre a monsieur Georges Fenech depute du Rhone
www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/ Avril 2005

Néanmoins, au delà de cette critique bien connue, Monsieur GARAPON souligne que la surveillance électronique mobile est en adéquation avec notre temps dans la mesure où elle est davantage tournée vers une logique de prévention que de répression et vers la protection des victimes qui est une des évolutions les plus marquantes du droit pénal actuel. Ainsi, Monsieur GARAPON préconise d’adopter une approche pragmatique de ce dispositif technique en s’attachant à l’économie sociale qu’il permet, tant pour la société que pour l’individu pris en tant que victime et en tant que condamné. Avec une telle approche de la question, il est possible, selon lui, d’accéder à une mesure qui se révèlera moralement et politiquement acceptable. Effectivement, le placement sous surveillance électronique avec localisation par GPS, aussi appelée géo-localisation, s’inscrit dans un mouvement général de notre société, qui réclame toujours plus de sécurité par le renforcement de la surveillance. Il est à rapprocher notamment de la vidéo-surveillance qui se développe non seulement dans les lieux privés accueillant du public, tels que les banques et les supermarchés, mais également sur la voie publique à l’initiative des maires. Le passeport anthropométrique actuellement mis en place par les pays de la zone Schengen obéit également à cet objectif de sécurité et de surveillance.

 

Jenny Ardley
# The theory, development and application of electronic monitoring in Britain
Internet Journal of Criminology 2005
It would be of particular interest to compare the experience of someone in prison with that of someone sentenced to a curfew order (CO). Obviously prison is more punitive, but would individuals feel punished by a CO? Do wearers of electronic tags feel branded and stigmatised as criminals?

 

Marietta Martinovic
# The punitiveness of electronically monitored community based programs
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Victoria 20 June 2005
The utilisation of home detention as a sanction proliferated in the United States; by 1990 programs with electronic monitoring existed in all 50 states, and from 1990 until 2000 the number of offenders on electronic monitoring has increased almost tenfold...  A number of countries have introduced ‘their own versions’ of electronically monitored home detention programs. The countries with such programs include Australia, Britain, New Zealand, Canada, Singapore, South Africa, Netherlands, Sweden and Holland... These programs were given different names in different countries. For instance, Australia and New Zealand called their programs ‘home detention programs’, Britain refers to them as ‘home detention curfew’ or more popularly ‘tagging’, Scotland calls them ‘restriction of liberty orders with electronic monitoring’ (Lobley & Smith, 2000), and Canada refers to them as ‘electronically monitored home confinement’ or simply ‘electronic monitoring’. In addition, a number of countries are investigating the sanction and showing signs of interest; these include some countries of the Russian Federation, Italy, France, Spain, Norway and Ireland...

 

Marc Renzema, Evan Mayo-Wilson
# Can electronic monitoring reduce crime for moderate to high-risk offenders?
Journal of Experimental Criminology (2005) 1: 215–237
Electronic monitoring (EM) of offenders has been in use for just over two decades and motives for using it remain diverse. Some agencies that use EM attempt to deliver humane and affordable sanctions while others seek to relieve jail crowding or to avoid the construction of new jails. Nonetheless, all EM programs aim to suppress the criminal behavior of offenders being monitored and its advocates have always hoped EM could be instrumental in reducing long-term recidivism

 

Mark A.R. Kleinman
# When Brute Force Fails: Strategic Thinking for Crime Control
www.ncjrs.gov/ School of Public Affairs University of California at Los Angeles | March 31, 2005

 

Annika Pallvik Fransson
# Reinforcing restraining orders using electronic monitoring
www.bra.se/ Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, Information and publications 2005
In Sweden, electronic monitoring has been in use since 1994, firstly as an alternative to a short prison term (front door), and now also as a means of helping inmates to make the transition back to life in the community at the end of a term in prison (back door). Monitoring is based on voluntary participation in the programme, but is backed with the threat of incarceration if the regulations associated with the electronic monitoring programme are breached...

 

European Commission
# Biometrics at the Frontiers: Assessing the Impact on Society. For the European Parliament Committee on Citizens’ Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE)
http://ftp.jrc.es/ February 2005

Biometrics in fact are the only automatic tool that can verify the presence of a particular individual. Passwords and security cards can be shared or lost, but biometrics are an integral part of the individual... The scenarios naturally place biometric applications at the centre of attention but it should be noted that in a future digital society, biometrics will be part of a larger IST (or Ambient Intelligence) environment that includes RFIDs and other digital technologies. As the cost of biometric technologies comes down and people grow accustomed to using them through border control and other government applications, it is likely there will be a diffusion of biometrics into everyday life.

 

Brian K. Payne, Randy R. Gainey
# The Electronic Monitoring of Offenders Released from ail or Prison: Safety, Control, and Comparisons to the Incarceration Experience
The Prison Journal 2004
House arrest with electronic monitoring can be used during various phases of the justice process as an alternative to incarceration. In some jurisdictions, electronic monitoring is used during the pretrial phase to ensure that the offender will appear for trial. More often, however, the sanction is used as a method to supervise, control, and punish offenders who have already been convicted. When used in this manner, electronic monitoring is generally applied in one of two ways. First, it may be a sanction in and of itself, which judges use for some offenders. Or, it can be used in conjunction with other sanctions wherein offenders receive a prison or jail sanction and then are placed on electronic monitoring when they are released back into the community.

 

Scott Christopher D’Urso
# Electronic monitoring and surveillance in the workplace: modeling the panoptic effect potential of communication technology, organizational factors and policies
http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/ University of Texas at Austin, December 2004

 

Jeffrey Rosen
# The Naked Crowd. Reclaiminf Security and Freedon in an Anxious Age
www.law.fsu.edu/ 2003-2004

The Naked Machine is a technology that promises a high degree of security, but it demands a correspondingly high sacrifice of liberty and privacy, requiring all travelers to expose themselves nakedly, even though they raise no particular suspicions and pose no particular threats. Many people feel that this is a small price to pay in an age of terror: what’s a moment or two of embarrassment if terrorists are thwarted as a result? But the Naked Machine doesn’t have to be designed in a way that protects security at the cost of invading privacy...

 

Stefano Rodotà
# L' occhio elettronico che sorveglia il mondo
la Repubblica, 8 dicembre 2003
La sorveglianza si trasferisce dall' eccezionale al quotidiano, dalle classi "pericolose" alla generalità delle persone. La folla non è più solitaria e anonima. La digitalizzazione delle immagini, le tecniche di riconoscimento facciale consentono di estrarre il singolo dalla massa, di individuarlo e di seguirlo. La sorveglianza non conosce più confini. Questa continua esposizione a sguardi ignoti e indesiderati, incide sui comportamenti individuali e sociali... La sorveglianza sociale si affida ad una sorta di guinzaglio elettronico, il corpo umano viene assimilato ad un qualsiasi oggetto in movimento, controllabile a distanza con una tecnologia satellitare. Le derive tecnologiche assumono così tratti particolarmente inquietanti.

 

Matt Black, Russell G. Smith
# Electronic Monitoring in the Criminal Justice System
Australian Institute of Criminology May 2003
Detention with GPS is achievedin the same way as with an activesystem. The person is monitored to ensure curfew hours are kept. Place-restriction is enforced through an alert that is triggered if the person goes into prohibited areas. The person’s proximity to other people can be controlled if those people also carry GPS devices, or are regularly informed of the wearer’s location.Surveillance is achieved bycontinuously monitoring the person’s location.

 

Marc Renzema
# Electronic Monitoring’s Impact on Reoffending
www.correcttechllc.com/ 2003
Even before monitoring equipment became commercially available, scholars had serious reservations about the prospect of EM. Ingraham and Smith understood the invasions of privacy and restrictions of freedom it would bring but believed that the consent of the monitored and a flat ban on the use of obtained information in prosecutions would provide adequate protection for convicts diverted from prison. Neither caveat has been totally respected in practice. When compared to the restrictions of incarceration, EM’s intrusiveness is relatively benign, but others soon questioned whether prison should be the reference point...

 

Ann H. Crowe, Linda Sydney, Pat Bancroft, Beverly Lawrence
# Offender Supervision With Electronic Technology: A User's Guide
www.ncjrs.gov/ American Probation and Parole Association 2002
This document is designed to assist justice system professionals and other stakeholders in assessing the potential use of electronic supervision technologies, and if they determine these are appropriate for their needs, to implement these technologies as an effective part of their overall approach to implementing justice system programs...

 

Stefano Rodotà
# Una scommessa impegnativa sul terreno dei nuovi diritti. Discorso del presidente del Garante per la protezione dei dati personali tenuto l'8 maggio 2001 alla presentazione della Relazione per il 2001
www.interlex.it/ 15 maggio 2002
I cittadini mostrano di preoccuparsi assai del loro "corpo elettronico", di una esistenza sempre più affidata alla dimensione astratta del trattamento elettronico delle loro informazioni. Le persone sono ormai conosciute da soggetti pubblici e privati quasi esclusivamente attraverso i dati che le riguardano, e che fanno di esse una entità disincarnata. Con enfasi riduzionista, per molti versi pericolosa, si dice che "noi siamo le nostre informazioni". La nostra identità viene così affidata al modo in cui queste informazioni vengono trattate, collegate, fatte circolare

 

Kath Dodgson, Philippa Goodwin, Philip Howard, Siân Llewellyn-Thomas,Ed Mortimer, Neil Russell, Mark Weiner
# Electronic monitoring of released prisoners: an evaluation of the Home Detention Curfew scheme
Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate March 2001
The Home Detention Curfew (HDC) scheme was introduced on 28 January 1999 across the whole of England and Wales. Most prisoners sentenced to at least three months but less than four years are eligible for release up to 60 days early on an electronically monitored curfew provided that they pass a risk assessment and have a suitable address. This report draws together the main strands of an evaluation of the Home Detention Curfew scheme covering the first 16 months of the scheme. It includes: an analysis of release rates and recalls to prison; a survey of curfewees, family members and probation supervisors; a cost-benefit study of HDC; and an analysis of short-term reoffending by offenders released early onto the scheme compared to a control group...

 

Adrienne Isnard
# Can Surveillance Cameras Be Successful in Preventing Crime and Controlling Anti-Social Behaviours?
www.aic.gov.au/ August 2001
Originally surveillance cameras systems were installed to deter burglary, assault and car theft but their use has been extended to include combating 'anti social behaviour', such as littering, urinating in public, traffic violations, obstruction, and drunkenness. CCTV systems are being used increasingly to police public morals and public order. A British Home Office promotional booklet, CCTV: Looking Out For You, actually states that the technology can be a solution to such problems as vandalism, drug use, drunkenness, racial harassment, sexual harassment, loitering and disorderly behaviour...

 

Carl Botan, Mihaela Vorvoreanu
# “What Are You Really Saying To Me?”. Electronic Surveillance In The Workplace
www.cerias.purdue.edu/ Paper Presented to the Conference of the International Communication Association Acapulco, Mexico June 2000

 

Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Carl H. Botan
# Examining Electronic Surveillance In The Workplace: A Review Of Theoretical Perspectives And Research Findings
Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS), June 2000
There have been several reasons suggested for the predominance of surveillance. One suggestion is the simple fact that the possibility exists. For the first time such extensive surveillance is possible because new technology makes it easy to use and relatively inexpensive to install, so that those with the desire to surveil can indulge it more easily than ever before.

 

Tony Fabelo
# “Technocorrections”: The Promises, the Uncertain Threats
www.ncjrs.gov/ Sentencing & Corrections. Issues for the 21st Century, May 2000
Emerging technologies in three areas—electronic tracking and location systems, pharmacological treatments, and genetic and neurobiologic risk assessments—may be used in technocorrections. Diverse, converging cultural forces are promoting them. While these technologies may significantly increase public safety, we must also anticipate the threats they pose to democracy. The technocorrectional apparatus may provide the infrastructure for increased intrusiveness by the state and its abusive control of both offenders and law-abiding citizens.

 

Pierre Landreville
# La surveillance électronique des délinquants: un marché en expansion
Déviance et société - 1999 - Vol. 23 - N°1. pp. 105-121
II y a maintenant plus de dix ans (Landreville, 1987), j'attirais l'attention sur une nouvelle technologie de contrôle des délinquants, la surveillance électronique (S.E.), ordinairement appelée en anglais «Electronic monitoring» (E.M.), qui a été expérimentée pour la première fois avec des contrevenants aux Etats-Unis en 1983. Au début, il était presque exclusivement question de «home confinement» ou «home incarceration», de diverses modalités d'assignation à domicile1 sous surveillance électronique, mais la technologie est en voie de se transformer rapidement et la S.E. conquiert de nouveaux marchés tant du point de vue de ses clientèles-cibles que du point de vue géographique. Cette technologie commence à s'implanter en Europe. Les vendeurs ainsi que les experts en technologie n'ont cessé d'expérimenter de nouvelles techniques et de nouvelles applications et de concevoir des moyens de surveillance de plus en plus sophistiqués. Dans cet article, nous voulons rendre compte du développement de la S.E. en Amérique du Nord et en Europe2, de la diversification de ce champ de surveillance et d'un certain nombre de critiques ou de réflexions soulevées par ce nouveau mode de contrôle.

 

James Bonta, Suzanne Wallace-Capretta, Jennifer Rooney
# Electronic Monitoring in Canada
Public Works and Government Services Canada 1999
When the recidivism rates of the EM offenders were compared to the probationers, we found no statistically significant differences. The recidivism rates for the EM offenders were 26.7% and it was 33.3% for the probationers. Introducing risk-needs into the analysis did not alter the general results. The adjusted rates were 27% and 31% (χ2 = .59). Although the sample size of the probationers was small, when the recidivism results from the prison comparison and risk-needs factors are considered, we are left to conclude that adding electronic monitoring to the supervision of offenders has little effect on recidivism.

 

Ed Mortimer, Chris May
# Electronic monitoring in practice: The second year of the trials of curfew orders
Home Office Research Studies 177 | First published 1997
Despite these big increases in the use of electronic monitoring in the adult magistrates’ courts, the curfew order with electronic monitoring is a rarely used sentence when compared with other disposals. In the second year of the trials, over 300 curfew ord e rs we re imposed at the adult magistrates courts, compared to 2,900 probation orders, 2,400 community service orders, 900 combination orders and 2,800 custodial sentences.

 

Jody Klein-Saffran
# Electronic Monitoring vs. Halfway Houses: A Study of Federal Offenders
Alternatives to Incarceration (Fall 1995)
Unlike the community corrections programs of the past, which had rehabilitation as the main goal, the primary goal of today’s community corrections programs is to provide surveillance or incapacitation in a less expensive manner than incarceration. The philosophy behind rehabilitation was premised on reducing recidivism. Currently, community corrections programs are driven by political and economic pressures to devise safe ways to ease prison crowding in addition to reducing recidivism.

 

Michael Levy

# Electronic monitoring in the workplace: power through the panopticon
http://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/ Spring 1994

 

Steven Flusty
# Building Paranoia: The Proliferation of Interdictory Space and the Erosion of Spatial Justice
Los Angeles Forum for Architecture and Urban Design, 1994

 

Selwin Raab
Electronic Monitoring Is Planned for Detainees
The New York Times | November 26, 1991
Under state law, some inmates charged with nonviolent crimes can be released from jail and placed under supervised detention programs...
An aide to Mr. Sielaff, Thomas M. Antenen, said city officials had worked out an agreement with court officials permitting releases under a new standard called individualized monitoring. Only defendants being held for low-level, nonviolent felonies would be eligible for electronic monitoring, Mr. Antenen said.

 

Ronald Corbett, Gary T. Marx
# Critique: No Soul In The New Machine: Technofallacies In The Electronic Monitoring Movement
Justice Quarterly, Vol. 8 No. 3. September 1991

 

Timothy P. Cadigan
# Electronic Monitoring in Federal Pretrial Release
Federal Probation. A Journal of Correctional Philosophy and Practice, March 1991

 

Keith W. Cooprider, Judith Kerby
# A Practical Application of Electronic Monitoring at the Pretrial Stage
Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts - March 1990

 

Doug Owston,

# Declining Northern Territory prison population: How this was brought about by effective community-based programs

Keeping People Out of Prisons, Conference Proceedings series, no. 11, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 1990

 

Varie


Filippo Romeo
# Amori “tossici” e diritto di libertà affettiva
https://www.giustiziainsieme.it/ 17 giugno 2024


Andrea Pugiotto
# La proibizione sessuale in carcere non è diversa dalla castrazione
Voci di dentro, n. 49 Ottobre 2023

 

Carmelo Cantone
# L’impiego della forza fisica da parte del personale di polizia penitenziaria: ciò che accade, ciò che non deve accadere
Https://osep.jus.unipi.it/ 3 Giugno 2023

 

Alessia Dulbecco
# Il carcere non serve a fermare la violenza di genere
https://www.indiscreto.org/ 12/05/2023

 

Anna Maratea
# Il diritto all’istruzione in carcere tra (in)effettività e prassi problematiche: uno sguardo all’istruzione universitaria nelle carceri per adulti e secondaria negli istituti penali per minorenni
https://www.osservatorioaic.it/ 2 maggio 2023

Silvia Talini
# Un passo decisivo verso la garanzia della sessualità intramuraria?
https://www.sistemapenale.it/ 17 marzo 2023

1. Delimitazione del perimetro di indagine – 2. L’irrinunciabilità di un bilanciamento, in concreto, tra valori costituzionali – 3. La negazione del diritto alla sessualità quale violenza fisica e morale sulle persone ristrette negli istituti penitenziari – 4. La “tendenza” del regime penitenziario sovranazionale – 5. La sentenza della Corte costituzionale n. 301 del 2012: un precedente superabile.

 

Valerian Benazeth
# Les travaux sur la désistance. Étendre l’examen des parcours de changement pour renforcer le soutien aux trajectoires de sortie
Déviance et Société 2023/1 (Vol. 47), 121-149

 

Daria Denti, Alessandra Faggian
# The Council woman’s Tale.Countering Intimate Partner Homicides by electing women in local councils.
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ LSE. Paper n. 31. April 2022
Intimate Partner Homicides (IPHs) represent the most extreme violence against women, yet evidence on their socioeconomic determinants is scarce. This paper contributes to fill this gap focusing on Italy, where the ratio IPHs over total female homicides increased by more than 20% in ten years. We build a unique microregional dataset of IPHs between 2012 and 2019. Our instrumental variable model finds that the share of local female political representatives had a substantial negative effect on IPHs. As instrument we exploit exogenous geography of soil composition given its persistent effects on gender-biased cultural norms through historical agricultural practices. Places with more women in local public office experience lower IPHs, due to more gender-equal cultural norms. Spatial spillovers of female political representation do not play any effect. Results have policy implications, as they suggest that female political representation might have positive effect in IPHs reduction, by influencing the transmission of gender norms.

 

Commissione ministeriale per l'Architettura penitenziaria
# Il carcere della Costituzione
Edizione Autorizzata con atto del 29/10/2021

 

Giovanni Boniolo, Giuseppe Gennari
# Note su giurisprudenza e probabilità: fra leggi di natura e causalità
www.sistemapenale.it/ 12 ottobre 2021
1. Introduzione. – 2. Le leggi di natura, queste sconosciute. – 3. Causalità: non basta la parola! – 4. Non tutte le probabilità sono uguali. – 4.1. L'interpretazione classica. – 4.2. L'interpretazione frequentista. – 4.3. L'interpretazione soggettivistica. – 5. Conclusioni.

 

Christopher Lewis
# The Paradox of Recidivism
Emory Law Journal, 70, 6, 2021

 

Unesco
# Education in prison. A literature review
UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, 2021

 

European Commission
# EU Justice Scoreboard 2021
https://ec.europa.eu/ 08 July 2021

 

Alessandro Albano, Mauro Palma (a cura di)
# In gabbia - Da dove quaderno 3
www.garantenazionaleprivatiliberta.it/ novembre 2020

 

# Henry John Woodcock, I detenuti al 41bis non sono troppi?, Il Fatto Quotidiano, 6 novembre 2020

# Giancarlo Caselli, 41-bis. I sei errori di Woodcock, Il fatto quotidiano, 8 novembre 2020

# Giuseppe Gargani, La cultura giurisdizionale non prevede l'esaltazione del "carcere duro", Il Dubbio, 17 novembre 2020

# Andrea Pugiotto, Caro Caselli, sul 41bis sbagli, ci porti allo stato d'eccezione, 19 novembre 2020

 

Cesare Burdese (intervista a Pietro Buffa)

# Un carcere rimane un carcere, ma occorre umanizzarlo
https://inchieste.ilgiornaledellarchitettura.com/ luglio 2020
Conversazione a tutto campo con Pietro Buffa, provveditore dell'Amministrazione penitenziaria, sul ruolo dell'architettura per affermare il carcere della Carta costituzionale. Il nodo critico dell'agenda politica, mai in sincronia tra scelte e realizzazioni.

 
Diogo Britto, Paolo Pinotti, Breno Sampaio
# The Effect of Job Loss and Unemployment Insurance on Crime in Brazil
https://www.iza.org/ May 2020


Antonio Chiocchi
# Tempo senza spazio e spazio senza tempo. Carcere, filosofie della pena, pratiche punitive
www.lavorodiricerca.altervista.org/ 3^ ed. aprile 2020

 

Roberto Cornelli
# Contro il panpopulismo. Una proposta di definizione del populismo penale
www.sistemapenale.it/ 9 marzo 2020
1. Populismo ed eccedenza emotiva. – 2. Paura, emozioni e penalità. – 2.1. Volenti o nolenti la paura è al centro della penalità moderna. – 2.2. La paura nella politica. – 2.3. La politica della paura. – 2.4. Pressione popolare e legislazione penale. – 3. Una proposta di definizione. – 3.1. Eccedenza e democrazia costituzionale. – 3.2. Il populismo contemporaneo. – 3.3. Il campo penale come luogo privilegiato. – 4. Non tutto è populismo penale. – 5. In conclusione.

 

ISTAT
# Nel 2018 ancora in calo gli omicidi, ma non quelli che hanno per vittime le donne
www.istat.it/ 5 marzo 2018

0,57per 100mila il tasso di omicidi in Italia nel 2018. Nel 2017 il valore era pari a 0,59 contro un tasso medio europeo di1,03; meglio dell’Italia solo il Lussemburgo. Nei primi anni Novanta, si contavano 5 vittime di sesso maschile per ogni donna uccisa. Nel 2018 si sono invece verificati 212 omicidi di uomini e 133 di donne (corrispondenti rispettivamente a un tasso di 0,72 e 0,43 omicidi per 100mila abitanti dello stesso sesso).

 

Francesco Basentini - Capo del Dipartimento dell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria
# Linee programmatiche
Roma, 18 febbraio 2020

 

World Economic Forum
# The Global Risks Report 201914th Edition
www3.weforum.org/ 2019

 

Luigi Iorio (ed), Maria Cristina Pisani, Riccardo Polidoro, Pasquale Bronzo, Michele Masulli, Andrea Conte
# L'universo dimenticato. Popolazione carceraria e condizione detentiva. IV Report annuale
www.giurisprudenzapenale.com/ 9, 2019

 

Istat
# Rapporto SDGs 2019. Informazioni statistiche per l'agenda 2030 in Italia
www.istat.it/ 17 aprile 2019

 

Francesca Oggionni
# Ambivalenze educative della (in)giusta sofferenza in carcere
MeTis. Mondi educativi. Temi, indagini, suggestioni, 9(1) 2019
In carcere si sviluppano nuove narrazioni, sostenute da un sistema di norme che tracciano le linee di un’azione intenzionalmente educativa, con cui però si intersecano anche i tratti di un’educazione informale di cui è strutturalmente intrisa l’esperienza detentiva, nelle pratiche d’integrazione alla comunità carceraria, nell’adesione a una subcultura, nell’assunzione di un (non sempre) diverso posizionamento tra legalità e illegalità...

 

Antigone
#
Prendiamoci la Libertà. Cosa fare quando si esce dal carcere
www.antigone.it/ 15 febbraio 2019

 

Domenico Alessandro dè Rossi
Architettura penitenziaria, diritti umani e qualità della salute. L'affettività in carcere: modelli da ripensare
Giurisprudenza Penale, 2019

 

WIT - Women in Transition
# Progetto pilota di self empowerment per donne detenute
www.societadellaragione.it/WIT Gennaio 2019

 

Pasquale Bronzo
# Lavoro e risocializzazione
www.lalegislazionepenale.eu/ 12 novembre 2018

 

Oscar Chander, Pierandrea Volpato, Nadia Rozestraten, Debora Mosca, Giorgia Bisterzo
# Un mondo parallelo, oltre le mura del carcere
Università degli Studi di Ferrara - Dispense di Diritto Penale avanzato, 2018

 

Liat Ben‑Moshe
# Dis‑epistemologies of Abolition
Critical Criminology (2018) 26:341–355

 

Liat Ben‑Moshe
# Dis-orientation, Dis-epistemology, and Abolition
Feminist Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 4 [2018], Iss. 2, Art. 5

 

Elisabetta Grande
# La legittima difesa armata negli Usa: un buon modello per l’Italia?
http://temi.repubblica.it/micromega-online/ MicroMega, 28 giugno 2018
La violenza genera violenza e chi ci rimette non è affatto detto sia il “ladro” o il “delinquente”. Un diritto “muscoloso” finisce per rivoltarsi contro chi ha creduto di ottenerne protezione...

# Gun Violence by the Numbers [June 2018], https://everytownresearch.org/

# Livio Pepino, Quale legittima difesa?, https://volerelaluna.it/ 11 giugno 2018

# Riccardo De Vito, Il nuovo governo e l’illusione repressiva, https://volerelaluna.it/11/06/2018

 

Giorgio Alleva
# La dimensione del fenomeno della violenza di genere
Istat, Roma 11 aprile 2018
Donna oltre il silenzio. Riflessione multidisciplinare sul fenomeno della violenza sulle donne...

 

James McGuire
# Understanding prison violence: a rapid evidence assessment
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ HM Prison & Probation Service, 2018

 

 

Giuseppe Caputo
# Alternative alla detenzione tra net widening e needrisk assessment
Sicurezza e scienze sociali V, 1/2018


Alys V. Brown
# Are the U.K.’s Payment-by-Results Programs Right for U.S. Prisons?
Emory International Law Review, vol. 33, 2018

 

Jackson G. Lu, Julia J. Lee, Francesca Gino, Adam D. Galinsky
# Polluted Morality: Air Pollution Predicts Criminal Activity and Unethical Behavior
www.psychologicalscience.org/ 1-16, 2018

We propose that air pollution can increase criminal and unethical behavior by increasing anxiety. Analyses of a 9-year panel of 9,360 U.S. cities found that air pollution predicted six major categories of crime... Three experiments established the causal effect of psychologically experiencing a polluted (vs. clean) environment on unethical behavior. Consistent with our theoretical perspective, results revealed that anxiety mediated this effect. Air pollution not only corrupts people’s health, but also can contaminate their morality

 

European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT)
# Women in prison
https://rm.coe.int/ January 2018
The fact that women are far fewer in number poses a variety of challenges for prison administrations, often resulting in less favourable treatment as compared to imprisoned men. This stems from the fact that prison rules and facilities have been developed for a prison population in which the male prisoner is considered to be the norm.

 

Police Executive Research Forum
#
The Changing Nature of Crime And Criminal Investigations
www.policeforum.org/ January 2018
The nation is experiencing an epidemic of drug abuse fatalities, fueled in part by the internet. It’s no longer just people on street corners selling drugs. Today, drug traffickers are ordering lethal drugs like fentanyl on the internet...
New types of crime, based on technology, are being invented. For example, in just the last few years, “ransomware,” a type of online attack that blocks victims’ access to their computers until they pay a ransom, has become a billion-dollar-a-year enterprise.

 

Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna
# Sicurezza è libertà. Intelligence e cultura della sicurezza a dieci anni dalla riforma
www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it/ Dicembre 2017
La quantità di dati che produciamo raddoppia ogni anno: nel 2016 abbiamo generato tanti dati quanti ne erano stati prodotti nell’intera storia dell’umanità fino al 2015. Ogni minuto nel mondo si effettuano centinaia di migliaia di ricerche su Google e di ‘post’ su Facebook, che contengono informazione, la quale rivela cosa facciamo, proviamo e pensiamo: chi siamo... Big Data... Cyber Security...

 

Stati Generali Lotta Alle Mafie
# Raccolta dei lavori dei Tavoli Tematici
Milano 23-24 novembre 2017

 

Enrico Scoditti
# Scoprire o creare il diritto? A proposito di un recente libro
www.questionegiustizia.it/ 7 novembre 2017
Il giudice, quando bilancia principi o concretizza norme elastiche, non scopre un diritto preesistente, ma costruisce la disciplina relativa alla singola controversia, coerentemente al lato del giudicare che esprime l’autorità. Egli assume tuttavia una responsabilità, si appella all’ideale bilanciamento dei principi in relazione alle circostanze del caso o all’ideale regolazione contenuta nella clausola generale, i quali non sono una realtà attingibile ma l’ideale regolativo dell’attività del giudicare. La scoperta del diritto ha luogo nei limiti di questo appello all’ideale.

 

Amnesty International Netherlands and Open Society Foundations
#
Inhuman and Unnecessary. Human Rights Violations in Dutch High-Security Prisons in the Context of Counterterrorism
www.amnesty.nl/ October 2017
This report looks at how The Netherlands, out of fear that such detainees might “radicalise” and recruit others by espousing extremist views and encourage violent acts of terrorism, developed a special detention unit (Terroristenafdeling, TA) in 2006. This detention unit holds people who are suspected of terrorism offences as well as those convicted of these offences and is governed by harsh security measures and separates people from the general prison population. This report documents a number of serious breaches of human rights and other concerns with the Dutch TA and provides a series of recommendations to bring it in line with The Netherlands’ international human rights obligations...

 

Lord Michael Farmer
# The Importance of Strengthening Prisoners' Family Ties to Prevent Reoffending and Reduce Intergenerational Crime
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ August 2017
The Ministry of Justice’s own research shows that for a prisoner who receives visits from a family member the odds of reoffending are 39% lower than for those who do not... This report is not sentimental about prisoners’ families, as if they can, simply by their presence, alchemise a disposition to commit crime into one that is law abiding. However, I do want to hammer home a very simple principle of reform that needs to be a golden thread running through the prison system and the agencies that surround it. That principle is that relationships are fundamentally important if people are to change...

 

Riccardo De Vito
#
L’orologio della società e la clessidra del carcere. Riflessioni sul tempo della pena
Questione Giustizia, 1, 2017
L
a Costituzione non ammette forme verbali diverse dal futuro per coniugare la pena. Il diritto a un futuro, preso sul serio, ha persino comportato la nascita di una figura di magistrato specializzato, dedito alla verifica del protrarsi della pretesa punitiva... Un interrogativo diventa cruciale: il tempo costituzionale della pena e il tempo dell’istituzione coincidono? L’esecuzione penale richiede un giudice con arnesi scientifici diversi da quello di cognizione... Non si tratta più di mettere a fuoco un punto del passato, ma di vedere in presa diretta il tempo della pena, per verificare se la percezione che il condannato a del proprio cambiamento coincida con quella dell’ordinamento; per accertare, in sostanza, se «il
tempo personale combaci con quello costituzionale» della risocializzazione.

 

Mario Calderini
# Social impact bond, la fiducia c’è. Il successo di Peterborough segna la strada per progetti in fase di avvio come il carcere di Torino
http://nova.ilsole24ore.com/ 17 settembre 2017

Il primo Social Impact Bond, realizzato nel Regno Unito e destinato al contenimento del fenomeno delle recidive tra i detenuti condannati a pene brevi nel carcere di Peterborough, non solo ha raggiunto l’obiettivo sociale oggetto dell’intervento ma ha anche consentito la restituzione per intero del capitale investito e la distribuzione agli investitori di un rendimento finanziario non del tutto trascurabile. Le aspettative erano particolarmente elevate perché il fratellastro del Sib di Peterborough, il programma legato al Sib della prigione di Riker’s Island negli Stati Uniti, era stato interrotto prematuramente per manifesta impossibilità di raggiungere l’obiettivo sociale prefissato

 

Raffaela De Felice
# Il social Impact Bond di Peterborough? Ufficiale: ripagherà gli investitori
www.vita.it/ 31 luglio 2017
Nel carcere inglese ridotta la recidiva del 9% rispetto ad un gruppo di controllo nazionale. Ciò ha significato un superamento del 7,5 % rispetto al target individuato dal Ministero della Giustizia. Così i 17 investitori del Peterborough Social Impact Bond riceveranno un ritorno pari al capitale investito a cui andrà sommato un ulteriore 3% annuo per il periodo dell’investimento.

 

Susan Sturm, Haran Tae
# Leading with Conviction: The Transformative Role of Formerly Incarcerated Leaders in Reducing Mass Incarceration
Center for Institutional and Social Change - Columbia Law School - 2017
The leaders with conviction have developed the capacity to mobilize unusually diverse forms of social capital—a term scholars use to refer to resources that are shared through networks of relationships. The leaders use their social capital both as an engine of mobility for those affected by mass incarceration and as a vehicle for catalyzing change. Their varied knowledge and experience equip them to speak the language of many different communities. They build trust with people who have experienced consistent stigmatization and dispel myths among people who hold stereotypes that have prevented them from learning the realities of the criminal justice system. They overcome the barriers to communication that flow from the widespread stigmas and stereotypes associated with having a criminal record...

 

Marwan Barghouti
# Why We Are on Hunger Strike in Israel’s Prisons
www.nytimes.com/ April 16, 2017

Some 1,000 Palestinian prisoners have decided to take part in this hunger strike, which begins today, the day we observe here as Prisoners’ Day. Hunger striking is the most peaceful form of resistance available. It inflicts pain solely on those who participate and on their loved ones, in the hopes that their empty stomachs and their sacrifice will help the message resonate beyond the confines of their dark cells.

# Marwan Barghouti, Perché noi prigionieri palestinesi siamo in sciopero della fame, il manifesto, 20 aprile 2017

 

# Peter Beaumont, Hundreds of Palestinian prisoners in Israel go on hunger strike, www.theguardian.com/ 17 April 2017

# Azadeh Shahshahani, Stop the Imprisonment of Palestinian Children. Abusive treatment, coerced confessions, and deprivation of counsel and parental contact—at any one time, hundreds of kids are in lockup in violation of basic human rights, www.thenation.com/ April 17, 2017

# UN says watching Palestinian prisoner hunger strike closelySpokesperson calls for both sides to show restraint, says inmates should be treated in humane manner, April 18, 2017

# PA Officials Meet With US Officials Over Hunger Striking Imprisoned Terrorists, www.theyeshivaworld.com/ April 19th, 2017

# Ben Ariel, UN 'closely monitoring' terrorist hunger strike. UN says it's following the developments in the hunger strike by more than 1,000 terrorists in Israeli prison. www.israelnationalnews.com/ 4.19.2017

# Ruth Eglash, Tensions rise as Palestinians jailed in Israel launch hunger strike, www.washingtonpost.com/ April 19, 2017

 

Glauco Giostra
# Che fine hanno fatto gli Stati Generali?. Intervento del Coordinatore del Comitato Scientifico degli Stati Generali dell'Esecuzione penale al convegno di Antigone "Che fine hanno fatto gli Stati generali?" - Roma, 10.4.2017.
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 20 aprile 2017

Molti penseranno che vi sia una forte componente utopistica nel ritenere che questa crisalide degli Stati Generali si possa schiudere presto e compiutamente e farsi norme, organizzazione, struttura, professionalità, mentalità. Confidiamo che il futuro possa in gran parte dissolvere questa preoccupazione. Di certo, comunque vadano le cose, quello degli Stati Generali non resterà mai un lavoro inutile. «L’utopia» – diceva Edoardo Galeano – «è come l’orizzonte. Cammino due passi e si allontana di due passi. Cammino dieci passi e si allontana dieci passi. E allora a che cosa serve l’utopia? A questo: serve per continuare a camminare

 

European Commission - Commissione Staff Working Document
# Competitiveness in low-income and low-growth regions. The lagging regions report
http://ec.europa.eu/ Brussels, 10.4.2017

In Italy, there is a significant regional variation in the efficiency of the justice system. The average duration of civil cases in 1st instance may vary from 11 months in Aosta (Veneto) to 5 years and 7 months in Lamezia Terme (Calabria), while  the rates of cases lasting over 3 years span from 3% in Rovereto (Trentino-Alto Adige) to 68% in Foggia (Puglia). Although efficiency of the Italian justice system is a broader issue (Abravanel, et al., 2015)18, judicial performance in low-growth regions with average length of the civil court case of 996 days and 40% of cases longer than 3 years is far worse than in the rest of the country...

 

Human Rights Committee
#
Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Italy
Adopted by the Committee at its 119th session (6 - 29 March 2017)

 

Human Foundation - Fondazione Sviluppo e Crescita CRT | Politecnico di Milano - Università di Perugia - KPMG - DAP - Istituto Lorusso e Cutugno di Torino.
#
L'applicazione di strumenti pay by result per l'innovazione dei programmi di reinserimento sociale e lavorativo delle persone detenute
http://humanfoundation.it/ 2017
Fattibilità di un’iniziativa Pay by Result (PbR), finalizzata alla sperimentazione di un programma innovativo per il reinserimento dei detenuti. Generare benefici misurabili con preciso valore finanziario, in termini di risparmi futuri rispetto agli attuali livelli di spesa per l’erogazione dei servizi: se la persona detenuta... non farà ritorno nel circuito carcerario, la Pubblica Amministrazione vedrà benefici in termini di risparmi diretti e benefici indiretti come l'abbassamento del tasso di criminalità...

# Francesca Calò, Impatto sociale: servono più dati certi, Vita, 10 aprile 2017
# Filippo Montesi, I Social Impact Bond? L'obiettivo è stimolare l'innovazione, Vita, 19 aprile 2017

# Stephen Sinclair, Neil Mchugh, Michael J. Roy, SIBs don’t work for complex problems because they’re unaccountable to service users, http://blogs.lshtm.ac.uk/ March 1, 2017

 

Danielle Sered
# Accounting for Violence. How to Increase Safety and Break Our Failed Reliance on Mass Incarceration
https://www.vera.org/ February 2017
The country cannot incarcerate its way out of violence. As a violence intervention strategy, prison fails to deliver the safety, justice, and accountability all people deserve, and at great human and financial cost. Increasingly, this message is being shared not only by justice reformers, but by crime survivors themselves.

 

Tom Gotsis
#
Social Impact Bonds and recidivism: A new solution to an old problem?
www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/ NSW Parliamentary Research Service. February 2017
Recidivism is not a topic that has traditionally been associated with the world of high finance. Yet, in recent times, recidivism and other intractable social challenges have become the subject of Social Impact Bonds (SIBs). In July 2016 the NSW Government entered into its third SIB and Australia’s first recidivism SIB, known as On TRACC (Transition, Reintegration and Community Correction). On TRACC funds intensive support services to parolees, particularly in the first four months after their release, in order to facilitate their successful reintegration into the community.

 

Donatella Stasio
# Giustizia e comunicazione
www.questionegiustizia.it/ 22 febbraio 2017
Esiste anche una “contaminazione positiva” tra magistratura e media o, se si preferisce, tra giustizia e comunicazione. Una contaminazione “necessaria” e “doverosa”, perché la giustizia – per come spesso viene rappresentata e per come si rappresenta – non suscita nell’opinione pubblica quel sentimento di fiducia, che è un bene vitale per una democrazia moderna, al di là delle critiche che ad essa si possono muovere come potere, come servizio, come funzione...

 

Barack Obama
#
The President's Role in Advancing Criminal Justice Reform
Harvard Law Review, vol. 130, n. 3, January 2017
As a community organizer, I saw firsthand how our criminal justice system exacerbates inequality. It takes young people who made mistakes no worse than my own and traps them in an endless cycle of marginalization and punishment. More than twenty years ago, I wrote about my experience in neighborhoods where “prison records had been passed down from father to son for more than a generation.

 

Eurispes
# Rapporto Italia 2017 - Comunicato stampa
www.eurispes.eu/ Giovedì, 26 gennaio 2017

 

Giuseppe Melchiorre Napoli
#
Il controllo del giudice sulla proporzionalità dell’azione dell’amministrazione penitenziaria
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 25 gennaio 2017
1. La natura ‘bivalente’ del principio di proporzionalità. – 2. Il controllo giurisdizionale sull’uso del potere pubblico. – 3. La tutela giurisdizionale e il parametro di giudizio della proporzionalità. – 3.1. Struttura ‘quadripartita’ e ambiti di operatività del parametro di controllo della proporzionalità. – 4. Modalità ed esiti del controllo sulla proporzionalità dell’azione amministrativa nell’ambito della procedura su reclamo di cui all’art. 35-bis o.p. – 4.1. La tutela risarcitoria e il rimedio compensativo ex art. 35-ter o.p. – 5. Conclusioni.

 

Pietro Ichino
# Le carceri cambiano se cambiano gli italiani
L'Unità, 25 gennaio 2017
Una delle piaghe della giustizia che abbiamo di fronte è la divaricazione impressionante tra la realtà sociale, nella quale la criminalità è fortunatamente in continua diminuzione da almeno dieci anni, e l'immagine del fenomeno diffusa dai media, soprattutto dalla televisione, che convince invece l'opinione pubblica di un aumento della criminalità, alimentando un senso crescente di insicurezza, di paura. Dal senso di insicurezza e di paura alla parola d'ordine "schiaffarli in galera e gettare la chiave" il passo è brevissimo. 

 

Associazione Nazionale Magistrati - Commissione Permanente di studio in materia di Esecuzione Penale e Carcere
# Sintesi dei lavori della Commissione. Indicazioni e proposte
Roma, 13 gennaio 2017

 

Demoskopika
# Femminicidio. Quindici violenze sessuali al giorno
www.demoskopika.eu/ 24 novembre 2016
Ben 23 mila casi consumati, quasi 6 mila le vittime minorenni, poco più di 22 mila le persone denunciate e arrestate dalle forze di polizia. Resta impunito oltre 1 reato su 4. Per quasi il 30% degli episodi commessi resta sconosciuto l’autore. Sono circa 23 milioni gli italiani che chiedono la mano pesante per gli stupratori.

 

Antonio Cuciniello
# L’Islām nelle carceri italiane
www.ismu.org/ Ottobre 2016
Da un punto di vista religioso, oltre alle presenze di cristiani di diverse confessioni, indù, sikh e buddisti, tra gli stranieri in regime di detenzione, la religione islamica è in percentuale quella prevalente. Un indicatore significativo è rappresentato dalla consistenza della componente maghrebina (Marocco: 3.146; Tunisia: 1.996; Algeria: 403), di cui la maggior parte si dichiara, o è presumibilmente, di fede islamica. Perciò, considerando anche i reclusi di provenienza asiatica e dall’Africa nera, si può stimare che più di un detenuto straniero su tre sia musulmano.

 

Pedro Oliver Olmo
#
The Corporal Repertoire of Prison Protest in Spain and Latin America. The Political Language of Self-Mutilation by Common Prisoners
The Open Journal of Sociopolitical Studies, 2016
Taking into consideration the concept of “prisonisation”, this paper discusses the “prisoner body” treated as a typological category. In a manner of speaking, this perspective enables the author to establish differences in the nature of the arsenal of collective actions employed by prisoners, and thus to put forward his own conceptual definition as “bioprotest”. There is a subtle asymmetry in the bodily-harm aspect of prisoner protest, which needs to be examined in light of the dominant cultural frameworks. On the one hand, we have “political and ideological prisoners”, whose non-violent corporal arsenal (hunger strikes, in particular) is often a sufficient to make themselves heard. On the other, we have “common prisoners”, who are often unable to break free of the cultural stigma of criminality which clings to them, and therefore feel compelled to add a more sacrificial (corporal) aspect to their actions – mainly by way of self-mutilation.

 

Mbongisent Mdakane
# Defying the odds of recidivism: Ex-offenders' narratives of desistance
University of South Africa, October 2016

 

Demoskopika
#
Violenza sessuale. Ignoto e impunito oltre 1 reato su 4
www.demoskopika.eu/ 21 ottobre 2016
Per quasi il 30% degli episodi commessi non si conosce l’autore. Ben 23 mila casi consumati, quasi 6 mila le vittime minorenni, poco più di 22 mila le persone denunciate e arrestate dalle forze di polizia. Sono circa 15 milioni gli italiani che chiedono maggiore protezione per le vittime e più sostegno ai centri anti violenza.

 

Filippo Antonelli
#
Il crimine del colletto bianco. Dagli scandali bancari alla criminalità transnazionale
Università degli Studi di Bologna, 2016

... Per contrastare questa particolare tipologia di reati l’atteggiamento delle istituzioni è di primaria importanza. È chiaro che se professionalità e specifiche competenze tecniche sono qualità necessarie per portare a termine i reati economici, coloro che sono preposti a combatterli debbono possedere i medesimi requisiti...

 

Rob Canton | United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention and the Treatment of Offenders
#
The Relevance of Desistance Research for Probation Practice
www.unafei.or.jp/ Resource Material Series n° 99, sep 2016
The study of criminal careers has started to help us to understand much better the reasons why offenders come to stop offending. A good beginning to the inquiry is suggested by the well-known ‘age-crime curve’. The graph below is from the USA although other countries would produce a curve of a similar shape even if the details are probably a bit different. Our concern here is not with the detail — for instance, the age at which offending is at its peak. The  point to emphasise is that, while a few offenders continue offending into later life and indeed into old age, most offenders start  to desist in early adulthood...

 

Roberto Cornelli
#
La paura nel campo penale
questionegiustizia.it, 7 settembre 2016

 

Center for American Progress (CAP)
#
Unjust: How the Broken Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems Fail LGBTQ Youth
www.lgbtmap.org/ August 2016
LGBTQ youth are overrepresented in juvenile detention centers: the percentage of LGBT and gender nonconforming youth in juvenile detention is double that of LGBTQ youth in the general population. LGBTQ youth, particularly LGBTQ youth of color, face discrimination and stigma that lead to criminalization and increased interactions with law enforcement and the criminal justice system.

 

Lucio Landi, Corrado Pollastri (eds) | Ufficio Parlamentare di Bilancio
# L’efficienza della giustizia civile e la performance economica
www.upbilancio.it/ Focus Tematico n° 5 / 22 luglio 2016

 

Laurent Lemasson
# La prison est-elle l’école du crime?
Notes & Synthèses N°37 Juillet 2016

... L’idée s’est peu à peu ancrée et diffusée que la prison serait un milieu criminogène, qui au mieux serait sans effet sur les condamnés qui y passent, et qui au pire  transformerait de petits délinquants en criminels endurcis, au point de devenir quasiment un article de foi dans certains milieux politiques et judiciaires, d’où l’on déduit un second article de foi, à savoir qu’il faudrait au maximum éviter d’envoyer les délinquants en prison, que celleci ne devrait être que le «dernier recours » destiné à protéger la société contre des individus violents lorsque toutes les autres  solutions ont échoué.

 

Giuseppe Ricotta
#
Neoliberalism and Control Stategies. The Urban Security Policies in Italy
The Open Journal of Sociopolitical Studies, July 15, 2016
Our main argument is that, despite the specific Italian approach to urban security policies, we can recognize, also in this context, the use of local adaptive policies, in line with neoliberal principles, that tend towards situational practices, harm reduction dy‐namics, and the use of CCTV and surveillance in general. On the other hand, we can identify a rise of punitive populism in the rhetoric and practices, not only at the central State level (where a sovereign state strategy plays its role), but also at local level where adaptive policies were developed together with administrative punitive measures

 

Gary Kleck, Dylan Jackson
# What Kind of Joblessness Affects Crime? A National Case–Control Study of Serious Property Crime
J Quant Criminol (2016) 32:489–513

 

Maria Vittoria Monaco, Riccardo Miccoli
#
Convivium. nuovi spazi di socialità per il carcere di Verziano
Politecnico di Milano, 2016

Cinquantacinque dei duecentocinque istituti penitenziari attualmente utilizzati a scopo detentivo in Italia risalgono a prima del XIX secolo e sono strutture non edificate per la specifica funzione detentiva ma successivamente adattate a tale scopo... Gli istituti penitenziari a disposizione Radiale presenti sul nostro territorio rappresentano il 10% del patrimonio detentivo e risalgono alla fine XIX secolo... Tra il 1980 ed il 1990 sono stati realizzati gli ultimi complessi penitenziari attualmente utilizzati. Alcune di queste strutture, otto in tutto il territorio, hanno visto tempi di realizzazione così prolungati che in alcuni casi hanno necessitato di interventi di  restauro prima ancora di essere effettivamente funzionanti.

 

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
# Understanding Social Impact Bond
www.oecd.org/ 2016
A SIB is an innovative financing mechanism in which governments or commissioners enter into agreements with social service providers, such as social enterprises or non-profit organisations, and investors to pay for the delivery of pre-defined social outcomes. More precisely, a bond-issuing organisation raises funds from private -sector investors, charities or foundations. These funds are distributed to service providers to cover their operating costs. If the measurable outcomes agreed upfront are achieved, the government or the commissioner proceeds with payments to the bond-issuing organisation or the investors. 

 

OECD | Peter Ramsden, Antonella Noya, Stellina Galitopoulou
# Social Impact Bonds: State of Play & Lessons Learnt
www.oecd.org/ 2016
Social Impact Bonds (SIBs) have spread around the globe in the past five years. At a time of pressure on public budgets following the economic crisis, a financing mechanism for social policies that promises to mitigate the public sector risk, increase effectiveness and pay for services now while requiring public contributions later, is likely to attract attention. Few policy tools have been disseminated so far and  so fast. Since the first one, which was launched in 2010, 43 SIBs have been set up in 11 countries representing an investment of over 200 million EUR.

 

Office of Social Impact Investment
# Technical guide: Outcomes measurement for social impact investment proposals to the NSW Government
www.osii.nsw.gov.au/ June 2016

 

Davide Pellecchia
# L'impresa sociale formativa: la misurazione dell'impatto sociale e i social impact bond
Università degli Studi di Bergamo, 2016

 

Assemblée Nationale - Group de travail sur la détention
#
Repenser la prison pour mieux réinsérer. Rapport n. 808
www.assemblee-nationale.fr/ 21 mars 2018
Au-delà du caractère daté et partiel des éléments épidémiologiques disponibles, il manque une analyse qualitative fine de la souffrance psychique, de l’évolution des troubles au cours de la détention et de l’effet pathogène potentiel de l’incarcération. Comme le relevait le professeur Frédéric Rouillon dans son enquête épidémiologique de 2006, « dans un contexte d’emprisonnement (privation de liberté, de l’environnement familial, de sexualité, etc.), [la]souffrance psychique ne relève (...) pas nécessairement d’un état pathologique ». Le constat, évident pour les troubles anxio-dépressifs, se vérifie aussi pour les troubles psychotiques car « la perte de contact avec la réalité est un élément central de tout trouble psychotique » et « la vie carcérale est un facteur de risque majeur de déréalisation ».

 

Demoskopika
# Violenza sessuale. Oltre 6 milioni favorevoli alla castrazione
www.demoskopika.eu/ 7 marzo 2016
Ben 23 mila casi consumati, quasi 6 mila le vittime minorenni, poco più di 22 mila le persone denunciate e arrestate dalle forze di polizia. Tre le regioni “più violentate” d’Italia: Trentino, Emilia Romagna e Toscana. Tra gli interventi richiesti dagli italiani: pene più severe, misure di protezione per le vittime, aiuto alle donne a non sentirsi in colpa, castrazione chimica e istituzione di un corpo di polizia dedicato. È quanto emerge dalla Nota scientifica “La mimosa deturpata. Mappa delle violenze sessuali nelle regioni italiane” realizzata dall’Istituto Demoskopika che ha analizzato il quinquennio 2014-2010...

 

Marco Hafner, Jirka Taylor, Emma Disley, Sonja Thebes, Matteo Barberi, Martin Stepanek, Mike Levi
# The Cost of Non-Europe in the area of Organised Crime and Corruption. Annex II - Corruption
www.rand.org/ March 2016

 

Relazioni finali dei 18 tavoli tematici -
# Tavolo n. 1 - Spazio della pena: architettura e carcere. Coordinatore Luca Zevi, architetto
# Tavolo n. 2 - Vita detentiva. Responsabilizzazione del detenuto, circuiti e sicurezza. Coordinatore Marcello Bortolato, magistrato Ufficio di sorveglianza di Padova
# Tavolo n. 3 - Donne e carcere. Coordinatore Tamar Pitch, docente Università degli Studi di Perugia
# Tavolo n. 4 - Minorità sociale, vulnerabilità, dipendenze. Coordinatore Emanuele Bignamini, direttore del Dipartimento dipendenze ASL 2 Torino
# Tavolo n. 5 - Minorenni autori di reato. Coordinatore Franco Della Casa, professore ordinario di diritto processuale penale presso il Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza dell'Università degli studi di Genova
# Tavolo n. 6 - Mondo degli affetti e territorializzazione della pena. Coordinatore Rita Bernardini, già deputato
# Tavolo n. 7 - Stranieri ed esecuzione penale. Coordinatore Paolo Borgna, procuratore aggiunto Tribunale di Torino
# Tavolo n. 8 - Lavoro e formazione. Coordinatore Stefano Visonà, capo dell'Ufficio legislativo Ministero del lavoro e delle politiche sociali
# Tavolo n. 9 - Istruzione, cultura, sport. Coordinatore ad interim Mauro Palma
# Tavolo n. 10 - Salute e disagio psichico. Coordinatore Francesco Maisto, presidente del Tribunale di sorveglianza di Bologna
# Tavolo n. 11 - Misure di sicurezza. Coordinatore Nicola Mazzamuto, presidente del Tribunale di sorveglianza di Messina
# Tavolo n. 12 - Misure e sanzioni di comunità. Coordinatore Gherardo Colombo, già magistrato di cassazione
# Tavolo n. 13 - Giustizia riparativa, mediazione e tutela delle vittime del reato. Coordinatore Grazia Mannozzi, docente Università degli Studi dell'Insubria
# Tavolo n. 14 - Esecuzione penale: esperienze comparative e regole internazionali. Coordinatore Francesco Viganò, docente Università degli Studi di Milano
# Tavolo n. 15 - Operatori penitenziari e formazione. Coordinatore Sebastiano Ardita, procuratore aggiunto Tribunale di Messina
# Tavolo n. 16 - Trattamento. Ostacoli normativi all'individualizzazione del trattamento rieducativo. Coordinatore Riccardo Polidoro, responsabile dell'Osservatorio sul carcere dell'Unione camere penali
# Tavolo n. 17 - Processo di reinserimento e presa in carico territoriale. Coordinatore Claudio Sarzotti, docente Università degli Studi di Torino
# Tavolo n. 18 - Organizzazione e amministrazione dell'esecuzione penale. Coordinatore Filippo Patroni Griffi, presidente di sezione del Consiglio di Stato

www.giustizia.it/ Febbraio 2016

 

Ian Loader
# Why Penal Moderation
Howard League for Penal Reform - Commission on English Prisons Today, 2016
The idea of penal moderation operates, first and foremost, in the terrain of public culture and debate where it seeks to inculcate a sense of restraint in how our society talks about and delivers punishment. In so doing, it connects with, and builds upon, the moral ambivalence that many citizens feel towards punishing – an ambivalence that rarely registers in current penal debate. Punishment, in other words, is capable of evoking anger, resentment and a passionate desire to inflict harm on the criminal wrongdoer, or to have the state do so on our behalf.

 

Center for American Progress (CAP) - Movement Advancement Project (MAP)
# Unjust: How the Broken Criminal Justice System Fails LGBT People
www.lgbtmap.org/ February 2016

When the criminal justice system operates as it should, people are charged, tried, and sentenced without bias. But too frequently, LGBT people are unfairly tried. Their sexual orientation and gender identity are often used against them by prosecutors, judges, and even defense attorneys. In a survey of LGBTQ youth engaged in survival sex in New York City, 44% reported their experience with court personnel as negative, including being called by incorrect pronouns or hearing negative comments about their gender identity or sexual orientation. LGBT people often do not receive adequate counsel or representation—and they can face substantial discrimination from juries. As a result, LGBT people are overrepresented in juvenile justice facilities, adult correctional facilities, and immigration detention facilities. 

 

Vera Institute
# Building Effective Partnerships for High-Quality Postsecondary Education in Correctional Facilities
http://archive.vera.org/ January 2016

In the academic year 2009 to 2010, fewer than 71,000 prisoners in 43 states participated in postsecondary education programs— just six percent of the total state prison population in the United States. ..

 

Alexandre Roig
#
Crime and Money: Monetary Hierarchy in Prison
www.booksandideas.net/ 28 January 2016
How do commodities and monies circulate in prison where trade, whether monetary or not, is forbidden? Drawing from a collective ethnographic research, this essay discusses the social mechanisms that lead to the ranking of people and objects that money objectivizes, thus casting light on the social dynamics at play in the carceral system.

 

Franca Maino, Maurizio Ferrera (a cura di)
# Secondo rapporto sul secondo welfare in Italia
Centro di Ricerca e Documentazione Luigi Einaudi, Dicembre 2015

 

Istat - fio.PSD - Caritas Italiana
# Le persone senza dimora. Anno 2014   
# Anno 2011
www.istat.it/ 10 dicembre 2015

 

Isabelle F.-Dufour, Renée Brassard, and Joane Martel
#
An Integrative Approach to Apprehend Desistance
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2015, Vol. 59(5) 480–501
The process underlying desistance is still a strong subject of debate. This article seeks to introduce several core concepts of Archer’s morphogenic approach to study how people desist from crime. At first, it discusses the primary existing theories of desistance. Then, this article demonstrates the usefulness of this approach by presenting empirical evidence drawn from semistructured interviews collected with 29 men who desisted from crime in an eastern province of Canada. The study demonstrates how this alternative approach allows for the consolidation of existing knowledge on desistance. Then implication of these findings for both theory and practice are discussed.

 

# Nicolas Carrier, Justin Piché, Actualité de l’abolitionnisme

# Laura Aubert, Philippe Mary. L’abolition par la réforme. Dépénaliser en contexte d’intensification pénale ?

# Claire Delisle, Maria Basualdo, Adina Ilea, Andrea Hughes, The International Conference on Penal Abolition (ICOPA). Exploring Dynamics and Controversies as observed at ICOPA 15 on Algonquin Territory

# Vincenzo Ruggiero, L’héritage abolitionniste

# Mechthild Nagel, Trafficking with abolitionism. An examination of anti-slavery discourses
# Lilian Mathieu, Des monstres ordinaires. La construction du problème public des clients de la prostitution

# Nicolas Carrier, Justin Piché, Des points aveugles de la pensée abolitionniste dans le monde universitaire. Enjeux récurrents et émergents
http://champpenal.revues.org/ Champ Pénal | Penal Field, vol. XII, 2015

 

Luigi Manconi
#
Per l’abolizione del carcere
www.ilponterivista.com/ Il Ponte, 21 agosto 2015

 

Carlo Valentini
# Carceri Usa, poco da apprendere. Detenzione preventiva dei poveri senza soldi per la cauzione
www.italiaoggi.it/ 15 agosto 1947

... Lo dice Flavia Robotti, bolognese, psichiatra, libera professionista nella prigione di New York...
la discriminazione sociale è fortissima: ci sono coloro che possono pagare la cauzione e coloro che non se lo possono permettere. E la cauzione è una costante del sistema giudiziario americano, non viene proposta dal giudice solo se si pensa che l’indagato sia a rischio di fuga o propenso a ripetere un’attività criminale. Quindi se quasi tutto ruota attorno alla cauzione, la possibilità di pagarla o meno diventa una discriminante sociale.

 

VERA Institute of Justice
#
Impact Evaluation of the Adolescent Behavioral Learning Experience (ABLE) Program at Rikers Island
www.vera.org/ July 2015
Vera determined that the program did not lead to reductions in recidivism for participants. The change in recidivism for the eligible 16- to 18-year-olds, adjusted for external factors, was not statistically significant when compared to the matched historical comparison group...

 

Ministero dell'Interno
#
Report Osservatorio nazionale sui furti di rame (anni 2013 - 2014 - 1015)
www.interno.gov.it/ 7 luglio 2015

 

IN/ARCH Istituto Nazionale di Architettura
#
Lo spazio della pena, la pena dello spazio. Un progetto partecipato per un carcere civile
www.inarch.it/ Roma, 17 giugno 2015
La ricerca-intervento partecipata, realizzata al carcere di Sollicciano, intende essere il primo passo di un progetto più ampio, “Lo spazio della pena, la pena dello spazio”, che potrebbe avviare processi di progettazione partecipata per la riqualificazione degli spazi nelle carceri italiane. In questa prospettiva la ricerca-intervento è stata realizzata in un arco di tempo molto limitato (gennaio – febbraio 2015) puntando al coinvolgimento diretto di chi “abita” il carcere in quanto detenuto o lavoratore o volontario.

 

Allegra M. McLeod
# Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice
62 UCLA L. Rev. 1156 (2015)
If prison abolition is conceptualized as an immediate and indiscriminate opening of prison  doors—that is, the imminent physical elimination of all structures of incarceration—rejection of abolition is perhaps warranted. But abolition may be understood instead as a gradual project of decarceration, in which radically different legal and institutional regulatory forms supplant criminal law enforcement. These institutional alternatives include meaningful justice reinvestment to strengthen the social arm of the state and improve human welfare; decriminalizing less serious infractions; improved design of spaces and products to reduce opportunities  or offending; urban redevelopment and “greening” projects; proliferating restorative forms of redress; and creating both safe harbors for individuals at risk of or fleeing violence and alternative livelihoods for persons otherwise subject to criminal law enforcement.

 

Zelia A. Gallo
# Punishment, authority, and political economy: Italian challenges to Western punitiveness
Punishment and Society. 17, 5, p. 598-623, 2015
I argue that Italian penality cannot be understood in terms of unequivocal ‘punitiveness’ or unequivocal ‘moderation’. Italian trends betray a co-existence and alternation of repression and leniency, whose incidence I trace in penal reform and legislation. I explore the issue of waning state sovereignty and its presumed contribution to increasing punitiveness, explaining why the evolution of the Italian state does not fit this narrative. I argue that Italy is a contested state, whose penal law can be sidelined by the informal norms with which it co-exists...

 

Heller, Sara B., Anuj K. Shah, Jonathan Guryan, Jens Ludwig, Sendhil Mullainathan, Harold A. Pollack
#
Thinking, Fast and Slow? Some Field Experiments to Reduce Crime and Dropout in Chicago
NBER Working Paper 21178 (2015)
We present the results of three large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) carried out in Chicago, testing interventions to reduce crime and dropout by changing the decision-making of economically disadvantaged youth. We study a program called Becoming a Man (BAM), developed by the non-profit Youth Guidance, in two RCTs implemented in 2009–10 and 2013– 15. In the two studies participation in the program reduced total arrests during the intervention period by 28–35%, reduced violent-crime arrests by 45–50%, improved school engagement, and in the first study where we have follow-up data, increased graduation rates by 12–19%.

 

Thomas Ugelvik
# Global Prison Ethnography
In The Palgrave Handbook of Prison Ethnography, DH Drake, R Earle and J Sloan (eds), 2015.

 

Ministero della Giustizia

# Stati generali dell'esecuzione penale - Presentazione

Milano Bollate, 19 maggio 2015

 

Ministero della Giustizia
#
Relazione al Parlamento sullo stato di attuazione del programma di edilizia penitenziaria
Camera dei Deputati, 13 maggio 2015

 

Transcrime | Marco Dugato, Stefano Caneppele, Serena Favarin, Martina Rotondi
# Prevedere i furti in abitazione
www.transcrime.it/ Aprile 2015

 

Federica Lanotte
#
La recidiva
Università degli Studi di Torino, 2014-2015

 

Roger Abravanel, Stefano Proverbio, Fabio Bartolomeo (elaborazione di)
#
Giustizia Civile - Incontro tra Ministero e CSM - Misurare la performance dei tribunali
https://webstat.giustizia.it/ Roma, 26 marzo 2015

 

Andrea Perrone, Tommaso Bardelli, Pauline Bernard, Rachele Greco
#
Lavoro e perdono dietro le sbarre. La cooperativa Giotto nel carcere Due Palazzi di Padova
www.secondowelfare.it/ 3, 2015
Proprio nel momento in cui ci preoccupiamo della inefficienza degli strumenti della sussidiarietà verticale fino al punto di rischiare di buttare via il bambino con l’acqua sporca, occorre guardare con particolare attenzione anche all’altra componente della sussidiarietà, quella orizzontale con cui si cerca di uscire dalla rigida contrapposizione tra il «pubblico» e un privato inteso soltanto come mercato [Dalla Prefazione di Giovanni Maria Flick]

 

Manila Di Gennaro
# Il vissuto emotivo del detenuto e relazioni gruppali nei suoi contesti di riferimento
Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, 2015

 

Cesare Burdese
# L'edificio carcerario dall'utopia alla realtà
Bolzano, Convegno 10 marzo 2015 #
Dentro le mura fuori dal carcere"
La prigione è una costruzione filosofica e sociale, ma è anche una realtà fisica e umana, fatta di luoghi e di edifici, di norme e di regole, di esseri umani e di relazioni sociali, di storie e di rappresentazioni. In sostanza una microsocietà, la cui territorialità e governance sono condizionate, almeno in parte, dalla configurazione architettonica dell’edificio che la ospita. L’Architettura non determina solamente la prigione su di un piano materiale e morfologico, ma anche simbolico e dinamico...

 

Giuseppe Melchiorre Napoli
# Il principio di proporzionalità nell'esecuzione penitenziaria. Poteri amministrativi autoritativi e diritti della persona detenuta
www.penalecontemporaneo.it/ 6 febbraio 2015
1. Il principio di proporzionalità nella legge sull'ordinamento penitenziario. - 2. Il fondamento costituzionale del principio di proporzionalità. - 3. La proporzionalità come autonomo canone dell'azione amministrativa e autonomo parametro di giudizio della sua legittimità. - 4. Gli ambiti di operatività del principio di proporzionalità: l'attività amministrativa di natura autoritativa. - 4.1. L'attività di prestazione di pubblico servizio: il trattamento rieducativo. - 5. La struttura del principio di proporzionalità. - 5.1. La capacità tecnica di realizzare la finalità pubblica: l'idoneità. - 5.2. Tra i parimenti idonei, il più mite: la necessarietà (o indispensabilità). - 5.3. La determinazione della dimensione dell'intervento: adeguatezza, inadeguatezza e rinuncia alla realizzazione della finalità pubblica. - 5.4. L'equilibrio tra efficacia e mitezza: la proporzionalità in senso stretto. - 6. Il giudizio prognostico sulla proporzionalità dell'azione amministrativa. - 7. Conclusioni.

 

Michael Mueller-Smith
#
The Criminal and Labor Market Impacts of Incarceration
www.columbia.edu/ November 14, 2014
I find that a one-year prison term for marginal defendants decreases social welfare by $56,200 to $66,800 of which negative impacts to economic activity account for 41 to 48 percent of overall costs. In order for this sentence to be neutral in social welfare terms, a one-year prison term for a marginal (low-risk) offender would need to deter at least 0.4 rapes, 2.2 assaults, 2.5 robberies, 62 larcenies or 4.8 habitual drug users in the general population...

 

Camera dei Deputati - Senato della Repubblica - XVII Legislatura | Commissione Parlamentare di inchiesta sul fenomeno delle mafie e sulle altr associazioni criminali, anche straniere
# Relazione sulle disposizioni per una revisione organica del Codice antimafia e delle Misure di prevenzione di cui al Decreto Legislativo del 6 settembre 2011, n. 159
Approvata dalla Commissione nella seduta del 22 ottobre 2014 - Comunicata alle Presidenze il 20 novembre 2014

 

Rosario Tortorella - SIDIPE
# Intervento al Convegno "Il governo delle carceri"
Roma 11 novembre 2014

 

Lynn Langton, Jennifer Truman
# Socio-emotional Impact of Violent Crime
www.bjs.gov/ September 2014
In 2009–12, 68% of victims of serious violent crime—rape or sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated assault—reported experiencing socio-emotional problems as a result of their victimization. For this report, socio-emotional problems are defined as the experience of one or more of the following: feelings of moderate to severe distress; significant problems with work or school, such as trouble with a boss, coworkers, or peers; or significant problems with family members or friends, including more arguments than before the victimization, an inability to trust, or not feeling as close after the victimization.

 

# La finanza che include: gli investimenti ad impatto sociale per una nuova economia. Rapporto Italiano della Social Impact Investment Task Force istituita in ambito G8
www.socialimpactinvestment.org/ 15 settembre 2014
Una partnership pubblico-privato consente al Governo britannico di catalizzare investitori privati su un progetto che mira alla riduzione del tasso di recidiva nelle carceri. L’investitore privato finanzia il progetto e riceve la sua remunerazione solo nel caso di conseguimento dell’obiettivo sociale. Il risparmio di spesa pubblica ottenuto dal Governo britannico, in ragione dell’abbattimento del tasso di recidiva, viene condiviso dal Governo con l’investitore privato, che, da tale risparmio, consegue il suo rendimento. Si sta facendo strada anche un approccio continentale all’impact investing. Infatti, nell’Europa continentale, l’investimento ad impatto sociale si sviluppa con una connotazione differente: una forte tradizione dell’imprenditorialità sociale. In questo contesto, è la domanda il driver degli investimenti ad impatto sociale e il rendimento corrisposto agli investitori può essere calmierato rispetto a quello medio di mercato.

 

Vincenzo Mannella Vardè, Stefano Padovano (eds)
# 2004-2013 - Legalità e sicurezza. Dieci anni di criminalità in Liguria. Ottavo rapporto sulla sicurezza urbana in Liguria
www.osservatoriosicurezza.unige.it/ 2014

 

Bureau of Justice Statistics
#
The Nation’s Two Measures of Homicide
www.bjs.gov/ July 2014
The United States uses two national data collection systems to track detailed information on homicides: the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Supplementary Homicide Reports and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Fatal Injury Reports. Both measures were developed as part of a federal effort to improve national statistical systems in the early twentieth century and have gone through a number of changes since then to improve their consistency and coverage. Each program provides valuable information on the nature, trends, and patterns of homicides in the United States

 

Pierre V. Tournier
# Sanctionner sans emprisonner. Naissance de la contrainte pénale
Centre d’Histoire Sociale du XXe siècle, Archives Volume 1 17 Juillet 2014

 

Alessandro Pedrotti, Marion Rottensteiner (eds) | Cesare Burdese, Silvia Mondino, Claudio Sarzotti, Alessio Scandurra
#
Dentro le mura, fuori dal carcere. Una ricerca sul nuovo carcere della Provincia di Bolzano
Provincia autonoma di Bolzano - Giugno 2014
Il presupposto da porre a base di un progetto di un carcere in generale e, nella fattispecie, della nuova Casa Circondariale di Bolzano, è la centralità della persona, che a vario titolo occupa la scena penitenziaria, con i suoi bisogni biologici e di relazione. Il progettista, che con gli spazi e le dimensioni degli stessi lavora utilizzando vari strumenti (tecnologie, materiali, colori, illuminazione naturale e artificiale, misure, proporzioni e forme, ecc.) quando si  appresta a progettare un edificio carcerario, deve porsi l’interrogativo di fondo che riguarda l’individuazione dell’incerto confine che separa un ammissibile grado di benessere da un insopportabile sicuro malessere.

 

Dipartimento per la Giustizia Minorile (D.G.M.) | Save the Children
# Lavori ingiusti. Indagine sul lavoro minorile e il circuito della giustizia penale
Giugno 2014

Si attesta al 66% la quota dei minori del circuito della giustizia minorile coinvolti nell’indagine che ha svolto attività lavorative precoci. Nel 73% dei casi si tratta di giovani italiani; mentre il restante 27% è rappresentato per lo più da ragazzi di origine straniera, nati in Italia o arrivati in diverse fasce di età.

Save the Children Italia Onlus e Associazione B. Trentin, # Game Over. Indagine sul lavoro minorile in Italia (Dati preliminari), http://images.savethechildren.it/ Giugno 2013

 

Alexis Halkovic
#
Redefining Possible: Re-Visioning the Prison-to-College Pipeline
Equity & Excellence in Education, 47:4, 494-512, 2014
This article identifies college as the logical space for the articulation of civil rights through the complete integration of students with incarceration histories into the intellectual and social fabric of the institution. Academic institutions provide a fertile ground where possibilities for personal and social change are realized, networks are opened, knowledge is contributed and developed, and giving back is enabled.

 

Ross L. Matsueda, Maria S. Grigoryeva
#
Social Inequality, Crime, and Deviance
in Handbook of the Social Psychology of Inequality, edited by J. D. McLeod, E. J. Lawler, and M. L. Schwalbe. New York, NY: Springer, pp. 683-714, 2014

 

RAND Corporation
#
2013 RAND Annual Report
http://www.rand.org/ 2014
Each year, thousands of incarcerated adults leave U.S. prisons and jails and return to their families and communities. While many successfully reintegrate into their communities, find jobs, and become productive members of society, many others will commit new crimes and end up being reincarcerated. Although a number of factors account for why some ex-prisoners succeed and some don’t, a lack of education and skills is one key reason. This is why correctional education programs—whether academically or vocationally focused—are a vital service provided in correctional facilities across the United States...

 

David Scott
#
Prison research: appreciative or critical inquiry?
Criminal Justice Matters · March 2014

When undertaking fieldwork in conflictual environments, such as the prison, ‘taking sides’ is an inevitable part of the research process and this moral and political dilemma is often phrased in terms of ‘whose side are you on?’. Significantly there appears to be a tendency in some recent prison officer studiesto sidestep this moral quandary and present value commitments as unproblematic.

 

David W. Frank
#
Commentary: Abandoned: Abolishing Female Prisons to Prevent Sexual Abuse and Herald an End to Incarceration
Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice, vol. 29, Winter 2014
The U.K. proposal of female prison abolition, basing its arguments on the high societal costs of prison and the availability of more effective alternatives to incarceration, attempted to end their correctional system. More specifically, advocates for the most popular version of the proposal argued that even based on a strict economic analysis, community-based programs and services could provide the same benefit of prisons at a reduced cost. U.S. reformers could magnify the appeal of alternatives to incarceration by presenting a modified approach: emphasizing the benefits both of reducing the costs of incarceration and eliminating the mass sexual victimization of inmates.

 

Steven Raphael, Michael A. Stoll
#
A New Approach to Reducing Incarceration While Maintaining Low Rates of Crime
www.hamiltonproject.org/ May 2014
We argue that states should reevaluate their policy choices and reduce the scope and severity of several of the sentencing practices that they have implemented over the past twenty-five or thirty years. We propose that states introduce a greater degree  of discretion into their sentencing and parole practices through two specific reforms: (1) a reduction in the scope and severity of truth-in-sentencing laws that mandate that inmates serve minimum proportions of their sentences, and (2) a reworking and, in many instances, abandonment of mandatory minimum sentences.

 

Véronique Le Goaziou
#
Sortir de prison sans y retourner. Parcours de réinsertions réussies
www.laurent-mucchielli.org/Février 2014

 

Erin E. Buckels, Paul D. Trapnell, Delroy L. Paulhus
#
Trolls just want to have fun
Personality and Individual Differences, 2014
In two online studies (total N = 1215), respondents completed personality inventories and a survey of their Internet commenting styles. Overall, strong positive associations emerged among online commenting frequency, trolling enjoyment, and troll identity, pointing to a common construct underlying the measures. Both studies revealed similar patterns of relations between trolling and the Dark Tetrad of personality: trolling correlated positively with sadism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism, using both enjoyment ratings and identity scores. Of all personality measures, sadism showed the most robust associations with trolling and, importantly, the relationship was specific to trolling behavior. Enjoyment of other online activities, such as chatting and debating, was unrelated to sadism. Thus cyber-trolling appears to be an Internet manifestation of everyday sadism.

 

Andrew S. Pollis
# The Death of Inference
Boston College Law Review - Vol. 55:435 - 2014
Perhaps the most insidious aspect of the assault on the jury’s inferencedrawing domain is the absence of any meaningful opportunity to resist it. Judges interpret the Constitution, and judges are responsible for promulgating litigation rules. Therein lies a troubling irony; jurors can exercise their democratic function—including the check against abuse of judicial power—only if judges let them. The fox is guarding the henhouse, and the chickens are not faring so well.

 

Giovanni Mastrobuoni
#
Optimizing Behavior During Bank Robberies: Theory and Evidence on the Two Minute Rule
www.ceistorvergata.it/ March 2014
I use data on individual bank robberies to estimate the distribution of criminals’ disutility of jail. The identification rests on the money versus risk trade-off that criminals face when deciding whether to stay an additional minute while robbing the bank. The observed (optimal) duration of successful robberies identifies the individual compensating variation of jail, called disutility of jail. The distribution of the disutility which is often assumed to be degenerate, resembles instead an earnings distribution, and highlights heterogeneity in the response to deterrence. General deterrence effects are increasing in criminal’s disutility.

 

Ian Brunton-Smith, Kathryn Hopkins
#
The impact of experience in prison on the employment status of longer-sentenced prisoners after release. Results from the Surveying Prisoner Crime Reduction (SPCR) longitudinal cohort study of prisoners
justice.gsi.gov.uk/ Ministry of Justice Analytical Series 2014
Between 2005 and 2010 a longitudinal cohort study (Surveying Prisoner Crime Reduction – SPCR) was conducted, involving face to face interviews with prisoners during and after custody, as well as matching individuals to administrative data such as criminal records. During the SPCR interviews, prisoners were asked about events and circumstances in childhood and early life and before coming into custody as well as their experiences in prison and after release. The current report presents findings about the factors that are associated with employment after release, for 2,171 prisoners serving sentences of between 18 months and four years...

 

Nick Hardwick - HM Chief Inspector of Prisons
#
Report on an unannounced inspection of HMP Grendon | 5 – 16 August 2013
www.justice.gov.uk/ 2014
Grendon is an unusual and, in many ways, unique prison. It is based on the concept that democratic therapeutic communities, run by both staff and prisoners, should be at the centre of the prison.  These communities are central to the way every part of the prison operates. Prisoners are given a  real say in the day-to-day running of the establishment and therefore have far more influence over  their experience of prison life than at normal prisons. This all happens within the context of the usual  security imperatives of a category B prison holding men who have been sentenced to indeterminate  or long determinate sentences.

 

Osservatorio Europeo sulla Sicurezza
# “La Grande Incertezza”. Rapporto sulla sicurezza e l’insicurezza sociale in Italia e in Europa. Significati, immagine e realtà Percezione, rappresentazione sociale e mediatica della sicurezza
www.fondazioneunipolis.org/ Febbraio 2014
La criminalità è ancora in testa nell’agenda dell’insicurezza... Nell’evoluzione degli ultimi sette anni è possibile distinguere tre picchi di attenzione alla criminalità. Il primo, nel 2007-2008 corrisponde all’emergenza criminalità caratterizzata dal connubio criminalità- immigrazione. A cavallo del 2010-2011 troviamo il secondo picco, la passione criminale con la serializzazione dei casi criminali (dal caso Scazzi in poi). Dal secondo semestre 2012 abbiamo il terzo picco: la cronaca nera, ossia il ritorno alla classica pagina dedicata ai reati notiziabili per efferatezza, gravità o coinvolgimento di soggetti “importanti” (vip, minori, ecc.) senza un plot narrativo unificante come ad esempio è avvenuto nel corso del 2012 con gli omicidi di genere. All’interno di questa forma di presentazione sono i crimini violenti a dominare l’agenda dei reati, nonostante nel 2013 si sia registrato il tasso di omicidi più basso dall’Unità d’Italia...

 

Groupe National de Concertation Prison
#
«Des murs et des Hommes»
Dossier d’animation. Journées Nationales Prison 2014

 

Fabio Bravo
#
L’efficacia del crime mapping per la sicurezza urbana: il caso di Enfield (Londra)
Rivista di Criminologia, Vittimologia e Sicurezza – Vol. VIII – N. 1 – Gennaio-Aprile 2014

 

Giada Ceri (ed)
#
E' una bella prigione, il mondo
Quaderni del Circolo Rosselli QCR, n. 3-4/2013

 

Erica L. Smith, Alexia Cooper | Bueau of Justice Statistics
#
Homicide in the U.S. Known to Law Enforcement, 2011
www.bjs.gov/ December 2013
In 2011, an estimated 14,610 persons were victims of homicide in the United States, according to FBI data on homicides known to state and local law enforcement. This is the lowest number of homicide victims since 1968, and marks the fifth consecutive year of decline.

 

Helen Dunbabin
#
Gender Responsive Penality: A Feminist Abolitionist Analysis of Official Penal Discourse on Women’s Imprisonment Post Corston (2007)
University of Central Lancashire, December 2013
The utilisation of a feminist abolitionist perspective is therefore less likely to be encroached upon and thus, far less likely to enable the expansion of the penal dragnet by providing a discourse that, as Scott (2006:145) has argued, recognises that the current discursive formulation is not legitimate and thus requires de-legitimation. In providing a counter hegemonic discourse, that offers an alternative to the status quo by challenging state defined penal truths, there is greater chance for social change.

 

Center for Health and Justice at TASC
# No Entry: A National Survey of Criminal Justice Diversion Programs and Initiatives
http://www2.centerforhealthandjustice.org/ December 2013

 

Christina Quinlan, Jane Mulcahy | Liza Costello (ed)
#
Women in the Criminal Justice System: Towards a non-custodial approach
www.iprt.ie/ IPRT Irish Penal Reform Trust, Paper 10, November 2013
Prison should only ever be used as a last resort for women who have been convicted of an offence. Where a woman is accused of a minor, non-violent offence, the default position should be that she will have a non-custodial sanction imposed. In dealing with women offenders, a strong emphasis should be placed non-custodial alternatives to prison, such as community service orders, gender-specific diversion programmes, and holistic support services in the community

 

Andrew Beauchamp, Stacey Chan
#
The Minimum Wage and Crime
www2.bc.edu/ Boston College, November 18, 2013
Research in “the new economics of the minimum wage” shows that increases in the minimum wage displace lower-skill workers and cause higher levels of unemployment among youth and workers with weak labor attachment. Moreover, increases in the minimum wage raise the probability that teenagers will be idle: they are more likely to leave school and, conditional on not being in school, more likely to be unemployed. Numerous studies have shown that idle youth are more likely to engage in crime, whether because they are not in school or not working.

 

ABI Associazione Bancaria Italiana | Direzione Centrale della Polizia Criminale
# Rapporto intersettoriale sulla Criminalità predatoria. Rapine e furti in Banca e in altri settori esposti: Poste, Tabaccherie, Farmacie, Grande Distribuzione, Esercizi commerciali, Trasporto Valori

OSSIF - Divisione Progetti Speciali di ABI Servizi SpA - Ottobre 2013
Le rapine denunciate in Italia nel corso del 2012 sono state 42.631, pari ad un incremento del 5,1% rispetto al 2011. Il dato evidenzia un accentuarsi della criminalità sul territorio, dopo un anno difficile come il 2011 in cui già si era verificata una recrudescenza del 20% delle rapine. E’ risultato in aumento anche il tasso ogni 100.000 abitanti che è passato dalle 66,9 rapine ogni 100.000 abitanti nel 2011 alle 71,8 nel 2012. A farla da padrone, come negli anni precedenti, sono state le rapine effettuate in pubblica via, che rappresentano la metà delle rapine totali denunciate. Seguono le rapine in esercizi commerciali (16,6%), in abitazione (8,2%), in banca (2,9%), in farmacia (2,7%), negli uffici postali (1,2%) e in tabaccheria.

 

Brian Francis, Leslie Humphreys, Stuart Kirby, Keith Soothill
# Understanding Criminal Careers in Organised Crime
www.gov.uk/ Home Office - Research Report 74, October 2013

 

Transcrime
#
La criminalità nelle aree metropolitane. Progetto sperimentale per la costruzione e analisi degli hot spot della criminalità nel comune di Milano
www.transcrime.it/ 2013

 

Martine Kaluszynski
# La science pénitentiaire comme science de gouvernement. Espaces juridiques, réseaux réformateurs et savoirs experts en France à la fin du XIXe siècle
Revue d'anthropologie des connaissances, (Vol. 7, n° 1), 1/2013 (2013) p. 87-111.

 

Fondazione Cariplo | Avanzi - Sostenibilità per Azioni
# La finanza al servizio dell’innovazione sociale?
www.fondazionecariplo.it/ “Quaderni dell’Osservatorio” n. 11 Anno 2013
Gli interventi di formazione e training vengono prestati in carcere e nella comunità dopo il rilascio con l’obiettivo di aumentare le capacità di autocontrollo, di soluzione dei problemi e di autostima. Il programma è rivolto annualmente a 3.000 adolescenti che verranno aiutati per 4 anni. Il budget stanziato per gli interventi è di $2,4 milioni all’anno. Il risultato finale sulla base del quale verrà decretato il successo dell’iniziativa, è la riduzione del tasso di recidiva, misurato dal numero di giorni di carcere evitati: l’obiettivo concordato è una riduzione di almeno il 10%....

 

Marie Gottschalk
# The Carceral State and the Politics of Punishment
in Jonathan Simon & Richard Sparks (eds),The Handbook of Punishment and Society, 2013

 

Direction de l’administration pénitentiaire
# L’aménagement des peines privatives de liberté : l’exécution de la peine autrement 
www.justice.gouv.fr/ Collection Travaux & Document n°79, 2013

(Paris, 3-4 novembre 2011) Journées d’études internationales organisées par la Direction de l’administration pénitentiaire avec le concours de l’équipe ANR « Sciencepeine » et de l’École de Droit de Sciences Po.
Dans le sillage de la « loi pénitentiaire », la direction de l’administration pénitentiaire a organisé deux Journées d’études internationales à l’institut des sciences politiques de Paris, sous le titre : l’aménagement des peines privatives de liberté : l’exécution de la peine autrement. Perspectives historiques, législatives, juridiques, judiciaires, statistiques, pratiques innovantes dans les services pénitentiaires d’insertion et de probation, et comparaisons internationales forment l’ossature de ces Journées d’études.

 

Ministere de l'Interieur
#
Etude Nationale sur les morts Violentes au Sein du Couple
www.familles-enfance-droitsdesfemmes.gouv.fr/ 2013

 

Franca Maino, Maurizio Ferrera (a cura di)
# Primo rapporto sul secondo welfare in Italia
Centro di Ricerca e Documentazione Luigi Einaudi, Dicembre 2015

 

Pasquale Giuseppe Macrì, Yasmin Abo Loha, Giorgio Gallino, Santiago Gascò, Claudio Manzari, Vincenzo Mastriani, Fabio Nestola, Sara Pezzuolo, Giacomo Rotoli
# Indagine conoscitiva sulla violenza verso il maschile
Rivista di Criminologia, Vittimologia e Sicurezza – Vol. VI – N. 3 – Settembre-Dicembre 2012
L’analisi dei dati raccolti smentisca la tesi della violenza unidirezionale U>D e le sovrastrutture culturali che ne derivano. La teoria secondo la quale la violenza U>D sia la sola forma diffusa e quindi l’unica meritevole di contromisure istituzionali e di tutela per le vittime si è rivelata inattuale e non corrispondente alla realtà dei fatti. Dall’indagine emerge come anche un soggetto di genere femminile sia in grado di mettere in atto una gamma estesa di violenze fisiche, sessuali e psicologiche; quindi anche un soggetto di genere maschile possa esserne vittima. Il fenomeno della violenza fisica, sessuale, psicologica e di atti persecutori, in accordo con le ricerche internazionali, anche in Italia vede vittime soggetti di sesso maschile con modalità che non differiscono troppo rispetto all’altro.

 

Christopher Slobogin
# Preventive Detention in Europe, the United States and Australia
Vanderbilt Public Law Research Paper Working Paper No. 12-27 | Vanderbilt Law and Economics Research Paper No. 12-20 | June 27, 2012

 

Aurelie Ouss, Alexander Peysakhovichyz
#
When Punishment Doesn't Pay: "Cold Glow" and Decisions to Punish
www.people.fas.harvard.edu/ October 2012

 

Peter Dodenhof
# Opening Up a Pipeline. Education Program Helps Pave the Way for Prisoner Reentry
http://johnjayresearch.org/ Fall 2012

 

Fondazione Giovanni Michelucci - Fiesole (Italy)
# “Art and Cultur in Prison” project
Edited by Fondazione Giovanni Michelucci 2012

 

Andrew Beauchamp, Stacey Chan
# Crime and the Minimum Wage
www2.bc.edu/ July 2, 2012
We show, using rich data on crime patterns among youth in the United States, that recent increases in the minimum wage had the unintended consequence of increasing a variety of crime rates. Results from the state level are  concentrated among male teenagers and young adults. We find a one-percent increase in the minimum wage increases juvenile drug crime by 1.4-2.8%, property crime by 1.8-2.3%, and violent crime by 2.1-2.4%. Violent crime increases were concentrated among crimes with a clear monetary reward.

 

Denis W Jones
# Conditions for Sustainable Decarceration Strategies for Young Offenders
http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/ The London School of Economics and Political Science,
January 2012
As imprisonment rates were rising in most parts of the world, it appeared that ‘alternatives to custody’ were allowed to exist, and be evaluated, without any reference to sentencing patterns. There exists a substantial literature on ‘alternatives to custody’ which mirror this. My attempts to raise  concerns about ‘net-widening’  or to use the terms ‘deinstitutionalization’ and ‘decarceration’ only resulted in blank looks and a lack of comprehension...

 

EUP news
# Taser use in Michigan prisons reduces injuries, sparks controversy
http://eupnews.com/ August 25, 2013
 

Debra Watson
# Over 10,000 mentally ill Michigan inmates face Tasers and torture
wsws.org World Socialist Web Site 10 March 2012

 

Aaron Sussman
# Shocking the Conscience: What Police Tasers and Weapon Technology Reveal About Excessive Force Law
www.uclalawreview.org/ UCLA L.REV.1342(2012)

 

AELE Law Enforcement Legal Center
# Civil Liability for Use of Tasers, stunguns, and other electronic control devices. Part III: Use Against Detainees and Disabled or Disturbed Persons
2007 (5) AELE Mo. L. J. 101 | Civil Liability Law Section – May, 2007

 

Lukas Muntingh | CSPRI Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative

# Race, gender and socio-economic status in law enforcement in South Africa – are there worrying signs?

http://cspri.org.za/ 2013

 

Lukas Muntingh, Gwenaëlle Dereymaeker | CSPRI Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative

# Understanding impunity in the South African law enforcement agencies
http://cspri.org.za/ 2013

 

Marco Ruotolo
# Diritto alla sicurezza e sicurezza dei diritti
www.democraziaesicurezza.it/ anno III, n. 2, 2013

 

Keramet A. Reiter
#
The Most Restrictive Alternative: The Origins, Functions, Control, and Ethical Implications of the Supermax Prison, 1976-2010
http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/ Spring 2012
Concrete, steel, artificial light, complete technological automation, near-complete sensory deprivation, and total isolation – these are the basic conditions of supermaximum security prisons in the United States. “Supermax” prisoners remain alone twenty-three to twenty-four hours a day, under fluorescent lights that are never turned off. Meals arrive through a small slot in an automated cell door. Prisoners have little to no human contact for months, years, or even decades at a time

 

International Assoc of Chiefs of Police
#
Police-Corrections Partnerships Collaborating for Strategic Crime Control
www.ncjrs.gov/ 2012
Law enforcement agencies take the leadership role in establishing interactions with corrections officials in sharing data and working together to design and implement research-based, strategic crime-control efforts. Under this model, police develop and institutionalize the corrections data that can be used for traditional and innovative police operations, such as patrol, investigations, special operations, crime analysis, CompStat, proactive policing, and fusion center intelligence exchange. In turn, police would share with corrections agencies the data they have on offenders under corrections supervision. Police agencies would also be responsible for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of the information exchange.

 

Paolo Pinotti
#
The economic costs of organized crime: evidence from southern Italy
Banca d'Italia - Working papers Number 868 - April 2012
The present study provides the first available evidence on the economic costs of organized crime. The empirical exercise applies a transparent and intuitive policy evaluation method, originally devised by Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003), to study the economic effects of organized crime in two Italian regions recently exposed to this phenomenon. The results suggest that the aggregate loss implied by the presence of organized crime amounts to a significant reduction of GDP per capita and goes mainly through a reallocation from private economic activity to (less productive) public investment...

 

Elena Bianchini, Sandra Sicurella
# Progettazione dello spazio urbano e comportamenti criminosi
Rivista di Criminologia, Vittimologia e Sicurezza – Vol. VI – N. 1 – Gennaio-Aprile 2012

 

Forum européen pour la sécurité urbaine (Efus)
#
Prévention de la récidive : un kit de formation pour les acteurs locaux
http://stop-reoffending.org/ Février 2012
Le taux élevé de récidive en Europe a un coût important pour la société. L’une des missions principales de nos systèmes judiciaires est justement de réduire le risque de récidive et donc ce coût élevé. Dans ce domaine, les acteurs locaux et les collectivités locales qui interviennent dans le domaine de la sécurité sont concernés au premier chef.

 

Lukas Muntingh, Clare Ballard | CSPRI Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative

# Report on Children in Prison in South Africa

http://cspri.org.za/ 2012

 

Lukas Muntingh | CSPRI Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative
#
The law and the business of criminal record expungement in South Africa
http://cspri.org.za/ Research report no. 18 2011

 

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
#
2011 Global Study on Homicide. Trends, Contexts, Data
http://www.unodc.org/ 2011
Globally, UNODC estimates that the total number of annual homicides in 2010 was 468,000. An initial disparity in homicide distribution around the globe can be seen when disaggregating that figure by region, with the largest proportion, some 36 per cent or 170,000 homicides, estimated to occur in Africa, 31 per cent, or approximately 144,000, in the Americas and 27 per cent, or 128,000, in Asia. Europe and Oceania account for significantly less at 5 per cent, or 25,000, and under 1 per cent, or 1,200 homicides, respectively.

 

Lucia Beltramini
#
La negazione della violenza nella costruzione della mascolinità
UNiversità degli Studi di Trieste (phd) 2010/2011

 

Censis
#
La crescente sregolazione delle pulsioni 
www.censis.it/  6 giugno 2011
Cade anche la norma basic del vivere quotidiano, il rispetto almeno formale per i propri simili, ma soprattutto si assiste all’aumento di tutta la gamma delle forme di violenza in cui è forte anche la componente pulsionale della perdita di controllo e dell’aggressione verso l’altro, le minacce e le ingiurie, che aumentano del 35,3% e le lesioni e le percosse (+26,5%)...

 

Gabriele Prati, Sara Boldrin
#
Fattori di stress e benessere organizzativo negli operatori di polizia penitenziaria
Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia Supplemento B, Psicologia, n. 3, Vol. 33, 2011
Il presente studio ha preso in esame i predittori del burnout e del benessere psicologico in un campione di operatori di Polizia Penitenziaria italiani. Metodo. Il campione del presente studio è costituito da 188 operatori di polizia penitenziaria (138 uomini e 33 donne) che prestano servizio in quattro istituti penitenziari del Piemonte. I partecipanti hanno compilato un questionario in cui erano presenti misure di burnout, benessere psicologico (General Health Questionnaire), stressor organizzativi ed esposizione a eventi critici di servizio.

 

Peter Duersch, Julia Muller
#
Taking Punishment into Your Own Hands: An Experiment on the Motivation Underlying Punishment
http://wiwi.uni-paderborn.de/ September 22, 2011

 

Bobbie Ticknor, Sherry Tillinghast
# Virtual Reality and the Criminal Justice System: New Possibilities for Research, Training, and Rehabilitation
Journal of Virtual Worlds Research · July 2011
Some argue that the idea of a virtual world dates back as early as Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. In this famous piece, Plato described a group of prisoners who watched shadows on the wall of a cave. He then contemplated whether the prisoners would accept the shadows as real or as an imposter of reality. This remains a crucial question of the virtual experience in the modern world...

 

Emma Disley, Jennifer Rubin, Emily Scraggs, Nina Burrowes, Deirdre Culley - RAND Europe
#
Lessons learned from the planning and early implementation of the Social Impact Bond at HMP Peterborough
www.gov.uk/ 2011

 

Maria Sapouna, Catherine Bisset, Anne-Marie Conlong | Justice Analytical Services Scottish Government
# What Works to Reduce Reoffending: A Summary of the Evidence
www.scotland.gov.uk/ October 2011
The majority of offenders will have desisted from crime by the time they reach their mid 20s or early 30s. A highly consistent finding of longitudinal studies, both in the UK and internationally, is that offending begins in early adolescence, peaks during the late teens and tapers off in young adulthood.

 

National Institute of Justice
# Police Use of Force, Tasers and Other Less-Lethal Weapons
www.nij.gov/ May 2011
More than  200 Americans have died after being shocked by Tasers. Some were normal, healthy adults; others were chemically dependent or had heart disease or mental illness... Some 31 percent forbid CED use against clearly pregnant women, 25.9 percent against drivers of moving vehicles, 23.3 percent against hand­cuffed suspects, 23.2 percent against people in elevated areas and 10 percent against the elderly. However, many agencies, while not forbidding use in these circumstances, do restrict CED use except in necessary, special circumstances...

 

Natascia Mattucci
# Diritti delle donne come diritti umani: il femminismo giuridico
www.forumcostituzionale.it/ 9 maggio 2011
Il movimento dei diritti umani delle donne, supportato dalla spinta propulsiva del femminismo radicale, ha posto all’attenzione dell’opinione pubblica mondiale la dimensione universale che hanno le violazioni subite dalle donne nel mondo. Questo rilievo testimonia, secondo quanto si è precisato nella premessa, che i diritti umani, maxime delle donne, più che raccordare un processo-progresso lineare sviluppatosi attorno a un credo positivo, dischiudono un orizzonte forse universale da rintracciare nella forza del negativo...

 

Liat Ben-Moshe
#
Genealogies of Resistance to Incarceration: Abolition Politics within Deinstitutionalization and Anti-Prison Activism in the U.S.
http://surface.syr.edu/ Sociology - Dissertations, Paper 70, 12-1-2011
“Genealogies of resistance to incarceration: Abolition politics within de-institutionalization and anti- prison activism in the U.S.” looks at two main sites in which abolition of “total institutions” is enacted. The first site is activism around penal and prison abolition. The second site is  deinstitutionalization- the move to close down institutions for people labeled “mentally retarded” (or intellectual/developmental disabilities) and “mental illness” (or psychiatric disabilities). My goals in this study are twofold and interrelated...

 

D. A. Andrews, James Bonta, J. Stephen Wormith
#
The Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model.Does Adding the Good Lives Model Contribute to Effective Crime Prevention?
Criminal Justice and Behavior 2011 38: 735
The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model has been widely regarded as the premier model for guiding offender assessment and treatment. The RNR model underlies some of the most widely used risk-needs offender assessment instruments, and it is the only theoretical model that has been used to interpret the offender treatment literature. Recently, the good lives model (GLM) has been promoted as an alternative and enhancement to RNR. GLM sets itself apart from RNR by its positive, strengthsbased, and restorative model of rehabilitation. In addition, GLM hypothesizes that enhancing personal fulfillment will lead naturally to reductions in criminogenic needs, whereas RNR posits the reverse direction.

 

Katrin Ackermann, Kaye N. Ballantyne, Manfred Kayser
# Estimating trace deposition time with circadian biomarkers: a prospective and versatile tool for crime scene reconstruction
Int J Legal Med (2010) 124:387–395

 

Dan Berger
# “We are the Revolutionaries”: Visibility, Protest, and Racial Formation in 1970s Prison Radicalism
http://repository.upenn.edu/ Publicly accessible Penn Dissertations. Paper 250. 2010

 

Filippo Gabellini
#
La città dell'attesa. Un carcere trattamentale per la società contemporanea
Università di Bologna - Facoltà di Architettura, 2010

Nelle nuove localizzazioni il processo costitutivo di un rapporto tra città e carcere è infinitamente più lento e complicato a causa della maggiore lontananza dalla rete di servizi, che possono operare per rendere il carcere meno separato, e dal tessuto associativo che opera per favorire processi di ricucitura sociale e culturale. In questa situazione il carcere accentua il suo ruolo di luogo escludente e scansato. L’unica connessione territoriale ricercata per la cittadelle della pena è quella infrastrutturale, come la vicinanza a nodi stradali importanti: il carcere vicino all’autostrada. Per le nuove carceri manca, generalmente, qualsiasi ricerca di contestualizzazione e la progettazione di spazi di cerniera col territorio circostante...

 

Stefaan De Clerck
#
Politique pénale et d’exécution des peines: Aperçu & développement
www.detention-alternatives.be/ février 2010

Low risk : un interné avec un faible profil de risque qui ne requiert pas de mesures de sécurité particulières du point de vue de la sécurité externe ; Medium risk : un interné avec un profil de risque moyen qui requiert des mesures de sécurité modérées du point de vue de la sécurité externe ; High risk : un interné avec un profil de risque élevé qui requiert des mesures de sécurité particulières du point de vue de la sécurité externe.

 

Ian Loader
# For penal moderation. Notes towards a public philosophy of punishment
Theoretical Criminology, 2010
I begin by describing the value and role of a public philosophy of punishment and setting out the constitutive elements of penal moderation as a candidate for such a philosophy. These elements are restraint, parsimony and dignity. I then indicate how penal moderation might be put to work as an intervention in contemporary cultures and practices of punishment— by naming excess, drawing lessons from ‘moderate’ times and places, emphasizing that punishment is a social and political choice, and reconfiguring the relation between penal practice and ‘public’ opinion. I conclude by assessing two contrasting—if not mutually exclusive— styles of penal moderation that I term moderation-by-stealth and  moderation-as-politics. My claim is that while the former offers a route to short-term reform, the latter is ultimately more consist .

 

Paolo Buonanno, Matteo M. Galizzi

# Advocatus, et non latro? Testing the Supplier-Induced-Demand Hypothesis for Italian Courts of Justice
Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) | University of Padua | December 10, 2009

 

Justin Piché and Kevin Walby

# Dialogue on the Status of Prison Ethnography and Carceral Tours: An Introduction
Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, Volume 18, No. 1&2, 2009

 

Dale Spencer
#
Sex offender as homo sacer
Punishment & Society, 11, 2009
The political and legal theory of Giorgio Agamben, specifically his concept of homo sacer, can be usefully deployed to understand the regulation and treatment of sex offenders. It is argued that the sex offender can be conceived of as a non-citizen or bare life – the homo sacer – and that this elucidates the degrees of violence and forms of abjection visited upon sex offenders in western societies. Through the institution of laws aimed at protecting communities from sex offenders, specifically community notification and civil commitment laws, there is the production of a ban...

 

Grégory Salle, Gilles Chantraine
# Le droit emprisonné? Sociologie des usages sociaux du droit en prison
Politix, 87/2009
Le rapport de la prison au droit se présente avec l’évidence de l’antinomie. Que l’on souscrive toujours ou non au concept d’institution totale élaboré par Erving Goffman, affirmer que la prison concrétise un espace d’exception au droit commun revient à énoncer une banalité sociologique, juridique et même médiatique...

 

F. Schoenaers, D. Delvaux, C. Dubois, S. Megherbi
#
Activités d’enseignement et de formation en prison: état des lieux en Communauté française
Fondation Roi Baudouin, mai 2009
La préparation de la réinsertion ne débute pas au moment de la libération du détenu, mais devrait idéalement commencer dès le début de la détention. Dans le cadre de la préparation à cette réintégration, la formation et l’insertion professionnelle occupent une position particulière. La littérature récente démontre que l’emploi, le fait de disposer d’un revenu et de pouvoir développer un réseau social contribuent de manière non négligeable à mettre fin à la délinquance individuelle. C’est pour cette raison que l’on tente, déjà durant la détention, de renforcer les capacités professionnelles d’(ex)-détenus en développant des initiatives sur le plan de la formation et de l’insertion professionnelle.

 

Roger Matthews
# Beyond ‘so what?’ criminology. Rediscovering realism
Theoretical Criminology Vol. 13(3): 341–362, 2009
There has been a growing concern about the lack of policy relevance of criminology in recent years. Two influential responses to this dilemma have been presented. On one hand, it has been argued that academic criminologists should become more active in mobilizing points of consensus about what works, while on the other hand it has been suggested that there should be a division of labour among academics and that the subject be broken down into public, professional, policy and critical criminologies. This article argues that neither of these responses are tenable and instead calls for an approach that links theory, method and intervention with the aim of developing a coherent critical realist approach that is able to go beyond the existing forms of ‘so what?’ criminology.

 

Richard C. Dieter (Executive Director)
#
Smart on Crime: Reconsidering the Death Penalty in a Time of Economic Crisis. National Poll of Police Chiefs Puts Capital Punishment at Bottom of Law Enforcement Priorities
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/ A Report from the Death Penalty Information Center, October 2009
Referring to the costs of the death penalty often evokes a response that money is irrelevant when it comes to justice and a safer society. But the death penalty is not essential to those goals, as the  15 states in the U.S. and the growing majority of countries in the world without the death penalty have demonstrated. Even states with the death penalty rarely use it. Justice can be achieved far more reliably and equitably without the death penalty. There are more e#cient ways of making society safer.

 

Eric Maurin, Aurelie Ouss
#
Sentence Reductions and Recidivism: Lessons from the Bastille Day Quasi Experiment
IZA Discussion Paper No. 3990 February 2009

 

Corrado Marcetti
# L’edilizia che non c’è.
Seminario "Gli spazi della pena e l’architettura del carcere" | Giardino degli Incontri di Sollicciano 13 giugno 2009

 

Ernesto U. Savona
#
Dal micro al macro e ritorno
Rassegna Italiana di Criminologia n° 1/2009
Fin quando rincorreremo con le nostre ricerche la spiegazione della propensione a delinquere e di conseguenza la polizia cercherà di catturare i delinquenti il “dove” del reato non sarà di alcun interesse e nessuno raccoglierà i dati necessari a comprenderne il significato. Anzi sono immaginabili alcune resistenze al cambiamento dirette a lasciare tutto com’è. Occorre, infatti, essere consapevoli che spostare l’attenzione dagli autori dei reati ai luoghi comporta cambiamenti culturali ed organizzativi di notevole portata, soprattutto nell’organizzazione degli apparati di pubblica sicurezza.

 

Olmo P. Oliver
# Prisionización y bioprotesta
in I. Mendiola Gonzalo (ed.), Rastros y rostros de la biopolítica, Barcelona: Anthropos, 2009, pp. 247-270

La protesta se hace bioprotesta cuando logra expresar la comunicabilidad del cuerpo implicado en la misma. La bioprotesta se expresa a través de una gramática corporal que genera significados culturales y políticos. Ahora bien, como forma de expresión tendrá más garantías de éxito si se estructura en el marco cultural del preso político...

 

Christy Visher, Sara Debus, Jennifer Yahner
#
Employment after Prison: A Longitudinal Study of Releasees in Three States
www.urban.org/ October 2008
We explore the reality of finding employment after release from prison from the perspective of 740 former male prisoners in Illinois, Ohio, and Texas. Interviews were conducted as part of a comprehensive, longitudinal study of prisoner reentry entitled Returning Home: Understanding the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry, which examined factors that contribute to successful or unsuccessful reintegration into the community .

 

Massimo De Pascalis
# L’evoluzione del modello organizzativo e delle figure professionali in un nuovo Sistema penitenziario
Luglio 2008

 

Caleb Smith
#
Detention without Subjects: Prisons and the Poetics of Living Death
Texas Studies in Literature and Language, Vol. 50, No. 3, Fall 2008
Drawing from Carl Schmitt and Giorgio Agamben, Butler describes Guantánamo as an “exception” to ordinary procedures, created in a wartime state of emergency. Guantánamo is not a conventional modern prison, designed to discipline and punish; it is a “camp” whose inmates have lost the protections of citizenship and now endure, in an “indefinite” time and space, as “bare life.”

 

Greg Hannah, Lindsay Clutterbuck, Jennifer Rubin

# Radicalization or Rehabilitation. Understanding the challenge of extremist and radicalized prisoners

Rand Europe 2008

 

Jacques-Henri Robert
#
La Politique Pénale. Ressorts et Évolution
Pouvoirs, 128 - 2008
Les ressorts de la politique législative pénale sont constitués, d’un côté, par une opinion populaire qui réclame de la sécurité, et, de l’autre, par une doctrine savante, soucieuse de la protection des droits de l’homme face à la justice et à l’administration pénitentiaire. Le second courant est de loin le plus puissant et le plus constant; le premier inspire des bouffées répressives épisodiques.

 

Simona Pasquali

# Risultati delle ricerche-intervento compiute sul fenomeno del burnout degli operatori penitenziari nell'Amministrazione Penitenziaria
Rassegna Penitenziaria e Criminologica, Numero 2 dell'anno 2008
Si è così inteso realizzare un salto di livello, dal burn out – che in quanto sindrome, caratterizzata da esaurimento emotivo, depersonalizzazione e perdita di efficacia lavorativa, sottolinea le doti di resistenza, di recupero e le abilità di contrasto del singolo – al benessere organizzativo, che verte sull’insieme dei fattori che contribuiscono a generare una buona qualità di vita per i lavoratori, e può essere intesa come la capacità di un’organizzazione di favorire e di sostenere il benessere fisico, psicologico e sociale dei suoi membri.

 

Roberto M. Gennaro
#
Religioni in carcere
Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, n. 1, 2008
1. I termini del problema. – 2. Un’esperienza empirica. – 3. La situazione all’esterno dei penitenziari. – 4. La situazione all’interno dei penitenziari. – 5. Gli islamici. – 6. L’imam. – 7. I cattolici. – 8. Le altre confessioni. – 9. La religione e il diritto penale. – 10. Conclusioni. 

 

Andrés Aedo Henríquez
#
Antropología de la cárcel: Esbozo para una teoría de la adaptación carcelaria.
Revista de Estudios Criminológicos y Penitenciarios
Número 11 Diciembre 2007

El siguiente artículo trabajará sobre un concepto central que es la idea de “adaptación”, bajo la hipótesis de que estas instituciones totales -por defecto- aceptan que su función es dirigir las “conductas” de los sujetos, los cuales deben amoldarse al funcionamiento de la institución y de la llamada “subcultura carcelaria”. Desde ese punto, tomaré un conjunto de categorías presentes en diferentes ramas de las ciencias sociales como la antropología, la sociología y la psicología social con la idea de preparar una descripción, que pueda dar cuenta de las formas de interacción al interior del sistema, generalizando y radicalizando los resultados de la aplicación de la noción de adaptación, extrayendo las consecuencias lógicas de esta operación. Cuando sea pertinente mostraré algunos datos necesarios para ir describiendo el ajuste entre la teoría que se propone y los resultados de algunas investigaciones realizadas en Gendarmería de Chile, este esbozo de teoría es por lo tanto sólo un intento de poder mostrar un modelo pertinente para la comprensión general de los recintos penitenciarios en nuestro país.

 

Giacomo Cantini
#
Il "cielo" in carcere? L'esperienza del metodo APAC nelle prigioni del Brasile
Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Anno Accademico 2006-2007

... Le commissioni esplicitamente propongono di stimolare l’implementazione del metodo APAC nello Stato, offrendone una valutazione positiva e sostenendo che nelle strutture gestite dall’APAC le condizioni dei detenuti, l’applicazione delle norme legislative vigenti e quindi la possibilità di effettivi processi di riabilitazione sono  maggiormente garantite. Il metodo APAC, proposto dall’associazione omonima, è l’esempio forse più eclatante di come il sistema carcerario brasiliano sia caratterizzato dalla presenza di un’innovativa partnership tra stato e società civile organizzata, dimostrando che può esistere una “terza via” rispetto sia all’amministrazione pubblica che alla amministrazione da parte di privati del sistema penitenziario.

 

Thomas J. Miles, Jens Ludwig
#
The Silence of the Lambdas: Deterring Incapacitation Research
J Quant Criminol (2007) 23:287–301

This essay provides an economist’s perspective on criminological research into incapacitation effects on crime. Our central argument is that criminologists would do well to substantially scale back the enterprise of trying to estimate the various behavioral parameters central to a micro- evel approach to measuring incapacitation effects, including the annual rate of offending outside of prison (λ) and the lengths of criminal careers...

 

Francesco Drago, Roberto Galbiati, Pietro Vertova

# L’Effetto Deterrente del Carcere: Evidenza da un Esperimento Naturale
“The Deterrent Effects of Prison: Evidence from a Natural Experiment”
IZA Discussion Paper No. 2912, Luglio 2007

 

Mariella Fracasso, Gabriele Codini, Isabella Merzagora Betsos, Margherita Gallina, Daniela Camorali, Daniela Antarelli, Laura Signorino, Monica Introvini, Marco Introvini, Paula Petra Merino
# Vittime del crimine. Diritti ed esperienze di supporto in Europa
Provincia di Milano, 2007

 

Andrea Procaccini
# Le trasformazioni del welfare italiano nell’area penale: il caso dell’affidamento in prova al servizio sociale
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 2007

 

IReR Istituto Regionale di Ricerca della Lombardia
# Indagine sulla realizzazione di politiche integrate per la sicurezza nelle città. La percezione degli operatori dei servizi di Polizia Locale e delle forze di Polizia Nazionale
www.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it/ Milano, febbraio 2007

 

Avi Brisman
# Toward a More Elaborate Typology of Environmental Values: Liberalizing Criminal Disenfranchisement Laws and Policies
Criminal and Civol Confinement, vol. 33:283, 2007

 

Amanda Burgess-Proctor
# Intersections of Race, Class, Gender, and Crime. Future Directions for Feminist Criminology
Feminist Criminology, Volume 1 Number 1, January 2006 27-47
More than 30 years after the first scholarship of its kindwas produced, feminist studies of crime are more commonplace than ever before. Two recent milestone events—the 20th anniversary of the American Society of Criminology’s Division on Women and Crime and the creation of this journal, the official publication of the division—provide the perfect opportunity to reflect on what lies ahead for feminist criminology. In this article, the author argues that the future of feminist criminology lies in our willingness to embrace a theoretical framework that recognizes multiple, intersecting inequalities. Specifically, the author maintains that to advance an understanding of gender, crime, and justice that achieves universal relevance and is free from the shortcomings of past ways of thinking, feminist criminologists must examine linkages between inequality and crime using an intersectional theoretical framework that is informed by multiracial feminism

 

Conseil de l’Europe
#
Politique pénale en Europe. Bonnes pratiques et exemples prometteurs
Editions du Conseil de l’Europe 2005
Préface Frieder Dünkel et Hanns von Hofer | Partie I Prévention du crime Chapitre 1 A propos du concept de «bonne pratique» dans le système de justice pénale, Pierre V. Tournier | Chapitre 2 Les effets à long terme de la prescription d’héroïne sur les comportements délinquants des personnes traitées, Denis Ribeaud, Martin Killias et Marcelo F. Aebi | Chapitre 3 La loi autrichienne de 1996 sur la protection contre les violences domestiques, Birgitt Haller, Christa Pelikan et Petra Smutny | Partie II Médiation et autres sanctions collectives - Chapitre 4 Répercussions de la Recommandation n° R (99) 19 du Conseil de l’Europe sur la médiation en matière pénale, | Chapitre 5 La médiation victime-délinquant en cas d’infractions graves, Ivo Aertsen |  Chapitre 6 Le travail d’intérêt général (TIG) comme instrument pour restaurer le dialogue civique après le délit, Vincent Delbos | Chapitre 7 La République tchèque: des sanctions pénales aux peines de substitution, Helena Válková et Jana Hulmáková | Chapitre 8 Emprisonnement pour défaut de paiement des amendes en Suède, Hanns von Hofer | Chapitre 9 La réduction du nombre de débiteurs d’amendes défaillants incarcérés: les expériences de travail d’intérêt général en Mecklembourg-Poméranie-Occidentale (Allemagne), Frieder Dünkel | Chapitre 10 Baisse de la population pénale: expériences finlandaises à long terme, Tapio Lappi-Seppälä | Partie III Le système pénitentiaire Chapitre 11 Ouvrir les prisons pour réduire les tensions et renforcer  la réhabilitation: journées de permission et régime de semi-liberté en Allemagne, Frieder Dünkel | Chapitre 12 La libération conditionnelle et la prévention de la récidive, Annie Kensey. 

 

Alison Liebling, Shadd Maruna (eds)
#
Introduction: the effects of imprisonment revisited
in The Effects of Imprisonment, the Editors and Contributors 2005

... Nightingale laments the fact that ‘criminology is much less studied than insectology’ and argues that: ‘It would be of immense importance if the public had kept before them the statistics, well worked out, of the infl uence of punishment on crime or of reformatories and industrial schools on juvenile offenders.’ Armed with such knowledge, she believed, no rational society would support a system of ‘reformation’ that made its subjects more likely to offend upon their release than they were prior to admittance...

 

Giovanni Fiandaca
# Il giudice di fronte alle controversie tecnico-scientifiche. Il diritto e il processo penale
hwww.dirittoequestionipubbliche.org/ «D&Q», n. 5, 2005

1. Premesse generali. – 2. L’inevitabile interazione tra conoscenze scientifiche e sapere giuridico nella prassi penalistica attuale. – 3. La problematica della causalità. – 4. La problematica dell’imputabilità. – 5. Considerazioni finali.

 

Patrick Bayer, Randi Pintoff, David E. Pozen
# Building Criminal Capital behind Bars: Peer Effects in Juvenile Corrections
http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/ March 2005

The analysis is based on data on over 8,000 individuals serving time in 169 juvenile correctional facilities during a two-year period in Florida. These data provide a complete record of past crimes, facility assignments, and arrests and adjudications in the year following release for each individual. We find strong evidence of peer effects for various categories of theft, burglary, and felony drug and weapon crimes; the influence of peers primarily affects individuals who already have some experience in a particular crime category...

 

Matt DeLisi, Mark T. Berg, Andy Hochstetler
#
Gang Members, Career Criminals and Prison Violence: Further Specification of the Importation Model of Inmate Behavior
Criminal Justice Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4, December 2004, pp. 369–383
The importation model posits that inmate behavior is primarily an extension of the assorted antisocial behaviors that criminal offenders develop in the community. Persons involved in gangs are viewed as especially at-risk for prison misconduct. Using the official infraction records of 831 male inmates sampled from the southwestern USA, this study explored the prison violence records of inmates involved in street gangs, prison gangs and both types of gangs vis-à-vis chronic offenders. Negative binomial regression models indicated that gang variables were significantly predictive of prison violence only in the full model when various types of gang membership (e.g. street, prison or both) were considered. Overall, the effects of gang membership were smaller than some of the risk factors related to chronic offending, such as history of violence and prior confinement, and other controls such as race. Although investigations of prison violence and misconduct are rightfully and importantly moving toward explanations that integrate importation, deprivation, and situational effects, we conclude that further specification of the importation model is needed.

 

Lance Lochner
#
Education, Work, and Crime: A Human Capital Approach
www.nber.org/ NBER Working Paper No. 10478, May 2004
Education and training increase human capital levels and market wage rates, which raises the costs of planning and engaging in crime. Human capital investments also increase the costs associated with incarceration, since they increase the value of any time foregone. The fact that training and learning occur throughout life implies that the opportunity costs of crime should generally rise with age just as they rise with educational attainment. For crimes that require little market skill (e.g. larceny, assault, drug dealing), a human capital approach suggests that both age and education should be negatively correlated with crime among adults. (We use the terms ‘skills’ and ‘human capital’ interchangeably.)

 

Lance Lochner, Enrico Moretti
# The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from PrisonInmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports
The Americam Economic Review, March 2004
We estimate the effect of education on participation in criminal activity usingchanges in state compulsory schooling laws over time to account for the endoge-neity of schooling decisions. Using Census and FBI data, we find that schoolingsignificantly reduces the probability of incarceration and arrest. NLSY data indicatethat our results are caused by changes in criminal behavior and not differences inthe probability of arrest or incarceration conditional on crime. We estimate that thesocial savings from crime reduction associated with high school graduation (formen) is about 14 –26 percent of the private return.

 

Sergio D'Elia, Maurizio Turco
# Tortura Democratica. Inchiesta su "la comunità del 41bis reale". Prefazione di Marco Pannella
www.partitoradicale.it/ 2002

 

Daniel P. Mears
#
The Role of Statistical Models in Planning Juvenile Corrections Capacity
The Urban Institute 2002
Local and state jurisdictions need effective detention and correctional bed-space planning strategies. Although many juvenile justice agencies believe statistical approaches to forecasting can provide the best guidance, these approaches suffer from many problems. Statistical analyses rarely explain much of the variance in past incarceration trends. They rely on assumptions or projections about predictors of future incarceration trends— ssumptions and projections that may be in error. And they cannot adequately incorporate information about changing social and political conditions.

 

Albert Bandura
# Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency
Journal of Moral Education, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2002

 

Manuel Eisner
#
Modernization, Self-Control and Lethal Violence. The Long-term Dynamics of European Homicide Rates in Theoretical Perspective
Brit. J. Criminol. (2001) 41

The present paper examines secular trends of homicide rates by means of a systematic re-analysis of all available quantitative studies on pre- modern homicide. The results confirm, first, that homicide rates have declined in Europe over several centuries. Second, the empirical evidence shows, that unequivocal decline began in the early seventeenth century. Third, the data indicate that the secular decline begins with the pioneers of the modernization process, England and Holland, and slowly encompasses further regions.

 

Pascal Décarpes
#
Prison et medias: une relation ambivalente et conflictuelle qui stigmatise
Universite Lille II - Octobre 2001

 

Lorna A. Rhodes
#
Toward an Anthropology of Prisons
Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2001.30:65-83
The late twentieth century saw an intense expansion of the prison system in the United States during the same period in which Foucault’s Discipline and Punish influenced academic approaches to power and subjection. This article reviews the history, sociology, and anthropology of the prison, as well as some recent popular critiques of the current situation. It highlights critical perspectives on modern forms of punishment and reform and suggests areas in which an anthropology of prisons might take up questions of modernity, subjection, classification, social suffering, and ethnographic possibility in the context of an increasingly politicized and racialized system of incarceration.

 

Mark A. Cohen
# Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Crime and Justice
www.ncjrs.gov/ 2000
Unlike street crime, which is systematically measured through victim surveys and by the FBI, no comprehensive surveys of the incidence or cost of white-collar crimes exist. If the estimates are to be believed, white-collar crime causes tangible losses far in excess of tangible losses associated with street crimes.

 

Albert Bandura
#
Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities
www.uky.edu/ Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193-209, 1999

 

Shadd Maruna
# Going straight: Desistance from crime and life narratives of reform
in Amia Lieblich, Ruthellen Josselson eds, 1997

 

Vincenzo Guagliardo
# Dei dolori e delle pene. Saggio abolizionista e sull'obiezione di coscienza
Sensibili alle foglie, ottobre 1997

 

Giuseppe Mosconi

# Tempo sociale e tempo del carcere

Sociologia del Diritto”, n. 2 1996, pp. 89-105

- Il carcere perpetua a livello simbolico, in modo deformato, un tempo ormai desueto, quello quantificato e mercificato della prima società industriale. - Il carcere riproduce, a livello strutturale ed esperienziale, in modo rovesciato, il tempo della società post-industriale, le sue aporie e Contraddizioni, e le tensioni che per esse si sviluppano. - Per tutto questo la struttura e l’esperienza del tempo nel carcere risulta profondamente sfasata rispetto a quelle della società esterna.

 

Alvaro Pires
# La criminalité : enjeux épistémologiques, théoriques et éthiques
http://classiques.uqac.ca/ 1994

Il faudra plus d'un siècle à la criminologie pour se débarrasser de ce double «effet Quételet »: à la fois transfiguration d'allure savante d'un mythe social - «la criminalité comme produit d'une petite minorité» - et justification savante d'une idéologie des chercheurs, «les statistiques pénales comme reflet de la fréquence relative de la criminalité»... L'expression chiffre noir désigne le terrain non occupé par la justice pénale. Certes, ce terrain est souvent investi par d'autres formes de régulation sociale et juridique (droit civil et administratif). Mais, cette «surface-sans-justice-pénale» a hanté le criminologue et les mouvements sociaux

 

Paul Gendreau, Mario Paparozzi, Tracy Little, Murray Goddard
# Les «sanctions intelligentes» : évaluation d'un nouveau genre de peines
FORUM - Recherche sur l'actualité correctionnelle, La récidive, Volume 5, numéro 3, 1993

# Le point sur la persistance du comportement criminel, FORUM - Recherche sur l'actualité correctionnelle,  La récidive, Volume 5, numéro 3, 1993

 

William Spelman
# Abandoned Buildings: Magnets for Crime
Journal of Criminal Justice Vol. 21, pp. 481-495 (1993)
In economically distressed neighborhoods, abandoned houses and apartments can become hangouts for thieves, drug dealers, and prostitutes. In one low-income Austin, Texas neighborhood, 41 percent of abandoned buildings could be entered without use of force; of these open buildings, 83 percent showed evidence of illegal use by prostitutes, drug dealers, property criminals, and others. Crime rates on blocks with open abandoned buildings were twice as high as rates on matched blocks without open buildings. Even if 90 percent of the crimes prevented are merely displaced to the surrounding area, securing abandoned buildings appears to be a highly cost-effective crime control tactic for distressed neighborhoods.

 

Office des Nations Unies à Vienne | UNESCO
# Education de base dans les prisons
www.unesco.org/ 1992
Dans sa résolution 1990/20 du 24 mai 1990, le Conseil économique et social des Nations Unies a recommandé, entre autres choses, que tous les détenus aient accès à l'éducation, notamment à des programmes d'alphabétisation, à l'éducation de base, à la formation professionnelle, à des activités créatives, religieuses et culturelles, à l'éducation physique et aux activités sportives, à un enseignement social, à l'enseignement supérieur et à des services de bibliothèque. Dans cette même résolution, il a prié le Secrétaire général de l'ONU, sous réserve que des ressources extrabudgétaires soient disponibles, d'élaborer un manuel sur l'éducation dans les prisons...

 

Robert J. Sampson and W. Byron Groves

# Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory
American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Jan., 1989), pp. 774-802
Shaw and McKay's influential theory of community social disorganization has never been directly tested. To address this, a community-level theory that builds on Shaw and McKay's original model is formulated and tested. The general hypothesis is that low economic status, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, and family disruption lead to community social disorganization, which, in turn, increases crime and delinquency rates. A community's level of social organization is measured in terms of local friendship networks, control of street-corner teenage peer groups, and prevalence of organizational participation. The model is first tested by analyzing data for 238 localities in Great Britain constructed from a 1982 national survey of 10,905 residents. The model is then replicated on an independent national sample of 11,030 residents of 300 British localities in 1984. Results from both surveys support the theory and show that between-community variations in social disorganization transmit much of the effect of community structural characteristics on rates of both criminal victimization and criminal offending.

 

Charles Tilly

War Making and State Making as Organized Crime

From Bringing the State Back In | edited by Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 169–191

 

Angelo Maria Valenti
#
Le misure alternative. Profili comparati e internazionali
Rassegna penitenziaria e criminologica, nn. 3, 4 / 1979

 

Robert Martinson
# What works? Questions and Answers about Prison Reform
www.pbpp.pa.gov/ The Public Interest, 1974
Does nothing work? Do all of these studies lead us irrevocably to the conclusion that nothing works, that we haven't the faintest clue about how to rehabilitate offenders and reduce recidivism? And if so, what shall we do?  

 

Gary S. Becker
# Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach
The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 76, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1968), pp. 169-217

Although the word "crime" is used in the title to minimize terminological innovations, the analysis is intended to be sufficiently general to cover all violations, not just felonies-like murder, robbery, and assault, which receive so much newspaper coverage-but also tax evasion, the so-called white- collar crimes, and traffic and other violations. Looked at this broadly, "crime" is an economically important activity or "industry," notwithstanding the almost total neglect by economists...

 

Gresham M. Sykes, David Matza
# Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency
American Sociological Review, Vol. 22, No. 6 (Dec., 1957), pp. 664-670
The first technique is the denial of responsibility... The second technique is the denial of injury... The third technique would be the denial of the victim... Condemnation of the condemners is the fourth technique... The last technique is appealing to higher loyalties

 

Il Ponte
# Carceri: esperienze e documenti
Anno V, n. 3, Marzo 1949
Le carceri italiane.... rappresentano l'esplicazione della vendetta sociale nella forma più atroce che si sia mai avuta: noi crediamo di aver abolita la tortura, e i nostri reclusori, sono essi stessi un sistema di tortura la più raffinata; noi ci vantiamo di aver eliminato la pena di morte dal codice penale comune, e la pena di morte che ammanniscono a goccia a goccia le nostre galere è meno pietosa di quella che era data per mano del carnefice; noi ci gonfiamo le gote a parlare di emenda dei colpevoli, e le nostre carceri sono fabbriche di delinquenti, o scuole di perfezionamento dei malfattori.... (F. Turati)

 

Donald Clemmer
# Leadership Phenomena in a Prison Community
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , Volume 28, Spring 1938